Americans

Citizens and nationals of the United States

This article is about the people of the United States of America. For a background on their demonym, see American (word). For other uses, see American (disambiguation) and The Americans (disambiguation). For the legal term, see United States person.

Ethnic group

AmericansTotal population

c. 331.4 million[1]
(2020 U.S. census)
Regions with significant populations
American diaspora:
c. 2.996 million (by U.S. citizenship)[2][3]
Mexico| 799,000+[2][3]
Colombia| 790,000+[4]
Philippines| 300,000-750,000[2][3][5][6]
Germany| 324,000+[7]
Canada| 273,000+[2][3]
Brazil| 22,000-260,000[2][8]
United Kingdom| 171,000+[2][3]
Australia| 117,000+[2][3]
France| 100,000+[9] – 191,930[10]
Saudi Arabia| 70,000–80,000[11][12]
Israel| 77,000–500,000[2][3][13]
South Korea| 68,000+[2][3]
Hong Kong  | 60,000[14]–85,000[15]
Japan| 58,000+[2][3]
Spain| 57,000+[2][3]
Italy| 54,000+[2][3]
Bangladesh| 45,000+[2][3]
Peru| 41,000+[2][3]
Switzerland| 39,000+[2][3]
Ireland| 35,000+[2][3]
Netherlands| 35,000+[2][3]
India| 33,000+[2][3]
Languages
Majority:
American English
Minority:
Spanish, Indigenous languages, and various others
Religion
Majority:
Christianity (Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Mormonism and other denominations)[16]
Minority:
Irreligion, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Native American religions and various others[16]

Americans are the citizens and nationals of the United States of America.[17][18] U.S. federal law does not equate nationality with race or ethnicity but rather with citizenship.[19][20][21][22] The U.S. has 37 ancestry groups with more than one million individuals.[23] White Americans form the largest racial and ethnic group at 61.6% of the U.S. population, with non-Hispanic Whites making up 57.8% of the population.[24][25] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the second-largest group and are 18.7% of the American population. Black Americans constitute the country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.4% of the total U.S. population.[23] Asian Americans are the country's fourth-largest group, composing 6% of the American population. The country's 3.7 million Native Americans account for about 1.1%,[23] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the federal government.[26] People of American descent can be found internationally. As many as seven million Americans are estimated to be living abroad, and make up the American diaspora.[27][28][29]

The majority of Americans or their ancestors immigrated to the United States or are descended from people who were brought as slaves within the past five centuries, with the exception of the Native American population and people from Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Texas, and formerly the Philippines,[30] who became American through expansion of the country in the 19th century;[31] additionally, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and Northern Mariana Islands came under American sovereignty in the 20th century, although American Samoans are only nationals and not citizens of the United States.[32][18]

Despite its multi-ethnic composition,[33][34] the culture of the United States held in common by most Americans can also be referred to as mainstream American culture, a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Northern and Western European colonists, settlers, and immigrants.[33] It also includes significant influences of African-American culture.[35] Westward expansion integrated the French-speaking Creoles and Cajuns of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the American Southwest, who brought close contact with the culture of Mexico. Large-scale immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Eastern and Southern Europe introduced a variety of new customs. Immigration from Africa, Asia, and Latin America has also had impact. A cultural melting pot, or pluralistic salad bowl, describes the way in which generations of Americans have celebrated and exchanged distinctive cultural characteristics.[33]

## Racial and ethnic groups

[edit]

Main article: Race and ethnicity in the United States

| 2020 U.S. census[36]

Self-identified race and ethnicity |  | Percent of population
White or European Americans (mainly European Americans, but also includes Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans) |

| 57.8%
Latino Americans (mainly Hispanic Americans, but also includes Brazilian Americans) |

| 18.7%
Black or African Americans (Sub-Saharan African Americans) |

| 12.1%
Asian Americans (East Asian Americans, Southeast Asian Americans, and South Asian Americans) |

| 5.9%
Native Americans (including Alaska Natives) |

| 0.7%
Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders |

| 0.2%
Two or more races |

| 4.1%
Some other race |

| 0.5%
Total |

| 100.0%

The United States is a diverse country, both racially and ethnically.[37] Six races are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes: Alaska Native and American Indian, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, White, and people of two or more races. "Some other race" is also an option in the census and other surveys.[38][39][40]

The United States Census Bureau also classifies Americans as "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation.[38][39][40]

### White and European Americans

[edit]

Main articles: European Americans and White Americans

Most common European ancestry in the United States by county (self-reported) in 2020

White Americans constitute the majority of the 331 million people living in the United States, with 204,277,273 people or 61.6% of the population in the 2020 United States census.[a][42][43] The US census defines "white" as "[a] person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa".[44] Non-Hispanic Whites, which only account for 57.8% of the population, or 191,697,647 people, are the majority in 44 states. There are six minority-majority states: California, Texas, Maryland,[45] New Mexico, Nevada, and Hawaii.[46][47] In addition, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories have a non-white majority.[42] The state with the highest percentage of non-Hispanic White Americans is Maine, while the state with the lowest percentage is Hawaii.[48]

Europe is the largest continent that Americans trace their ancestry to, and many claim descent from various European ethnic groups.[49]

The Spaniards were among the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the continental United States in 1565 in San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain.[50][51] Virginia Dare (b. 1587) in Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born in the original Thirteen Colonies to English parents. The Spaniards also established a continuous presence in what over three centuries later would become a possession of the United States with the founding of the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1521.

In the 2020 United States census, English Americans 46.5 million (19.8%), German Americans 45m (19.1%), Irish Americans 38.6m (16.4%), and Italian Americans 16.8m (7.1%) were the four largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States constituting 62.4% of the white American population.[52] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered a serious under-count as they tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (since the introduction of a new "American" category in the 1990 census) due to the length of time they have inhabited America. This is highly over-represented in the Upland South, a region that was settled historically by the British.[53][54][55][56][57][58]

Overall, as the largest group, European Americans have the lowest poverty rate[59] and the second highest educational attainment levels, median household income,[60] and median personal income[61] of any racial demographic in the nation, second only to Asian Americans in the latter three categories.

