American Indian Chicago Conference

The American Indian Chicago Conference (AICC) was an influential, week-long conclave of 460 American Indians from 90 tribes from June 13 to June 20, 1961. One convener of the event, University of Chicago anthropologist Sol Tax, the founder of "action anthropology," described the purpose of the event as helping "all Indians of the whole nation to express their own views" and to create if possible a shared declaration.[1] Among the key organizers were Lacy W. Maynor (Lumbee) and William C. Rickard (Tuscarora), the son of Clinton Rickard, founder of the Indian Defense League.[2]

The Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, and the University of Chicago provided some financial support for the meeting.[3]

The 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference (AICC) at the University of Chicago. Members from 90 tribes wrote a shared "Declaration of Indian Purpose." Photo by F. Peter Weil, courtesy of the NAES College Collection at the Northwestern University Libraries

After exchanging opinions that ranged over many aspects of Indian affairs, the conference created a Declaration of Indian Purpose, the first major, collective statement on tribal self-determination.[4][5]

Representatives from the conference formally presented the declaration to President John F. Kennedy in a ceremony at the White House on August 5, 1962. The spirit of self-determination expressed in the document was a cornerstone of Native activism in the years that followed, including the Red Power movement and the expansion of Native American gaming.[6]

After the White House gathering, the Indians met with Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Senator Sam J. Ervin, Jr., and Congressman Ben Reifel, himself of Lakota Indian ancestry and a founder of NCAI, in order to discuss a legislative program suggested by the Declaration of Indian Purpose.[7]

## References

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1. ^ Lurie, Nancy Oestreich (December 1961). "The Voice of the American Indian: Report on the American Indian Chicago Conference". Current Anthropology. 2 (5): 478–500. doi:10.1086/200229. JSTOR 2739788. S2CID 143508407.
2. ^ Hauptman, Laurence M. and Jack Campisi (1988). ""The Voice of Eastern Indians: The American Indian Chicago Conference of 1961 and the Movement for Federal Recognition"". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 132, no. 4: 316–29. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
3. ^ LaGrand, James B. (23 October 2002). Indian Metropolis: Native Americans in Chicago 1945-75. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 169\. ISBN 9780252027727.
4. ^ Laukaitis, John J. (2009). "American Indian organizational education in Chicago: the Community Board Training Project, 1979-1989". American Educational History Journal. 36 (1–2): 445. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
5. ^ "Native American Voices: Declaration of Indian Purpose". Digital History. 2009-09-16. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
6. ^ Niermann, Thomas A. (July 2006). The American Indian Chicago Conference, 1961: A Native response to government policy and the birth of Indian self-determination (PhD thesis abstract). Dept. of History, University of Kansas. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
7. ^ Hauptman 1988, p. 329.

## See also

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* Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal