Allegory of the cave

Allegory by Plato

Allegory of the cave Plato's allegory of the cave by Jan Saenredam, according to Cornelis van Haarlem, 1604, Albertina, Vienna Part of a series on

Platonism

Plato from Raphael's The School of Athens (1509–1511)

* Life
* Works
* Allegory of the cave
* Theory of forms
* Form of the Good
* Theory of soul
* Epistemology
* Analogy of the sun
* Analogy of the divided line
* Political philosophy
* Philosopher king
* Ship of State
* Euthyphro dilemma
* Ring of Gyges
* Myth of Er
* Demiurge
* Atlantis

The works of Plato

* Euthyphro
* Apology
* Crito
* Phaedo
* Cratylus
* Theaetetus
* Sophist
* Statesman
* Parmenides
* Philebus
* Symposium
* Phaedrus
* First Alcibiades
* Second Alcibiades
* Hipparchus
* Rival Lovers
* Theages
* Charmides
* Laches
* Lysis
* Euthydemus
* Protagoras
* Gorgias
* Meno
* Hippias Major
* Hippias Minor
* Ion
* Menexenus
* Clitophon
* Republic
* Timaeus
* Critias
* Minos
* Laws
* Epinomis
* Epistles
* Definitions
* On Justice
* On Virtue
* Demodocus
* Sisyphus
* Halcyon
* Eryxias
* Axiochus
* Epigrams

Related articles

* Commentaries
* The Academy in Athens
* Middle Platonism
* Neoplatonism
* Allegorical interpretations of Plato
* Plato's unwritten doctrines

Related categories

Plato

* Philosophy portal

* v
* t
* e

Plato's Allegory of the Cave is an allegory presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a, Book VII) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e).

In the allegory "The Cave", Plato describes a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality, but are not accurate representations of the real world. The shadows represent the fragment of reality that we can normally perceive through our senses, while the objects under the sun represent the true forms of objects that we can only perceive through reason. Three higher levels exist: natural science; deductive mathematics, geometry, and logic; and the theory of forms.

Socrates explains how the philosopher is like a prisoner who is freed from the cave and comes to understand that the shadows on the wall are actually not the direct source of the images seen. A philosopher aims to understand and perceive the higher levels of reality. However, the other inmates of the cave do not even desire to leave their prison, for they know no better life.[1]

Socrates remarks that this allegory can be paired with previous writings, namely the analogy of the sun and the analogy of the divided line.

## Summary[edit]

Allegory of the cave. From top to bottom:

* The sun ("the Form of the Good")
* Natural things (forms)
* Reflections of natural things (mathematical objects)
* Fire (The visible Sun)
* Artificial objects (physical/visible creatures and objects)
* Shadows of artificial objects, allegory (image, illusion, analogy of the sun and of the divided line)

### Imprisonment in the cave[edit]

Plato begins by having Socrates ask Glaucon to imagine a cave where people have been imprisoned from childhood, but not from birth. These prisoners are chained so that their legs and necks are fixed, forcing them to gaze at the wall in front of them and not to look around at the cave, each other, or themselves (514a–b).[2] Behind the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners is a raised walkway with a low wall, behind which people walk carrying objects or puppets "of men and other living things" (514b).[2]

The people walk behind the wall so their bodies do not cast shadows for the prisoners to see, but the objects they carry do ("just as puppet showmen have screens in front of them at which they work their puppets") (514a).[2] The prisoners cannot see any of what is happening behind them; they are only able to see the shadows cast upon the cave wall in front of them. The sounds of the people talking echo off the walls; the prisoners believe these sounds come from the shadows (514c).[2]

Socrates suggests that the shadows are reality for the prisoners because they have never seen anything else; they do not realize that what they see are shadows of objects in front of a fire, much less that these objects are inspired by real things outside the cave which they do not see (514b–515a).[2]

### Departure from the cave[edit]

Socrates then supposes that the prisoners are released.[3]: 199 A freed prisoner would look around and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it difficult for him to see the objects casting the shadows. If he were told that what he is seeing is real instead of the other version of reality he sees on the wall, he would not believe it. In his pain, Socrates continues, the freed prisoner would turn away and run back to what he is accustomed to (that is, the shadows of the carried objects). The light "... would hurt his eyes, and he would escape by turning away to the things which he was able to look at, and these he would believe to be clearer than what was being shown to him."[2]