White and European Americans by ethnic origins

Rank  | Ethnic origins  | % of white population  | Population  | Ref(s)
1 | English | 19.8 | 46,550,968 | [52]
2 | German | 19.1 | 44,978,546 | [52]
3 | Irish | 16.4 | 38,597,428 | [52]
4 | Italian | 7.1 | 16,813,235 | [52]
5 | Polish | 3.7 | 8,599,601 | [52]
6 | Scottish
Scots-Irish | 3.6
0.3 | 8,422,613
794,478 | [52]
7 | French
French Canadian | 3.4
0.4 | 7,994,088
933,740 | [52]
8 | Swedish | 1.6 | 3,839,796 | [52]
9 | Norwegian | 1.6 | 3,836,884 | [52]
10 | Dutch | 1.6 | 3,649,179 | [52]
Total | White and European American | 57.9% | 204,277,273 | [36]

### Hispanic and Latino Americans

[edit]

Main article: Hispanic and Latino Americans

Hispanic and Latino Americans constitute the largest ethnic minority in the United States. They form the second largest group in the United States, comprising 62,080,044 people or 18.7% of the population according to the 2020 United States census.[b][62][63]

Hispanic and Latino Americans are not considered a race in the United States census, instead forming an ethnic category.[64][65][66][67]

People of Spanish or Hispanic and Latino descent have lived in what is now United States territory since the founding of San Juan, Puerto Rico (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement on American soil) in 1521 by Juan Ponce de León, and the founding of St. Augustine, Florida (the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the continental United States) in 1565 by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. In the State of Texas, Spaniards first settled the region in the late 1600s and formed a unique cultural group known as Tejanos.

Hispanic and Latino American population by national origin[68][69]

Rank  | National origin  | % of total population  | Pop.  | Ref(s)
1 | Mexican | 10.29% | 31,798,258 | [69]
2 | Puerto Rican[c] | 1.49% | 4,623,716 | [69]
3 | Cuban | 0.57% | 1,785,547 | [69]
4 | Salvadoran | 0.53% | 1,648,968 | [69]
5 | Dominican | 0.45% | 1,414,703 | [69]
6 | Guatemalan | 0.33% | 1,044,209 | [69]
7 | Colombian | 0.3% | 908,734 | [69]
8 | Spanish | 0.2% | 635,253 | [69]
9 | Honduran | 0.2% | 633,401 | [69]
10 | Ecuadorian | 0.1% | 564,631 | [69]
11 | Peruvian | 0.1% | 531,358 | [69]
| All other | 2.62% | 7,630,835 |
| Hispanic and Latino American (total) | 18.7% | 62,080,044 |
2020 United States census

### Black and African Americans

[edit]

Main article: African Americans

Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in sub-Saharan Africa.[70] According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa.[71] The grouping is thus based on geography, and may contradict or misrepresent an individual's self-identification since not all immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Arab states, and Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa.[70] African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa.[72] According to the 2020 United States census, there were 39,940,338 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population.[73][d][74] Black and African Americans make up the third largest group in the United States, after White and European Americans, and Hispanic and Latino Americans.[62] The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 United States census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest.[74]

Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from Central and West Africa, from ancestral populations in countries like Nigeria, Benin, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Angola,[75] who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States.[76] As an adjective, the term is usually spelled African-American.[77] Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces back to the Niger-Congo-speaking Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin (before the European colonization of Africa this people created the Oyo Empire), reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade.[78] Zakharaia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba associated ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from Mandinka populations (founders of the Mali Empire), and Bantu populations (who had a varying level of social organization during the colonial era, while some Bantu peoples were still tribal, other Bantu peoples had founded kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Kongo).[79]

The first West African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean.[80] All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves);[81] by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved.[82] During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy,[83][84] while others would serve the British Empire in the Ethiopian Regiment, and other units.[85] By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery.[86] However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.[87] Following the end of the Reconstruction era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress,[88] African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws,[89] legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act due to the civil rights movement.[90]

According to United States Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as African American. On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 U.S. census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%–9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%–4%).[91] African immigrants may also experience conflict with African Americans.[92]

Black and African American population by ancestry group[93][71]

Rank  | Ancestry group  | Percentage
of total est. population | Pop. estimates
1 | Jamaican | 0.31% | 986,897
2 | Haitian | 0.28% | 873,003
3 | Nigerian | 0.08% | 259,934
4 | Trinidadian and Tobagonian | 0.06% | 193,233
5 | Ghanaian | 0.03% | 94,405
6 | Barbadian | 0.01% | 59,236
| Sub-Saharan African (total) | 0.92% | 2,864,067
| West Indian (total) (except Hispanic groups) | 0.85% | 2,633,149
| Black and African American (total) | 12.1% | 39,940,338
2020 United States census

### Asian Americans

[edit]

Main articles: Asian Americans, East Asian Americans, Southeast Asian Americans, and South Asian Americans

Another significant population is the Asian American population, comprising 19,618,719 people in 2020, or 5.9% of the United States population.[e][94][95] California is home to 5.6 million Asian Americans, the greatest number in any state.[96] In Hawaii, Asian Americans make up the highest proportion of the population (57 percent).[96] Asian Americans live across the country, yet are heavily urbanized, with significant populations in the Greater Los Angeles Area, New York metropolitan area, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[97]

The United States census defines Asian Americans as those with origins to the countries of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Although Americans with roots in West Asia were once classified as "Asian", they are now excluded from the term in modern census classifications.[98] The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Cambodia, mainland China, India, Japan, Korea, Laos, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Asians overall have higher income levels than all other racial groups in the United States, including whites, and the trend appears to be increasing in relation to those groups.[99] Additionally, Asians have a higher education attainment level than all other racial groups in the United States.[100][101] For better or for worse, the group has been called a model minority.[102][103][104]

While Asian Americans have been in what is now the United States since before the Revolutionary War,[105][106][107] relatively large waves of Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese immigration did not begin until the mid-to-late 19th century.[107] Immigration and significant population growth continue to this day.[108] Due to a number of factors, Asian Americans have been stereotyped as "perpetual foreigners".[109][110]

Asian American ancestries[94]

Rank  | Ancestry  | Percentage
of total population | Pop.
1 | Chinese | 1.2% | 3,797,379
2 | Filipino | 1.1% | 3,417,285
3 | Indian | 1.0% | 3,183,063
4 | Vietnamese | 0.5% | 1,737,665
5 | Korean | 0.5% | 1,707,027
6 | Japanese | 0.4% | 1,304,599
| Other Asian | 0.9% | 2,799,448
| Asian American (total) | 5.9% | 19,618,719
2020 United States census

### Middle Eastern and North African Americans

[edit]

