Anatolian beyliks

Historical Turkish principalities in Anatolia

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A map of independent Turkish beyliks in Anatolia during the 14th century

Anatolian beyliks (Turkish: Anadolu beylikleri, Ottoman Turkish: Tavâif-i mülûk, Beylik; Turkish pronunciation: [bejlic]) were Turkish[1] principalities (or petty kingdoms) in Anatolia governed by beys, the first of which were founded at the end of the 11th century. A second and more extensive period of establishment took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the latter half of the 13th century.

One of the beyliks, that of the Osmanoğlu of the Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks, from its capital in Bursa completed its incorporation of the other beyliks to form the Ottoman Empire by the late 15th century.

The word beylik denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey, equivalent to a duchy or principality in other parts of Europe.[2]

## History

[edit]

Anatolian Beyliks in the Catalan Atlas (1375). The caption next to the seated ruler reads: "Asia Minor also called Turkey, where there are many cities and castles." The map is shown upside down.[3][4]

Following the 1071 Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz Turkic clans began settling in present-day Turkey. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum's central power established in Konya was largely as a result of using these clans under appointed beys called uç bey or uj begi (especially in border areas to ensure safety against the Byzantines); uç is a Turkish term that denotes a border or frontier territory equivalent to marches, with the similar term margrave used in other parts of Europe. These clans, led by beys, would receive military and financial support from the Seljuks in return for their fealty.

However, Mongol invasions from the East saw a decline in Seljuk power which gradually deteriorated. The Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia then gained strength and authority which encouraged the beys, who had until then been vassals to the Sultanate of Rum, to declare sovereignty over their dominions. With the fall of Seljuk centralized power in Konya, many beys joined forces with the atabegs (former Seljuk leaders), and other religious Muslim leaders, in addition to employing Ghazi warriors from Persia and Turkestan, who also fled the Mongols. The ghazis fought under the inspiration of either a mullah[citation needed] or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, with the attacks on Byzantine territory further expanding the power sphere of the beyliks.[citation needed]

As the Byzantine Empire weakened, their cities in Asia Minor became gradually less and less able to resist these attacks, and many Turks began to settle in western parts of Anatolia.[5] As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered realms, who engaged in power struggles with the Byzantines, the Genoese, the Knights Templar, as well as between each other.

By 1300, the Turks had reached the Aegean coastline, held momentarily two centuries before. In the beginning, the most powerful states were the Karamanids and the Germiyanids in the central area. The Beylik of Osmanoğlu, who would later go on to become the Ottoman Empire, was situated in the northwest, around Söğüt, and was at that stage relatively small and possessed modest military power. Along the Aegean coast, from North to South, were the principalities of Karasi, Saruhan, Aydin, Menteşe, and Teke. The Candar dynasty (later also known as Isfendiyar) reigned in the Black Sea region around the provinces of Kastamonu and Sinop in what was the Beylik of Candar.[6]

1300

CHAGATAI KHANATE

GOLDEN HORDE

EMPIRE
OF THE
GREAT KHAN

ILKHANATE

GEORGIA

DELHI
SULTANATE

YADAVAS

Tungus

MYIN-
SAING

KHMER

BEYLIKS

MAMLUK
SULTANATE

GO-
RYEO

MAJAPAHIT

class=notpageimage|

The Anatolian Beyliks and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1300. A small Sultanate of Rum still existed as a vassal of the Ilkhanate.

Under its eponymous founder, Osman I, the Beylik of Osman expanded at Byzantine expense westwards and southwards of the Sea of Marmara in the first decades of the 14th century. With their annexation of the neighboring Beylik of Karasi and their advance into Rumelia starting in 1354, they soon gained strength to emerge as the principal rivals of the Beylik of Karaman, who at the time were thought to be the strongest. Towards the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia either through the acquisition of towns or by cementing marriage alliances. Meanwhile, wary of an increase in Ottoman regional power, the Karamanids repeatedly engaged in conflict with the Ottomans with the help of other beyliks, Mamluks, Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans"), Byzantines, Pontics and Hungarians, failing and losing power every time. By the close of the century, the early Ottoman leaders had conquered large parts of land from Karamanids and other less prominent beyliks. These had a short respite when their territories were restored to them after the Ottoman defeat suffered against Tamerlane in 1402 in the Battle of Ankara.

