Anglo-Indian people

Ethnic group or cultural group identification

This article is about a mixed-race community. For Indian people of British origin, see Britons in India. For British people of Indian origin, see British Indians. For other uses, see British Indian (disambiguation).

"Anglo-Indian" redirects here. For other uses, see Anglo-Indian (disambiguation).

Ethnic group

Anglo-Indians

British Raj era Anglo-Indian mother and daughter, c. 1920

Total population
150,000[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
India|

* 300,000-400,000 (1996)[3]
* 125,000-150,000 (2023)[4][5]

United Kingdom| 86,000[6]
Australia| 22,000
Canada| 22,000
Bangladesh| 20,000[7]
United States| 20,000
Myanmar| 19,200[8]
New Zealand| 15,861
Malaysia| 10,310
Singapore| 4,800
Pakistan| <1,500[9]
Languages
English (British * Indian)
Hindustani (Hindi * Urdu)
Many other Indian languages
Religion
Majority:
Christianity (Protestant * Catholic)
Minority:
Hinduism * Islam * Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
Anglo-Burmese, Scottish-Indians, Irish Indians, Burghers, Kristang people, Indo people, Singaporean Eurasians, Macanese people, Indo-Aryan people, Dravidian people, British people, Indian diaspora

Anglo-Indian people are a distinct minority community of mixed-race British and Indian ancestry. During the colonial period, their ancestry was defined as British paternal and Indian maternal heritage; post-independence, "Anglo-Indian" has also encompassed other European and Indian ancestries. Anglo-Indians' first language is usually English.[10][11][12] Prior to 1911, various designations like "Eurasian" or "Indo-Briton" were used to describe this community.

The All India Anglo-Indian Association, founded in 1926, has long represented the interests of this ethnic group; it holds that Anglo-Indians are unique in that they are Christians, speak English as their mother tongue, and have a historical link to both the British Isles and the Indian sub-continent.[13]

During the period of British rule in India, children born to unions between British fathers and Indian mothers from the 17th century onwards formed the basis of the Anglo-Indian community. This new ethnic group formed a small yet significant portion of the population and became well represented in certain administrative roles. As Anglo-Indians were mostly isolated from both British and Indian society, their documented numbers dwindled from roughly 300,000 at the time of independence in 1947 to about 125,000–150,000 in modern day India. During much of the time that Britain ruled India (the Raj), British-Indian relationships faced stigma, which meant that the ethnicity of some Anglo-Indians was undocumented or identified incorrectly. As such, many have adapted to local communities in India or emigrated to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, South Africa and New Zealand.

Similar communities can also be seen in other parts of the world, although in smaller numbers, such as Anglo-Burmese in Myanmar and Burghers in Sri Lanka.[14]

## Demographics

[edit]

Anglo-Indian Population in India from 1951 to 2011[15] [16] [17] [18] Year | Population

|

1951 | 296,364
1961 | 227,267
1971 | 173,128
1981 | 145,340
1991 | 106,270
2001 | 78,512
2011 | 56,394

In 2023, Clive Van Buerle of the All-India Anglo-Indian Association governing body estimated based on membership that there were approximately 350,000-400,000 Anglo-Indians in India.[19]

## History

[edit]

The first use of "Anglo-Indian" was to describe all Britons who lived in India. People of mixed British and Indian descent were referred to as "Eurasians". Terminology has changed and the latter group are now called "Anglo-Indians".[20] The community originated soon after 1639 when the British East India Company established a settlement in Madras. The community identified itself with and was accepted by the British until 1791, when Anglo-Indians were excluded from positions of authority in the civil, military and marine services in the East India Company. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, Anglo-Indians sided with the British and consequently received favoured treatment from the British government in preference to other Indians, serving in large numbers in the strategic services of the railways, the postal and telegraph services, and customs. In 1919, the Anglo-Indian community was given one reserved seat in the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. The English-speaking Anglo-Indians identified themselves with the British against the nationalist Congress Party.

### Creation

[edit]

During the East India Company's rule in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was common for British officers and soldiers to take local wives and start families, owing to an initial lack of British women in India.[21][22] Looking at the records of wills from the early 1780s, a third of all British men in India named their Indian wives and children as their inheritors. By the mid-19th century, there were around 40,000 British soldiers, but fewer than 2,000 British officials present in India but by then the Suez Canal was opened and many British women came to India in quick transit.[23]

Before the British Raj, the Company, with some reluctance, endorsed a policy of local marriage for its soldiers. The board of directors wrote in 1688 to its Council at Fort St. George: "Induce by all meanes you can invent our Souldiers (sic) to marry with the Native women, because it will be impossible to get ordinary young women, as we have before directed, to pay their own passages, although Gentlewomen sufficient do offer themselves." Until 1741, a special payment was made to each soldier who had his child baptised as a Protestant. The concern in London was that if the soldiers at Fort St. George lived with or married the many Portuguese women there the children would be brought up as Roman Catholics rather than Protestants. The Company's officials on the ground were less worried about the religious issue, but more concerned that soldiers should be married "to prevent wickedness". Married soldiers with family ties were thought more likely to be better behaved than bachelors.