Main articles: Middle Eastern Americans and North Africans in the United States

Middle Eastern Americans and North African Americans are Americans with ancestry from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). According to the American Jewish Archives and the Arab American National Museum, the first Middle Easterners and North Africans (viz. Jews and Berbers) to arrive in the Americas landed in the late 15th to mid-16th centuries.[111][112][113][114] Many fled ethnic or ethnoreligious persecution during the Spanish Inquisition;[115][116] a few were taken to the Americas as slaves.[112]

In 2014, the United States Census Bureau began finalizing the ethnic classification of people of Middle Eastern and North African ("MENA") origins.[117] According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), Arab Americans have family origins in each of the 22 member states of the Arab League.[118] Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.[119] This new category would also include Israeli Americans.[120] The Census Bureau does not currently ask about whether one is Sikh, because it views them as followers of a religion rather than members of an ethnic group, and it does not combine questions concerning religion with race or ethnicity.[121] As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Iranian, Turkish, Armenian, Afghan, Azerbaijani, and Georgian groups.[122] In January 2018, it was announced that the Census Bureau would not include the grouping in the 2020 census.[123]

Middle Eastern Americans in the 2000[124] – 2010 U.S. census,[125] the Mandell L. Berman Institute, and the North American Jewish Data Bank[126] Ancestry | 2000 | 2000 (% of US population) | 2010 | 2010 (% of US population)

|
|
|
|

Arab | 1,160,729 | 0.4125%  |  1,697,570 | 0.5498%
Armenian | 385,488 | 0.1370%  | 474,559 | 0.1537%
Iranian | 338,266 | 0.1202%  |  463,552 | 0.1501%
Jewish | 6,155,000 | 2.1810%  | 6,543,820 | 2.1157%
Total |  8,568,772 | 3.036418% |  9,981,332 | 3.227071%

### Native Americans and Alaska Natives

[edit]

Main articles: Native Americans in the United States and Alaska Natives

See also: Blood quantum laws and Bureau of Indian Affairs

According to the 2020 United States census, there are 2,251,699 people who are Native Americans or Alaska Natives alone; they make up 0.7% of the total population.[f][127] According to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), an "American Indian or Alaska Native" is a person whose ancestry have origins in any of the original peoples of North, Central, or South America.[127] 2.3 million individuals who are American Indian or Alaskan Native are multiracial;[127] additionally the plurality of American Indians reside in the Western United States (40.7%).[127] Collectively and historically this race has been known by several names;[128] as of 1995, 50% of those who fall within the OMB definition prefer the term "American Indian", 37% prefer "Native American" and the remainder have no preference or prefer a different term altogether.[129]

Among Americans today, levels of Native American ancestry (distinct from Native American identity) differ. Based on a sample of users of the 23andMe commercial genetic test, genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of European Americans averaged to 0.18%, and those of Latinos averaged to 18.0%.[130][131] Another genetic study focusing on Native American ancestry in the general population found an average of 38% in Latinos, 1% in African Americans, and 0.1% for European American populations, respectively.[132]

Native Americans, whose ancestry is indigenous to the Americas, originally migrated to the two continents between 10,000 and 45,000 years ago.[133] These Paleoamericans spread throughout the two continents and evolved into hundreds of distinct cultures during the pre-Columbian era.[134] Following the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[135] the European colonization of the Americas began, with St. Augustine, Florida becoming the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.[136] From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe;[137] genocide and warfare at the hands of European explorers, settlers and colonists,[138][139] as well as between tribes;[140][141] displacement from their lands;[142] internal warfare,[143] enslavement;[144] and intermarriage.[145][146]

Native American and Alaska Native population by selected tribal groups[127][147]

Rank  | National origin  | Percentage
of total population | Pop.
1 | Cherokee | 0.26% | 819,105
2 | Navajo | 0.1% | 332,129
3 | Choctaw | 0.06% | 195,764
5 | Chippewa | 0.05% | 170,742
6 | Sioux | 0.05% | 170,110
| All other | 1.08% | 3,357,235
| American Indian (total) | 0.7% | 2,251,699
2020 United States census

### Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders

[edit]

Main articles: Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islander Americans

As defined by the United States Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders are "persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands".[148] Previously called Asian Pacific American, along with Asian Americans beginning in 1976, this was changed in 1997.[149] As of the 2020 United States census, there are 622,018 who reside in the United States, and make up 0.2% of the nation's total population.[g][150] 14% of the population have at least a bachelor's degree,[150] and 15.1% live in poverty, below the poverty threshold.[150] As compared to the 2000 United States census, this population grew by 40%;[148] and 71% live in the West; of those over half (52%) live in either Hawaii or California, with no other states having populations greater than 100,000. The United States territories in the Pacific also have large Pacific Islander populations such as Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (Chammoro), and American Samoa (Samoan).[148] The largest concentration of Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, is Honolulu County in Hawaii,[150] and Los Angeles County in the continental United States.[148]

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander by ancestries[148]

Rank  | Ancestry  | Percentage  | Pop.
1 | Native Hawaiian | 0.17% | 527,077
2 | Samoan | 0.05% | 184,440
3 | Chamorro | 0.04% | 147,798
4 | Tongan | 0.01% | 57,183
| Other Pacific Islanders | 0.09% | 308,697
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (total) | 0.2% | 622,018
2020 United States census

### Two or more races

[edit]

Main article: Multiracial Americans

The United States has a growing multiracial identity movement, and this group is one of the fastest growing demographics in the country.[151] Multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population;[95] by the 2020 census the multiracial increased to 13,548,983, or 4.1% of the total population.[152] They can be any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities.[153] The largest population of Multiracial Americans were those of White and African American descent, with a total of 1,834,212 self-identifying individuals.[152] Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, is multiracial — his mother is white (of English and Irish descent) and his father is black (of Kenyan descent) [154][155] — though he identifies only as African American.[156][157]

Population by selected Two or More Races Population[158]

Rank  | Specific Combinations  | Percentage
of total population | Pop.
1 | White; Black | 0.59% | 1,834,212
2 | White; Some Other Race | 0.56% | 1,740,924
3 | White; Asian | 0.52% | 1,623,234
4 | White; Native American | 0.46% | 1,432,309
5 | African American; Some Other Race | 0.1% | 314,571
6 | African American; Native American | 0.08% | 269,421
| All other specific combinations | 0.58% | 1,794,402
| Multiracial American (total) | 4.1% | 13,548,983
2020 United States census

### Some other race

[edit]

According to the 2020 United States census, 8.4% or 27,915,715 Americans chose to self-identify with the "some other race" category, the third most popular option. The vast majority of this group was Hispanic or Latino. "Some other race" formed the single largest racial group of Hispanics, with 42.2% of Hispanic/Latino Americans, or 26,225,882 people, choosing to identify as some other race, as these Hispanic/Latinos may feel the United States census does not describe their mixed European and American Indian ancestry as they understand it to be.[159] A significant portion of the Hispanic and Latino population self-identifies as Mestizo, particularly the Mexican and Central American community.[160] Mestizo is not a racial category in the United States census, but signifies someone who has both European and American Indian ancestry.

