Andrew the Apostle

Apostle of Jesus in the New Testament (c. 5 AD – 60/70 AD)

"St Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, see St Andrew (disambiguation).

Saint

Andrew the Apostle

Saint Andrew by Peter Paul Rubens (c. 1611)

Apostle and Martyr
the First-Called
Born| c. 5 AD
Bethsaida, Galilee,
Roman Empire
Died| 60/70 AD[1]
Patras, Achaea, Roman Empire
Venerated in| All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Major shrine| St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece;
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland;
The Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland;
Duomo Cathedral in Amalfi and Sarzana Cathedral in Sarzana, Italy
Feast| 30 November
Attributes| Long white hair and beard, holding the Gospel Book or scroll, leaning on a saltire, fishing net
Patronage| Scotland, Barbados, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Romania, Patras, Burgundy, San Andrés (Tenerife), Diocese of Parañaque, Candaba, Masinloc, Telhado [pt], Sarzana,[2] Pienza,[3] Amalfi, Luqa (Malta), Manila[4] and Prussia; Diocese of Victoria, Canada;
Fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, textile workers, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, farm workers, Russian Navy, US Army Rangers; protection against sore throats, convulsions, fever and whooping cough

Andrew the Apostle (Koinē Greek: Ἀνδρέας, romanized: Andréas [anˈdre.aːs̠]; Latin: Andreas [än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs]; Aramaic: אַנדּרֵאוָס; Classical Syriac: ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, romanized: ʾAnd'raʾwās[5]) was an apostle of Jesus. According to the New Testament, he was a fisherman and one of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus.[6]

The title First-Called (Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos) used by the Eastern Orthodox Church stems from the Gospel of John, where Andrew, initially a disciple of John the Baptist, follows Jesus and, recognising him as the Messiah, introduces his brother Simon Peter to him.[7]

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, the apostolic successor to Andrew is the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.[8]

## Life

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### Early life

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The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew by Caravaggio (1603–1606)

The name "Andrew" (meaning manly, brave, from Ancient Greek: ἀνδρεία, romanized: andreía, lit. 'manhood, valor'), like other Greek names, appears to have been common among the Jews and other Hellenised people since the second or third century B.C.[9] No Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born to a Jewish family in Bethsaida, in Galilee,[10] possibly between 5 and 10 AD[11] The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,[12] and likewise a son of Jonah. "The first striking characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, as might have been expected, but Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present".[7]

### With Jesus

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Both Andrew and his brother Peter were fishermen by trade and also Simon Peter who became a "fisher of men", hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he will make them "fishers of men" (Ancient Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, romanized: halieîs anthrṓpōn).[13] According to Mark 1:29, at the beginning of Jesus' public life, they occupied the same house at Capernaum.[9]

In the Gospel of Matthew[14] and in the Gospel of Mark[15] Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to become disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and called them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke[16] Andrew is not named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described as being Simon's, as a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the only fisherman in the boat (they signalled to their partners in the other boat ...)[17] but it is not until the next chapter[18] that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. However, it is generally understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the night in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that "Luke denies not that Andrew was there".[19]

The Gospel of John states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, traditionally believed to be John the Apostle, to follow Jesus and spend the day with him, thus becoming the first two disciples called by Jesus.[20] Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah and hastened to introduce him to his brother.[21] For this reason the Eastern Orthodox Church honours him with the name Protokletos, which means "the first called".[7] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus.[9]

Subsequently, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to as being present on some important occasions as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.[a] Andrew told Jesus about the boy with the loaves and fishes,[7] and when certain Greeks went to see Jesus, they came to Philip, but Philip then had recourse to Andrew.[22] Andrew was present at the Last Supper. Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to ask about the signs of Jesus' return at the "end of the age".[23]

### After Jesus

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Eusebius in his Church History 3.1 (4th century) quoted Origen (c. 185 – c. 253) as saying that Andrew preached in Scythia. According to the 12th-century Primary Chronicle, Andrew visited Scythia and Greek colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea before making his way to Chersonesus in Crimea.[24] According to the legend, attributed to Nestor the Chronicler, Andrew reached the future capital of Kievan Rus' and foretold the foundation of a great Christian city with many churches.[24] Then, "he came to the [land of the] Slovenians where Novgorod now [stands]" and observed the locals, before eventually arriving in Rome.[24]

According to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. According to tradition, he founded the see of Byzantium (later Constantinople) in 38 AD, installing Stachys as bishop. This diocese became the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople under Anatolius, in 451. Andrew, along with Stachys, is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate.[25] Basil of Seleucia (5th century) also knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea.[26]

#### Martyrdom

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The crucifixion of Andrew the Apostle, miniature from the Menologion of Basil II

Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of Patras (Patræ) in Achaea, in AD 60.[23] Early texts, such as the Acts of Andrew known to Gregory of Tours[27] (6th century), describe Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; yet a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known as a "Saint Andrew's Cross" — supposedly at his own request, as he deemed himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.[b] The iconography of the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him bound to an X-shaped cross — does not appear to have been standardized until the later Middle Ages.[28][c]

## The Acts of Andrew

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Main article: Acts of Andrew

The apocryphal Acts of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius, Epiphanius of Salamis, and others, is among a disparate group of Acts of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus, but it shows several signs of a mid-2nd-century origin.[29] It describes the supposed travels of the title character, the miracles he performed during them, and finally a description of his martyrdom. Eusebius knew the work, which he dismissed as the product of a heretic and absurd.[30] The Acts, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in the Decretum Gelasianum connected with the name of Pope Gelasius I. Dennis MacDonald posits the theory that the non-canonical Acts of Andrew was a Christian retelling of Homer's Odyssey.[31]

## Relics

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Cathedral of Saint Andrew, Patras, where Saint Andrew's relics are kept Statue of Andrew in the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran by Camillo Rusconi (1713–1715)

Relics alleged to be those of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Cathedral of Saint Andrew, Patras, Greece; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi and in Sarzana Cathedral[2] in Sarzana, Italy; St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland;[21] and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland. There are also numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world.