The British military population in India grew rapidly from a few hundred soldiers in the mid-18th century to 18,000 in the Royal and Company armies of 1790. During this time the records of cohabitation and last testaments show that at least a third of all British men in India married an Indian woman or left their inheritance to their Anglo-Indian children. There were also many second generation British officers who were born and raised in India, such as Lieutenant-Colonel James Kirkpatrick who was born in Madras in 1764, wore Mughal style clothing, and spoke Tamil as a first language.[24] Left with a strong affinity for the cultural practices of their childhood homeland, many although nominally Christian would adopt local Hindu and Muslim customs such as shunning pork, beef, and even becoming vegetarians. Kirkpatrick would even go on to converting to Islam in order to marry a Sayyida noblewoman named Khair-un-Nissa in 1800, having two children together, and assimilating into the Hyderabadi elite. Other officials such as William Fraser would similarly assimilate themselves into local Indian culture, even patronizing artists and poets such as Ghalib, and going on to have dozens of children with many women, both Hindu and Muslim. Notable children of these unions such as James Skinner, also named Sikandar Sahib, the son of a Scottish Company officer and an Indian noblewoman of the Bhojpur region, would go on to serve prominent roles in the Maratha Army and later Bengal Army where he raised his own regiment called Skinner's Horse.[24]

Many children were born to unofficial partnerships: 54% of the children baptised at St. John's, Calcutta between 1767 and 1782 were Anglo-Indian and illegitimate.[citation needed] British women of good social standing were scarce; in 1785 surgeon John Stewart wrote to his brother from Cawnpore: "Many of the women here are mere adventuresses from Milliners shops on Ludgate Hill and some even from Covent Garden and Old Drury [well known areas of prostitution in late 18th century London]. They possess neither sentiment nor education, and are so intoxicated by their sudden elevation, that a sensible man can only regard them with indignation and outrage."

The reforming zeal of Governor-General Lord Cornwallis had ensured that by the 1780s, the opportunities for Company servants to make a fortune through trade had gone forever. Most had to live on their Company salaries and few could afford to support a wife. Company officers were paid less than their counterparts in the British Army and promotion might take twice as long, perhaps 25 years to reach the rank of Major in the Company compared to between 12 and 17 years in the Royal Army; and in the Bengal Army in 1784, there were only four Colonels amongst 931 officers. Few young officers in either army managed to avoid debt. It might have cost approximately £50 a year (Rs 24 to Rs 40 a month) to provide for the wants of an Indian companion and her attendants, compared with £600 to support a British wife with any degree of public style. 83 of 217 wills in Bengal between 1780 and 1785 contained bequests either to Indian companions or their natural children, who were the offspring of high and low in British society, and gentlemen of wealth often left substantial bequests and annuities to their Indian partners and children. When Major Thomas Naylor in 1782 bequeathed to his companion Muckmul Patna Rs 4000, a bungalow and a garden at Berhampore, a hackery, bullocks, her jewels, clothes, and all their male and female slaves, he treated her as he might a wife. Where they could, gentlemen sent their Anglo-Indian daughters to the ladies' seminaries in Presidency towns and to England to be 'finished'; and when they returned, they were married off to fellow officers. Some daughters of senior officers became substantial heiresses whose wealth was a marked marital attraction, but many more daughters of impoverished officers, raised in military orphanages after the deaths of their fathers, hoped only to find a suitable husband at the monthly public dances. Save in very few cases, when British men returned home, the Indian companion and any children stayed in India: British soldiers were not permitted to bring them, and many officers and civil servants feared the social and cultural consequences.[25]

### Neglect

[edit]

Originally, under Regulation VIII of 1813, Anglo-Indians were excluded from the British legal system and in Bengal became subject to the rule of Islamic law outside Calcutta, and yet found themselves without any caste or status amongst those who were to judge them. This coincided with the Company officially allowing Christian missionaries into India; and evangelical organisations and popular writers of the time like Mary Sherwood routinely blamed the alleged moral shortcomings or personality defects of the growing Anglo-Indian population upon the Indian mother rather than the European father. There was growing disapproval of marriages amongst the Company elite and Anglo-Indian women. The public dances for the female wards of the Upper Military Academy, Calcutta, which had been attended so eagerly fifty years earlier had been discontinued by the 1830s. Public argument against marriages to Indian and Anglo-Indian women skirted the question of race and focused on their social consequences: they did not mix well in British society, lacked education, were reluctant to leave India when their men retired, and - probably most important of all - would handicap the career of an ambitious husband. By 1830, the proportion of illegitimate births registered in the Bengal Presidency had fallen to 10%, and British wills in Bengal in 1830-2 record less than one in four bequests to Indian women and their children compared with almost two in five fifty years earlier. For all the social disapproval, however, officers and Company servants continued to marry Anglo-Indian girls, and it was thought that in Calcutta alone there were more than 500 marriageable Anglo-Indian girls in the 1820s, compared to 250 Englishwomen in the whole of Bengal.[26]

In 1821, a pamphlet entitled "Thoughts on how to better the condition of Indo-Britons" by a "Practical Reformer", was written to promote the removal of prejudices existing in the minds of young Eurasians against engaging in trades. This was followed up by another pamphlet, entitled "An Appeal on behalf of Indo-Britons". Prominent Eurasians in Calcutta formed the "East Indian Committee" with a view to send a petition to the British parliament for the redress of their grievances. John William Ricketts, a pioneer in the Eurasian cause, volunteered to proceed to England. His mission was successful, and on his return to India, by way of Madras, he received a standing ovation from his countrymen in that presidency; and was afterwards warmly welcomed in Calcutta, where a report of his mission was read at a public meeting held in the Calcutta Town Hall. In April 1834, in obedience to an Act of Parliament passed in August 1833, the Indian government was forced to grant government jobs to Anglo-Indians.[27]

As British women began arriving in India in large numbers around the early to mid-19th century, mostly as family members of officers and soldiers, British men became less likely to marry Indian women. Intermarriage declined after the events of the Rebellion of 1857,[28] after which several anti-miscegenation laws were implemented.[29][30] As a result, Eurasians were neglected by both the British and Indian populations in India.

