Ancestral Puebloan dwellings

Ancestral Puebloan homes

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Ancestral Puebloan dwellings

* Arizona
* Chihuahua
* Colorado
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* Sonora
* Texas
* Utah

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A map of ancestral Pueblo cultures

Hundreds of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings are found across the American Southwest. With almost all constructed well before 1492 CE, these Puebloan towns and villages are located throughout the geography of the Southwest.

Many of these dwellings included various defensive positions, like the high steep mesas such as at the ancient Mesa Verde complex or the present-day Acoma "Sky City" Pueblo. Earlier than 900 CE progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes appear to have been major cultural centers for the Pueblo peoples. There were also settlements scattered throughout the region of varying sizes.

## Cultures[edit]

A reconstructed pit house at Mesa Verde.

### Ancestral cultures[edit]

Further information: Ancestral Puebloans

Ancestral Puebloans spanned Northern Arizona and New Mexico, Southern Colorado and Utah, and a part of Southeastern Nevada. They primarily lived north of the Patayan, Sinagua, Hohokam, Trincheras, Mogollon, and Casas Grandes cultures of the Southwest[1] and south of the Fremont culture of the Great Basin .

### Contemporary cultures[edit]

Main article: Pueblo people

Further information: Pueblo

There are 21 federally recognized pueblos in the United States today. Rio Grande pueblos are known as eastern Pueblos; Zuni, Hopi, and sometimes Acoma and Laguna are known as western Pueblos.

* Hopi Tribe of Arizona
* Kewa Pueblo, New Mexico
* Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Acoma, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Cochiti, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Jemez, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Laguna, New Mexico

* Pueblo of Nambe, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Picuris, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Pojoaque, New Mexico
* Pueblo of San Felipe, New Mexico
* Pueblo of San Ildefonso, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Sandia, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico

* Pueblo of Santa Clara, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Taos, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Tesuque, New Mexico
* Pueblo of Zia, New Mexico
* Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas
* Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico

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## Geography[edit]

Dwellings of the Pueblo peoples in New Mexico's Salinas Basin.

The dwellings of the Pueblo peoples are located throughout the American Southwest and north central Mexico. The American states of New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona all have evidence of Pueblo peoples' dwellings; the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora do as well.

## Eras[edit]

Map of Ancient Pueblo People (Anasazi) regions, including the northern Mesa Verde region and the southern Chaco Canyon region.

Archaeologists have agreed on three main periods of ancient occupation by Pueblo peoples throughout the Southwest called Pueblo I, Pueblo II, and Pueblo III.[2]

* Pueblo I (750–900 CE). Pueblo buildings were built with stone, windows facing south, and in U, E and L shapes. The buildings were located more closely together and reflected deepening religious celebration. Towers were built near kivas and likely used for look-outs. Pottery became more versatile, not just for cooking, but now included pitchers, ladles, bowls, jars and dishware for food and drink. White pottery with black designs emerged, the pigments coming from plants. Water management and conservation techniques, including the use of reservoirs and silt-retaining dams also emerged during this period.[3] Midway through this period, about 900 CE, the number of Hovenweep residential sites increased.[4]
* Pueblo II (900–1150 CE). During the Pueblo II period there was an increase in population that resulted in creation of more than 10,000 sites in 150 years. Since much of the land was arid, the people supplemented their diet by hunting, foraging and trading pottery for food.[5] By the end of the period, there were two-story dwellings made primarily of stone masonry, the presence of towers, and family and community kivas.[3][6][7]
* Pueblo III (1150–1300 CE). Rohn and Ferguson, authors of Puebloan ruins of the Southwest, state that during the Pueblo III period there was a significant community change. Moving in from dispersed farmsteads into community centers at pueblos canyon heads or cliff dwellings on canyon shelves. Population peaked between 1200 and 1250 to more than 20,000 in the Mesa Verde region.[8] By 1300 Ancient Pueblo People abandoned their settlements, as the result of climate changes and food shortage, and moved south to villages in Arizona and New Mexico.[8]

## Architecture[edit]

The ancient population centers such as Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and Bandelier for which the Ancestral Puebloans are renowned consisted of apartment-like complexes and structures made from stone, adobe mud, and other local material, or were carved into the sides of canyon walls.

