American Chess Congress

1857–1923 series of chess tournaments

The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in October 1857 and the last in August 1923.

American Chess Congresses  # | Year | City | Winner

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1 | 1857 | New York |  Paul Morphy (United States)
2 | 1871 | Cleveland |  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
3 | 1874 | Chicago |  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
4 | 1876 | Philadelphia |  James Mason (Ireland)
5 | 1880 | New York |  George Henry Mackenzie (United States)
6 | 1889 | New York |  Mikhail Chigorin (Russia)
Max Weiss (Austria)
7 | 1904 | St. Louis |  Frank James Marshall (United States)
8 | 1921 | Atlantic City |  Dawid Janowski (France)
9 | 1923 | Lake Hopatcong |  Frank James Marshall (United States)
Abraham Kupchik (United States)

## First American Chess Congress (1857)

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The first American Chess Congress, organized by Daniel Willard Fiske and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by Paul Morphy.[1] It was a knockout tournament in which draws did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, Theodor Lichtenhein, Napoleon Marache, Hardman Philips Montgomery, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Paul Morphy, Louis Paulsen, Frederick Perrin, Benjamin Raphael, Charles Henry Stanley, and James Thompson).[2][3] First prize was $300. Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy's prize was given to him by Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.

| First round | | | Quarterfinals | | | Semifinals | | | Final |

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|  Paul Morphy (USA) | +3=0 | | | |
|  James Thompson (USA) | +0=0 | | |  Paul Morphy (USA) | +3=0 |
|  William James Appleton Fuller (USA) | +2=0 | | |  Alexander Beaufort Meek (USA) | +0=0 |
|  Alexander Beaufort Meek (USA) | +3=0 | | | | | |  Paul Morphy (USA) | +3=1 |
|  Hubert Knott (USA) | +2=2 | | | | |  Theodor Lichtenhein (USA) | +0=1 |
|  Frederick Perrin (USA) | +3=2 | | |  Frederick Perrin (USA) | +0=0 | | | |
|  Theodor Lichtenhein (USA) | +3=0 | | |  Theodor Lichtenhein (USA) | +3=0 |
|  Charles Henry Stanley (ENG) | +2=0 | | | |  Paul Morphy (USA) | +5=2 |
|  Benjamin Raphael (USA) | +3=1 | | | | | |  Louis Paulsen (GER) | +1=2 |
|  Hiram Kennicott (USA) | +2=1 | | |  Benjamin Raphael (USA) | +3=2 |
|  Daniel Fiske (USA) | +2=0 | | |  Napoleon Marache (USA) | +2=2 |
|  Napoleon Marache (USA) | +3=0 | | | | | |  Benjamin Raphael (USA) | +0=1 | | | Third place
|  Samuel Robert Calthrop (ENG) | +0=0 | | | | |  Louis Paulsen (GER) | +3=1 |
|  Louis Paulsen (GER) | +3=0 | | |  Louis Paulsen (GER) | +2=0 | | | |  Theodor Lichtenhein (USA) | +3=0
|  William Allison (USA) | +1=0 | | |  Hardman Philips Montgomery (USA) | +0=0 | | |  Benjamin Raphael (USA) | +0=0
|  Hardman Philips Montgomery (USA) | +3=0 | |

## Second American Chess Congress (1871)

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The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by George Henry Mackenzie. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double round robin tournament with a time limit of 12 moves an hour. Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, Max Judd, Preston Ware, Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total wins

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1 |  George Henry Mackenzie (USA) | Does not appear | 1½0 | ½10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 1½1 | 11 | 11 | 14
2 |  Henry Hosmer (USA) | 0½1 | Does not appear | 11 | 1½1 | 00 | 01 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12
3 |  Frederick Elder (USA) | ½01 | 00 | Does not appear | 01 | ½½01 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11
4 |  Max Judd (USA) | 00 | 0½0 | 10 | Does not appear | 11 | 10 | ½11 | ½11 | 11 | 10
5 |  Preston Ware (USA) | 00 | 11 | ½½10 | 00 | Does not appear | 01 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 9
6 |  Harsen Darwin Smith (USA) | 00 | 10 | 00 | 01 | 10 | Does not appear | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9
7 |  Henry Harding (USA) | 0½0 | 00 | 00 | ½00 | 01 | 00 | Does not appear | 01 | 11 | 4
8 |  A. Johnston (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½00 | 00 | 00 | 10 | Does not appear | 11 | 3
9 |  William Houghton (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | Does not appear | 0