### Consolidation

[edit]

Over generations, Anglo-Indians intermarried with other Anglo-Indians to form a community that developed a culture of its own. Their cuisine, dress, speech (use of English as their mother tongue), and religion (Christianity) all served to further separate them from the native population. A number of factors fostered a strong sense of community among Anglo-Indians. Their English language school system, their strongly Anglo-influenced culture, and their Christian beliefs in particular helped bind them together.[27]

They formed social clubs and associations to run functions, including regular dances on occasions such as Christmas and Easter.[31] Indeed, their Christmas balls, held in most major cities, still form a distinctive part of Indian Christian culture.[32]

Over time Anglo-Indians were specifically recruited into the Customs and Excise, Post and Telegraphs, Forestry Department, the railways and teaching professions – but they were employed in many other fields as well.

The Anglo-Indian community also had a role as go-betweens in the introduction of Western musical styles, harmonies and instruments in post-Independence India. During the colonial era, genres including ragtime and jazz were played by bands for the social elites, and these bands often contained Anglo-Indian members.[33]

### Independence and choices

[edit]

A male Anglo-Indian being washed, dressed and attended.

Around the time of the Indian independence movement, the All-India Anglo-Indian Association was opposed to the partition of India; its then president Frank Anthony criticized the colonial authorities for "racial discrimination in matters of pay and allowances, and for failing to acknowledge the sterling military and civil contributions made by Anglo-Indians to the Raj".[34][35]

Their position at the time of independence of India was difficult. Given their English ancestry, many felt a loyalty to a British "home" that most had never seen and where they would gain little social acceptance. Bhowani Junction touches on the identity crisis faced by the Anglo-Indian community during the independence movement of the 20th century. They felt insecure in an India that put a premium on participation in the independence movement as a prerequisite for important government positions.

Many Anglo-Indians left the country in 1947, hoping to make a new life in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in the British Commonwealth, such as Australia or Canada. The exodus continued through the 1950s and 1960s and by the late 1990s most had left with many of the remaining Anglo-Indians still aspiring to leave.[36]

Like the Parsi community, the Anglo-Indians were essentially urban dwellers. Unlike the Parsis, the mass migrations saw more of the better educated and financially secure Anglo-Indians depart for other Commonwealth nations.[31]

### 21st century cultural resurgence

[edit]

There has been a resurgence in celebrating Anglo-Indian culture in the twenty-first century, in the form of International Anglo-Indian Reunions and in publishing books. There have been nine reunions, with the latest being held in 2015 in Kolkata.

Several narratives and novels have been published recently. The Leopard's Call: An Anglo-Indian Love Story (2005) by Reginald Shires, tells of the life of two teachers at the small Bengali town of Falakata, down from Bhutan; At the Age for Love: A Novel of Bangalore during World War II (2006) is by the same author. In the Shadow of Crows (2009)[37] by David Charles Manners, is the critically acclaimed true account of a young Englishman's unexpected discovery of his Anglo-Indian relations in the Darjeeling district. The Hammarskjold Killing (2007) by William Higham, is a novel in which a London-born Anglo-Indian heroine is caught up in a terrorist crisis in Sri Lanka. Keith St Clair Butler wrote 'The Secret Vindaloo' (2014, reprint 2016) which used the signature dish of Vindaloo as a deep metaphor for the explorations of his family and community. The book received critical acclaim[38] The narrative received grants from The Literature Board of Australia and The Victorian Premier's Department of the Arts.

## Christian religious practice

[edit]

Anglo-Indians are adherents of Christianity.[39] Along with their British heritage and English language, the Christian religious faith of Anglo-Indians is one of the things that distinguishes them from other ethnic groups.[40] As such, Anglo-Indians have "been well-represented in all tiers of the churches, from cardinals, archbishops, bishops, priests and ministers, and fill a number of educational roles."[39]

## Present communities

[edit]

India constitutionally guarantees the rights of communities and religious and linguistic minorities, and thus permits Anglo-Indians to maintain their own schools and to use English as the medium of instruction. In order to encourage the integration of the community into the larger society, the government stipulates that a certain percentage of the student body come from other Indian communities.Some of the Anglo Indians were Frank Anthony and S.H. Prater[citation needed]

In a 2013 BBC News feature on Anglo-Indians, journalist Kris Griffiths wrote: "It has been noted in recent years that the number of Anglo-Indians who have succeeded in certain fields is remarkably disproportionate to the community's size. For example, in the music industry there are Engelbert Humperdinck (born Madras), Peter Sarstedt (Delhi) and Cliff Richard (Lucknow). The looser definition of Anglo-Indian (any mixed British-Indian parentage) encompasses the likes of cricketer Nasser Hussain, footballer Michael Chopra and actor Ben Kingsley."[41]

Air Vice-Marshal Maurice Barker was India's first Anglo-Indian Air Marshal. At least seven other Anglo-Indians subsequently reached that post, a notable achievement for a small community. A number of others have been decorated for military achievements. Air Marshal Malcolm Wollen is often considered the man who won India's 1971 war fighting alongside Bangladesh.[42] Anglo-Indians made similarly significant contributions to the Indian Navy and Army.[43]

One of the most respected matriculation qualifications in India, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, was started and built by some of the community's best known educationalists, including Frank Anthony, who served as its president, and A.E.T. Barrow, its secretary for the better part of half a century. Most Anglo-Indians, even those without much formal education, find that gaining employment in schools is fairly easy because of their fluency in English.

Norman Pritchard became India's first ever Olympic medallist, winning two silver medals at the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, France. In cricket Roger Binny was the leading wicket-taker during the Indian cricket team's 1983 World Cup triumph. Wilson Jones was India's first ever World Professional Billiards Champion.

Today, there are estimated to be 350,000-400,000 Anglo-Indians living in India,[19] most of whom are based in the cities of Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Ratlam, Kochi, Pune, Kollam,[44] Secunderabad, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Kolar Gold Fields, Kanpur, Lucknow, Agra, Varanasi, Madurai, Coimbatore, Pothanur, Tiruchirapalli, The Nilgiris, and a few in Hospet and Hatti Gold Mines. Anglo-Indians also live in the towns of Alappuzha, Kozhikode, Cannanore (Kannur) in the South Indian state of Kerala also at Goa and Pondicherry and in some towns of Bihar such as Jamalpur, McCluskieganj and in Uttarakhand such as Dehradun, Jharkhand such as Ranchi, Dhanbad and West Bengal such as Asansol, Kharagpur, Kalimpong. A significant number of this population resides in Odisha's Khurda and some in Cuttack. However, the Anglo-Indian population has dwindled over the years with most people migrating abroad or to other parts of the country.[8] Tangasseri in Kollam city is the only place in Kerala State where Anglo-Indian tradition is maintained. However, almost all the colonial structures there have disappeared, except the Tangasseri Lighthouse built by the British in 1902.[45]

Most of the Anglo-Indians overseas are concentrated in Britain, Australia, Canada, United States, and New Zealand, while some have settled in European countries like Switzerland, Germany, and France. According to the Anglo-Indians who have settled in Australia, integration for the most part has not been difficult.[46] The community in Burma frequently intermarried with the local Anglo-Burmese community but both communities suffered from adverse discrimination since Burma's military took over the government in 1962, with most having now left the country to settle overseas.

## Political status

[edit]

Main article: Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha

Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution defines Anglo-Indian as:[47][48]

> (2) an Anglo Indian means a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only;

Between 1952 and 2020, the Anglo-Indian community was the only community in India that had its own representatives nominated to the Lok Sabha (lower house) in Parliament of India. These two members were nominated by the President of India on the advice of the Government of India. This right was secured from Jawaharlal Nehru by Frank Anthony, the first and longtime president of the All India Anglo-Indian Association. The community was represented by two members. This was done because the community had no native state of its own.

Fourteen states out of twenty-eight states in India; Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal also had a nominated Anglo-Indian member each in their respective State Legislative Assemblies.

In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State Legislatures of India were basically abolished by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019, but this provision was extended to 2030.[49][50]

## Other populations

[edit]

Anglo-Indian often only represents Indians mixed with British ancestry during the British Raj.[51] There are many mixed Indians from other European countries during the colonial era. For example, the definition rarely embraces the descendants of the Indians from the old Portuguese colonies of both the Coromandel and Malabar Coasts, who joined the East India Company as mercenaries and brought their families with them.[52] The definition has many extensions, for example, Luso-Indian (mixed Portuguese and Indian) of Goa and Kochi, people of Indo-French descent, and Indo-Dutch descent.

Indians have encountered Europeans since their earliest civilization. They have been a continuous element in the sub-continent. Their presence is not to be considered Anglo-Indian. Similarly, Indians who mixed with Europeans after the British Raj are also not to be considered Anglo-Indian.[9][53]

### Britons in the British East Indies and British India

[edit]

Historically, the term Anglo-Indian was also used in common parlance in the British Government and England during the colonial era to refer to those people (such as Rudyard Kipling, or the hunter-naturalist Jim Corbett), who were of British descent but were born and raised in India, usually because their parents were serving in armed forces or one of the British-run administrations, such as its main government;[31] "Anglo-Indian", in this sense, was a geographically-specific subset of overseas or non-domiciled British.

## Population in other countries

[edit]

### Bangladesh

[edit]

There is a significant population of Anglo-Indians in Bangladesh.[54] Anglo-Indians have been present in Bangladesh since the colonial period. Their population decreased to 4,000 in 1947 during the Partition of India. Most of them migrated to the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. In 1970, however, almost 9,000 Anglo-Indians had come from India. During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, almost 1,500 Anglo-Indians died. After the independence of Bangladesh, during 1974–1976 almost 2,800 Anglo-Indians arrived in Bangladesh from India. In 1980, there were 3,750 reported births of Anglo-Indian children in Bangladesh. By 1993, there were 10,371 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh. The Anglo-Indian population in the country reached 20,000 in 2016.[55]

## List of Anglo-Indians

[edit]

Main page: Category:Anglo-Indian people

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* United Kingdom portal
* Asia portal

### Similar communities

[edit]

* Anglo-Burmese
* Luk khrueng
* Hāfu
* From the Dutch Empire
* Burgher people, similar group in Sri Lanka
* Indo people, similar group in the Dutch East Indies
* Coloureds and Indian South Africans, similar group in present day South Africa
* From the Spanish Empire
* Spanish Filipino, similar group in Spanish East Indies
* Mestizo in Latin America
* From the Portuguese Empire:
* Luso-Asians
* Luso-Indians
* Macanese people
* Kristang people in Malacca, Malaysia
* Bayingyi people in Myanmar (Burma)
* From the French Empire:
* Métis in Canada
* Louisiana Creole people

### Ethnic groups in Britain

[edit]

* British Asian
* British Indian
* British Pakistanis
* British Bangladeshis
* British Mixed-Race

### Related topics

[edit]

* Families In British India Society (FIBIS)
* Christianity in India
* Indian diaspora

### Other

[edit]

* India–United Kingdom relations
* Romani people in the United Kingdom

### Further reading

[edit]

* Sanyal, Tushar Kanti. (2007). Anglo-Indians of Kolkata : a study of their social alienation. Kolkata: Prova Prakashani. ISBN 8186964924
* Sen, Sudarshana. (2017). Anglo-Indian women in transition: pride, prejudice and predicament. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9811046549
* Andrews, Robyn & Raj, Merin Simi. (2021). Anglo-Indian identity: past and present, in India and the diaspora. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 3030644588
* https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/how-the-anglo-indian-community-created-two-no-1-hockey-teams/articleshow/53690148.cms
* https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/indian-hand-in-australia-s-hockey-success-93458

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Andrews, Robyn & Raj, Merin Simi. (2021). Anglo-Indian identity: past and present, in India and the diaspora. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
2. ^ "Anglo-Indians in India". 16 October 2023.
3. ^ Lobo, Ann (1996). "Anglo-Indian Schools and Anglo-Indian Educational Disadvantage, Part 2". International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies. 1 (2).
4. ^ "Anglo-Indians in India". Minority Rights Group. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
5. ^ Andrews, Robyn & Raj, Merin Simi. (2021). Anglo-Indian identity: past and present, in India and the diaspora. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
6. ^ Blair Williams, Anglo Indians, CTR, 2002, p.189
7. ^ Anton Williams, Jake Peterson, Alexsander Stevenova, Jennifer Michealson's New Survey (2016) of Bangladesh Population Research: "There are almost 20,000 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh." (The Natives of India) The Comparative Studies about Bangladesh.
8. ^ a b Wright, Roy Dean; Wright, Susan W. "The Anglo-Indian Community in Contemporary India" (PDF). Midwest Quarterly. XII (Winter, 1971): 175–185. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
9. ^ a b Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (2): 303–314 [305], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007
10. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989)
11. ^ "Anglo-Indian", Dictionary.com.
12. ^ "Anglo-Indian". Oxford Dictionary Online. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
13. ^ Andrews, Robyn (2013). Christmas in Calcutta: Anglo-Indian Stories and Essays. SAGE Publishing India. ISBN 978-81-321-1814-5.
14. ^ Ferdinands, Rodney (1995). Proud & Prejudiced: the story of the Burghers of Sri Lanka (PDF). Melbourne: R. Ferdinands. pp. 2–32\. ISBN 0-646-25592-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2015.
15. ^ "Census of India 2011 – Official Website". Census India. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
16. ^ Rao, M.S.A. "Anglo-Indian Communities and their Social Assimilation in India", 2003.
17. ^ Fernandes, Clifford. "The Anglo-Indian Experience: From Colonial to Post-Colonial India", 1995.
18. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe. "The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Overview", 2002.
19. ^ a b "The young Anglo-Indians retracing their European roots". BBC News. 20 February 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
20. ^ "Eurasian". Dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
21. ^ Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006), Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857, Orient Blackswan, pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, ISBN 81-7824-154-4
22. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2): 303–314 [304–5], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007, S2CID 146613125
23. ^ Fisher, Michael H. (2007), "Excluding and Including "Natives of India": Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain", Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 27 (2): 303–314 [305], doi:10.1215/1089201x-2007-007, S2CID 146613125
24. ^ a b William., Dalrymple (2011), White Mughals : love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India, CNIB, ISBN 978-0-616-60849-4, OCLC 1012165963
25. ^ Hawes, Christopher (1996). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India 1773-1833. Curzon Press. pp. 3–11\. ISBN 0-7007-0425-6.
26. ^ Hawes, Christopher (1996). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India 1773-1833. Curzon Press. pp. 15–19\. ISBN 0-7007-0425-6.
27. ^ a b Maher, James, Reginald. (2007). These Are The Anglo Indians . London: Simon Wallenberg Press. (An Anglo Indian Heritage Book)
28. ^ Beckman, Karen Redrobe (2003), Vanishing Women: Magic, Film, and Feminism, Duke University Press, pp. 31–3, ISBN 0-8223-3074-1
29. ^ Kent, Eliza F. (2004), Converting Women, Oxford University Press US, pp. 85–6, ISBN 0-19-516507-1
30. ^ Kaul, Suvir (1996), "Review Essay: Colonial Figures and Postcolonial Reading", Diacritics, 26 (1): 74–89 [83–9], doi:10.1353/dia.1996.0005, S2CID 144798987
31. ^ a b c Stark, Herbert Alick. Hostages To India: OR The Life Story of the Anglo Indian Race. Third Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press: Vol 2: Anglo Indian Heritage Books
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33. ^ "Jazz and race in colonial India: The role of Anglo-Indian musicians in the diffusion of jazz in Calcutta : Dorin : Jazz Research Journal". Equinoxpub.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
34. ^ Frank Anthony (1969). Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo-Indian Community. Allied Publishers. p. 157.
35. ^ Mansingh, Surjit (2006). Historical Dictionary of India. Scarecrow Press. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-8108-6502-0. "Anthony was vocally critical of the British Raj in India for its racial discrimination in matters of pay and allowances, and for failing to acknowledge the sterling military and civil contributions made by Anglo-Indians to the Raj. Anthony vociferously opposed Partition and fought for the best interests of his community as Indians, not Britishers."
36. ^ Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press, 2007 Pages 144–146, 92.
37. ^ David Charles Manners. "In the Shadow of Crows". Signal Books. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
38. ^ "Review of Keith St Clair Butler, the Secret Vindaloo TEXT Vol 19 No 1".
39. ^ a b Andrews, Robyn (2013). Christmas in Calcutta: Anglo-Indian Stories and Essays. SAGE Publications India. pp. 67–68, 76. ISBN 978-81-321-1881-7. "...that 'all Anglo-Indians are Christian, but not all Christians are Anglo-Indians'."
40. ^ Ratti, Manav (2013). The Postsecular Imagination: Postcolonialism, Religion, and Literature. Routledge. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-135-09689-2. "The Anglo-Indian community in India insists on its minority identity: its biological connection to the British, English as its native language, and its Christian faith."
41. ^ Griffiths, Kris (4 January 2013). "Anglo-Indians: Is their culture dying out?". BBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
42. ^ "Anglo-Indians in the Indian Air Force". Sumgenius.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
43. ^ Anthony, Frank. Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story of the Anglo Indian Community. Second Edition. London: The Simon Wallenberg Press.
44. ^ "In Kerala Anglo-Indians are 100,000 strong, not minuscule 124!". Onmanorama. On Manorama. 13 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
45. ^ "Death knell for Buckingham canal at Thangasseri". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
46. ^ The Anglo-Indian Australian Story: My Experience, Zelma Phillips 2004
47. ^ "Treaty Bodies Database – Document – State Party Report" United Nations Human Rights Website. 29 April 1996.
48. ^ "Article 366(2) in The Constitution of India 1949". Retrieved 15 August 2012.
49. ^ "Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan". www.livelaw.in. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
50. ^ "Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term". www.elections.in.
51. ^ "Anglo-Indian | People, Language, Food | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
52. ^ See Stark, op. cit.
53. ^ Dover, Cedric. Cimmerii or Eurasians and Their Future: An Anglo Indian Heritage Book. London: Simon Wallenberg Press, 2007. Pages 62–63
54. ^ Anton Williams, Jake Peterson, Alexsander Stevenova, Jennifer Michealson's New Survey(2016) of Bangladesh Population Research:"There are almost 20,000 Anglo-Indians living in Bangladesh."(The Natives of India). The Comparative Studies about Bangladesh. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
55. ^ "สล็อต xo 678". Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Anthony, Frank (1969). Britain's Betrayal in India: The Story Of The Anglo-Indian Community Simon Wallenberg Press, Amazon Books.
* Chapman, Pat (1998). Taste of the Raj, Hodder & Stoughton, London – ISBN 0-340-68035-0 (1997)
* Dady, Dorothy S. (2007). Scattered Seeds: The Diaspora of the Anglo-Indians Pagoda Press
* Deefholts, Margaret (2003). Haunting India: Fiction, Poems, Travel Tales and Memoirs CTR books
* Deefholts, Margaret and Staub, Sylvia W., eds. (2004). Voices on the Verandah: An anthology of Anglo-Indian Poetry and Prose CTR books
* Deefholts, Margaret and Deefholts, Glen, eds. The Way We Were: Anglo-Indian Chronicles CTR books
* Deefholts, Margaret and Deefholts, Susan Women of Anglo-India: Tales and Memoirs CTR books
* Dyer, Sylvia (2011). The Spell of the Flying Foxes ISBN 0143065343, Amazon Kindle Edition
* Gabb, Alfred (2000). 1600–1947 Anglo-Indian Legacy Beryl Pogson Books
* Hawes, Christopher J. (2013). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833. London: Routledge.
* Lumb, Lionel and Veldhuizen, Deb, eds. The Way We Are: An Anglo-Indian Mosaic CTR books
* Lumb, Lionel, ed. More Voices on the Verandah: An Anglo-Indian Anthology CTR books
* Lyons, Mary Esther (2005). Unwanted! Memoirs of an Anglo-Indian Daughter... Spectrum Publications
* Maher, Reginald (1962). These Are The Anglo-Indians – (An Anglo-Indian Heritage Book) Simon Wallenberg Press
* Moore, Gloria Jean (1986). The Anglo-Indian Vision
* Phillips, Z The Anglo-Indian Australian Story: My Experience. A collection of Anglo-Indian Migration Heritage Stories
* Stark, Herbert Alick ([1926] 2022). Hostages To India: Or The Life Story of the Anglo Indian Race Simon Wallenberg Press.
* Thomas, Noel, ed. Footprints On The Track: Anglo-Indian Railway Memories
* Thorpe, Owen (2007). Paper Boats in the Monsoon: Life in the Lost World of Anglo-India Trafford Publishing
* White, Bridget The Best of Anglo-Indian Cuisine – A Legacy, Flavours of the Past, Anglo-Indian Delicacies, The Anglo-Indian Festive Hamper, A Collection of Anglo-Indian Roasts, Casseroles and Bakes
* Williams, Blair R. (2002). Anglo-Indians: Vanishing Remnants of a Bygone Era CTR books

## External links

[edit]

* Scattered Seeds: The Diaspora of the Anglo-Indians... an exploration through history, identity and photography

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Kollam

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Economy|

* Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI)
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Visitor
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* 8 Point Art Cafe
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* Thirumullavaram Beach
* Thanni Beach

Healthcare|

| Medical college hospitals|

* Azeezia Medical College Hospital
* Government Medical College, Kollam
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|

* Government District Hospital
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*   * Meditrina Hospital
* N. S. Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences
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Buildings
& structures|

* British Residency
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* SMP Palace
* St Thomas Fort
* Tangasseri Lighthouse
* Thevally Palace
* The Raviz