The structures contained within these alcoves were mostly blocks of hard sandstone, held together and plastered with adobe mortar. Specific constructions had many similarities, but were generally unique in form due to the individual topography of different alcoves along the canyon walls.

Decorative motifs for these sandstone/mortar constructions, both cliff dwellings and otherwise, included T-shaped windows and doors.[9][10]

### Construction characteristics[edit]

A cliff dwelling at Bandelier National Monument.

Most notable Pueblo structures were made of adobe and built like an apartment complex. Generally speaking, Pueblo buildings feature a box base, smaller box on top, and an even smaller one on top of that, with the tallest reaching four and five stories. There were floors for storage and defense, living and religious ceremonies. Generally, there were no doors on the bottom floor until recent times. This limited access to the buildings so movable ladders were key elements. One ladder would take inhabitants to the patio, or second floor, and another led through an opening through a roof and onto the first floor.[11] Other ladders led to higher floors.

#### Architectural elements[edit]

Stairs carved in a cliff face in Chaco Canyon.

The key technology of the Pueblo peoples was their irrigation techniques. These were used throughout their dwellings, and often determined the siting of communities.

Many pueblos feature T-shaped doors in adobe walls. Usually one meter wide, they are wider on top and narrower below. The Great house-style pueblos were constructed on a box system. Builders used molds to pour compacted mud without organic material. The exterior was stuccoed with sand, lime and oyster dust shells, then it was painted blue, green, or pink. Made without foundations, the walls were built from slots that were 25 centimeters deep. The doors were proportional to the size of the room. Stairs, ramps, and ladders were built to allow access to the buildings.

A roadmap of the Chaco Canyon culture roadways.

There are a number of consistent features surrounding the dwellings. They include water retention structures like the Mesa Verde Reservoirs, and stone towers. Each were about 60 meters long, 33 meters apart, and 2.5 meters high. In 2009 it was suggested that the shape of an oval bowl with curved sides and the uneven embankments on the long sides are unsuited for any kind of ball game; On the other hand, they appear to correspond with dance floors of the Tohono O'odham, used for Wi:gita ceremonies until at least the 1930s.[12]

For a period of time, pueblos throughout the Southwest were connected by a network of roads that radiated from Chaco Canyon, which is believed to have been a cultural epicenter. Remnants of this roadway system are evident throughout New Mexico and Arizona today.

## Types of dwellings[edit]

In addition to the movable structures used by other Native Americans across North and South America, the Pueblo peoples created distinctive structures for living, worshiping, defense, storage, and daily life.

* Pueblo – Referring to both a certain style of Puebloan architecture and groups of people themselves, the term pueblo is used in architectural terms to describe multistory, apartment-like buildings made of adobe. In this article they are called "great houses".
* Great houses – Generally built on flat plains throughout the Southwest, the great house-style Pueblo dwelling sat independent of cliffs.
* Pit houses – Most of the populations of the Southwest lived in pit houses, carefully dug rectangular or circular depressions in the earth with wattle and daub adobe walls supported by log sized corner posts.
* Cliff dwellings – Constructed in the sides of the mesas and mountains of the Southwest, cliff dwellings comprised a large number of the defensive structures of the Pueblo people.
* Jacal is a traditional adobe house built by the ancestral Pueblo peoples. Slim close-set poles were tied together and filled out with mud, clay and grasses, or adobe bricks were used to make the walls.[13]

## Lists of dwellings by state[edit]

### Arizona[edit]

Main article: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona

### Chihuahua (Mexico)[edit]

Main article: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Chihuahua, Mexico

### Colorado[edit]

Main article: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Colorado

### Nevada[edit]

See table below.

### New Mexico[edit]

Main article: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in New Mexico

### Texas[edit]

See table below.