But the Ottoman state quickly collected itself under Mehmed I and his son Murad II, who reincorporated most of these beyliks into Ottoman territory in a period of about 25 years. The final blow to the Beylik of Karaman was struck by Mehmed II, who conquered their lands and re-assured a homogeneous rule in Anatolia. The further steps towards a single rule by the Ottomans were taken by Selim I who conquered territories of the Beylik of Ramadan and the Beylik of Dulkadir in 1515 during his campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate, and his son Süleyman the Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey (and much more) in his 1534 campaign. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks subsequently became the basis for the administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire.

## List of beyliks

[edit]

### Beyliks founded after Manzikert (1071)

[edit]

In the list below, only the beyliks that were founded immediately after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, mostly situated towards eastern Anatolia, and who were vassals (or sometimes at war) of the centralized power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum based in Konya are listed.

Map of the Anatolian beyliks in the 11th-12th centuries Founded after the Battle of Manzikert  Beylik's name  | Capital city  | Duration of rule

|
|

Beylik of Smyrna | İzmir | 1081–1098
Shah-Armens (also called Ahlatshahs)  | Ahlat | 1110–1207
Artuqids (three branches)  | Hasankeyf, Mardin, Harput | 1102–1409
Danishmend | Sivas | 1071–1178
Dilmaçoğlu | Bitlis | 1085–1398
İnaloğlu | Diyarbekir | 1095–1183
Mengujekids | Erzincan, later Divriği | 1072–1277
Saltukids | Erzurum | 1072–1202
Çubukoğulları | Harput | 1085–1112
Beylik of Tanrıbermiş | Alaşehir | 1071–1098

### Beyliks founded after Köse Dağ (1243)

[edit]

A second group beyliks emerged as a result of the weakening of this central state under the Mongol blow with the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which had the indirect consequence of extending Turkic territory in Western Anatolia toward the end of the 13th century.

Founded after the Battle of Köse Dağ  Beylik's name  | Capital city  | Duration of rule

|
|

Ahiler[7] | Ankara | c. 1290–1362
Alaiye | Alanya | 1293–1471 as vassals to Karamanids
Aydinids | Birgi, later Ayasluğ (Selçuk)  | 1300–1425
Canik | Samsun, Amasya and the vicinity  | ?–1460
Candar (later also known as Beylik of Isfendiyar)  | Eflani, later Kastamonu, last Sinop | 1291–1461
Chobanids | Kastamonu (preceding the Candars)  | 1211–1309
Dulkadirids | Elbistan, later Maraş | 1348–1522
Eretnids | Sivas, later Kayseri | 1335–1390
Erzincan | Erzincan | 1379–1410
Eshrefids | Beyşehir | 1285–1326
Germiyanids | Kütahya | 1300–1429
Hamidids | Eğirdir | 1300–1391
Kadi Burhan al-Din | Sivas (replacing the Eretnids)  | 1381–1398
Karamanids | Larende (Karaman)  | 1250–1487
Karasids/Karası | Balıkesir, later Bergama and Çanakkale | 1296–1357
Ladik (also called Inanjids, subordinate to Sahib Ataids and Germiyanids)  | Denizli | 1262–1391
Menteşe | Milas | 1261–1424
Ottomanids (later the Ottoman Empire)  | Söğüt, later Bursa, Dimetoka, Edirne and Istanbul | 1299–1922
Pervâneid | Sinop | 1277–1322
Ramadanids | Adana | 1352–1608
Sahib Ataids | Afyonkarahisar | 1275–1341
Sarukhanids | Manisa | 1300–1410
Teke (issued from the Hamidids)  | Antalya, later Korkuteli | 1321–1423

## Society

[edit]

### Language

[edit]

Combined with the Seljuks and the migration of Turkic tribes into the Anatolian mainland, the Anatolian beyliks spread the Turkic language and Islamic culture in Anatolia.[8] Unlike the Seljuks, whose administrative language was Persian, the Anatolian beyliks adopted spoken Turkic as their formal literary language.[8] The Turkish language thus achieved widespread use in these principalities and reached its highest sophistication during the Ottoman era.[8]

### Art

[edit]

In spite of their limited sources and the political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably forming the basis for Ottoman art. Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional crafts artists and architects helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture. Wood and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of the Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well.

### Architecture

[edit]

Further information: Anatolian Seljuk architecture

İsa Bey Mosque in Selçuk near İzmir, built by the Beylik of Aydınids in 1375.

Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are İlyas Bey Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404), İsabey Mosque at Selçuk (1375), Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuq architecture, differ greatly in the increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the courtyards and minarets. Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as Ulucami Mosque in Ermenek (1302), Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382), Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big dome and forming a monumental architectural structure is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences.

## See also

[edit]

Part of a series on the

History of Turkey

Prehistory

* Prehistory of Anatolia

|  Palaeolithic Anatolia|  c. 500,000–
10,000 BC

|

Mesolithic Anatolia|  c. 11,000–
9,000 BC
Neolithic Anatolia|  c. 8,000–
5,500 BC

Bronze Age

| Troy|  3000–700 BC

|

Hattians|  2500–2000 BC
Akkadian Empire|  2400–2150 BC
Luwians|  2300–1400 BC
Assyria|  1950–1750 BC
Kussara|  1780–1680 BC
Achaeans (Homer)|  1700–1300 BC
Kizzuwatna|  1650–1450 BC
Hittites|  1680–1220 BC
Arzawa|  1500–1320 BC
Mitanni|  1500–1300 BC
Hayasa-Azzi|  1500–1290 BC
Lycia|  1450–350 BC
Assuwa|  1300–1250 BC
Diauehi|  1200–800 BC
Neo-Hittites|  1200–800 BC
Phrygia|  1200–700 BC
Caria|  1150–547 BC
Tuwanuwa|  1000–700 BC
Ionia|  1000–545 BC
Urartu|  859–595/585 BC

Iron Age

| Diauehi|  1200–800 BC

|

Neo-Hittites|  1200–800 BC
Phrygia|  1200–700 BC
Caria|  1150–547 BC
Doris |  1100–560 BC
Aeolis |  1000–560 BC
Tuwanuwa|  1000–700 BC
Ionia|  1000–545 BC
Urartu|  859–595/585 BC
Median Empire|  678–549 BC
Lydia|  685–547 BC

Classical Age

* Classical Anatolia
* Classical Thrace

| Achaemenid Empire|  559–331 BC

|

Kingdom of Alexander the Great|  334–301 BC
Kingdom of Cappadocia|  322–130 BC
Antigonids|  306–168 BC
Seleucid Empire|  305–64 BC
Ptolemaic Kingdom|  305–30 BC
Kingdom of Pontus|  302–64 BC
Bithynia|  297–74 BC
Attalid kingdom|  282–129 BC
Galatia|  281–64 BC
Parthian Empire|  247 BC–224 AD
Armenian Empire|  190 BC–428 AD
Roman Republic|  133–27 BC
Commagene|  163 BC–72 AD
Ancient Rome|  133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
Sasanian Empire|  224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)

Medieval Age

* Medieval Anatolia

| Eastern Roman Empire|  (330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as Empire of Nicaea)

|

Rashidun Caliphate|  (637–656)
Great Seljuk State|  (1037–1194)
Danishmends|  (1071–1178)
Sultanate of Rum|  (1077–1307)
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|  (1078–1375)
Anatolian beyliks|  (1081–1423)
County of Edessa|  (1098–1150)
Artuqids|  (1101–1409)
Empire of Trebizond|  (1204–1461)
Latin Empire|  (1204–1261)
Karamanids|  (1250–1487)
Ilkhanate|  (1256–1335)
Kara Koyunlu|  (1375–1468)
Ak Koyunlu|  (1378–1501)

Ottoman Era

* Periods of Ottoman Empire

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By topic

* Turkic migration
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## References

[edit]

1. ^ Howard 2016, p. 38
2. ^ (limited preview) Mohamed Hedi Cherif - Daniel Panzac (1995). Histoire économique et sociale de l'Empire ottoman et de la Turquie (1326-1960) (in French). Peeters Publishers. ISBN 90-6831-799-7.
3. ^ "The Cresques Project - Panel IV". www.cresquesproject.net.
4. ^ Forêt, Philippe; Kaplony, Andreas (30 November 2008). The Journey of Maps and Images on the Silk Road. BRILL. p. 194\. ISBN 978-90-474-2497-0.
5. ^ This process is described in the pioneering work, Speros Vryonis, The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), ISBN 978-1597404761
6. ^ Kate Fleet (1999). European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64221-3.
7. ^ The Ahiler Beylik is sometimes considered one of the Anatolian beyliks but was a mercantile republic rather than a monarchical dynasty. See Ahiler for more information.
8. ^ a b c Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, page 40

## Sources

[edit]

* Howard, Douglas A. (2016). The History of Turkey (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN 978-1-4408-3466-0.
* Mehmet Fuat Köprülü (translated by Gary Leiser) (1992). The Origins of the Ottoman Empire. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-0819-1. (limited preview)
* Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anatolian beyliks.