## Third American Chess Congress (1874)

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The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdrew before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

# | Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Total wins

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1 |  George Henry Mackenzie (USA) | Does not appear | 10 | 1½ | 11 | \-- | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10½
2 |  Henry Hosmer (USA) | 01 | Does not appear | 10 | 11 | \-- | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10
3 |  Max Judd (USA) | 0½ | 01 | Does not appear | 1½ | \-- | 11 | 11 | \-- | 7
4 |  Frederick Bock (USA) | 00 | 00 | 0½ | Does not appear | 1½ | 11 | 1½ | \-- | 5½
5 |  Frederick Elder (USA) | \-- | \-- | \-- | 0½ | Does not appear | 01 | 11 | \-- | 3½
6 |  Frederick Perrin (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 10 | Does not appear | 10 | \-- | 2
7 |  James Adams Congdon (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 0½ | 00 | 01 | Does not appear | \-- | 1½
8 |  Hiram Kennicott (USA) | 00 | 00 | \-- | \-- | \-- | \-- | \-- | Does not appear | 0

## Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

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The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by James Mason. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, Henry Bird, Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Total

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1 |  James Mason (IRE) | Does not appear | 1½ | 10 | 1½ | ½1 | 1½ | 11 | ½1 | \-- | 10½
2 |  Max Judd (USA) | 0½ | Does not appear | 00 | 10 | 1½ | 11 | 11 | 11 | \-- | 9
3 |  Harry Davidson (USA) | 01 | 11 | Does not appear | ½0 | 0½ | ½1 | 01 | 11 | \-- | 8½
4 |  Henry Edward Bird (ENG) | 0½ | 01 | ½1 | Does not appear | 0½ | 11 | ½1 | ½1 | \-- | 8½
5 |  Jacob Elson (USA) | ½0 | 0½ | 1½ | 1½ | Does not appear | ½½ | 10 | 11 | \-- | 8
6 |  Albert Roberts (USA) | 0½ | 00 | ½0 | 00 | ½½ | Does not appear | 1½ | 11 | \-- | 5½
7 |  Preston Ware (USA) | 00 | 00 | 10 | ½0 | 01 | 0½ | Does not appear | ½½ | \-- | 4
8 |  L.D. Barbour (USA) | ½0 | 00 | 00 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | ½½ | Does not appear | \-- | 2
9 |  Dión Martinez (CUB) | 00 | \-- | ½½ | \-- | \-- | \-- | \-- | \-- | Does not appear | 1

## Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

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The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, Eugene Delmar, Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total

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1 |  George Henry Mackenzie (USA) | Does not appear | 0½ | 10 | ½½ | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 1½ | 11 | 13½
2 |  James Grundy (USA) | 1½ | Does not appear | ½½ | 10 | 1½ | 11 | 1½ | 01 | 11 | 11 | 13½
3 |  Charles Moehle (USA) | 01 | ½½ | Does not appear | 0½ | 1½ | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13
4 |  Alexander Sellman (USA) | ½½ | 01 | 1½ | Does not appear | 10 | 1½ | 11 | 0½ | 11 | 11 | 12½
5 |  Max Judd (USA) | ½0 | 0½ | 0½ | 01 | Does not appear | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 01 | 11 | 11
6 |  Eugene Delmar (USA) | 00 | 00 | 01 | 0½ | ½0 | Does not appear | 11 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 9½
7 |  John Ryan (USA) | 00 | 0½ | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | Does not appear | 11 | 01 | 11 | 5½
8 |  Preston Ware (USA) | 00 | 10 | 00 | 1½ | 00 | 00 | 00 | Does not appear | ½1 | 1½ | 5½
9 |  James Adams Congdon (USA) | ½0 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 10 | ½0 | 01 | 0½ | Does not appear | 00 | 3½
10 |  Albert Cohnfeld (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 0½ | 11 | Does not appear | 2½

## Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

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The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double round-robin tournament; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was S. Lipschütz, who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all). Under rules that reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month.[4] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after drawing all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but Isidor Gunsberg, the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. They were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Total