## National personification

[edit]

"Uncle Sam" is a national personification of the United States. The image bears a resemblance to the real Samuel Wilson and the pose used here is based on Lord Kitchener Wants You. The female personification, primarily popular during the 18th and 19th centuries, is "Columbia".

Uncle Sam is a national personification of the United States and sometimes more specifically of the American government, with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812. He is depicted as a stern elderly white man with white hair and a goatee beard, and dressed in clothing that recalls the design elements of the flag of the United States – for example, typically a top hat with red and white stripes and white stars on a blue band, and red and white striped trousers.

Columbia is a poetic name for the Americas and the feminine personification of the United States of America, made famous by African American poet Phillis Wheatley during the American Revolutionary War in 1776. It has inspired the names of many persons, places, objects, institutions, and companies in the Western Hemisphere and beyond, including the District of Columbia, the seat of government of the United States.

## Language

[edit]

Main articles: Languages of the United States, English language, American English, and English-only

Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million people in 2020[161][162] Language | Percent of
population | Number of
speakers

|
|

English | 78% | 245,478,064
Combined total of all languages
other than English | 22% | 68,845,865
Spanish
(excluding Puerto Rico and Spanish Creole) | 13.4% | 41,254,941
Chinese
(including Cantonese and Mandarin) | 1% | 3,404,634
Tagalog | <1% | 1,715,436
Vietnamese | <1% | 1,523,114
Arabic | <1% | 1,390,937
French | <1% | 1,175,318
Korean | <1% | 1,073,463
Russian | <1% | 1,044,892

English is the unofficial national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2020, about 245 million, or 78% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 13.4% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[163][164] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least 30 out of the 50 states.[165] Both English and Hawaiian are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[166] Alaska has declared its 20 Native American languages to be official, along with English.[167][168] In South Dakota, both dialects of the Sioux language have been declared official, along with English.[169][170]

While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[171] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents. The latter include court forms.[172] Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.

## Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in the United States

Religious affiliation in the U.S. (2014)[173] Affiliation  | % of U.S. population

|

Christian | 70.6  | 70.6

Protestant | 46.5  | 46.5

Evangelical Protestant | 25.4  | 25.4

Mainline Protestant | 14.7  | 14.7

Black church | 6.5  | 6.5

Catholic | 20.8  | 20.8

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 1.6  | 1.6

Jehovah's Witnesses | 0.8  | 0.8

Eastern Orthodox | 0.5  | 0.5

Other Christian  | 0.4  | 0.4

Non-Christian faiths  | 5.9  | 5.9

Jewish | 1.9  | 1.9

Muslim | 0.9  | 0.9

Buddhist | 0.7  | 0.7

Hindu | 0.7  | 0.7

Other Non-Christian faiths  | 1.8  | 1.8

Unaffiliated | 22.8  | 22.8

Nothing in particular  | 15.8  | 15.8

Agnostic | 4.0  | 4

Atheist | 3.1  | 3.1

Don't know/refused answer  | 0.6  | 0.6

Total | 100  | 100

Religion in the United States has a high adherence level compared to other developed countries and a diversity in beliefs. The First Amendment to the country's Constitution prevents the Federal government from making any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted this as preventing the government from having any authority in religion. A majority of Americans report that religion plays a "very important" role in their lives, a proportion unusual among developed countries. However, similar to the other nations of the Americas.[174] Many faiths have flourished in the United States, including both later imports spanning the country's multicultural immigrant heritage, as well as those founded within the country; these have led the United States to become the most religiously diverse country in the world.[175]

The United States has the world's largest Christian population.[176] The majority of Americans (76%) are Christians, mostly within Protestant and Catholic denominations; these adherents constitute 48% and 23% of the population, respectively.[177] Other religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, which collectively make up about 4% to 5% of the adult population.[178][179][180] Another 15% of the adult population identifies as having no religious belief or no religious affiliation.[178] According to the American Religious Identification Survey, religious belief varies considerably across the country: 59% of Americans living in Western states (the "Unchurched Belt") report a belief in God, yet in the South (the "Bible Belt") the figure is as high as 86%.[178][181]

Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their religion without discrimination: the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans, Pennsylvania by Irish and English Quakers, Maryland by English and Irish Catholics, and Virginia by English Anglicans. Although some individual states retained established religious confessions well into the 19th century, the United States was the first nation to have no official state-endorsed religion.[182] Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office. The First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise, thus protecting any religious organization, institution, or denomination from government interference. European Rationalist and Protestant ideals mainly influenced the decision. Still, it was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them.[183]

* The First Baptist Church in America in Providence, Rhode Island

* The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. is the most significant Catholic church in the United States.

* The Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah is the largest LDS temple.

* Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral in Chicago's Ukrainian Village

* Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois

* Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island is America's oldest surviving synagogue.

* The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn, Michigan is the largest mosque in North America.

* Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.

* Hindu Temple in Malibu, California

* The Bahá'í House of Worship, in Wilmette, Illinois

* The Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP) in Phoenix, Arizona

* Sikh Gurdwara in Evergreen, San Jose, California

## Culture

[edit]

Main article: Culture of the United States

Apple pie and baseball are icons of American culture.

American culture is primarily a Western culture, but is influenced by Native American, West African, Latin American, East Asian, and Polynesian cultures.

The United States of America has its own unique social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore.[34]

Its chief early European influences came from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers of colonial America during British rule. British culture, due to colonial ties with Britain that spread the English language, legal system and other cultural inheritances, had a formative influence.[184] Other important influences came from other parts of Europe, especially Germany,[185] France,[186] and Italy.[187]

Original elements also play a strong role, such as Jeffersonian democracy.[188] Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and a reaction to the prevailing European consensus that America's domestic originality was degenerate.[188] Prevalent ideas and ideals that evolved domestically, such as national holidays, uniquely American sports, military tradition,[189] and innovations in the arts and entertainment give a strong sense of national pride among the population as a whole.[190]

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.

