Alliance of Progressives

Not to be confused with Progressive Alliance (disambiguation).

Political party in Italy

Alliance of Progressives

Alleanza dei Progressisti

Leader|

* Achille Occhetto (first)
* Fausto Bertinotti (last)

Founded|

* February 1994 (first iteration)
* 1996 (second iteration)

Dissolved|

* March 1995 (first iteration)
* 1996 (second iteration)

Succeeded by| The Olive Tree
Political position| Left-wing[1][2]

* Politics of Italy
* Political parties
* Elections

The Alliance of Progressives (Italian: Alleanza dei Progressisti) was a left-wing[1][2] political alliance of parties in Italy formed in 1994, with relevant predecessors at local level in 1993.[3][4] The leader of the alliance was Achille Occhetto.[5] The alliance was a predecessor of the modern-day centre-left coalition.

## History

[edit]

The Alliance of Progressives was formed in the wake of Tangentopoli and the end of the so-called First Republic, when the once-dominant Christian Democrats (DC) and four other establishment parties collapsed and were replaced by new political formations during 1992–1994, while the Italian Communist Party had earlier in 1991 abandoned communism and reformed itself as the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS).[3][6]

The PDS was the core party of the Alliance, which also included the Communist Refoundation Party, the Federation of the Greens, the remnant Italian Socialist Party and Socialist Rebirth, DC splinter Social Christians, the anti-Mafia Network and Democratic Alliance, the latter formed by former Republicans and Socialists.[3][7] The Alliance was formed in part as a response to the Italian electoral system moving to a more majoritarian system.[8]

The Alliance suffered a decisive defeat in the 1994 general election by the centre-right coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi, which was organised as the Pole of Freedoms in northern Italy and Pole of Good Government in southern Italy.[3] In the election both left-wing and centre-right coalitions also competed with the Pact for Italy, a centrist alliance formed by DC successor the Italian People's Party (PPI) and the Segni Pact.[1][9]

For the 1995 regional election and 1996 general election the Alliance was succeeded by a broader centre-left coalition led by Romano Prodi known as The Olive Tree, which included the PPI (diminished by the split of the United Christian Democrats in 1995), Segni Pact and Italian Renewal, but excluding the Communist Refoundation Party, which was an external ally and presented its candidates under the "Progressives" banner in some single-seat constituencies.[5][8]

## Composition

[edit]

The alliance was composed of:[4][10]

Party  | Ideology  | Leader

|
|

| Democratic Party of the Left (PDS)  | Democratic socialism | Achille Occhetto
| Social Christians[a] | Christian left | Pierre Carniti
| Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)  | Communism | Fausto Bertinotti
| Federation of the Greens (FdV)  | Green politics | Carlo Ripa di Meana
| Italian Socialist Party (PSI)  | Social democracy | Ottaviano Del Turco
| Socialist Rebirth (RS)[b] | Social democracy | Giorgio Benvenuto
| The Network (LR)  | Anti-corruption | Leoluca Orlando
| Democratic Alliance (AD)  | Social liberalism | Willer Bordon

1. ^ Contested elections under the PDS electoral lists.
2. ^ Contested elections under the PSI electoral lists.

## Election results

[edit]

Election  | Leader  | Chamber of Deputies | Senate of the Republic

|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Seats  | -/+  | Position  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | -/+  | Position
1994 | Achille Occhetto | 12,632,680  | 32.81  |

213 / 630

| New | 2nd  | 10,881,320  | 32.90  |

123 / 315

| New | 2nd
1996 | Fausto Bertinotti | 982,505  | 2.62  |

15 / 630

|  198  | 5th  | 934,974  | 2.87  |

10 / 315

|  113  | 4th

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Ram Mudambi; Pietro Navarra; Giuseppe Sobbrio, eds. (2001). Rules, Choice and Strategy: The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50\. ISBN 978-1-78195-082-1.
2. ^ a b Daniela Giannetti; Rose Mulé (2007). "The Democratici di Sinistra: In Search of a New Identity". In Anna Bosco; Leonardo Morlino (eds.). Party Change in Southern Europe. Routledge. p. 134\. ISBN 978-1-136-76777-7.
3. ^ a b c d Christina Holtz-Bacha; Gianpietro Mazzoleni (2004). The Politics of Representation: Election Campaigning and Proportional Representation. Peter Lang. pp. 57–60\. ISBN 978-0-8204-6148-9.
4. ^ a b Stefan Köppl (2007). Das politische System Italiens: Eine Einführung. Springer-Verlag. p. 98\. ISBN 978-3-531-14068-1.
5. ^ a b Gino Moliterno, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture. Routledge. p. 852\. ISBN 978-1-134-75877-7.
6. ^ Carol Diane St Louis (2011). Negotiating Change: Approaches to and the Distributional Implications of Social Welfare and Economic Reform. Stanford University. p. 119\. STANFORD:RW793BX2256. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
7. ^ Nikiforos Diamandouros; Richard Gunther, eds. (2001). "Notes to Pages 346–380". Parties, Politics, and Democracy in the New Southern Europe. JHU Press. p. 424\. ISBN 978-0-8018-6518-3.
8. ^ a b Roberto Biorcio (2002). "Italy". In Ferdinand Muller-Rommel; Thomas Poguntke (eds.). Green Parties in National Governments. Routledge. p. 42\. ISBN 978-1-135-28826-6.
9. ^ Roberto D'Alimonte (2005). "Italy: A Case of Fragmented Bipolarism". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. OUP Oxford. p. 265\. ISBN 978-0-19-153151-4.
10. ^ Sona Nadenichek Golder (2006). The Logic of Pre-electoral Coalition Formation. Ohio State University Press. p. 160\. ISBN 978-0-8142-1029-1.