Andrew's remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hide some of the bones. Shortly thereafter, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius II around 357 and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[32]

Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel advised him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. He set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, three fingers, and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the edge of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to Britain in 597 as part of the Augustine Mission, and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well-known collector of religious relics.[21]

The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Byzantine emperor Basil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.[33]

In 1208, following the sack of Constantinople, those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi, Italy,[34] by Cardinal Peter of Capua the Elder, a native of Amalfi. A cathedral was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew, as is the town itself, to house a tomb in its crypt where it is maintained that most of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain.

Thomas Palaiologos was the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. Thomas ruled the province of Morea, the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaiologos fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II, who had it enshrined in one of the four central piers of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican and then in Pienza, Italy.[3]

In September 1964, Pope Paul VI, as a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that the one relic of Saint Andrew held in Vatican City be returned to Patras. Cardinal Augustin Bea, head of the Vatican's Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity, led a delegation that presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September 1964.[35][36] The cross of Saint Andrew was taken from Greece during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.[37][38] It was kept in the church of St Victor in Marseille[39] until it returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus by a Catholic delegation led by Cardinal Roger Etchegaray. All the relics, which consist of the small finger, the skull (part of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cross on which he was martyred, have been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, his feast day.

In 2006, the Catholic Church, again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church another relic of Saint Andrew.[40]

## Liturgical commemoration

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### Eastern Orthodoxy

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The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates the Apostle Andrew on several days throughout the Church Calendar. Fixed days of commemoration include:

* 20 June - The Translation of the Relics of the Apostles Andrew, Thomas, and Luke; the Prophet Elisha; and the Martyr Lazarus;[41][42]
* 30 June - The Twelve Apostles;[43]
* 26 September - The Translation of the skull of Andrew in 1964;[44]
* 30 November - Primary Feast Day.[45]

There are also days which are movable:

* The Sunday before 30 November - Synaxis of the Saints of Achaea;[46]
* The Sunday of the Samaritan Woman - Synaxis of the all the Holy Fathers, Archbishops, and Patriarchs of Constantinople.[47]

### Catholic Church

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The Roman Catholic Church commemorates Andrew on 30 November.[48]

## Traditions and legends

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### Georgia

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A 13th-century fresco depicting Saint Andrew, from Kintsvisi Monastery, Georgia

The church tradition of Georgia regards Andrew as the first preacher of Christianity in the territory of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church. This tradition derives from Byzantine sources, particularly Niketas David Paphlagon (died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew preached to the Iberians, Sauromatians, Taurians, and Scythians and to every region and city, on the Black Sea, both north and south."[49] The version was adopted by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in the Georgian Chronicles. The story of Andrew's mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Georgian church with apostolic origin and served as a defence argument to George the Hagiorite against the encroachments from the Antiochian church authorities on autocephaly of the Georgian church. Another Georgian monk, Ephraim the Minor, produced a thesis, reconciling Andrew's story with an earlier evidence of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians by Nino and explaining the necessity of the "second Christening" by Nino. The thesis was made canonical by the Georgian church council in 1103.[50][51] The Georgian Orthodox Church marks two feast days in honour of Saint Andrew, on 12 May and 13 December. The former date, dedicated to Andrew's arrival in Georgia, is a public holiday in Georgia.

### Cyprus

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Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Andrew went off course and ran aground. Upon coming ashore, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which point a spring of healing waters gushed forth. Using it, the sight of the ship's captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery, the Apostolos Andreas Monastery,[52] stood there in the 12th century, from which Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus negotiated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart. In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The main monastery of the current church dates to the 18th century.

Other pilgrimages are more recent. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years later, Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son's return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his clothes to reveal the same marks, and mother and son were thus reunited.[52]

Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος Ανδρέας) is a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew situated just south of Cape Apostolos Andreas, which is the north-easternmost point of the island of Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula. The monastery is an important site to the Cypriot Orthodox Church. It was once known as "the Lourdes of Cyprus", served not by an organized community of monks but by a changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a holy place. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

### Malta

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Niche of St. Andrew (Luqa)

St. Andrew (Maltese: Sant' Andrija) is the patron saint of Luqa. The patron saint's traditional feast (festa) is celebrated on the first Sunday of July, with the liturgical feast being celebrated on 30 November.[53] A local niche dedicated to him is found in Luqa, which is two storeys high. The first reference regards the small chapel at Luqa dedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel contained three altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was painted by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the main reason for choosing Andrew as patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar of the church was painted by Mattia Preti in 1687.

### Romania

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Main article: Saint Andrew in Romania

Further information: History of Christianity in Romania

Entrance to Saint Andrew's caves near Ion Corvin, Constanța County

Saint Andrew is the patron saint of Romania. The official stance of the Romanian Orthodox Church is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the province of Dobruja (Scythia Minor) to the Dacians who were similar to Thracians, whom he is said to have converted to Christianity. Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged until the 20th century,[54] although substantiated by the Church History of Eusebius.

According to Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 AD), Eusebius in his Church History (340 AD), and other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 and 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (c. 1260), Andrew preached in Scythia, a possible reference to Scythia Minor, corresponding to the modern-day regions of Northern Dobruja (part of Romania) and Southern Dobruja (part of Bulgaria). According to Hippolytus of Rome, Saint Andrew had also preached to the Thracians.

Although the exclusive presence in the Romanian language of Latin vocabulary for concepts of Christian faith may indicate the antiquity of Daco-Roman Christianity,[55] according to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation (preceding the Edict of Milan) is unsustainable. They take the idea to be a part of the ideology of Dacianism, which they claim to purport that the Eastern Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanian people for its entire history, aspect supposedly used for propaganda purposes during the communist era.[56] Historians such as Ioan-Aurel Pop consider Romanians to be the first to adopt Christianity among the peoples which now inhabit the territories bordering Romania,[57] conversion to Christianity until the third century (in the province of Roman Dacia, dissolved c. AD 271/275) playing a significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Romanians.