## Diaspora

[edit]

Main article: American diaspora

Map of the American diaspora in the world (includes people with American citizenship or children of Americans):

United States

\+ 1,000,000

\+ 100,000

\+ 10,000

\+ 1,000

Americans have migrated to many places around the world, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. Unlike migration from other countries, United States migration is not concentrated in specific countries, possibly as a result of the roots of immigration from so many different countries to the United States.[191] As of 2016[update], there were approximately 9 million United States citizens living outside of the United States.[192] As the result of U.S. tax and financial reporting requirements that apply to non-resident citizens, record numbers of American citizens renounced their U.S. citizenship in the decade from 2010 to 2020.[193] In 2024 a new organization was created to lobby the U.S. Congress for relief from citizenship-based taxation that is often cited as the reason for the record renunciations.[194]

## See also

[edit]

* United States portal

* American studies
* Ancestry of the people of the United States
* Birthright citizenship in the United States
* Demonyms for the United States
* Deportation of Americans from the United States
* Hyphenated American
* Making North America (2015 PBS film)
* Stereotypes of Americans

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 61.8% were naturalized.[41]
2. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Latin America and the Caribbean (21,224 thousand), in 2010, 32.1% were naturalized.[41]
3. ^ Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, and Puerto Ricans are US citizens. 'Puerto Rican' is considered a distinct Latino cultural category.
4. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Africa (1,607 thousand), in 2010, 46.1% were naturalized.[41]
5. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Asia (11,284 thousand), in 2010, 57.7% were naturalized.[41]
6. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Northern America (807 thousand), in 2010, 44.3% were naturalized.[41]
7. ^ Of the foreign-born population from Oceania (217 thousand), in 2010, 36.9% were naturalized.[41]

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[edit]

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* v
* t
* e

Demographics of the United States

Demographic history

Socioeconomic status

* Affluence
* Gender inequality
* Educational attainment
* Emigration
* Home-ownership
* Household income
* Housing segregation
* Immigration
* Income inequality
* Language
* LGBT
* Middle classes
* Personal income
* Poverty
* Racial inequality
* Race and health
* Racial achievement gap
* Racial wage gap
* Social class
* Standard of living
* Unemployment by state
* Wealth
* Ethnocultural politics

Religions

* Baha'is
* Buddhists
* Christians
* Catholics
* Coptics
* Mormons
* Protestants
* Hindus
* Jains
* Jews
* Muslims
* Ahmadiyyas
* Five Percenters
* Moorish Scientists
* Nation of Islam
* Value Creators
* Native American
* Neopagans
* Non-religious
* Rastafaris
* Scientologists
* Sikhs
* Zoroastrians

* v
* t
* e

Ancestry and ethnicity in the United States

General/miscellaneous ethno-racial classifications

| General groups|

* African Americans
* Asian Americans
* Native Americans
* Alaska Natives
* Pacific Islanders
* Native Hawaiians
* White/European Americans
* Non-Hispanic Whites
* Appalachians

|

Hispanic/Latino|

* Asian Latino
* Punjabi Mexicans
* Black Latino
* Blaxican
* Mestizo
* Puerto Ricans
* Stateside Puerto Ricans
* White Latino

Multiracial|

* Afro-Asian
* Amerasian
* Black Indians
* Blaxican
* Cajuns
* Creoles
* Hapa
* Melungeon
* Mestizo
* Mulatto
* Punjabi Mexicans

Aboriginal/Indigenous/Native Americans

| Alaskan|

* Aleutians
* Alutiiq
* Athabaskans
* Gwich'in
* Haida
* Iñupiat
* Tsimshian
* Tlingit
* Yupik

|

Californian|

* Cahuilla
* Chemehuevi
* Chumash
* Cupeño
* Diegueño
* Esselen
* Juaneño
* Kitanemuk
* Luiseño
* Miwok
* Patwin
* Pomo
* Salinan
* Serrano
* Suisunes
* Ohlone
* Awaswas
* Chalon
* Chochenyo
* Karkin
* Tamyen
* Tataviam
* Tongva
* Wappo
* Wintun
* Yokuts

Iroquois|

* Cayuga
* Mohawk
* Oneida
* Onondaga
* Seneca
* Tuscarora

Miscellaneous|

* Abenaki
* Apache
* Blackfeet
* Cherokee
* Cheyenne
* Chickasaw
* Choctaw
* Colville
* Comanche
* Cree
* Crow
* Houma
* Kiowa
* Lenape
* Menominee
* Mohave
* Muscogee
* Navajo
* Ojibwe
* Osage
* Odawa
* Paiute
* Pawnee
* Pima
* Potawatomi
* Puebloans
* Zia
* Zuni
* Quechan
* Salish
* Seminole
* Shawnee
* Shoshone
* Sioux
* Tohono Oʼodham
* Ute
* Yakama
* Yaqui

The Americas (by region and country)

| Caribbean|

* Anglo-Caribbean
* Antiguan
* Bahamian
* Barbadian
* Bermudian
* Dominican (Commonwealth)
* Grenadian
* Jamaican
* Kittian
* St. Lucian
* Trinidadian
* Vincentian
* Virgin Islanders
* Dutch Caribbean
* Indo-Caribbean
* Latin Caribbean
* Cuban
* Dominican (Republic)
* Haitian
* Puerto Ricans

|

North America|

* Belizean
* Canadian
* French Canadian
* Greenlandic
* Latin North/Central American
* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Mexican
* Indigenous Mexican
* Nicaraguan
* Panamanian
* Salvadoran

South America|

* Guyanese
* Latin South American
* Argentine
* Bolivian
* Brazilian
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan
* Surinamese

Africa

| General/misc.|

* Black African diaspora
* African Americans
* Afro-Caribbeans
* Afro-Latinos
* Recent African immigrants

|

Central Africa|

* Cameroonian
* Congolese
* Equatoguinean
* Gabonese

East Africa|

* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Kenyan
* Somali
* South Sudanese
* Tanzanian
* Ugandan