Shopping centres|

* Bishop Jerome Nagar
* Downtown Kollam
* RP Mall
* H&J Mall

Culture|

* Kalidasa Kalakendram
* Kollam Pooram
* Kottankulangara Festival
* President's Trophy Boat Race
* Kollam Kite Club
* Kollam Public Library
* Kollam Rentha
* Anglo-Indian
* List of statues in Kollam

Sports & stadiums|

* Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium
* International Hockey Stadium
* Olympian Suresh Babu Multipurpose Indoor Stadium

Places of worship|

* Ammachiveedu Devi Temple
* Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple
* Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple
* Kolloorvila Juma Mosque
* Infant Jesus Cathedral
* Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple
* Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
* St Andrew's Church, Kovilthottam
* St Antony's Church, Kanjiracode
* Valiya Koonambaikulam Temple

Other topics|

* Kollam metropolitan area
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* Neendakara Indo-Norwegian Project
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* Jatayu Earth's Center
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Education

Universities|

* Sree Narayanaguru Open University

Premier institutions|

* Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction
* Institute of Fashion Technology Kerala
* Kerala Maritime Institute
* Kerala State Institute of Design

Engineering colleges|

* Bishop Jerome Institute
* College of Engineering, Perumon
* College of Engineering Karunagappally
* TKM College of Engineering
* TKM Institute of Technology

Arts, science & law colleges|

* Fatima Mata National College
* NSS Law College
* Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies

Schools|

* Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Chandanathope
* Govt. Boys Model HSS
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mulangadakam
* Mount Carmel Convent Anglo-Indian Girls High School
* St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School

Other institutes|

* Govt. ITI, Chandanathope
* Sree Narayana Polytechnic College

Neighbourhoods

South Kollam|

* Eravipuram
* Koottikkada
* Mevaram
* Thattamala
* Vadakkevila
* Valathungal

North Kollam|

* Anchalumoodu
* Kavanad
* Kureepuzha
* Maruthadi
* Mathilil
* Ramankulangara
* Sakthikulangara
* Thrikkadavoor
* Vallikeezhu

Central Kollam|

* Andamukkam
* Asramam
* Cantonment
* Chamakada
* Chinnakada
* Cutchery
* Kadappakada
* Karbala
* Kochupilamoodu
* Mulamkadakam
* Mundakkal
* Pattathanam
* Polayathode
* Pullikada
* Thevally
* Thoppilkadavu
* Uliyakovil

East Kollam|

* Ayathil
* Chandanathope
* Chathinamkulam
* Kallumthazham
* Karicode
* Kilikollur
* Punthalathazham

West Kollam|

* Pallithottam
* Tangasseri
* Thamarakulam
* Thirumullavaram

Transport

Road|

| Bus stations|

* Andamukkam City Bus Station
* Kollam KSRTC bus station
* Tangasseri Bus Terminal

|

National highways|

* National Highway 66
* National Highway 183
* National Highway 744
* National Highway 183A
* Kollam Bypass

City roads|

* Asramam Link Road
* Coastal Road
* Port Road
* QAC Road
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Organisations|

* Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
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Railway|

| Stations|

* Kollam Junction
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|

Services|

* Ananthapuri Superfast
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Lines|

* Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram line
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Sheds &
maintenance yards|

* Kollam MEMU Shed

Air|

* Kerala Seaplane
* Kollam Airport(defunct)

Water|

* Kollam Port
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* National Waterway 3

* Category
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Immigration to India

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Oceania|

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See also|

* Human trafficking
* Illegal immigration
* Refugees
* Foreigner registration
* Visa policy of India
* Bureau of Immigration
* National Register of Citizens
* NRC Assam
* Detention centres in Assam

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Indian diaspora

Africa|

| Southeast|

* Kenya
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Elsewhere|

* Botswana
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| Caribbean|

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* Australia
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* Tamil

See also|

| Ethnic diasporas|

* Bengali Hindu
* Gujarati
* Kashmiri
* Mirpuri
* Mizo
* Odia
* Punjabi (Sikhs)
* Romani
* Sindhi
* South Indians
* Malayalis
* In the Gulf
* Tamils
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* Chindians

|

Other related articles|

* South Asian diaspora
* Desi
* Little India
* Non-Resident Indian Award
* Non-Resident Indian Day

* 1 An overseas department of France in the southwest Indian Ocean
* 2Overseas departments of France in the Americas
* 3A sui generis collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific Ocean

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State of West Bengal

Capital: Kolkata

State symbols|

* Emblem: Emblem of West Bengal
* Anthem: Banglar Mati Banglar Jol
* Animal: Fishing cat
* Bird: White-throated kingfisher
* Flower: Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)
* Tree: Devil's tree (Saptaparni)
* Fish: Ilish

History|

* Gauda Kingdom
* Shashanka
* Pala Empire
* Sena dynasty
* Mallabhum kingdom
* Cooch Behar State
* Sher Shah Suri
* Mughal Empire
* Nawabs of Bengal
* East India Company
* Battle of Plassey
* Bengal Presidency
* Great Bengal famine of 1770
* Indian Rebellion of 1857
* Bengal Renaissance
* Bardhaman Raj
* Nadia Raj
* Jhargram Raj
* Sovabazar Raj
* Partition of Bengal (1905)
* Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
* Anushilan Samiti
* Jugantar
* Bengal famine of 1943
* Direct Action Day
* Noakhali riots
* Partition of Bengal (1947)
* Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
* Maritime history of Bengal