### Utah[edit]

Main article: List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Utah

Pueblo  | Pueblo peoples  | Nearest town (modern name)  | Location  | Type  | Description  | Photo

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Pueblo Grande de Nevada | Virgin Anasazi | Overton |  | Great house  | Ruins. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[14] |

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Protected areas of Nevada

Federal|

| National Parks and Monuments|

* Avi Kwa Ame NM (BLM)
* Basin and Range NM (BLM)
* Death Valley NP
* Gold Butte NM (BLM)
* Great Basin NP
* Tule Springs Fossil Beds NM

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National Recreation Areas|

* Lake Mead
* Spring Mountains (USFS)

National Forests|

* Humboldt–Toiyabe
* Inyo
* Lake Tahoe Basin

National Conservation Areas|

* Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails
* Red Rock Canyon
* Sloan Canyon

Wilderness Areas|

* Alta Toquima
* Arc Dome
* Arrow Canyon
* Bald Mountain
* Becky Peak
* Big Rocks
* Black Canyon
* Black Rock Desert
* Boundary Peak
* Bridge Canyon
* Bristlecone
* Calico Mountains
* Clover Mountains
* Currant Mountain
* Death Valley
* Delamar Mountains
* East Fork High Rock Canyon
* East Humboldt
* Eldorado
* Far South Egans
* Fortification Range
* Goshute Canyon
* Government Peak
* Grant Range
* High Rock Canyon
* High Rock Lake
* High Schells
* Highland Ridge
* Ireteba Peaks
* Jarbidge
* Jimbilnan
* Jumbo Springs
* La Madre Mountains
* Lime Canyon
* Little High Rock Canyon
* Meadow Valley Range
* Mormon Mountains
* Mt Charleston
* Mt Grafton
* Mt Irish
* Mt Moriah
* Mt Rose
* Muddy Mountains
* Nellis Wash
* North Black Rock Range
* North Jackson Mountains
* North McCullough
* Pahute Peak
* Parsnip Peak
* Pinto Valley
* Quinn Canyon
* Rainbow Mountain
* Red Mountain
* Ruby Mountains
* Santa Rosa–Paradise Peak
* Shellback
* South Egan Range
* South Jackson Mountains
* South McCullough
* South Pahroc Range
* Spirit Mountain
* Table Mountain
* Tunnel Spring
* Wee Thump Joshua Tree
* Weepah Spring
* White Pine Range
* White Rock Range
* Worthington Mountains
* Wovoka

National Wildlife Refuges|

* Anaho Island
* Ash Meadows
* Desert
* Fallon
* Moapa Valley
* Pahranagat
* Ruby Lake
* Sheldon
* Stillwater

State|

| Historic Parks|

* Elgin Schoolhouse
* Fort Churchill
* Mormon Station
* Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort
* Ward Charcoal Ovens

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Recreation Areas|

* Big Bend of the Colorado
* Lahontan
* Rye Patch
* South Fork
* Walker River
* Wild Horse

Other|

* Beaver Dam
* Berlin–Ichthyosaur
* Cathedral Gorge
* Cave Lake
* Dayton
* Echo Canyon
* Kershaw–Ryan
* Lake Tahoe–Nevada
* Spring Mountain Ranch
* Spring Valley
* Valley of Fire
* Van Sickle
* Washoe Lake

Previous|

* Belmont Courthouse
* Floyd Lamb
* Walker Lake

* Nevada portal

### Sonora[edit]

Site name  | Pueblo peoples  | Nearest town (modern name)  | Location  | Type  | Description  | Photo

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Cerro de Trincheras [es] | Hohokam  |  |  | Trincheras  | Ruins.  |

### Texas[edit]

Site name  | Pueblo peoples  | Nearest town (modern name)  | Location  | Type  | Description  | Photo

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Firecracker | Mogollon | El Paso |  | Linear adjoined rooms  | Ruins.  |
Hot Well | Mogollon  | El Paso  |  | Cliff dwelling  | Ruins.  |
Ysleta Del Sur | Tiwa  | El Paso |  | Great house  | An active pueblo that is home of one of the 21 federally recognized Pueblos.[15] |