Southern Africa|

* Angolan
* Malawian
* South African
* Afrikaners
* Zimbabwean

West Africa|

* Beninese
* Cape Verdean
* Fula
* Gambian
* Ghanaian
* Guinean
* Guinea-Bissauan
* Ivorian
* Liberian
* Malian
* Mauritanian
* Nigerian
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Senegalese
* Sierra Leonean
* Togolese

Asia

| General/misc.|

* Asian Americans
* Asian Latinos

|

Central Asia|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Tajik
* Turkmen
* Uzbek

East Asia|

* Chinese
* Fuzhounese
* Hakka
* Hoklo
* Hong Kong
* Taiwanese
* Tibetan
* Uyghur
* Japanese
* Ryukyuan
* Korean
* Mongolian

South Asia|

* Bangladeshi
* Bengali
* Bhutanese
* Indian
* Bengali
* Gujarati
* Malayali
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Indo-Caribbean
* Maldivian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Balochi
* Pashtun
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Sri Lankan
* Tamil

Southeast Asia|

* Burmese
* Karen
* Cambodian
* Filipino
* Hmong–Mien
* Hmong
* Iu Mien
* Indonesian
* Laotian
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Thai
* Vietnamese

Europe

| General/misc.|

* White/European Americans
* Non-Hispanic Whites
* White Hispanic/Latino
* Jewish
* Romani
* Bashalde

|

British Isles|

* British
* Cornish
* English
* Manx
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Irish
* Scotch-Irish

Central Europe|

* Austrian
* Czech
* German
* Frisian
* Sorbian
* Polish
* Kashubian
* Rusyn
* Silesian
* Slovak
* Swiss

Eastern Europe|

* Baltic
* Estonian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Belarusian
* Moldovan
* Russian
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Cossack
* Kalmyk
* Ukrainian
* Cossack

Northern Europe|

* Danish
* Faroese
* Greenlandic
* Finnish
* Icelandic
* Norwegian
* Sami
* Swedish

Southern Europe|

* Iberian
* Portuguese
* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician
* Italian
* Sicilian
* Maltese
* Sammarinese

Southeast Europe|

* Albanian
* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Bulgarian
* Cypriot
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hungarian
* Romanian
* Turkish
* Yugoslav
* Bosnian
* Croatian
* Macedonian
* Montenegrin
* Serbian
* Slovenian

Western Europe|

* Belgian
* Flemish
* Dutch
* Afrikaners
* French
* Basque
* Breton
* Corsican
* French Canadian
* Liechtensteiner
* Luxembourger

Middle East and North Africa

| Multinational|

* Arab
* Assyrian
* Berber
* Circassian
* Jewish
* Kurdish

|

North Africa|

* Algerian
* Egyptian
* Coptic
* Libyan
* Moroccan
* Sudanese
* Tunisian

West Asia|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Bahraini
* Cypriot
* Emirati
* Georgian
* Iranian
* Balochi
* Iraqi
* Israeli
* Jordanian
* Kuwaiti
* Lebanese
* Omani
* Palestinian
* Qatari
* Saudi
* Syrian
* Syrian-Jewish
* Turkish
* Yemeni

Oceania (Pacific Islands)

| Australasia|

* Australian
* New Zealander
* Maori

|

Melanesia|

* Fijian
* Papuan

Micronesia|

* Chamorro
* Marshallese
* Micronesian (Federation)
* Palauan

Polynesia|

* French Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Maori
* Samoan
* Tongan

Related subjects

* People of the United States / Americans
* American ancestry
* Native American ancestry
* Maps of American ancestries
* 2010 census
* Race and ethnicity in the census
* Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* Racism

* v
* t
* e

European Americans

Central Europe|

* Austrian
* Czech
* German
* Sorbian
* Mennonite
* Amish
* German Texan
* Pennsylvania Dutch
* German Mennonites from Russia
* Hungarian
* Hungarian Ohioans
* Liechtensteiner
* Polish
* Kashubian
* Slovak
* Swiss

Eastern Europe|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Belarusian
* Georgian
* Russian
* Chechen
* Circassian
* Cossack
* Kalmyk
* Ukrainian
* Rusyn

Northern Europe|

* Danish
* Estonian
* Faroese
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Icelandic
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Norwegian
* Norwegian Dakotan
* Norwegian Minnesotan
* Sámi
* Swedish

Southeast Europe|

* Albanian
* Bosnian
* Bulgarian
* Cypriot
* Croatian
* Greek
* Kosovan
* Macedonian
* Montenegrin
* Romanian
* Moldovan
* Slovene
* Serbian
* Alaskan Serbs
* Turkish
* Yugoslav

Southern Europe|

* Italian
* Before 1880
* Sicilian
* Sammarinese
* Maltese
* Portuguese
* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician

Western Europe|

* Belgian
* British
* Cornish
* English
* Manx
* Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Dutch
* Frisian
* French
* Breton
* Corsican
* Acadian
* Cajun
* Canadian
* Huguenot
* Irish
* Irish Traveller
* Luxembourgian

Other Europeans|

* White Americans
* Non-Hispanic whites
* White Hispanic and Latino
* Melungeon
* Métis
* Louisiana Creole
* Cajun
* Isleños
* French Canadian
* Acadian
* Cajun

By region|

* Appalachia
* California
* San Francisco
* Hawaii
* White Southerners
* Arkansas
* Louisiana
* Maryland

* v
* t
* e

Hispanic and Latino Americans

* Index
* Hispanic and Latino
* Latino
* Demographics

North American|

* Californio
* Creoles of Louisiana
* Isleño
* Floridanos
* Mexican
* Punjabi Mexican Americans
* Chicano
* Nuevomexicano
* Tejano

| Caribbean|

* Cuban
* Dominican
* Puerto Rican
* Nuyorican

|

Central American|

* Costa Rican
* Guatemalan
* Honduran
* Nicaraguan
* Panamanian
* Salvadoran

South American[a]|

* Argentine
* Bolivian
* Brazilian
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
* Paraguayan
* Peruvian
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

European|

* Spanish
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Catalan
* Galician

Ethnic groups|

* Asian
* Black
* White

Religious groups|

* Christians
* Jews
* Muslims

By region|

* Alaska
* Arizona
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Diego
* San Francisco
* Colorado
* Florida
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Nevada
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* Oregon
* Portland
* Texas
* Houston
* Utah
* Washington, D.C.