Geography|

* Bengal Basin
* Darjeeling Himalayan hill region
* Terai
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* Dooars
* Rarh region
* Sundarbans
* Western plateau and high lands
* Ganges Delta
* Climate
* Sandakphu (Highest point)
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* Rivers of West Bengal
* Ganga
* Damodar River
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* Teesta River
* Hooghly River
* Khoai
* Tiger Hill, Darjeeling
* Siliguri Corridor

Governance|

* Chief Ministers
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* Human Rights Commission
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* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Indian National Congress
* Bharatiya Janata Party)
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Assembly constituencies
* CID West Bengal
* Kolkata Police

Rights groups|

* Matua Mahasangha
* Bangla Pokkho

Divisions and
districts|

| Burdwan division|

* Birbhum
* Hooghly
* Paschim Bardhaman
* Purba Bardhaman

|

Jalpaiguri division|

* Alipurduar
* Cooch Behar
* Darjeeling
* Jalpaiguri
* Kalimpong

Malda division|

* Berhampore (declared)
* Dakshin Dinajpur
* Jangipur (declared)
* Malda
* Murshidabad
* Uttar Dinajpur

Medinipur division|

* Bankura
* Bishnupur (declared)
* Jhargram
* Paschim Medinipur
* Purba Medinipur
* Purulia

Presidency division|

* Basirhat (declared)
* Howrah
* Ichamati (declared)
* Kolkata
* Nadia
* North 24 Parganas
* Ranaghat (declared)
* South 24 Parganas
* Sundarbans (declared)

Cities and
towns|

* Alipore
* Asansol
* Berhampore
* Balurghat
* Bankura
* Barasat
* Bardhaman
* Bishnupur
* Hugli-Chuchura
* Cooch Behar
* Darjeeling
* Durgapur
* Haldia
* Howrah
* Jalpaiguri
* Jaynagar Majilpur
* Jiaganj Azimganj
* Kalimpong
* Kharagpur
* Kolkata
* Krishnanagar
* Kurseong
* Malda
* Midnapore
* Murshidabad
* Purulia
* Raiganj
* Siliguri
* Siuri
* Tamluk
* List of cities in West Bengal by population
* Cities and towns by district

Culture|

* Bengal Renaissance
* Bengali calendars
* Patachitra
* Chalchitra
* Arts of West Bengal
* Baul
* Bhadu
* Gombhira
* Chhau dance
* Cuisine
* Bengali
* Rabindra Sangeet
* Rabindra Nritya Natya
* Holi
* Dol Purnima
* Prostitution in Kolkata
* Pohela Boishakh
* Durga Puja
* Bhai Dooj
* Raksha Bandhan
* Ratha Yatra
* Architecture of Bengal
* Bengal temples
* Bengali language
* Bengali literature
* Feluda
* Lalmohan Ganguly
* Professor Shonku
* Tarini Khuro
* Kakababu
* Kiriti Roy
* Pather Panchali (novel)
* Bengali cinema
* Jatra
* Ghosts in Bengali culture

GI products|

* Baluchari sari
* Banglar Rosogolla
* Banglar Muslin
* Banglar Nolen Gur Sandesh
* Bankura horse
* Baruipur Guava
* Bengal Patachitra
* Bishnupur Motichur Laddu
* Chhau mask
* Darjeeling tea
* Dhaniakhali Sari
* Dhokra
* Fazli (mango)
* Garad Saree
* Gobindobhog
* Himsagar
* Jaynagarer Moa
* Kamarpukur Sada Bode
* Madurkathi
* Malda Nistari Silk Yarn
* Manasa chali
* Mihidana
* Murshidabad Chhanabora
* Nakshi kantha
* Radhunipagal rice
* Santiniketan Leather Goods
* Shantipuri sari
* Sitabhog
* Sundarban Honey
* Tangail Saree
* Tulaipanji

Demographics|

* Bengali people
* Bihari people
* Economy of West Bengal
* Gurkha
* Adivasi
* Rajbanshi
* Anglo-Indian people
* Ethnic communities in Kolkata
* List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
* Discrimination against Bengalis in India

People|

* Rabindranath Tagore
* Satyajit Ray
* Kazi Nazrul Islam
* Anil Kumar Gain
* Ritwik Ghatak
* Subhas Chandra Bose
* Jamini Roy
* Bidhan Chandra Roy
* Jyoti Basu
* Nandalal Bose
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Meghnad Saha
* Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
* Sarat Chandra Bose
* Jnanadanandini Devi
* Abanindranath Tagore
* Satyendranath Tagore
* Satyendranath Dutta
* Raja Ram Mohan Roy
* Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
* Rani Rashmoni
* Ramakrishna
* Swami Vivekananda
* Sarada Devi
* Dwarkanath Tagore
* Sukumar Ray
* Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury
* Michael Madhusudan Dutt
* Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
* Sister Nivedita
* Mother Teresa
* Amartya Sen
* Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
* Nihar Ranjan Gupta

Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons

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Multiracial topics

Terms|

* Afro-Asian
* Amazonian Jews
* Brazilians
* juçaras
* caiçaras
* pardo
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* sarará
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* Chindians
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* Hùnxuě'ér
* Chindian
* Marabou
* Melungeon
* mestiço (ainoko)
* Mestizo
* castizo
* cholo
* coyote
* Métis
* Mixed-blood
* mulatos
* Peranakan Chinese
* Quadroon
* Sacatra

History|

* Cherokee freedmen controversy
* Ethnogenesis
* Exogamy
* Interethnic marriage
* Interracial marriage
* Melting pot
* Miscegenation
* One-drop rule
* Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
* Passing
* Plaçage
* Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories

Lists|

* Contemporary ethnic groups
* Diasporas
* hāfu people
* luk khrueng people

See also|

* Race of the future

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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