Socrates continues: "Suppose... that someone should drag him... by force, up the rough ascent, the steep way up, and never stop until he could drag him out into the light of the sun."[2] The prisoner would be angry and in pain, and this would only worsen when the radiant light of the sun overwhelms his eyes and blinds him.[2]

"Slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can see only shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually, he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself (516a)."[2] Only after he can look straight at the sun "is he able to reason about it" and what it is (516b).[2] (See also Plato's analogy of the sun, which occurs near the end of The Republic, Book VI.)[4][5]

### Return to the cave[edit]

Socrates continues, saying that the free prisoner would think that the world outside the cave was superior to the world he experienced in the cave and attempt to share this with the prisoners remaining in the cave attempting to bring them onto the journey he had just endured; "he would bless himself for the change, and pity [the other prisoners]" and would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight (516c).[2]

The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become accustomed to the sunlight, would be blind when he re-entered the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun (516e).[2] The prisoners who remained, according to the dialogue, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the cave (517a).[2]

## Themes in the allegory appearing elsewhere in Plato's work[edit]

The allegory is related to Plato's theory of Forms, according to which the "Forms" (or "Ideas"), and not the material world known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. Knowledge of the Forms constitutes real knowledge or what Socrates considers "the Good".[6] Socrates informs Glaucon that the most excellent people must follow the highest of all studies, which is to behold the Good. Those who have ascended to this highest level, however, must not remain there but must return to the cave and dwell with the prisoners, sharing in their labors and honors.

Plato's Phaedo contains similar imagery to that of the allegory of the cave; a philosopher recognizes that before philosophy, his soul was "a veritable prisoner fast bound within his body... and that instead of investigating reality of itself and in itself is compelled to peer through the bars of a prison."[7]

## Scholarly discussion[edit]

Scholars debate the possible interpretations of the allegory of the cave, either looking at it from an epistemological standpoint—one based on the study of how Plato believes we come to know things—or through a political (politeia) lens.[8] Much of the scholarship on the allegory falls between these two perspectives, with some completely independent of either. The epistemological view and the political view, fathered by Richard Lewis Nettleship and A. S. Ferguson, respectively, tend to be discussed most frequently.[8]

Nettleship interprets the allegory of the cave as representative of our innate intellectual incapacity, in order to contrast our lesser understanding with that of the philosopher, as well as an allegory about people who are unable or unwilling to seek truth and wisdom.[9][8] Ferguson, on the other hand, bases his interpretation of the allegory on the claim that the cave is an allegory of human nature and that it symbolizes the opposition between the philosopher and the corruption of the prevailing political condition.[1]

Cleavages have emerged within these respective camps of thought, however. Much of the modern scholarly debate surrounding the allegory has emerged from Martin Heidegger's exploration of the allegory, and philosophy as a whole, through the lens of human freedom in his book The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus.[10] In response, Hannah Arendt, an advocate of the political interpretation of the allegory, suggests that through the allegory, Plato "wanted to apply his own theory of ideas to politics".[11] Conversely, Heidegger argues that the essence of truth is a way of being and not an object.[12] Arendt criticised Heidegger's interpretation of the allegory, writing that "Heidegger ... is off base in using the cave simile to interpret and 'criticize' Plato's theory of ideas".[11]

Various scholars also debate the possibility of a connection between the work in the allegory and the cave and the work done by Plato considering the analogy of the divided line and the analogy of the sun. The divided line is a theory presented to us in Plato's work the Republic. This is displayed through a dialogue given between Socrates and Glaucon in which they explore the possibility of a visible and intelligible world, with the visible world consisting of items such as shadows and reflections (displayed as AB) then elevating to the physical item itself (displayed as BC) while the intelligible world consists of mathematical reasoning (displayed by CD) and philosophical understanding (displayed by DE).[3]

Many see this as an explanation for the way in which the prisoner in the allegory of the cave goes through the journey, first in the visible world with shadows such as those on the wall,[3] then the realization of the physical with the understanding of concepts such as the tree being separate from its shadow. It enters the intelligible world as the prisoner looks at the sun.[13]

The divided line – (AC) is generally taken as representing the visible world and (CE) as representing the intelligible world[14]

The Analogy of the Sun refers to the moment in book six in which Socrates, after being urged by Glaucon to define goodness, proposes instead an analogy through a "child of goodness". Socrates reveals this "child of goodness" to be the sun, proposing that just as the sun illuminates, bestowing the ability to see and be seen by the eye[15]: 169 with its light, so the idea of goodness illumines the intelligible with truth, leading some scholars to believe this forms a connection of the sun and the intelligible world within the realm of the allegory of the cave.