Other|

* Indigenismo
* Racism among Latinos
* Stereotypes in the United States
* In politics
* In the United States Congress
* Women in journalism

1. ^ The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

African Americans

History|

* Timeline
* Abolitionism
* African American founding fathers
* Afrocentrism
* American Civil War
* Atlantic slave trade
* Black Codes
* Black cowboys
* Black genocide
* Black Lives Matter
* Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
* Children of the plantation
* Civil Rights Acts
* 1964
* Voting Rights Act of 1965
* 1968
* Civil rights movement 1865–1896
* Civil right movement 1896–1954
* Civil rights movement 1954–1968
* Montgomery bus boycott
* Browder v. Gayle (1956)
* Sit-in movement
* Freedom Riders
* Birmingham movement
* March on Washington
* Freedom Summer
* Selma to Montgomery marches
* Chicago Freedom Movement
* Post–civil rights era
* Cornerstone Speech
* COVID-19 impact
* Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
* Free Negro
* Free people of color
* George Floyd protests
* Great Migration
* Second
* New
* Exodusters
* Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
* Jim Crow laws
* Lynching
* Military history
* Million Man March
* Nadir of American race relations
* The Negro Motorist Green Book
* Partus sequitur ventrem
* Plantations
* Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
* Reconstruction Amendments
* Reconstruction era
* Redlining
* Separate but equal
* Silent Parade
* Slavery
* Treatment of slaves
* Tulsa race massacre
* Underground Railroad
* Women's suffrage movement

Culture|

* Afrofuturism
* Art
* Black mecca
* Businesses
* Dance
* Family structure
* Film
* Folktales
* Hair
* Harlem Renaissance
* New Negro
* Hoodoo
* Juneteenth
* Kwanzaa
* LGBTQ community
* Literature
* Music
* Musical theater
* Names
* Negro National Anthem
* Neighborhoods
* Newspapers
* Soul food
* Stereotypes
* Middle class
* Upper class

Notable people|

* Ralph Abernathy
* Maya Angelou
* Crispus Attucks
* James Baldwin
* James Bevel
* Julian Bond
* Amelia Boynton
* James Bradley
* Carol Moseley Braun
* Edward Brooke
* Blanche Bruce
* Ralph Bunche
* George Washington Carver
* Shirley Chisholm
* Claudette Colvin
* Frederick Douglass
* W. E. B. Du Bois
* Medgar Evers
* James Farmer
* Henry Highland Garnet
* Marcus Garvey
* Fred Gray
* Prathia Hall
* Fannie Lou Hamer
* Kamala Harris
* Jimi Hendrix
* Jesse Jackson
* Ketanji Brown Jackson
* Michael Jackson
* Harriet Jacobs
* Barbara Jordan
* Coretta Scott King
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Bernard Lafayette
* James Lawson
* Huddie Ledbetter
* John Lewis
* Joseph Lowery
* Malcolm X
* Thurgood Marshall
* Toni Morrison
* Bob Moses
* Diane Nash
* Barack Obama
* Michelle Obama
* Rosa Parks
* Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Colin Powell
* Gabriel Prosser
* Joseph Rainey
* A. Philip Randolph
* Hiram Revels
* Paul Robeson
* Al Sharpton
* Fred Shuttlesworth
* Clarence Thomas
* Emmett Till
* Sojourner Truth
* Harriet Tubman
* Nat Turner
* Denmark Vesey
* C. T. Vivian
* David Walker
* Booker T. Washington
* Ida B. Wells
* Roy Wilkins
* Oprah Winfrey
* Andrew Young
* Whitney Young

Education, science
and technology|

* Black studies
* Black schools
* Historically black colleges and universities
* Inventors and scientists
* Museums
* Women
* in computer science
* in medicine
* in STEM fields

Religion|

* African-American Jews
* Islam
* American Society of Muslims
* Nation of Islam
* Black church
* Azusa Street Revival
* Black Hebrew Israelites
* Black theology
* Doctrine of Father Divine

Political movements|

* Anarchism
* Back-to-Africa movement
* Black power
* Movement
* Capitalism
* Conservatism
* Leftism
* Pan-Africanism
* Populism
* Raised fist
* Self-determination
* Nationalism
* Socialism

Civic and economic
groups

* Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
* Black Panther Party
* Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
* National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
* Nashville Student Movement
* National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
* National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
* National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
* National Urban League (NUL)
* Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
* Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
* Thurgood Marshall College Fund
* United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
* Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

Sports|

* Negro league baseball
* Baseball color line
* Black players in professional American football
* Black NFL quarterbacks
* Black players in ice hockey
* Muhammad Ali
* Arthur Ashe
* Jack Johnson
* Joe Louis
* Jesse Owens
* Jackie Robinson
* Serena Williams

Athletic associations
and conferences

* Central (CIAA)
* Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
* Southern (SIAC)
* Southwestern (SWAC)

Ethnic subdivisions|

* By African descent
* Fula
* Gullah
* Igbo
* Yoruba
* Alabama Creole
* Black Indians
* Black Seminoles
* Cherokee Freedmen
* Choctaw Freedmen
* Creek Freedmen
* Black Southerners
* Blaxicans
* Great Dismal Swamp maroons
* Louisiana Creole
* of color
* Melungeon

Demographics|

* Neighborhoods
* list
* U.S. cities with large populations
* 2000 majorities
* 2010 majorities
* Metropolitan areas
* States and territories

Languages|

* Afro-Seminole Creole
* American Sign
* Black American Sign
* English
* American English
* African-American English
* African-American Vernacular English
* social context
* Gullah
* Louisiana Creole

By state/city|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Florida
* Jacksonville
* Tallahassee
* Georgia
* Atlanta
* Hawaii
* Illinois
* Chicago
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Davenport
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Lexington
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* Baltimore
* Massachusetts
* Boston
* Michigan
* Detroit
* Mississippi
* Nebraska
* Omaha
* New Jersey
* New York
* New York City
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Cleveland
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Austin
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston
* San Antonio
* Utah
* Virginia
* West Virginia

Diaspora|

* Africa
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Sierra Leone
* America
* Canada
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Mexico
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Israel
* Europe
* France

Lists|

* African Americans
* Activists
* Actors
* Astronauts
* Billionaires
* Journalists
* Jurists
* Mathematicians
* Republicans
* Singers
* Sportspeople
* Spingarn Medal winners
* US cabinet members
* US representatives
* US senators
* Visual artists
* Writers
* African-American firsts
* Mayors
* Sports firsts
* US state firsts
* Historic places
* Index of related articles
* Landmark African-American legislation
* Lynching victims
* Monuments
* Neighborhoods
* Topics related to the African diaspora

