American Philosophical Society

American scholarly organization and learned society

For the learned society of American philosophers, see American Philosophical Association.

United States historic place

American Philosophical Society Hall

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

Philosophical Hall, the headquarters of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia

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Location| 104 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates| 39°56′55.51″N 75°8′59.42″W﻿ / ﻿39.9487528°N 75.1498389°W﻿ / 39.9487528; -75.1498389
Built| 1787
Architect| Samuel Vaughan
Architectural style| Georgian
Website| www.amphilsoc.org
NRHP reference No.| 66000675[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP| January 12, 1965
Designated NHL| January 12, 1965

The American Philosophical Society (APS) is an American scholarly organization and learned society founded in 1743 in Philadelphia that promotes knowledge in the humanities and natural sciences through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach. It was founded by Benjamin Franklin and is considered the first learned society in the United States.

Philosophical Hall, the society's headquarters and a museum, is located just east of Independence Hall in Independence National Historical Park. In 1965, in recognition of the building's history, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.

The society has about 1,000 elected members. As of April 2020, 5,710 members had been inducted since its creation. Through research grants, published journals, the American Philosophical Society Museum, an extensive library, and regular meetings, the society supports a variety of disciplines in the humanities and the sciences.

## History[edit]

Benjamin Franklin in 1746 Library Hall in 2024 Thomas Jefferson Garden adjacent to Library Hall Franklin Hall at the American Philosophical Hall, named for Benjamin Franklin, the organization's founder

The American Philosophical Society was founded as the Philosophical Society in 1743 by Benjamin Franklin, James Alexander, Francis Hopkinson, John Bartram, Philip Syng Jr., and others[2][3] as an offshoot of an earlier club, the Junto.

Early members included: Benjamin Franklin, John Dickinson, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson,[4] Alexander Hamilton, James McHenry, Thomas Paine, David Rittenhouse, Peter Stephen Du Ponceau, Nicholas Biddle, Owen Biddle, Benjamin Rush, James Madison, Michael Hillegas, John Marshall, Charles Pettit, and John Andrews.

It was common at the time for intellectual societies to invite members from around the world, where the society recruited members from other countries, including Alexander von Humboldt, the Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Princess Dashkova. The society lapsed into inactivity by 1746, but was revived in 1767.

On January 2, 1769, the society united with the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge under the name American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Franklin was elected the first president.[5] During this time, the society maintained a standing Committee on American Improvements; one of its investigations was to study the prospects for a canal to connect the Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River.[6] The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which had been proposed by Thomas Gilpin, Sr., was built in the 1820s.[7]

Following the American Revolutionary War, the society looked for leadership to Francis Hopkinson, one of the signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence. Under his influence, the society received land from the government of Pennsylvania, along with a plot of land in Philadelphia, where Philosophical Hall now stands.

Charles Darwin, Robert Frost, Louis Pasteur, Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, John James Audubon, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Maria Mitchell, and Thomas Edison were all prominent members of the society.

Many members of the Society of the Cincinnati were among the APS's first board members and contributors; the APS and SOC still maintain an informal, collegial relationship.

## Membership[edit]

Membership of the APS "honors extraordinary accomplishments in all fields." It has about 1,000 elected members, comprising about 840 "resident" members (United States citizens or those working or living in the United States) and about 160 "international" members. As of April 2020[update] it had elected 5,710 members since its foundation.[8]

Over that history, 208 members have been from Harvard University, 115 from Princeton University, 88 from Stanford University, and 84 from the University of California, Berkeley. Ten academic institutions have each been affiliated with 50 or more members:[9]

Institution  | Members (1743–2021)

|

Harvard | 208
Princeton | 115
Stanford | 88
Berkeley | 84
Columbia | 73
Chicago | 68
Penn | 64
Yale | 59
MIT | 57
NYU | 53

## Awards[edit]

In 1786, the society established the Magellanic Premium, a prize for achievement in "navigation, astronomy, or natural philosophy," the oldest scientific prize awarded by an American institution, which it still awards. Other awards include the Barzun Prize for cultural history, the Judson Daland Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Clinical Investigation, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, the Lashley Award for neurobiology, the Lewis Award, and the Thomas Jefferson Medal for distinguished achievement in the arts, humanities, or social sciences.

## Publications[edit]

The society has published the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society since 1771. Five issues appear each year. The Proceedings have appeared since 1838; they publish the papers delivered at the society's biannual meetings. The society has also published The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Henry, William Penn, and Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Jane Aitken bound 400 volumes for the society.[10]

The society also has an expansive archive on framer of the U.S. constitution John Dickinson.[11]

APS has a collection of indigenous language documents from around the United States including the ACLS Collection (American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society)[12] recordings of the Odawa language from northern Michigan. APS has created a guide[13] to help provide broad coverage of the Native American and Indigenous archival collections at the Library & Museum of the American Philosophical Society. These materials date from 1553 to 2020 and include manuscript, audio, and visual materials relating to Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas.