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* t
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Historical political parties in Italy

Communist|

* Proletarian Unity Party (1972–1984)
* Italian Communist Party (1921–1991)
* Proletarian Democracy (1978–1991)
* Party of Italian Communists (1998–2014)

Democratic socialist|

* Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party (1881–1893)
* Italian Workers' Party (1882–1892)
* Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (1964–1972)
* Democratic Party of the Left (1991–1998)
* Democratic Left (2007–2010)
* Left Ecology Freedom (2010-2016)

Green|

* Rainbow Greens (1989–1990)
* Federation of Green Lists (1986–1990)
* Federation of the Greens (1990–2021)

Social-democratic and liberal-socialist|

* Italian Reformist Socialist Party (1912–1926)
* Unitary Socialist Party (1922–1930)
* Action Party (1929–1947)
* Labour Democratic Party (1943–1948)
* Union of Socialists (1948–1949)
* Unitary Socialist Party (1949–1951)
* Unified Socialist Party (1966–1969)
* Italian Socialist Party (1892–1994)
* Italian Democratic Socialist Party (1947–1998)
* Labour Federation (1994–1998)
* Democrats of the Left (1998–2007)
* Italian Democratic Socialists (1998–2007)
* Article One (2017–2023)

Radical and social-liberal|

* Action Party (1853–1867)
* Italian Radical Party (1904–1922)
* Democratic Party (1913–1919)
* Social Democracy (1922–1926)
* Republican Democratic Concentration (1946)
* Radical Party (1955–1989)
* Democratic Alliance (1993–1997)
* The Network (1991–1999)

Centrist and centrist liberal|

* Constitutional Democratic Party (1913–1919)
* Italian Democratic Liberal Party (1919–1926)
* Democratic Union for the Republic (1998–1999)
* Union for the Republic
* Italian Renewal (1996–2002)
* The Democrats (1999–2002)
* Segni Pact (1993–2003)
* Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (2002–2007)
* Civic Choice (2013–2019)
* Liberal Popular Alliance (2015–2018)

Regionalist and federalist|

* Movement for the Independence of Sicily (1943–1951)
* Italian Unionist Movement (1944–1948)
* Federalists and Liberal Democrats (1994–1996)
* Federalist Italian League (1995–1996)
* Great South (2011–2013)

Christian-democratic|

* Italian Catholic Electoral Union (1906–1919)
* Conservative Catholics (1913–1919)
* Italian People's Party (1919–1926)
* Christian Democracy (1943–1994)
* Italian People's Party (1994–2002)
* Christian Democrats for the Republic (1998)
* Christian Democratic Centre (1994–2002)
* United Christian Democrats (1995–2002)
* European Democracy (2001–2002)
* Christian Democracy for Autonomies (2005–2009)
* Union of Democrats for Europe (1999–2013)

Conservative-liberal|

* Liberals (1913–1922)
* Italian Liberal Party (1922–1994)
* National Democratic Alliance (1953–1954)
* Union of the Centre

Liberal-conservative|

* Economic Party (1919–1924)
* Forza Italia (1994–2009)
* The People of Freedom (2009–2013)
* Future and Freedom (2010–2014)
* New Centre-Right (2013–2017)
* Conservatives and Reformists (2015–2017)
* Direction Italy (2017–2019)
* Cambiamo! (2019–2022)

National-conservative|

* Common Man's Front (1946–1949)
* Monarchist National Party (1946–1959)
* People's Monarchist Party (1954–1959)
* Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (1959–1972)
* National Democracy (1977–1979)
* National Alliance (1995–2009)

Nationalist|

* Italian Nationalist Association (1910–1923)
* Combatants' Party (1919–1923)
* National Fascist Party (1921–1943)
* Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945)
* Italian Social Movement (1946–1995)

* List of political parties in Italy
* 19th-century Italian political groups
* Early 20th-century Italian political parties
* 1950s–1990s Italian political parties
* Current Italian political parties