Scholar Mircea Eliade argues in favor of structural links between Zamolxism and Christianity,[58] thus suggesting a higher likelihood of early conversion. As such, if Andrew the Apostle had preached in Dobruja (in proximity to the Thracians he had also preached to) and not in Crimea as per the Russian Orthodox Church, Christianity in Romania can be considered of apostolic origin.[54][59]

Between the 4th and 6th centuries, the region of Scythia Minor played an influential role in the development of Christian theology.[d]

### Ukraine and Russia

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Further information: Christianization of Kievan Rus' § Apostolic legends

Saint Andrew's prophecy of Kiev, depicted in the Radziwiłł Chronicle

One of the foundational narratives associated with the history of Orthodoxy in Russia is found in the 12th-century Primary Chronicle, which says that the Apostle Andrew visited Scythia and Greek colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea before making his way to Chersonesus in Crimea.[24][60] According to this legend, Andrew reached the future location of the capital of Kievan Rus' and foretold the foundation of a great Christian city in Kiev (modern Kyiv) with many churches.[24] Then, "he came to the [land of the] Slovenians where Novgorod now [stands]" and observed the locals, before eventually arriving in Rome.[24] Despite the lack of historical evidence supporting this narrative, modern church historians in Russia have often incorporated this tale into their studies.[61]

### Scotland

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The Saltire (or "Saint Andrew's Cross") is the national flag of Scotland. Saint Andrew (carving c. 1500) in the National Museum of Scotland Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved Saint Andrew's cross in the left-hand wooden post was to prevent witches from flying down the chimney, in Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Hole.

Several legends claim that the relics of Andrew were brought by divine guidance from Constantinople to the place where the modern Scottish town of St Andrews stands today (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn). The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: one is among the manuscripts collected by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and willed to Louis XIV, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; the other is the Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer in the British Library, London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in the tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled from Ireland with Columba; his dates, however, are c. 573 – 600. There are good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but on the site of St Andrews.

According to legendary accounts given in 16th-century historiography, Óengus II in AD 832 led an army of Picts and Scots into battle against the Angles, led by Æthelstan, near modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian. The legend states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of battle, Óengus vowed that if granted victory he would appoint Andrew as the patron saint of Scotland. On the morning of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. Óengus and his combined force, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud phenomenon as representing the crux decussata upon which Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Andrew as the patron saint of Scotland. The white saltire set against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted as the design of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend.[62] However, there is evidence that Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Andrew's connection with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a higher-ranking patron. The 1320 Declaration of Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Apostle". Numerous parish churches in the Church of Scotland and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The former national church of the Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, was dedicated to Saint Andrew.

A local superstition uses the cross of Saint Andrew as a hex sign on the fireplaces in northern England and Scotland to prevent witches from flying down the chimney and entering the house to do mischief. By placing the Saint Andrew's cross on one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from entering through this opening. In this case, it is similar to the use of a witch ball, although the cross will actively prevent witches from entering, whereas the witch ball will passively delay or entice the witch, and perhaps entrap it.

The National Shrine of Saint Andrew is located at St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh.[63]

### Spain

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St. Andrew was the patron saint of the Dukes of Burgundy. A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross de Bourgogne was used as the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the duchy was acquired by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later as a Spanish naval flag and finally as an army battle flag up until 1843.[64] Today, it is still a part of various Spanish military insignia and forms part of the coat of arms of the king of Spain.

In Spain, Andrew is the patron of several locations: San Andrés (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), San Andrés y Sauces (La Palma), Navalmoral de la Mata (Cáceres), Éibar (Gipuzkoa), Baeza (Jaén), Pobladura de Pelayo García and Pobladura de Yuso (León), Berlangas de Roa (Burgos), Ligüerzana (Palencia), Castillo de Bayuela (Toledo), Almoradí (Alicante), Estella (Navarra), Sant Andreu de Palomar (Barcelona), Pujalt (Catalonia), Adamuz (Córdoba) and San Andrés [es] in Cameros (La Rioja).

## Legacy

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Saint Andrew the Apostle by Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century

Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and cities, including Barbados, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,[2] Pienza[3] and Amalfi in Italy, Penrith in England,[65] Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in the Philippines and Patras in Greece. He was also the patron saint of Prussia and of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He is considered the founder and the first bishop of the Church of Byzantium and is consequently the patron saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Thus, Pope Benedict XVI calls him "the Apostle of the Greek world," and since he is the brother of Saint Peter, the first bishop of Rome, their brotherhood is "symbolically expressed in the special reciprocal relations of the See of Rome and of Constantinople, which are truly Sister Churches."

The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Flag and those of some of the former colonies of the British Empire) feature Saint Andrew's saltire cross. The saltire is also the flag of Tenerife, the former flag of Galicia and the Russian Navy Ensign.[66]

The feast of Andrew is observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is a bank holiday in Scotland,[67] There are week-long celebrations in the town of St Andrews and in some other Scottish cities.

In the Catholic Church, Advent begins with First Vespers of the Sunday that falls on or closest to the feast of Saint Andrew.[68] Andrew the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 30 November.[69]

## In Islam

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The Qur'anic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament list and says that the disciples included Andrew.[70]

## In art

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* St. Andrew is traditionally portrayed with a long forked beard, a cross, and a book;
* Masaccio's 1426 "Saint Andrew" is a panel painting in tempora and gold leaf, once part of the Pisa Altarpiece It is now at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California.[71]
* Andrew appears as part of Carlo Crivelli's San Domenico Altarpiece (1476). This panel is now in the National Gallery in London;
* Hans Holbein the Younger did a pen and ink drawing (c. 1519) of the saint as a design for a stained glass window. It is in the Kunstmuseum Basel.[72]

* Andrew the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, 6th century

* Saint Andrew, Masaccio (1426)

* Polittico del 1476, S. Andrea

* St Andrew, Design for a Stained Glass Window, by Hans Holbein the Younger (c. 1519)

## Notes and references

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### Notes

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1. ^ Bible: Mark 13:3; Bible: John 6:8, Bible: 12:22; but in Acts of the Apostles there is only one mention of him. Bible: Acts 1:13
2. ^ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in Dvornik 1958
3. ^ According to Réau 1958, p. 79, St. Andrew's Cross appeared for the first time in the tenth century, but did not become an iconographic standard before the seventeenth. Calvert 1984 was unable to find a sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cross earlier than an architectural capital from Quercy, of the early twelfth century.
4. ^ Several Scythian Monks, such as Dionysius Exiguus, had been of romanized Geto-Dacian origin.