* Category
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

African immigration to the United States

North Africa|

* Algerian
* Canarian
* Egyptian
* Libyan
* Moroccan
* Tunisian

Sub-Saharan Africa|

| Central Africa|

* Cameroonian
* Congolese
* Equatoguinean
* Gabonese

|

East Africa|

* Eritrean
* Ethiopian
* Kenyan
* Somali
* South Sudanese
* Sudanese
* Tanzanian
* Ugandan

Southern Africa|

* Angolan
* Malawian
* South African
* Zimbabwean

West Africa|

* Beninese
* Bissau-Guinean
* Cape Verdean
* Gambian
* Ghanaian
* Guinean
* Ivorian
* Liberian
* Malian
* Mauritanian
* Nigerian
* Senegalese
* Sierra Leonean
* Togolese

African ethnic groups
in the United States1|

* Arab
* Bantu in Maine
* Berber
* Coptic
* Fula
* Igbo
* Yoruba

1 Several African ethnic groups are dispersed throughout different areas of Africa, regardless of countries or regions.

* v
* t
* e

Asian Americans

Central Asian|

* Afghan
* Baloch
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Tajik
* Turkmen
* Uyghur
* Uzbek

East Asian|

* Chinese
* Fuzhounese
* Hakka
* Hoklo
* Hong Kong
* Japanese
* in Hawaii
* Okinawans in Hawaii
* Korean
* in Hawaii
* Mongolian
* Taiwanese
* Tibetan

South Asian|

* Bangladeshi
* Bengali
* Bhutanese
* Indian
* Gujarati
* Malayali
* Telugu
* Indo-Caribbean
* Maldivian
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Tamil
* Sri Lankan

Southeast Asian|

* Burmese
* Karen
* Cambodian
* Filipino
* Hmong
* Indonesian
* Laotian
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Thai
* Vietnamese
* Mien

Other|

* Asian Hispanic and Latino
* Punjabi Mexican
* Multiracial Americans
* Afro-Asian
* Amerasian

History|

* Immigration
* Military
* Internment of Japanese Americans

Topics|

* Arts and Entertainment
* Broadcast journalism
* Demographics
* Politics
* Science and technology
* Sports
* Stereotypes
* East and Southeast Asians
* South Asians
* Model minority myth

Regions|

* California
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Metro Detroit
* Hawaii
* Houston
* Louisiana
* Maryland
* New York City
* Nevada
* North Carolina
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* Virginia

* v
* t
* e

Middle Eastern Americans

By nation|

* Egyptian
* Emirati
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Israeli
* Jordanian
* Kuwaiti
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Saudi
* Syrian
* Turkish
* Yemeni

By ethnicity|

* Arab
* Assyrian
* Kurdish

By location|

* Detroit

* v
* t
* e

Caribbean Americans

Anglo-Caribbean|

* Antiguan and Barbudan
* Bahamian
* Barbadian
* Belizean
* Garifuna
* Bermudian
* Dominican (Dominica)
* Grenadian
* Guyanese
* Jamaican
* Kittian and Nevisian
* Saint Lucian
* Trinidadian and Tobagonian
* Vincentian

Americo-Caribbean|

* Puerto Rican
* Virgin Islands

Franco-Caribbean|

* Haitian
* Guadeloupean
* Martiniquan

Hispano-Caribbean|

* Cuban
* Dominican (Dominican Republic)
* Panamanian
* Puerto Rican

Dutch Caribbean|

* Dutch West Indians
* Surinamese

Ethnic groups|

* Indo-Caribbean Americans

* v
* t
* e

Rights of Native Americans in the United States

Case law|

* Johnson v. McIntosh (1823)
* Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
* Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
* Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
* New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble (1858)
* Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879)
* Ex parte Crow Dog (1883)
* Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
* Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy (1896)
* Talton v. Mayes (1896)
* Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
* United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. (1941)
* Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States (1955)
* Williams v. Lee (1959)
* Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation (1960)
* Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)
* McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission (1973)
* Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida (1974)
* Bryan v. Itasca County (1976)
* United States v. Antelope (1977)
* Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
* Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe (1982)
* Solem v. Bartlett (1984)
* County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State (1985)
* South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. (1986)
* Hodel v. Irving (1987)
* Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989)
* Duro v. Reina (1990)
* South Dakota v. Bourland (1993)
* Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho (1997)
* Idaho v. United States (2001)
* United States v. Lara (2004)
* City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005)
* Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009)
* Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013)
* Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020)
* Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022)

* List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

Legislation|

* Blood quantum laws (1705 onwards)
* Nonintercourse Act (1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
* Civilization Act (1819)
* Indian Removal Act (1830)
* Dawes Act (1887)
* Curtis Act (1898)
* Burke Act (1906)
* Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
* Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
* Indian arts and crafts laws (1935–2019)
* Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act (1936)
* Nationality Act (1940)
* Public Law 280 (1953)
* Indian Relocation Act (1956)
* Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
* Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)
* Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)
* American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)
* Indian Child Welfare Act (1978)
* Diminishment (1984)
* Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)
* Native American Languages Act (1990)
* Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)
* Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990)
* Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art (2008)

Federal and
State recognition|

* Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
* Legal status of Hawaii
* Federally recognized tribes
* State recognized tribes

Tribal sovereignty|

* Aboriginal title
* Bureau of Indian Affairs
* Civil rights
* Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
* Domestic dependent nations
* Indian Preference
* Gaming
* Hunting license
* Indian country
* Indian reservations
* In the Courts of the Conqueror
* Self-determination
* Treaty rights

Related|

* Cherokee Commission
* Dawes Rolls
* Eagle feather law
* Eagle-bone whistle
* Long Walk of the Navajo
* National Indian Gaming Commission
* Native American Rights Fund
* Recognition of sacred sites
* Seminole Wars
* Survivance
* Trail of Tears
* United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

* v
* t
* e

Pacific Islander Americans

Melanesians|

* Fijian

Micronesians|

* Chamorros
* Marshallese
* Micronesian
* Palauan

Polynesians|

* French Polynesian
* Māori
* Native Hawaiians
* Samoan
* Tongan

Related ethnic groups|

* Australian
* New Zealander

Related topics|

* Oceanian Americans
* Pacific Islanders
* Asian Pacific Americans

*[c.]: circa
*[Ref(s)]: Reference(s)
*[v]: View this template
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