## Influence[edit]

The themes and imagery of Plato's cave has influenced civil thought and culture. For instance:

* Francis Bacon used the term "Idols of the Cave" to refer to errors of reason arising from the idiosyncratic biases and preoccupations of individuals.
* In his 1658 discourse, Urn Burial, Thomas Browne states: "A Dialogue between two Infants in the womb concerning the state of this world, might handsomely illustrate our ignorance of the next, whereof methinks we yet discourse in Platoes denne, and are but Embryon Philosophers".
* Evolutionary biologist Jeremy Griffith's book A Species In Denial includes the chapter "Deciphering Plato's Cave Allegory".[16]

### In fiction and popular media[edit]

* The films The Conformist, The Matrix, Cube, Dark City, The Truman Show, Us and City of Ember model Plato's allegory of the cave, as does the TV series 1899.[17]
* The Cave by José Saramago culminates in the discovery of Plato's Cave underneath the center, "an immense complex fusing the functions of an office tower, a shopping mall and a condominium".[18]
* Ray Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) explores the themes of reality and perception explored in Plato's allegory of the cave and Bradbury references Plato's work in the novel.[19][20]
* Orphaned Land's 2018 release, Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs, is a concept album based on the allegory. Calling Plato an "unsung prophet," frontman Kobi Farhi explains that the "protest album" describes how humanity embraces the darkness and that the people are afraid to break their chains and embrace the light.[21]

## See also[edit]

* Allegorical interpretations of Plato
* Anekantavada
* Brain in a vat
* Experience machine
* Flatland
* Intelligibility (philosophy)
* Nous – Noumenon
* Phaneron
* Plato's Republic in popular culture
* Simulation hypothesis
* Holographic principle
* Blind men and an elephant, a rough equivalent in Eastern Philosophy
* Maya (illusion)

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Ferguson, A. S. (1922). "Plato's Simile of Light. Part II. The Allegory of the Cave (Continued)". The Classical Quarterly. 16 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1017/S0009838800001956. JSTOR 636164. S2CID 170982104.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Plato. Rouse, W.H.D. (ed.). The Republic Book VII. Penguin Group Inc. pp. 365–401.
3. ^ a b c Plato, The Republic, Book 6, translated by Benjamin Jowett, online Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ Jowett, B. (ed.) (1941). Plato's The Republic. New York: The Modern Library. OCLC 964319.
5. ^ Malcolm, John (1962-01-01). "The Line and the Cave". Phronesis. 7 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1163/156852862x00025. ISSN 0031-8868.
6. ^ Watt, Stephen (1997), "Introduction: The Theory of Forms (Books 5–7)", Plato: Republic, London: Wordsworth Editions, pp. xiv–xvi, ISBN 978-1-85326-483-2
7. ^ Elliott, R. K. (1967). "Socrates and Plato's Cave". Kant-Studien. 58 (2): 138. doi:10.1515/kant.1967.58.1-4.137. S2CID 170201374.
8. ^ a b c Hall, Dale (January 1980). "Interpreting Plato's Cave as an Allegory of the Human Condition". Apeiron. 14 (2): 74–86. doi:10.1515/APEIRON.1980.14.2.74. JSTOR 40913453. S2CID 170372013. ProQuest 1300369376.
9. ^ Nettleship, Richard Lewis (1955). "Chapter 4 - The four stages of intelligence". Lectures On The Republic Of Plato (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan & Co.
10. ^ McNeill, William (5 January 2003). "The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.
11. ^ a b Abensour, Miguel (2007). "Against the Sovereignty of Philosophy over Politics: Arendt's Reading of Plato's Cave Allegory". Social Research: An International Quarterly. 74 (4): 955–982. doi:10.1353/sor.2007.0064. JSTOR 40972036. S2CID 152872480. Gale A174238908 Project MUSE 527590 ProQuest 209671578.
12. ^ Powell, Sally (1 January 2011). "Discovering the unhidden: Heidegger's Interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave and its Implications for Psychotherapy". Existential Analysis. 22 (1): 39–50. Gale A288874147.
13. ^ Raven, J. E. (1953). "Sun, Divided Line, and Cave". The Classical Quarterly. 3 (1/2): 22–32. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002573. JSTOR 637158. S2CID 170803513.
14. ^ "divided line," The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63722-8, p. 239.
15. ^ Pojman, Louis & Vaughn, L. (2011). Classics of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.
16. ^ Griffith, Jeremy (2003). A Species in Denial. Sydney: WTM Publishing & Communications. p. 83\. ISBN 978-1-74129-000-4. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
17. ^ The Matrix and Philosophy: Welcome to the Desert of the Real by William Irwin. Open Court Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-8126-9501-1. "Written for those fans of the film who are already philosophers."
18. ^ Keates, Jonathan (24 November 2002). "Shadows on the Wall". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 November 2002.
19. ^ "Parallels between Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 and Plato's 'Allegory of the Cave'". Archived from the original on 2019-06-06.
20. ^ Bradbury, Ray (1953). Fahrenheit 451. The Random House Publishing Group. p. 151\. ISBN 978-0-758-77616-7.
21. ^ "Orphaned Land Unsung Prophets and Dead Messiahs Travk-By-Track Breakdown". Balabbermouth. Retrieved 2023-12-01.