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1 |  Mikhail Chigorin (RUS) | Does not appear | ½1 | 00 | ½1 | 11 | 10 | 00 | 11 | 01 | ½1 | 11 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 29
2 |  Max Weiss (AUT) | ½0 | Does not appear | ½1 | 10 | ½½ | ½1 | 1½ | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | ½½ | ½1 | 10 | 11 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 29
3 |  Isidor Gunsberg (ENG) | 11 | ½0 | Does not appear | 01 | ½0 | ½0 | 1½ | 10 | 11 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 01 | 11 | 01 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 28½
4 |  Joseph Henry Blackburne (ENG) | ½0 | 01 | 10 | Does not appear | 01 | 10 | 10 | 01 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 10 | 27
5 |  Amos Burn (ENG) | 00 | ½½ | ½1 | 10 | Does not appear | 1½ | 00 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 01 | 00 | 11 | 01 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 26
6 |  S. Lipschütz (USA) | 01 | ½0 | ½1 | 01 | 0½ | Does not appear | ½1 | 00 | 11 | ½1 | 10 | ½0 | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 25½
7 |  James Mason (IRE) | 11 | 0½ | 0½ | 01 | 11 | ½0 | Does not appear | ½0 | 00 | 11 | ½0 | 10 | 01 | 01 | ½1 | 1½ | ½1 | ½½ | 11 | 11 | 22
8 |  Max Judd (USA) | 00 | 00 | 01 | 10 | 00 | 11 | ½1 | Does not appear | 10 | 11 | 01 | 00 | 11 | 00 | ½1 | ½0 | 10 | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 20
9 |  Eugene Delmar (USA) | 10 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 11 | 01 | Does not appear | ½0 | 10 | 11 | 0½ | 10 | 01 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 01 | 18
10 |  Jackson Showalter (USA) | ½0 | 00 | 00 | 01 | 01 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | ½1 | Does not appear | ½1 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | ½0 | 01 | ½1 | 11 | 11 | 18
11 |  William Pollock (ENG) | 00 | 01 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | 01 | ½1 | 10 | 01 | ½0 | Does not appear | 01 | ½1 | ½1 | 01 | 11 | 00 | 00 | 11 | 11 | 17½
12 |  Henry Bird (ENG) | 00 | ½½ | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½1 | 01 | 11 | 00 | 01 | 10 | Does not appear | ½0 | 11 | ½1 | 11 | 00 | 10 | ½0 | 11 | 17
13 |  Jean Taubenhaus (FRA) | ½0 | ½0 | 10 | 00 | 10 | ½0 | 10 | 00 | 1½ | 01 | ½0 | ½1 | Does not appear | 01 | 00 | 0½ | ½1 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 17
14 |  David Graham Baird (USA) | 00 | 01 | 00 | 00 | 11 | 00 | 10 | 11 | 01 | 01 | ½0 | 00 | 10 | Does not appear | 10 | 00 | 01 | 11 | 10 | ½1 | 16
15 |  Constant Ferdinand Burille (USA) | 01 | 00 | 10 | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½0 | ½0 | 10 | 00 | 10 | ½0 | 11 | 01 | Does not appear | ½1 | 1½ | 00 | ½1 | 11 | 15
16 |  James Moore Hanham (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 01 | 10 | 00 | 0½ | ½1 | 00 | ½1 | 00 | 00 | 1½ | 11 | ½0 | Does not appear | 10 | 01 | 0½ | 11 | 14
17 |  George H. D. Gossip (ENG) | 00 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 01 | ½0 | 01 | 01 | 10 | 11 | 11 | ½0 | 10 | 0½ | 01 | Does not appear | 00 | 1½ | 00 | 13½
18 |  Dión Martinez (CUB) | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | ½½ | ½0 | 00 | ½0 | 11 | 01 | 01 | 00 | 11 | 10 | 11 | Does not appear | 01 | 01 | 13½
19 |  John Washington Baird (USA) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½1 | 00 | 01 | ½0 | 1½ | 0½ | 10 | Does not appear | 10 | 7
20 |  Nicholas MacLeod (CAN) | 00 | 00 | 00 | 01 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 10 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 00 | ½0 | 00 | 00 | 11 | 10 | 01 | Does not appear | 6½

## Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

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Group photo from the 1904 tournament

The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion Harry Nelson Pillsbury ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by Frank James Marshall, ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: Louis Eisenberg, Charles Jaffe, Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, Stasch Mlotkowski, Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and Louis Uedemann. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | Total