### References

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1. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, "Saint Andrew", 28 May 2019 Archived 1 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ a b c "Cattedrale di Sarzana".
3. ^ a b c Williams & Maxwell 2018, p. 300.
4. ^ "The Church before it became a Cathedral - 1571". Retrieved 19 November 2024.
5. ^ "Dukhrana – Andreas/Andrew/ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ". dukhrana.com. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
6. ^ "BBC – History – St Andrew". bbc.co.uk.
7. ^ a b c d "General Audience of 14 June 2006: Andrew, the "Protoclete" - Benedict XVI". vatican.va. "Andrew, then, was the first of the Apostles to be called to follow Jesus. Exactly for this reason the liturgy of the Byzantine Church honours him with the nickname: "Protokletos", [protoclete] which means, precisely, "the first called"."
8. ^ Apostolic Succession of the Great Church of Christ, Ecumenical Patriarchate, archived from the original on 15 December 2014, retrieved 15 December 2014
9. ^ a b c MacRory, Joseph; "Saint Andrew", The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1907, 29 November 2022  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
10. ^ Johann Peter Kirsch, (1911), St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, in Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, Robert Appleton Company.
11. ^ Turnbull, Michael T.R.B. (31 July 2009). "Saint Andrew". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
12. ^ "Butler, Alban; The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. III". Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
13. ^ Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 27.
14. ^ Bible: Matt 4:18–22
15. ^ Bible: Mark 1:16–20
16. ^ Bible: Luke 5:1–11
17. ^ Bible: Luke 5:7
18. ^ Bible: Luke 6:14
19. ^ Matthew Poole's Commentary on Luke 5, accessed 19 November 2024.
20. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: John 1:40-42 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
21. ^ a b c "National Shrine of Saint Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland". Stmaryscathedral.co.uk. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
22. ^ ""Saint Andrew", Franciscan Media". 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
23. ^ a b ""St. Andrew, Apostle"". Vatican News. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
24. ^ a b c d e f Fennell 2014, p. 20.
25. ^ "Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο".
26. ^ Ferguson 2013, p. 51.
27. ^ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821-847, translated in M. R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.
28. ^ Calvert 1984, p. 545, note 12.
29. ^ Prieur, Jean-Marc; Acta Andreae, Association pour l'étude de la littérature apocryphe chrétienne (Turnhout: Brepols), 1989.
30. ^ Church History (Book III), Chapter 25:7 and Eusebius
31. ^ "Christianizing Homer". Retrieved 30 November 2022.
32. ^ MacRory 1907.
33. ^ Christodoulou, Alexandros; "St. Andrew, Christ's First-Called Disciple", Pemptousia
34. ^ National Archives of Scotland (23 November 2011). "St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland". nas.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
35. ^ "Pope Returns a Relic of Apostle To Greeks After Five Centuries; Cardinal Bea Carries Object Venerated as St. Andrew's Skull to Port of Patras". The New York Times. 27 September 1964. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
36. ^ "Η ΤΙΜΙΑ ΚΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΚΛΗΤΟΥ". i-m-patron.gr.
37. ^ "La croix de Saint André". vexil.prov.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
38. ^ Denoël 2004.
39. ^ "Abbaye Saint-Victor de Marseille, monuments historiques en France (in French)". monumentshistoriques.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
40. ^ Relic of St. Andrew Given to Greek Orthodox Church Archived 2 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Zenit News Agency (via Zenit.org), Published: 27 February 2006.
41. ^ "June 20, 2017. + Orthodox Calendar". orthochristian.com. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
42. ^ "Αποστολική Διακονία της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος". apostoliki-diakonia.gr. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
43. ^ "Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles". www.oca.org. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
44. ^ "Synaxaristis - ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ". synaxarion.gr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
45. ^ "Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called". oca.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
46. ^ Sanidopoulos, John (28 November 2010). "Synaxis of the Achaean Saints". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
47. ^ Sanidopoulos, John (18 May 2014). "Synaxis of All our Holy Fathers, Archbishops and Patriarchs of Constantinople". Orthodox Christianity Then and Now. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
48. ^ Martyrologium Romanum (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House. 2004. p. 650.
49. ^ Peterson 1958, p. 20.
50. ^ Rapp 2003, p. 433.
51. ^ Djobadze 1976, pp. 82–83.
52. ^ a b "Apostolos Andreas Monastery, Karpaz, North Cyprus". whatson-northcyprus.com. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
53. ^ ""Feast of St. Andrew", Visit Malta, Malta Tourism Authority". Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
54. ^ a b Boia, Lucian; History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2001, p. 11 ISBN 963-9116-96-3,
55. ^ Petolescu, Constantin C. (2010). Dacia: un mileniu de istorie. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. ISBN 978-973-27-1999-2.
56. ^ Stan & Turcescu 2007, p. 48.
57. ^ Pop 1996, p. 39.
58. ^ Boia, p.152; Eliade, "Zalmoxis, The Vanishing God", in Slavic Review, Vol. 33, No. 4 (December 1974), p.807-809
59. ^ Păcurariu 2007, p. 187
60. ^ Shevzov 2012, p. 16, The history of Orthodoxy in Russia is associated with two foundational narratives. The first relates to its apostolic roots.
61. ^ Shevzov 2012, p. 16.
62. ^ Parker Lawson 1848, p. 169.
63. ^ ""Shrine to Saint Andrew", Atlas Obscura". Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
64. ^ ""The Cross of Burgundy or St. Andrew Flag (The Flag of the Viceroyalty of New Spain)", U.S. District Court, District of Puerto Rico". Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
65. ^ Jefferson, Samuel (1840). The History and Antiquities of Leath Ward - In the County of Cumberland: with Biographical Notices and Memoirs. Creative Media Partners. p. 36\. ISBN 978-1-345-71364-0. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
66. ^ "Федеральный закон от 29 декабря 2000 г. N 162-ФЗ "О знамени Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации, знамени Военно-Морского флота, знаменах иных видов Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации и знаменах других войск"". Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
67. ^ "Text of the Act, Office of Public Sector Information, National Archives". legislation.gov.uk. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
68. ^ ""Liturgical Notes for Advent", USCCB". Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
69. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
70. ^ Noegel & Wheeler 2002, p. 86.
71. ^ Rowlands, Eliot Wooldridge, Masaccio: Saint Andrew and the Pisa Altarpiece, Getty Publications, 2003, p. 1 Archived 30 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-89236-286-8
72. ^ Müller et al, Hans Holbein the Younger: The Basel Years, 1515–1532, Munich, Prestel, 2006