The society also has a collection of manuscripts on the history of the British colonies, Revolutionary War, the history of American science, quantum physics, Charles Darwin and evolution, genetics and the history of technology.[14]

## Buildings[edit]

National Historic Landmark Plaque

### Philosophical Hall[edit]

Main article: Philosophical Hall

Philosophical Hall, at 104 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, immediately south of Old City Hall, was built in 1785–1789 to house the society and designed by Samuel Vaughan in the Federal style.[15][16] A third floor was added in 1890 to accommodate the expanding library, but was removed in 1948–1950,[16] when the building was restored to its original appearance for the creation of Independence National Historical Park.[17] In 2001, it was opened to the public as The American Philosophical Society Museum, hosting revolving, thematic exhibitions that explore intersections of history, art, and science. The museum features works of art, scientific instruments, original manuscripts, rare books, natural history specimens, and curiosities of all kinds from the APS's own collections, along with objects on loan from other institutions.[18]

### Library Hall[edit]

Reading room for researchers at Library Hall in 2019

In 1789–90, the Library Company of Philadelphia (LCP) built its headquarters directly across 5th Street from APS. In 1884 LCP sold its building, which was demolished for the expansion of the Drexel & Company Building in 1887. This building was demolished in the mid-1950s, during the creation of Independence National Historical Park.

APS built a library on the site in 1958 and recreated the façade of the old LCP building.

### Benjamin Franklin Hall[edit]

APS restored the former Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank building at 425–29 Chestnut Street, which was built in 1854–55 to the design of John M. Gries in the Italianate style,[19] to serve as a lecture hall. It is the site of meetings and most major events the society hosts.[20]

### Richardson Hall[edit]

The Constance C. and Edgar P. Richardson Hall at 431 Chestnut Street, immediately west of Benjamin Franklin Hall, is the former Pennsylvania Company for Insurances on Lives and Granting Annuities Building, which was built in 1871–1873 and designed by Addison Hutton.[21] It contains offices and the Consortium for History of Science, Technology and Medicine.[20]

## Gallery[edit]

* Interior of Philosophical Hall, c. 1901–02

* Benjamin Franklin Hall in 2013

* Richardson Hall in 2013

## Citations[edit]

1. ^ "National Register Information System – (#66000675)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. ^ Duer, William Alexander. The life of William Alexander, Earl of Stirling, Major-General in the Army of the United States during the Revolution New York: Wiley & Putnam for the New Jersey Historical Society, 1847. p.5
3. ^ "Philip Syng, Jr." Archived September 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
4. ^ "American Philosophical Society selected records, 1784–1954". Archives of American Art. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
5. ^ New International Encyclopedia
6. ^ Goodrich, Carter (1974). Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800–1890. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-7773-1.
7. ^ Kozel, Scott M. (2010). "Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C & D Canal)". PENNWAYS: Roads to the Future. Scott M. Kozel. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
8. ^ "Elected Members". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
9. ^ "American Philosophical Society Member History". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
10. ^ James 1971, p. 26.
11. ^ "John H. Powell Collection of John Dickinson Research". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
12. ^ Languages, American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American. "American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages, American Philosophical Society [ACLS Collection]: Franz Boas Collection of Materials for American Linguistics". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
13. ^ "Home | Guide to the Indigenous Materials at the American Philosophical Society". indigenousguide.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
14. ^ Smith, Murphy D. (December 1, 1989). "Manuscript Collecting at the American Philosophical Society: The First 101 Years". Journal of the History of Collections. 1 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1093/JHC/1.2.197.
15. ^ Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815 p.160
16. ^ a b Teitelman, Edward & Longstreth, Richard W. (1981), Architecture in Philadelphia: A Guide, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, ISBN 0262700212, p. 30
17. ^ Richard Webster, Philadelphia Preserved (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1976), p. 92.
18. ^ "American Philosophical Society Museum: About". ARTINFO. 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2008. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)[permanent dead link]
19. ^ Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815, pp. 55–56
20. ^ a b "Directions" Archived 2013-06-04 at the Wayback Machine on the APS website
21. ^ Gallery, John Andrew, ed. (2004), Philadelphia Architecture: A Guide to the City (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: Foundation for Architecture, ISBN 0962290815, p.64

## General and cited sources[edit]

Further information: Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin

* James, Edward T. (1971). Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-674-62734-5.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Philosophical Society.

Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about The American Philosophical Society.

* Official website
* American Philosophical Society at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
* American Philosophical Society publications Archived January 10, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
* Notes on the American Philosophical Society from the Scholarly Societies project (Wayback Machine copy)
* Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. PA-1464, "American Philosophical Society"
* Listing of Philosophical Hall at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
* "Writings of Benjamin Franklin", broadcast from the American Philosophical Society from C-SPAN's American Writers

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