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1 |  Frank James Marshall (USA) | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 8½
2 |  Max Judd (USA) | 0 | Does not appear | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7
3 |  Louis Uedemann (USA) | 0 | 1 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6
4 |  Emil Kemény (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5
5 |  Edward F. Schrader (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4½
6 |  Louis Eisenberg (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4½
7 |  Charles Jaffe (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4
8 |  George Schwietzer (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 0 | 1 | 3
9 |  Stasch Mlotkowski (USA) | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Does not appear | 1 | 2½
10 |  Eugene W. Schrader (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 0

## Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

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The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by Dawid Janowski, followed by Norman Whitaker, Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: Samuel Factor, Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, Vladimir Sournin, Isador Turover, and Whitaker.[5][6]

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | Total

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1 |  Dawid Janowski (FRA) | Does not appear | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8½
2 |  Norman Tweed Whitaker (USA) | 1 | Does not appear | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8
3 |  Charles Jaffe (USA) | 0 | 1 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 7
4 |  Martin D. Hago (USA) | ½ | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 6½
5 |  Samuel Factor (USA) | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | Does not appear | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 |  | 6
6 |  Frank James Marshall (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | Does not appear | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 6
7 |  Vladimir Sournin (USA) | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Does not appear | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 6
8 |  Sydney T. Sharp (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | Does not appear | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 5½
9 |  Isador Samuel Turover (USA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | ½ | 5½
10 |  Stasch Mlotkowski (USA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 5
11 |  J. B. Harvey (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1
12 |  Edward Schuyler Jackson (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 1

## Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

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The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: Horace Bigelow, Roy Turnbull Black, Oscar Chajes, Albert Hodges, Dawid Janowski, Abraham Kupchik, Edward Lasker, Frank James Marshall, John Stuart Morrison, Marvin Palmer, Anthony Santasiere, Morris Schapiro, Vladimir Sournin, and Oscar Tenner. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13.[7][8][9]

| Player | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Total

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1 |  Frank James Marshall (USA) | Does not appear | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 10½
2 |  Abraham Kupchik (USA) | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10½
3 |  Dawid Janowski (FRA) | ½ | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 10
4 |  Edward Lasker (USA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | Does not appear | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 9
5 |  Morris Schapiro (USA) | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | Does not appear | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8½
6 |  Roy Turnbull Black (USA) | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7
7 |  Oscar Tenner (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6½
8 |  Oscar Chajes (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6½
9 |  Vladimir Sournin (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | Does not appear | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 5½
10 |  John Stuart Morrison (CAN) | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 5
11 |  Albert Hodges (USA) | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | Does not appear | ½ | 1 | ½ | 4
12 |  Marvin Palmer (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | Does not appear | 1 | 0 | 3
13 |  Anthony Santasiere (USA) | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | Does not appear | ½ | 2½
14 |  Horace Bigelow (USA) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | Does not appear | 2½

## See also

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* U.S. Chess Championship
* U.S. Women's Chess Championship
* U.S. Open Chess Championship
* U.S. Women's Open Chess Championship

## References

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1. ^ "American Chess Congress - Chess.com". Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
2. ^ newyork1857.doc Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ "First American Chess Congress Opponents". Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
4. ^ Thulin, A. (August 2007). "Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 - A World Championship Match or Not?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Based on Landsberger, K. (2002), The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion, McFarland, ISBN 0-7864-1193-7, retrieved 2008-11-19
5. ^ "The Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum: Tournament and Match Record". Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
6. ^ "New Page 1". Archived from the original on 2012-05-21. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
7. ^ "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan
8. ^ "Sport: Chess Champs". Time. September 3, 1923. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
9. ^ Lake Hopatcong, 1923

## Further reading

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* Fiske, Daniel Willard (1859), The Book of the First American Chess Congress, Rudd & Carleton, New York

This book was reprinted as Daniel W. Fiske. (1985), 1st American Chess Congress New York 1857, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00085-9

* Brownson, O. A. Jr (1872), The Book of the Second American Chess Congress Held at Cleveland, Ohio, Dubuque, Iowa
* Office of the American Chess Journal (1876) The Third American Chess Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., 1874, Hannibal, Missouri.
* Sayen, Henry W. (1876), The Grand International Centennial Chess Congress, held in Philadelphia in August, 1876, Philadelphia

These three books were reprinted in one volume as The second, third and fourth American Chess Congress, Cleveland 1871, Chicago 1874, Philadelphia 1876., Edition Olms, 1985, ISBN 3-283-00089-1