## See also

[edit]

* Christianity portal
* Biography portal

* The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew (disambiguation)
* Order of Saint Andrew
* Patron saints of places
* Saltire – the X-shaped cross in heraldry and vexillology
* St. Andrew's Cross (disambiguation)
* Saint Andrew's Day
* University of St Andrews — named after the Royal Burgh of St Andrews, which was named after the saint
* Saint Andrew the Apostle, patron saint archive
* Monument to Andrew the Apostle

## Bibliography

[edit]

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Andrew". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John; The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, 3rd edition, New York, Penguin Books, 1993 ISBN 0-14-051312-4
* Calvert, Judith (1984). "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross". The Art Bulletin. 66 (4): 543–555\. doi:10.1080/00043079.1984.10788208. ISSN 0004-3079.
* Denoël, Charlotte (2004). Saint André: culte et iconographie en France, Ve – XVe siècles. École Nationale des Chartes. ISBN 978-2-900791-73-8.
* Dvornik, Francis (1958). The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-88402-004-2. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Djobadze, Wachtang Z. (1976). "Materials for the Study of Georgian Monasteries in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes". Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. 372, subsidia 48. Louvain: 82–83.
* Fennell, John (14 January 2014). A History of the Russian Church to 1488. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89720-0.
* Ferguson, Everett (2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity - Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61158-2.
* MacRory, Joseph (1907). "St. Andrew (1)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
* Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
* Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon M. (2002). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-4305-9.
* Parker Lawson, John (1848). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse. H. Courtoy.
* Peterson, Peter M. (1958). Andrew, brother of Simon Peter - His history and legends. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-26579-0. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Shevzov, Vera (2012). Casiday, Augustine (ed.). The Orthodox Christian World. Routledge. pp. 15–40\. ISBN 978-0-415-45516-9.
* Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography - Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1318-9.
* Réau, Louis (1958). Iconographie de l'art chrétien [Iconography of Christian Art] (in French). Vol. III.1. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
* Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007). Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804217-4.
* Thuis, Hans (2015). Nestorkroniek - De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 304\. ISBN 978-94-6004-228-7.
* Williams, Nicola; Maxwell, Virginia (2018). Florence and Tuscany. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-78701-193-9.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Andrew.

Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article St Andrew.

* Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew translated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, from Project Gutenberg
* National Shrine to Saint Andrew in Edinburgh, Scotland
* Grimm's Saga No. 150 about Saint Andrew
* "Saint Andrew" at the Christian Iconography website
* "The Life of St. Andrew" from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend

Titles of the Great Christian Church

Preceded by

Founder

|  Bishop of Byzantium
36 - 38  | Succeeded by

Stachys the Apostle

* v
* t
* e

Twelve Apostles of Jesus

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Bartholomew
* Nathanael
* James, son of Alphaeus
* the Less
* James, son of Zebedee
* John
* Beloved
* Evangelist
* Patmos
* Judas Iscariot
* Jude Thaddaeus
* Matthew
* Philip
* Simon Peter
* Simon the Zealot
* Thomas

Later|

* Seventy disciples
* Matthias
* James, brother of Jesus
* Paul
* conversion
* Barnabas

Related|

* Commissioning of the Twelve
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* v
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* e

New Testament people

Jesus Christ|

* In Christianity
* Historical
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Gospels|

| Individuals|

* Alphaeus
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|

Multiple|

* People named James
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Groups|

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Apostles|

* Andrew
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* James, son of Alphaeus
* Less
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* John
* Evangelist
* Patmos
* "Disciple whom Jesus loved"
* Judas Iscariot
* Judas Thaddaeus
* Matthew
* Philip
* Simon Peter
* Simon the Zealot
* Thomas

Acts|

* Aeneas
* Agabus
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* Ananias son of Nedebeus
* Apollos
* Aquila
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* Blastus
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* Damaris
* Demetrius
* Dionysius
* Dorcas
* Elymas
* Egyptian
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* Eutychus
* Gamaliel
* James, brother of Jesus
* Jason
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* Lucius
* Luke
* Lydia
* Manaen
* (John) Mark
* Evangelist
* cousin of Barnabas
* Mary, mother of (John) Mark
* Matthias
* Mnason
* Nicanor
* Nicholas
* Parmenas
* Paul
* Philip
* Priscilla
* Prochorus
* Publius
* Rhoda
* Sapphira
* Sceva
* Seven Deacons
* Silas / Silvanus
* Simeon Niger
* Simon Magus
* Sopater
* Sosthenes
* Stephen
* Theudas
* Timothy
* Titus
* Trophimus
* Tychicus
* Zenas

Romans and
Herod's family|

| Gospels|

* Antipas
* Archelaus
* Herod the Great
* Herodias
* Longinus
* Philip
* Pilate
* Pilate's wife
* Quirinius
* Salome
* Tiberius

|

Acts|

* Agrippa
* Agrippa II
* Berenice
* Cornelius
* Drusilla
* Felix
* Festus
* Gallio
* Lysias
* Paullus

Epistles|

* Achaicus
* Alexander of Ephesus
* Alexander the Coppersmith
* Andronicus
* Archippus
* Aretas IV
* Artemas
* Carpus
* Claudia
* Crescens
* Demas
* Diotrephes
* Epaphras
* Epaphroditus
* Erastus
* Eunice
* Euodia and Syntyche
* Herodion
* Hymenaeus
* Jesus Justus
* Junia
* Linus
* Lois
* Mary
* Michael
* Nymphas
* Olympas
* Onesimus
* Onesiphorus
* Pudens
* Philemon
* Philetus
* Phoebe
* Quartus
* Sosipater
* Tertius
* Tryphena and Tryphosa