* v
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Italian Socialist Party

Secretary|

* Carlo Dell'Avalle (1892–1894)
* Filippo Turati (1895–1896)
* Enrico Ferri (1896)
* Carlo Dell'Avalle (1896–1898)
* Alfredo Bertesi (1898–1899)
* Enrico Bertini (1899–1900)
* Savino Varazzani (1900–1904)
* Enrico Ferri (1904–1906)
* Oddino Morgari (1906–1908)
* Pompeo Ciotti (1908–1912)
* Costantino Lazzari (1912–1918)
* Egidio Gennari (1918)
* Costantino Lazzari (1918–1919)
* Arturo Vella (1919)
* Nicola Bombacci (1919–1920)
* Egidio Gennari (1920–1921)
* Giovanni Bacci (1921)
* Domenico Fioritto (1921–1923)
* Tito Oro Nobili (1923–1925)
* Olindo Vernocchi (1925–1930)
* Ugo Coccia (1930–1932)
* Pietro Nenni (1933–1939)
* Giuseppe Saragat, Oddino Morgari and Angelo Tasca (1939–1942)
* Giuseppe Romita (1942–1943)
* Pietro Nenni (1943–1945)
* Sandro Pertini (1945)
* Rodolfo Morandi (1945–1946)
* Ivan Matteo Lombardo (1946–1947)
* Lelio Basso (1947–1948)
* Alberto Jacometti (1948–1949)
* Pietro Nenni (1949–1963)
* Francesco De Martino (1963–1968)
* Mario Tanassi (1966–1968)
* Mauro Ferri (1968–1969)
* Francesco De Martino (1969–1970)
* Giacomo Mancini (1970–1972)
* Francesco De Martino (1972–1976)
* Bettino Craxi (1976–1993)
* Giorgio Benvenuto (1993)
* Ottaviano Del Turco (1993–1994)
* Valdo Spini (1994)

Related articles|

* Italian Workers' Party
* Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party
* Fasci Siciliani
* Avanti!
* Critica Sociale
* Red Guards
* Marxism
* Revolutionary socialism
* Maximalists
* National syndicalism
* Reformist socialism
* Social democracy
* Democratic socialism
* Division over World War I
* National Liberation Committee
* Italian resistance movement
* Craxism
* Sigonella incident
* Banco Ambrosiano scandal
* Mani pulite

Derivatives|

* Italian Reformist Socialist Party
* Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria / Fasci Italiani di Combattimento / National Fascist Party / Republican Fascist Party
* Italian Communist Party / International Communist Party
* Unitary Socialist Party
* Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
* Socialist Unity
* Italian Democratic Socialist Party
* Italian Socialists / Italian Democratic Socialists / Socialist League
* Labour Federation
* Reformist Socialist Party
* Socialist Party / New Italian Socialist Party
* Italian Socialist Party (2007)
* Forza Italia (social-democrats faction)
* Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (social-democrats faction)

Alliances|

* Popular Democratic Front (1947-1948)
* Organic centre-left (1962-1976)
* Unified Socialist Party (1966-1971)
* Pentapartito (1981-1993)
* Alliance of Progressives (1994)

* v
* t
* e

Communist Refoundation Party

Secretaries|

* Sergio Garavini (1991–1994)
* Fausto Bertinotti (1994–2006)
* Franco Giordano (2006–2008)
* Paolo Ferrero (2008–2017)
* Maurizio Acerbo (2017–present)

General|

* Italian Communist Party
* Proletarian Democracy
* Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
* Prodi II Cabinet
* Eurocommunism
* Liberazione
* Young Communists
* International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties
* Party of the European Left
* European United Left–Nordic Green Left

Factions and splits|

| Current factions|

In the 2017 congress, two motions were presented: the majority one led by Paolo Ferrero and the minority one led by Eleonora Forenza.

|

Former factions|

* Bertinottiani
* Refoundation in Movement
* To the Left with Refoundation

Splintered factions|

* Movement of Unitarian Communists (1995)
* Party of Italian Communists (1998)
* Communist Alternative Party (2006)
* Communist Project / Communist Workers' Party (2006)
* Critical Left (2007)
* Refoundation for the Left / Movement for the Left (2009)
* The Ernesto (2011) / Italian Communist Party (2016)
* Countercurrent (2013)
* HammerSickle / Left Class Revolution / Revolutionary Communist Party (2016)
* Being Communists (2016)

Alliances|

* Alliance of Progressives (1994)
* The Union (2005–2007)
* The Left – The Rainbow (2007–2008)
* Anticapitalist and Communist List (2008–2009)
* Federation of the Left (2008–2012)
* Civil Revolution (2012–2013)
* The Other Europe (2014)
* Power to the People (2017–2018)
* The Left (2019–present)

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