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Protected areas of Texas

Federal|

| National Parks|

* Big Bend
* Guadalupe Mountains

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National monuments
and memorials|

* Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument
* Castner Range National Monument
* Chamizal National Memorial
* Military Working Dog Teams National Monument
* Waco Mammoth National Monument

National Historical Parks
and Historic Sites|

* Fort Davis NHS
* Lyndon B. Johnson NHP
* Palo Alto Battlefield NHP
* San Antonio Missions NHP

National Historic Trails|

* El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail
* El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

National Recreation Areas|

* Amistad
* Lake Meredith

National Wild and Scenic Rivers|

* Rio Grande

National Wildlife Refuges|

* Anahuac
* Aransas
* Attwater Prairie Chicken
* Balcones Canyonlands
* Big Boggy
* Brazoria
* Buffalo Lake
* Caddo Lake
* Grulla
* Hagerman
* Laguna Atascosa
* Little Sandy
* Lower Rio Grande Valley
* McFaddin
* Muleshoe
* Neches River
* San Bernard
* Santa Ana
* Texas Point
* Trinity River

National Forests|

* Angelina
* Davy Crockett
* Sabine
* Sam Houston

National Grasslands|

* Caddo
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* McClellan Creek
* Rita Blanca

Other Protected Areas|

* Big Thicket National Preserve
* Padre Island National Seashore

State|

| State Parks
and Natural Areas|

* Abilene
* Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area
* Atlanta
* Balmorhea
* Barton Warnock Visitor Center
* Bastrop
* Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley
* Big Bend Ranch
* Big Spring
* Blanco
* Bonham
* Brazos Bend
* Buescher
* Caddo Lake
* Caprock Canyons
* Cedar Hill
* Chinati Mountains State Natural Area
* Choke Canyon
* Cleburne
* Colorado Bend
* Cooper Lake
* Copper Breaks
* Daingerfield
* Davis Hill
* Davis Mountains
* Devils River State Natural Area
* Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area
* Dinosaur Valley
* Eisenhower
* Enchanted Rock State Natural Area
* Estero Llano Grande
* Fairfield Lake
* Falcon
* Fort Boggy
* Fort Parker State Park
* Fort Richardson State Park
* Franklin Mountains
* Galveston Island
* Garner
* Goliad
* Goose Island
* Government Canyon State Natural Area
* Guadalupe River
* Hill Country State Natural Area
* Honey Creek State Natural Area
* Huntsville
* Indian Lodge
* Inks Lake
* Kickapoo Cavern
* Lake Arrowhead
* Lake Bob Sandlin
* Lake Brownwood
* Lake Casa Blanca International
* Lake Colorado City
* Lake Corpus Christi
* Lake Livingston
* Lake Mineral Wells
* Lake Somerville
* Lake Tawakoni
* Lake Whitney
* Lockhart
* Longhorn Cavern
* Lost Maples State Natural Area
* Martin Creek Lake
* Martin Dies Jr.
* Matagorda Island
* McKinney Falls
* McKinney Roughs
* Meridian
* Mission Tejas
* Monahans Sandhills
* Mother Neff State Park
* Mustang Island
* Old Tunnel
* Palmetto
* Palo Duro Canyon
* Palo Pinto Mountains
* Pedernales Falls
* Possum Kingdom
* Purtis Creek
* Ray Roberts Lake
* Resaca de la Palma
* San Angelo
* Sea Rim
* Sheldon Lake
* South Llano River
* Stephen F. Austin
* Tyler
* Village Creek
* Walter Umphrey
* Wyler Aerial Tramway