Revelation|

* Antipas
* Four Horsemen
* Apollyon
* Two witnesses
* Woman
* Beast
* Three Angels
* Whore of Babylon

* v
* t
* e

Saints of the Catholic Church

Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
Stages of canonization: Servant of God →  Venerable →  Blessed →  Saint

Virgin Mary|

* Mother of God (Theotokos)
* Immaculate Conception
* Perpetual virginity
* Assumption
* Marian apparition
* Titles of Mary
* Joseph (husband)

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Barnabas
* Bartholomew
* James of Alphaeus
* James the Great
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Archangels|

* Gabriel
* Michael in the Catholic Church
* Raphael

Confessors|

* Anatolius
* Anthony of Kiev
* Athanasius the Confessor
* Chariton the Confessor
* Dominic
* Edward the Confessor
* Francis of Assisi
* Francis Borgia
* Homobonus
* Lazarus Zographos
* Louis Bertrand
* Maximus the Confessor
* Michael of Synnada
* Paphnutius the Confessor
* Paul I of Constantinople
* Peter Claver
* Salonius
* Sergius of Radonezh
* Theophanes the Confessor
* Pio of Pietrelcina

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Mary of Bethany
* Mary Magdalene
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Doctors of the Church|

* Gregory the Great
* Ambrose
* Augustine of Hippo
* Jerome
* John Chrysostom
* Basil of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* John of Damascus
* Bede the Venerable
* Ephrem the Syrian
* Thomas Aquinas
* Bonaventure
* Anselm of Canterbury
* Isidore of Seville
* Peter Chrysologus
* Leo the Great
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* Teresa of Ávila
* Catherine of Siena
* Thérèse of Lisieux
* John of Ávila
* Hildegard of Bingen
* Gregory of Narek
* Irenaeus

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Church
Fathers|

* Alexander of Alexandria
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Ambrose of Milan
* Anatolius
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Augustine of Hippo
* Caesarius of Arles
* Caius
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* Clement of Alexandria
* Clement of Rome
* Cyprian of Carthage
* Cyril of Alexandria
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Damasus I
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* Desert Mothers
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* Dionysius
* Ephrem the Syrian
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* Fulgentius of Ruspe
* Gregory the Great
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Hilary of Poitiers
* Hippolytus of Rome
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Irenaeus of Lyons
* Isidore of Seville
* Jerome of Stridonium
* John Chrysostom
* John of Damascus
* Maximus the Confessor
* Melito of Sardis
* Quadratus of Athens
* Papias of Hierapolis
* Peter Chrysologus
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Theophilus of Antioch
* Victorinus of Pettau
* Vincent of Lérins
* Zephyrinus

Martyrs|

* Abda and Abdisho
* Boris and Gleb
* Charles de Foucauld
* Canadian Martyrs
* Carthusian Martyrs
* Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
* Christina of Persia
* Dominguito del Val
* Devasahayam Pillai
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
* Four Crowned Martyrs
* Gerard of Csanád
* Great Martyr
* The Holy Innocents
* Irish Martyrs
* John Fisher
* Korean Martyrs
* Lorenzo Ruiz
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* Luigi Versiglia
* Martyrology
* Martyrs of Albania
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* Martyrs of Japan
* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Martyrs of La Rioja
* Martyrs of Damascus
* Martyrs of Laos
* Martyrs of Natal
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* Martyrs of Prague
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* Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
* Martyrs of Zenta
* Maximilian Kolbe
* Óscar Romero
* Pedro Calungsod
* Perpetua and Felicity
* Peter Chanel
* Pietro Parenzo
* Philomena
* Saints of the Cristero War
* Stephen
* Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
* Titus Brandsma
* 17 Thomasian Martyrs
* Thomas Becket
* Thomas More
* Three Martyrs of Chimbote
* Ulma Family
* Uganda Martyrs
* Vietnamese Martyrs
* Valentine of Rome
* Victor and Corona
* Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia

Missionaries|

* Augustine of Canterbury
* Boniface
* Damien of Molokai
* Evermode of Ratzeburg
* Francis Xavier
* François de Laval
* Gregory the Illuminator
* Junípero Serra
* Nino of Georgia
* Patrick of Ireland
* Remigius

Patriarchs|

* Adam
* Abel
* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph
* Joseph (father of Jesus)
* David
* Noah
* Solomon
* Matriarchs

Popes|

* Adeodatus I
* Adeodatus II
* Adrian III
* Agapetus I
* Agatho
* Alexander I
* Anacletus
* Anastasius I
* Anicetus
* Anterus
* Benedict II
* Boniface I
* Boniface IV
* Caius
* Callixtus I
* Celestine I
* Celestine V
* Clement I
* Cornelius
* Damasus I
* Dionysius
* Eleuterus
* Eugene I
* Eusebius
* Eutychian
* Evaristus
* Fabian
* Felix I
* Felix III
* Felix IV
* Gelasius I
* Gregory I
* Gregory II
* Gregory III
* Gregory VII
* Hilarius
* Hormisdas
* Hyginus
* Innocent I
* John I
* John XXIII
* John Paul II
* Julius I
* Leo I
* Leo II
* Leo III
* Leo IV
* Leo IX
* Linus
* Lucius I
* Marcellinus
* Marcellus I
* Mark
* Martin I
* Miltiades
* Nicholas I
* Paschal I
* Paul I
* Paul VI
* Peter
* Pius I
* Pius V
* Pius X
* Pontian
* Sergius I
* Silverius
* Simplicius
* Siricius
* Sixtus I
* Sixtus II
* Sixtus III
* Soter
* Stephen I
* Stephen IV
* Sylvester I
* Symmachus
* Telesphorus
* Urban I
* Victor I
* Vitalian
* Zachary
* Zephyrinus
* Zosimus

Prophets|

* Agabus
* Amos
* Anna
* Baruch ben Neriah
* David
* Elijah
* Ezekiel
* Habakkuk
* Haggai
* Hosea
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Job
* Joel
* John the Baptist
* Jonah
* Judas Barsabbas
* Malachi
* Melchizedek
* Micah
* Moses
* Nahum
* Obadiah
* Samuel
* Seven Maccabees and their mother
* Simeon
* Zechariah (prophet)
* Zechariah (NT)
* Zephaniah