## Further reading[edit]

The following is a list of supplementary scholarly literature on the allegory of the cave that includes articles from epistemological, political, alternative, and independent viewpoints on the allegory:

* Eckert, Maureen (2012). "Cinematic Spelunking Inside Plato's Cave". Glimpse Journal. 9: 42–49.
* Kim, A. (2004). "Shades of Truth: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Allegory of the Cave". Idealistic Studies. 34 (1): 1–24. doi:10.5840/idstudies200434118. INIST 16811501.
* Malcolm, J. (May 1981). "The Cave Revisited". The Classical Quarterly. 31 (1): 60–68. doi:10.1017/S0009838800021078. S2CID 170697508.
* McNeill, William (5 January 2003). "The Essence of Human Freedom: An Introduction to Philosophy and The Essence of Truth: On Plato's Cave Allegory and Theaetetus". Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews.
* Mitta, Dimitra (1 January 2003). "Reading Platonic Myths from a Ritualistic Point of View: Gyges' Ring and the Cave Allegory". Kernos (16): 133–141. doi:10.4000/kernos.815.
* Murphy, N. R. (April 1932). "The 'Simile Of Light' in Plato's Republic". The Classical Quarterly. 26 (2): 93–102. doi:10.1017/S0009838800002366. S2CID 170223655.
* Tsabar, Boaz (1 January 2014). "'Poverty and Resourcefulness': On the Formative Significance of Eros in Educational Practice". Studies in Philosophy and Education. 33 (1): 75–87. doi:10.1007/s11217-013-9364-5. S2CID 144408538.
* Zamosc, Gabriel (2017). "The Political Significance of Plato's Allegory of the Cave". Ideas y Valores. 66 (165). doi:10.15446/ideasyvalores.v66n165.55201. ProQuest 1994433580.

## External links[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Allegory of the cave.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Republic (Gutenberg edition)/Book VII

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Πολιτεία/Ζ (Text in Greek)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allegory of the cave.

* Allegory of the cave at PhilPapers
* Animated interpretation of Plato's Allegory of the Cave
* Ted-ed: Plato's Allegory of the Cave
* Plato: The Republic, Book VII at Project Gutenberg
* Plato: The Allegory of the Cave, from The Republic at University of Washington – Faculty
* Plato: Book VII of The Republic, Allegory of the Cave at Shippensburg University

* v
* t
* e

Plato

Works|

* Apology
* Charmides
* Clitophon
* Cratylus
* Critias
* Crito
* Euthydemus
* Euthyphro
* First Alcibiades
* Gorgias
* Hippias Major
* Hippias Minor
* Ion
* Laches
* Laws
* Lysis
* Menexenus
* Meno
* Parmenides
* Phaedo
* Phaedrus
* Philebus
* Protagoras
* Republic
* Sophist
* Statesman
* Symposium
* Theaetetus
* Timaeus

| Of doubtful
authenticity|

* Axiochus
* Definitions
* Demodocus
* Epigrams
* Epinomis
* Epistles
* Seventh Letter
* Eryxias
* Halcyon
* Hipparchus
* Minos
* On Justice
* On Virtue
* Rival Lovers
* Second Alcibiades
* Sisyphus
* Theages

|

Philosophy|

* Euthyphro dilemma
* Platonic love
* Cardinal virtues
* Sophrosyne
* Platonic epistemology
* Amanesis
* Peritrope
* Theia mania
* Theory of Forms
* Form of the Good
* Theory of soul
* Plato's political philosophy
* Philosopher king
* Platonic solid
* Anima mundi
* Demiurge
* Hyperuranion