* Gilberg, Charles A (1881), The Fifth American Chess Congress, New York

This book was reprinted as Charles A. Gilberg. (1986), The Fifth American Chess Congress New York 1880, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00090-5

* Steinitz, William (1891), The Book of the Sixth American Chess Congress, New York

This book was reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz; with a foreword by Christiaan M. Bijl. (1982), The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress, Edition Olms, ISBN 3-283-00152-9`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
It was recently reprinted as: Wilhelm Steinitz; Introduction by Sam Sloan (1982), Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889, Ishi Press, ISBN 978-4-87187-847-0`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

* v
* t
* e

Major recurring international chess tournaments

* Strong chess tournaments
* Mini chess tournaments
* Round-robin chess tournaments

Major present
(average rating > 2700;
round-robin system generally)|

* Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting (since 1973)
* Grand Chess Tour (since 2015)
* Grenke Chess Classic (since 2013)
* London Chess Classic (since 2009)
* Norway Chess (since 2013)
* Shamkir Chess (since 2014)
* Shenzhen Masters (since 2017)
* Sinquefield Cup (since 2013)
* Tata Steel Chess Tournament (since 1938)

Other present
(Swiss system generally)|

* Aeroflot Open (since 2002)
* Australasian Masters (since 1987)
* Biel Chess Festival (since 1968)
* Canadian Open (since 1956)
* Capablanca Memorial (since 1962)
* Cappelle-la-Grande Open (since 1985)
* Carlos Torre Repetto Memorial (since 1987)
* Chigorin Memorial (since 1909)
* Doeberl Cup (since 1963)
* Dubai Open (since 1999)
* Gibraltar Chess Festival (since 2003)
* Hastings International Chess Congress (since 1920)
* Hogeschool Zeeland Tournament (since 1995)
* Lublin Grandmaster Tournament (since 2009)
* Paul Keres Memorials (Tallinn, since 1969) (Vancouver, since 1975)
* Prague Chess Festival (since 2019)
* Qatar Masters Open (2014–2015, since 2023)
* Reykjavik Open (since 1964)
* Riga Technical University Open (since 2011)
* Rilton Cup (since 1971)
* Rubinstein Memorial (since 1963)
* South African Open (since 1962)
* U.S. Open (since 1900)
* TePe Sigeman & Co chess tournament (since 1993)
* Vidmar Memorial (since 1969)
* World Open (since 1973)
* Xtracon Chess Open (since 1979)
* Zurich Christmas Open (since 1977)

Recently cancelled
(after 2000)|

* Alekhine Memorial (1956–2013, irregular)
* Acropolis (1968–2009)
* Aerosvit (2006–2008)
* Amber (1992–2011)
* Bilbao Chess Masters Final (2008–2016)
* Howard Staunton Memorial (2003–2009)
* Linares (1978–2010)
* Mar del Plata (1928–2001)
* Millionaire Chess (2014–2016)
* M-Tel Masters (2005–2009)
* North Sea Cup (1976–2008)
* Pearl Spring (2008–2010)
* Reggio Emilia (1947–2012)
* Tal Memorial (2006–2018)
* Zurich Chess Challenge (2012–2017)

Major past
(19th–20th century)|

* American Chess Congress (1857–1923)
* Carl Schlechter Memorial (1923–1996)
* DSB Congress (1879–1932)
* General Government (1940–1944)
* IBM international (1961–1981)
* Konex (1977–1994)
* Leopold Trebitsch Memorial (1907–1938)
* Lone Pine International (1971–1981)
* Max Euwe Memorial (1987–1996)
* Monte Carlo (1901–1904; 1967–1969)
* Netanya (1961–1983)
* Palma de Mallorca (1965–1972)
* Phillips & Drew Kings (1980–1986)
* Piatigorsky Cup (1963–1966)
* San Sebastián (1911–1912)
* Silesian Chess Congress (1922–1939)
* Tilburg (1977–1998)
* Triberg (1914–1917)

* Chess competitions
* National championships
* Supranational championships

*[United States]: United States
*[Ireland]: Ireland
*[Russia]: Russia
*[Austria]: Austria
*[France]: France
*[USA]: United States
*[ENG]: England
*[GER]: German Confederation
*[IRE]: Ireland
*[CUB]: Spain
*[RUS]: Russia
*[AUT]: Austria
*[FRA]: France
*[CAN]: Canada
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