Virgins|

* Agatha of Sicily
* Agnes of Rome
* Angela of the Cross
* Æthelthryth
* Bernadette Soubirous
* Catherine of Bologna
* Brigid of Kildare
* Catherine Labouré
* Catherine of Siena
* Cecilia
* Clare of Assisi
* Eulalia of Mérida
* Euphemia
* Faustina Kowalska
* Faustina and Liberata of Como
* Genevieve
* Hiltrude of Liessies
* Joan of Arc
* Kateri Tekakwitha
* Lucy of Syracuse
* Maria Goretti
* María de las Maravillas de Jesús
* Narcisa de Jesús
* Patricia of Naples
* Rosalia
* Rose of Lima
* Teresa of the Andes
* Teresa of Calcutta
* Trasilla and Emiliana
* Ubaldesca Taccini
* Josephine Bakhita

See also|

* Calendar of saints
* Four Holy Marshals
* Fourteen Holy Helpers
* Martyr of charity
* Military saints
* Athleta Christi
* Miles Christianus
* Church Militant
* Seven Champions
* Venerated couples
* Virtuous pagan

* Catholic Church portal
* Saints portal

* v
* t
* e

Saints in the Coptic Church

Patriarchs|

* Abraham
* Isaac
* Jacob
* Joseph

Prophets|

* Moses
* Job
* Samuel
* David
* Hosea
* Amos
* Micah
* Joel
* Obadiah
* Jonah
* Nahum
* Noah
* Habakkuk
* Zephaniah
* Haggai
* Zechariah
* Malachi
* Isaiah
* Jeremiah
* Baruch
* Ezekiel
* Daniel
* John the Baptist

Theotokos|

* Mary, Our Lady of
* Assiut
* Belarus
* Poland
* Warraq
* Zeitoun

Seven Archangels|

* Michael
* Gabriel
* Raphael
* Suriel
* Zedekiel
* Sarathiel
* Ananiel

Apostles|

* Andrew
* Bartholomew
* James, son of Alphaeus
* James, son of Zebedee
* John
* Jude
* Matthew
* Matthias
* Paul
* Peter
* Philip
* Simon
* Thomas

Disciples|

* Apollos
* Barnabas
* Mary Magdalene
* Phoebe the Deaconess
* Philemon
* Priscilla and Aquila
* Silvanus
* Stephen
* Timothy
* Titus
* Seventy disciples

Evangelists|

* Matthew
* Mark
* Luke
* John

Martyrs|

* 21 Martyrs of Libya
* Abāmūn
* Abāmūn
* Abanoub
* Abaskhiron
* Alexandrian Martyrs
* Arianus
* Apollonia
* Barbara
* Bashnouna
* Basilides and Potamiana
* Catherine
* Chrysanthus and Daria
* Chiaffredo
* Colluthus
* Cosmas and Damian
* Cyprian and Justina
* Cyrus and John
* Dasya
* Demiana
* Dismas the Good Thief
* Dorothea
* Elias and Companions
* Epimachus
* Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius
* Felix and Regula
* Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly
* Gallicanus
* George
* George Bishop of Assiut
* George El Mozahem
* Gereon
* Hor, Besoy, and Daydara
* Holy Innocents
* Imbaba Martyrs
* Isaac of Dafra
* John of Senhout
* Kosheh Martyrs
* Malati
* Marina the Martyr
* Maspero Martyrs
* Maurice
* Memnon
* Menas
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* Philotheos
* Rais
* Sarah
* Sidhom Bishay
* Theban Legion
* Thecla
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* Theodora and Didymus
* Theodore Stratelates
* Varus
* Veronica
* Wadamoun
* Wanas

Popes|

* Mark I
* Anianus
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* Justus
* Eumenes
* Markianos
* Celadion
* Agrippinus
* Julian
* Demetrius I
* Heraclas
* Dionysius
* Theonas
* Felix of Rome
* Peter I
* Alexander I
* Athanasius I
* Peter II
* Timothy I
* Theophilus I
* Cyril I
* Dioscorus I
* Timothy II
* Peter III
* Dioscorus II
* Timothy III
* Theodosius I
* Peter IV
* Damian
* Anastasius
* Andronicus
* Benjamin I
* Agathon
* Simeon I
* Alexander II
* Theodore I
* Michael I
* John IV
* Mark II
* James
* Simeon II
* Joseph I
* Michael II
* Cosmas II
* Michael III
* Gabriel I
* Cosmas III
* Abraham
* Zacharias
* Cyril II
* Macarius II
* Matthew I
* Gabriel VII
* John XIV
* Cyril V
* Macarius III
* Cyril VI

Bishops|

* Abadiu of Antinoe
* Abraam of Faiyum
* Alexander of Jerusalem
* Amun of Scetis
* Basil of Caesarea
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Epiphanius of Cyprus
* Eusebius of Caesarea
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* Gregory of Neocaesarea
* Ignatius of Antioch
* Jacob of Nisibis
* James of Jerusalem
* John of Nikiû
* John of Jerusalem
* Karas of California
* Mikhaeil of Asyut
* Narcissus of Jerusalem
* Nicholas of Myra
* Paphnutius of Scetis
* Paphnutius of Thebes
* Polycarp of Smyrna
* Porphyrius of Gaza
* Psote of Ebsay
* Serapion of Thmuis
* Severian of Gabala
* Yousab el-Abah of Girga

Monks and nuns|

* Abdel Messih El-Makari
* Abib and Apollo
* Abraham of Farshut
* Abraham of Scetis
* Amun
* Anthony the Great
* Awgin
* Bashnouna
* Hilarion
* Horsiesius
* Hospitius
* Mother Irini
* Isaac of Nineveh
* Isidore of Pelusium
* John Climacus
* John the Dwarf
* Macarius of Alexandria
* Macarius of Egypt
* Marina the Monk
* Moses the Black
* Nilus of Sinai
* Pachomius the Great
* Pambo
* Parsoma
* Patapios
* Paul of Thebes
* Paul of Tammah
* Paul the Simple
* Petronius
* Pishoy
* Poemen
* Samuel the Confessor
* Sisoes the Great
* Tekle Haymanot
* Theodorus of Tabennese
* Theodora of Alexandria