|

State Historic Sites|

* Acton
* Admiral Nimitz
* Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos
* Battleship TEXAS
* Caddo Mounds
* Casa Navarro
* Confederate Reunion Grounds
* Eisenhower Birthplace
* Fanthorp Inn
* Fannin Battleground
* Fort Griffin
* Fort Lancaster
* Fort Leaton
* Fort McKavett
* Fort Richardson State Park
* Fulton Mansion
* Goliad
* Hueco Tanks
* Kreische Brewery
* Landmark Inn
* Levi Jordan Plantation
* Lipantitlan
* Lyndon B. Johnson
* Magoffin Homestead
* Mission Espiritu Santo
* Mission Rosario
* Monument Hill
* Penn Farm
* Point Isabel Lighthouse
* Sabine Pass Battleground
* Sam Bell Maxey House
* Samuel T. Rayburn House
* San Felipe
* San Jacinto Battleground
* Sauer-Beckmann Farm
* Seminole Canyon
* Starr Family Home
* Varner–Hogg Plantation
* Washington-on-the-Brazos
* Zaragoza Birthplace

State Forests
and Arboretums|

* E.O. Siecke
* I.D. Fairchild
* John Henry Kirby
* Masterson
* W. Goodrich Jones
* Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum
* Olive Scott Petty Arboretum

State Wildlife Trails|

* Great Texas Coastal
* Heart of Texas
* Panhandle Plains
* Prairies and Pineywoods

* Texas Parks and Wildlife Department

### Unknown locations[edit]

Site name  | Pueblo peoples  | Nearest town (modern name)  | State  | Location  | Description  | Photo

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Pagmi |  |  |  |  |  |
Paguemi |  |  |  |  |  |
Sargarria |  |  |  |  |  |
Siemas |  |  |  |  |  |
Triati |  |  |  |  |  |
Urraca |  |  |  |  |  |
Xutis |  |  |  |  |  |
Yncaopi |  |  |  |  |  |
Ytriza |  |  |  |  |  |

## See also[edit]

* List of the oldest buildings in the United States
* Indian Mesa
* Navajo pueblitos
* Pueblo Revolt
* Spanish missions in New Mexico
* Tanoan languages
* Timeline of Chacoan history
* Trail of the Ancients National Scenic Byway, Four Corners, Colorado and Utah
* Trail of the Ancients Scenic Byway (New Mexico)

## References[edit]

1. ^ Peeples, Matt (2015). "Back to Basics, Part 2: Archaeological Cultures in the Southwest". Preservation Archaeology. Archaeology Southwest. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
2. ^ Rohn, Ferguson, p. 43.
3. ^ a b Wenger, pp. 39–45.
4. ^ History & Culture. National Park Service. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
5. ^ Stuart, Moczygemba-McKinsey, pp. 56–57.
6. ^ Pueblo Indian History. Archived October 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
7. ^ Lancaster, James A.; Pinkley, Jean M. Excavation at Site 16 of three Pueblo II Mesa-Top Ruins. Archeological Excavations in Mesa Verde National Park, Coorado. National Park Service. May 19, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
8. ^ a b Pueblo III – Overview. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
9. ^ Lekson, Stephen (1999). "The Chaco Meridian: centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest". Walnut Creek, Altamira Press
10. ^ Phillips, David A., Jr., 2000, "The Chaco Meridian: A skeptical analysis" paper presented to the 65th annual meeting of the Society of American Archaeology, Philadelphia.
11. ^ "Information about the Pueblo Indians". essortment. 2009. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
12. ^ Edwin N. Ferdon, Jr.: "The Hohokam "Ball Court" – An Alternative View of its Function". In: Kiva, Vol 75, No. 2, Winter 2009, ISSN 0023-1940, pp. 165–78
13. ^ "DeWitt Colony Life" Archived December 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Texas A&M University. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
14. ^ "Nevada – Clark County", National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
15. ^ The Zuni tribe and the Hopi tribe are federally recognized Pueblos.