Allegories
and metaphors|

* Atlantis
* Ring of Gyges
* The Cave
* The Divided Line
* The Sun
* Ship of State
* Myth of Er

Life|

* The Academy in Athens
* Socratic problem
* List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

Legacy|

* Unwritten doctrines
* List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues
* Cultural influence of Plato's Republic
* Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
* Platonism in the Renaissance
* Middle Platonism
* Commentaries
* Neoplatonism
* and Christianity
* Oxyrhynchus Papyri
* 23
* 24
* 228
* 229
* Plato's Dream
* Poitier Meets Plato

Authority control databases

National|

* France
* BnF data
* Israel
* United States

Other|

* IdRef

* v
* t
* e

Subterranea

Natural features|

| Types|

* Alcove
* Ant colony
* Aquifer
* Burrow
* Burrow fossil
* Communal burrow
* Paleoburrow
* Cave
* Glacier cave
* Grotto
* Ice cave
* Lava cave
* Lava tube
* Pit Cave
* Show cave
* Solutional cave
* Cenote
* Karst
* Lava tree mold
* Magma chamber
* Maternity den
* Nest
* Bee
* Pit crater
* Rock shelter
* Sinkhole
* Subterranean fauna
* Subterranean river
* Subterranean waterfall
* Underground lake
* Volcanic pipe
* Warren

|

Exemplars|

* Balve Cave
* Castellana Caves
* Hang Sơn Đoòng
* Jewel Cave National Monument
* Kazumura Cave
* Lechuguilla Cave
* Mammoth Cave National Park
* Reed Flute Cave
* Subterranean rivers of London
* Veryovkina Cave
* Wind Cave National Park

Man-made features|

| Types|

* Air raid shelter
* Basement
* Burial vault
* Borehole
* Bunker
* Blast shelter
* Catacombs
* Casemate
* Crypt Mausoleum
* Dungeon
* Dugout (shelter)
* Dry well
* Earth shelter
* Erdstall
* Fallout shelter
* Fogou
* Foxhole
* Hypogeum
* Manhole
* Mine
* Missile launch facility
* Passage grave
* Quarry
* Rock-cut tomb
* Root cellar
* Tunnel
* Utility vault
* Underground city
* Underground base
* Underground hangar
* Well
* Wine cave
* Subway system
* Secret passage
* Semi-basement
* Sewerage
* Septic tank
* Stepwell
* Storm cellar
* Smuggling tunnel
* Spider hole
* Ventilation shaft

|

Exemplars|

* 816 Nuclear Military Plant
* Caves of Maastricht
* The Caves of Ægissíða
* Almadén Mercury Mines
* Coober Pedy
* Cheyenne Mountain Complex
* Chicago Tunnel Company
* Houston tunnel system
* Kosvinsky Kamen
* Kőbánya cellar system
* Kome Caves
* Underground City (Beijing)
* Underground City, Montreal
* Underground Great Wall of China
* Maginot Line
* Mines of Paris
* Mustang Caves
* Mount Yamantau
* Mogao Caves
* Naples underground geothermal zone
* North American Aerospace Defense Command
* Raven Rock Mountain Complex
* Shanghai tunnels
* Subterranean London
* Subterranean Toledo
* Turda Salt Mines
* Yaodong

Fictional features|

| Types|

* Hollow Earth
* Subterranean fiction

|

Exemplars|

* Allegory of the cave
* Batcave
* Greek Underworld
* Journey to the Center of the Earth
* Moria (Middle-earth)
* Nome Kingdom
* Pellucidar
* Subterranea (comics)
* Tunnels in popular culture
* Underdark
* Underland (Narnia)
* Wonderland (fictional country)

Organisations|

* American Society of Reclamation Sciences
* Bergamt
* Cave Research Foundation
* History of hard rock miners' organizations
* National Mine Map Repository
* National Mining Association
* National Speleological Society
* Grotto
* Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
* Institution of Mining Engineers
* International Union of Speleology
* Research Centre for Deep Drilling
* Society of Economic Geologists
* Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Related topics|

* Cave conservation
* Cave dweller
* Cave diving
* Cave gate
* Cave rescue
* Cave painting
* Caving
* Civil defense
* Tunnel warfare
* Tunnel network
* Trench warfare
* Underground construction
* Tunnel construction
* Underground living
* Mine rescue
* Mine exploration
* Mining engineering
* Mole people
* in fiction
* Speleology
* Subterranean warfare

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template