Anchorites|

* Karas
* Mary
* Misael
* Onuphrius
* Paphnutius
* Paul
* Pijimi
* Shenouda
* Thomas
* Zosimas

Other saints|

* Ambrose
* Clement of Alexandria
* Didymus the Blind
* Euphrosyne
* Habib Girgis
* Candidus
* Simon the Tanner
* Three Holy Children
* Maximus and Domatius
* Verena

* Christianity portal
* Saints portal

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Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of Constantinople

Bishops of Byzantium
(Roman period, 38–330 AD)|

* Andrew
* Stachys
* Onesimus
* Polycarpus I
* Plutarch
* Sedecion
* Diogenes
* Eleutherius
* Felix
* Polycarpus II
* Athenodorus
* Euzois
* Laurence
* Alypius
* Pertinax
* Olympianus
* Marcus I
* Philadelphus
* Cyriacus I
* Castinus
* Eugenius I
* Titus
* Dometius
* Rufinus
* Probus
* Metrophanes
* Alexander

Archbishops of Constantinople
(Roman period, 330–451 AD)|

* Alexander
* Paul I
* Eusebius
* Macedonius I
* Eudoxius
* Evagrius
* Demophilus
* Maximus I
* Gregory I
* Nectarius
* John I Chrysostom
* Arsacius
* Atticus
* Sisinnius I
* Nestorius
* Maximianus
* Proclus
* Flavian
* Anatolius

Patriarchs of Constantinople
(Byzantine period, 451–1453 AD)|

* Anatolius
* Gennadius I
* Acacius
* Fravitta
* Euphemius
* Macedonius II
* Timothy I
* John II
* Epiphanius
* Anthimus I
* Menas
* Eutychius
* John III
* John IV
* Cyriacus II
* Thomas I
* Sergius I
* Pyrrhus
* Paul II
* Peter
* Thomas II
* John V
* Constantine I
* Theodore I
* George I
* Paul III
* Callinicus I
* Cyrus
* John VI
* Germanus I
* Anastasius
* Constantine II
* Nicetas I
* Paul IV
* Tarasius
* Nicephorus I
* Theodotus I
* Antony I
* John VII
* Methodius I
* Ignatios
* Photios I
* Stephen I
* Antony II
* Nicholas I
* Εuthymius I
* Stephen II
* Tryphon
* Theophylact
* Polyeuctus
* Βasil I
* Αntony III
* Nicholas II
* Sisinnius II
* Sergius II
* Eustathius
* Alexius
* Michael I
* Constantine III
* John VIII
* Cosmas I
* Eustratius
* Nicholas III
* John IX
* Leo
* Michael II
* Cosmas II
* Nicholas IV
* Theodotus II
* Neophytus I
* Constantine IV
* Luke
* Michael III
* Chariton
* Theodosius I
* Basil II
* Nicetas II
* Leontius
* Dositheus
* George II
* John X
* Michael IV†
* Theodore II†
* Maximus II†
* Μanuel I†
* Germanus II†
* Methodius II†
* Manuel II†
* Arsenius†
* Nicephorus II†
* Germanus III
* Joseph I
* John XI
* Gregory II
* Athanasius I
* John XII
* Nephon I
* John XIII
* Gerasimus I
* Isaias
* John XIV
* Isidore I
* Callistus I
* Philotheus
* Macarius
* Nilus
* Antony IV
* Callistus II
* Matthew I
* Euthymius II
* Joseph II
* Metrophanes II
* Gregory III
* Athanasius II

Patriarchs of Constantinople
(Ottoman period, 1453–1923 AD)|

* Gennadius II
* Isidore II
* Joasaph I
* Sophronius I
* Mark II
* Symeon I
* Dionysius I
* Raphael I
* Maximus III
* Nephon II
* Maximus IV
* Joachim I
* Pachomius I
* Theoleptus I
* Jeremias I
* Joannicius I
* Dionysius II
* Joasaph II
* Metrophanes III
* Jeremias II
* Pachomius II
* Theoleptus II
* Matthew II
* Gabriel I
* Theophanes I
* Meletius I
* Neophytus II
* Raphael II
* Cyril I
* Timothy II
* Gregory IV
* Anthimus II
* Cyril II
* Athanasius III
* Neophytus III
* Parthenius I
* Parthenius II
* Joannicius II
* Cyril III
* Paisius I
* Parthenius III
* Gabriel II
* Parthenius IV
* Dionysius III
* Clement
* Methodius III
* Dionysius IV
* Gerasimus II
* Athanasius IV
* James
* Callinicus II
* Neophytus IV
* Gabriel III
* Neophytus V
* Cyprianus
* Athanasius V
* Cyril IV
* Cosmas III
* Jeremias III
* (Callinicus III)
* Paisius II
* Seraphim I
* Neophytus VI
* Cyril V
* Callinicus IV (III)
* Seraphim II
* Joannicius III
* Samuel
* Meletius II
* Theodosius II
* Sophronius II
* Gabriel IV
* Procopius
* Neophytus VII
* Gerasimus III
* Gregory V
* Callinicus V (IV)
* Jeremias IV
* Cyril VI
* Eugenius II
* Anthimus III
* Chrysanthus
* Agathangelus
* Constantius I
* Constantius II
* Gregory VI
* Anthimus IV
* Anthimus V
* Germanus IV
* Meletius III
* Anthimus VI
* Cyril VII
* Joachim II
* Sophronius III
* Joachim III
* Joachim IV
* Dionysius V
* Neophytus VIII
* Anthimus VII
* Constantine V
* Germanus V
* Meletius IV

Patriarchs of Constantinople
(Turkish period, since 1923 AD)|

* Gregory VII
* Constantine VI
* Basil III
* Photius II
* Benjamin
* Maximus V
* Athenagoras
* Demetrius
* Bartholomew

* † in exile at Nicaea
* Christianity portal

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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* WorldCat

National|

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People|

* Deutsche Biographie
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