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Cliff dwellings

Ancestral Puebloan|

| United States|

* Arizona
* Colorado
* Nevada
* New Mexico
* Texas
* Utah

|

Mexico|

* Chihuahua
* Sonora

Others|

| Afro-Eurasia|

* Bandiagara Escarpment
* Ellora Caves
* Guyaju Caves
* Petra

|

Americas|

* Cuarenta Casas
* Huápoca

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Pre-Columbian North America

Periods
Lithic
Archaic
Formative
Classic
Post-Classic

Archaeological
cultures|

* Adena
* Alachua
* Ancient Beringian
* Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
* Avonlea
* Baytown
* Belle Glade
* Buttermilk Creek complex
* Caborn-Welborn
* Cades Pond
* Calf Creek
* Caloosahatchee
* Clovis
* Coles Creek
* Comondú
* Deptford
* Folsom
* Fort Ancient
* Fort Walton
* Fremont
* Glacial Kame
* Glades
* Hohokam
* Hopewell
* List of Hopewell sites
* La Jolla
* Las Palmas
* Maritime Archaic
* Mississippian
* List of Mississippian sites
* Mogollon
* Monongahela
* Old Cordilleran
* Oneota
* Paleo-Arctic
* Paleo-Indians
* Patayan
* Plano
* Plaquemine
* Poverty Point
* Red Ocher
* Safety Harbor
* Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
* St. Johns
* Steed-Kisker
* Suwannee Valley
* Tchefuncte
* Troyville
* Weeden Island

Archaeological
sites|

* Angel Mounds
* Anzick site
* Bandelier National Monument
* Bastian
* Benson
* Blue Spring Shelter
* Bluefish Caves
* The Bluff Point Stoneworks
* Brewster
* Cahokia
* Candelaria Cave
* Casa Grande
* Chaco Canyon
* Coso Rock Art District
* Crystal River
* Cuarenta Casas
* Cueva de la Olla
* Cutler
* Eaker
* El Fin del Mundo
* El Vallecito
* Effigy Mounds
* Etowah Indian Mounds
* Eva
* Folsom
* Fort Ancient
* Fort Center
* Fort Juelson
* Four Mounds
* Gila Cliff Dwellings
* Glenwood
* Grimes Point
* Helen Blazes
* Holly Bluff
* Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
* Horr's Island
* Huápoca
* Key Marco
* Kimball Village
* Kincaid Mounds
* Kolomoki Mounds
* Lake Jackson Mounds
* Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
* L'Anse aux Meadows
* Lynch Quarry Site
* Marksville
* Marmes Rockshelter
* Meadowcroft Rockshelter
* Mesa Verde
* Moaning Cavern
* Moorehead Circle
* Morrison Mounds
* Moundville
* Mummy Cave
* Nodena site
* Ocmulgee Mounds
* Old Stone Fort
* Orwell site
* Paquime
* Painted Bluff
* Parkin Park
* Pinson Mounds
* Plum Bayou Mounds
* Portsmouth Earthworks
* Poverty Point
* Pueblo Bonito
* Recapture Canyon
* River Styx
* Roberts Island
* Rock Eagle
* Rock Hawk
* Rosenstock Village
* Russell Cave
* Salmon Ruins
* Serpent Mound
* Sierra de San Francisco
* Shell ring sites
* Spiro Mounds
* Stallings Island
* SunWatch
* Taos Pueblo
* Town Creek Indian Mound
* Turkey River Mounds
* Upward Sun River
* Velda Mound
* West Oak Forest Earthlodge
* Wickiup Hill
* Windover
* Winterville
* Wupatki

Human
remains|

* Anzick-1
* Arlington Springs Man
* Buhl Woman
* Kennewick Man
* La Brea Woman
* Leanderthal Lady
* Melbourne Man
* Minnesota Woman
* Peñon woman
* Spirit Cave mummy
* Vero man

Miscellaneous|

* Aridoamerica
* Ballgame
* Black drink
* Ceremonial pipe
* Chanunpa
* Chunkey
* Clovis point
* Container Revolution
* Eastern Agricultural Complex
* Eden point
* Effigy mound
* Falcon dancer
* Folsom point
* Green Corn Ceremony
* Horned Serpent
* Kiva
* Medicine wheel
* Metallurgy
* Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
* Mound Builders
* N.A.G.P.R.A.
* Norse colonization of North America
* Oasisamerica
* Piasa
* Projectile point
* Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
* Stickball
* Three Sisters agriculture
* Thunderbird
* Transoceanic contact
* Underwater panther
* Water glyphs

Related
Genetic history
Pre-Columbian era

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