* "Osmanlı Medeniyeti (Ottoman Civilization)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2005-08-01. Retrieved 2005-07-18.

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Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor

Qutalmish
Founder

Suleyman I
Capital

İznik, then Konya

| Important centers and extension|

* Konya
* Kayseri
* Sivas (1175)
* Malatya (1178)
* Alanya
* Antalya

|

Dynasty|

* Suleyman I (1077–1086)
* Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107)
* Melikshah (1107–1116)
* Mesud I (1116–1156)
* Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)
* Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196)
* Süleymanshah II (1196–1204)
* Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205)
* Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211)
* Kaykaus I (1211–1220)
* Kayqubad I (1220–1237)
* Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
* Kaykaus II (1246–1260)
* Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265)
* Kayqubad II (1249–1257)
* Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282)
* Mesud II (1282–1284)
* Kayqubad III (1284)
* Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293)
* Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294)
* Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301)
* Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303)
* Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307)
* Mesud III (1307)

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* Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Wars and major battles|

* Byzantine–Seljuk wars
* Siege of Nicaea (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
* Battle of Mount Cadmus (1148)
* Battle of Myriokephalon (1176)
* Battle of Iconium (1190)
* Battle of Köse Dağ (1243)
* Battle of Elbistan (1277)

Culture|

| Arts|

* Anatolian Seljuk architecture

|

Writers and scholars|

* Rumi
* Haji Bektash Veli
* Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
* Siraj al-Din Urmavi
* Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
* Ibn Bibi

Other notable people|

* Gevher Nesibe
* Gurju Khatun
* Sâhib Ata
* Baba Ishak
* Shams al-Din Altınapa
* Sa'd al-Din Köpek
* Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
* Manuel Maurozomes
* Mu'in al-Din Parwana
* Shams al-Din Isfahani

Anatolian beyliks

Tzachas (1081 - 1092)

Founder

Tzachas
Capital

İzmir

Important centers and extension:|

* Ephesus
* Lesbos
* Chios

Shah-Armens (1100–1207)

Founder

Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital

Ahlat

Important centers and extension:|

* Silvan
* Malazgirt
* Erciş
* Adilcevaz
* Başkale
* Eleşkirt
* Van
* Tatvan
* Bitlis
* Muş
* Hani

Dynasty:|

* Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
* Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
* Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
* Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
* Aksungur (1193–1197)
* Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:|

* Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids (1102 - )

Ancestors

Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder

Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals

Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:|

* Diyarbakır
* Hasankeyf
* Silvan
* Mardin
* Midyat
* Harput
* Palu
* Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:|

* Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
* Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:|

* Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
* Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
* Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput Dynasty:|

* Belek Bey (1112–1124)
* Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Danishmends (1071–1178)

Founder

Danishmend Gazi
Capitals

Sivas
Niksar

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Niksar
* Malatya
* Kayseri
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Kastamonu
* Ankara

Dynasty:|

* Danishmend Gazi (1071–1084)
* Gazi Gümüshtigin (1084–1104)
* Emir Gazi (1104–1134)
* Melik Mehmed (1134–1142)
* Melik Zünnun (1142–1143)
* Yağıbasan (1143–1164)
* Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
* Nasreddin Muhammed (1175-1178)

Mengujekids (1071–1277)

Founder

Mengücek Bey
Capitals

Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzincan
* Divriği
* Kemah
* Şebinkarahisar

Dynasty:|

Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142

Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah Branch|

Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228

Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği Branch|

Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277

Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Saltukids (1072–1202)

Founder

Saltuk Bey
Capital

Erzurum

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzurum
* Tercan

Dynasty:|

* Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
* Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
* Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
* Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
* Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
* Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
* Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Aydinids (1307–1425)

Founder

Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals

Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:|

* Tire
* İzmir
* Alaşehir
* Aydın
* Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:|

* Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
* Umur Beg (1334–1348)
* Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)

Events|

1390

First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Candaroğulları (~1300–1461)

Founder

Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander descended from Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks in the imperial army of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop
* Eflani
* Çankırı
* Kalecik
* Tosya
* Araç
* Samsun (temporarily)

Dynasty:|

* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
* Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
* Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
* Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)

Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :|

* Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
* Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
* Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)

Chobanids (1227–1309)

Founder

Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Kastamonu
* Taşköprü

Dynasty:|

* Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
* Alp Yürek (? - ?)
* Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
* Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)

Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)

Ancestor

Hasan Dulkadir
Founder

Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
Capital

Elbistan

Important centers and extension:|

* Maraş
* Malatya
* Harput
* Kayseri
* Antep

Dynasty:|

* Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
* Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
* Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
* Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
* Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
* Melik Arslan (?-?)
* Shah Budak (?-1492)
* Şahsuvar (?-?)
* Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
* Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)

Eretnids (1328–1381)

Founder

Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital

Sivas, later Kayseri

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Kayseri
* Niğde
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Erzincan
* Şebinkarahisar
* Niksar

Dynasty:|

* Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
* Giyath al-Din Muhammad (1352–1365)
* Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
* Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

Eshrefids (1288–1326)

Founder

Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Beyşehir

Important centers and extension:|

* Beyşehir
* Akşehir
* Bolvadin

Dynasty:|

* Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
* Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
* Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)

Germiyanids (1300–1429)

Ancestor

Kerimüddin Alişir
Founder

Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
Capital

Kütahya

Important centers and extension:|

* Kula (District), Manisa
* Simav
* Yenicekent
* Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)

Dynasty:|

* Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
* Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
* Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)

Hamidids (~1280–1374)

Ancestors

Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Founder

Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
Capital

Isparta

Important centers and extension:|

* Eğirdir
* Uluborlu
* Gölhisar
* Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey

Dynasty:|

* Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
* Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
* Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)

Karamanids (~1250–1487)

Ancestor

Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder

Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals

successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman)
Konya
Mut

Dynasty:|

* Kerîmeddin Karaman (1256–1261)
* Mehmet I (1261–1283)
* Güneri (1283–1300)
* Bedreddin Mahmut (1300–1308)
* Yahşı Han (1308–1312)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I (1312–1333)
* Alâeddin Halil Mirza (1333–1348)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
* Fahreddin Ahmed (1349–1350)
* Şemseddin (1350–1351)
* Burhaneddin Musa (1351–1356)
* Seyfeddin Süleyman (1356–1357)
* Alâeddin Ali (1357–1398)
* Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
* Sultanzâde Mehmet II (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
* Bengi Alâeddin Ali (1418–1424)
* Ibrahim II (1424–1464)
* Sultanzâde Ishak (1464)
* Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed (1464–1469)
* Kasım (1469–1483)
* Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Karasids (1303–1360)

Ancestor

Melik Danişmend Gazi
Founder

Karesi Bey
Capital

Balıkesir

Important centers and extension:|

* Aydıncık
* Bergama
* Edremit
* Bigadiç
* Ezine

Dynasty:|

* Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
* Demir Han (1328–1345)
* Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)

Ladik (~1300–1368)

Ancestor

Germiyanlı Ali Bey
Founder

Inanç Bey
Capital

Denizli

Important centers and extension:|

* Denizli

Dynasty:|

* Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
* Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
* Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)

Menteshe (~1261–1424)

Founder

Menteshe Bey
Capitals

Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat

Important centers and extension|

* present-day Muğla Province
* Muğla
* Finike
* Kaş
* Çameli
* Acıpayam
* Tavas
* Bozdoğan
* Çine
* temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314

Dynasty:|

* Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
* Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
* Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
* Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)

Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)

Ancestor

Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum)
Founder

Süleyman Pervâne
Capital

Sinop

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop

Dynasty:|

* Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
* Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
* Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
* Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)

Ramadanids (1352–1516)

Founder

Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals

Adana

Important centers and extension:|

* Adana
* Tarsus

Dynasty:|

* Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
* Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
* Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
* Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
* Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
* Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
* Dündar Bey (? - ?)
* Omer Bey (?-1490)
* Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
* Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
* Selim Bey (?-?)
* Kubad Bey (1517-?)

Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)

Founder

Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Afyonkarahisar

Important centers and extension:|

* Akşehir
* Beyşehir
* Sandıklı
* Denizli

Dynasty|

* Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
* Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)

Sarukhanids (1302–1410)

Founder

Saruhan Bey
Capital

Manisa

Important centers and extension:|

* Demirci
* Nif (Kemalpaşa)
* Akhisar
* Gördes
* Menemen

Dynasty|

* Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
* Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
* Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
* Hızır Shah (1388–1390)

Teke (1301–1423)

Ancestors

Hamidoğlu dynasty
Founder

Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Capitals

Antalya
Korkuteli

Important centers and extension:|

* Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373)
* Teke Peninsula

Dynasty:|

* Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
* Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
* Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
* Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
* Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)

* Turkey portal

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