Animal testing on rodents

Overview article

Main article: Animal testing

Animal testing

Main articles

* Animal testing
* Alternatives to animal testing
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* History of animal testing
* History of model organisms
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Testing on

* Invertebrates
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Issues

* Medical research
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Cases

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
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Companies

* Charles River Laboratories
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* Jackson Laboratory
* Nafovanny
* UK lab animal suppliers

Groups/campaigns

* AALAS
* AAAS
* ALF
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* SHAC
* Speaking of Research
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Writers/activists

* Tipu Aziz
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* Gill Langley
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* Bernard Rollin
* Jerry Vlasak
* Syed Ziaur Rahman

Categories

* Animal testing
* Animal rights
* Animal welfare

* v
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Rodents have been employed in biomedical experimentation from the 1650s. [1] Rodent studies up to the early 19th century were mainly physiological or toxicological. The first rodent behavioral study was carried out in 1822, a purely observational study,[2] while quantitative rodent behavioral testing began in the late 19th century.[1][2] Currently, rodents are commonly used in animal testing for physiological, pathological and behavioral scientific studies, particularly mice and rats, but also guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils and others. Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species, due to their availability, size, low cost, ease of handling, and fast reproduction rate.

## Statistics

[edit]

In the UK in 2015, there were 3.33 million procedures on rodents (80% of total procedures that year). The most common species used were mice (3.03 million procedures, or 73% of the total) and rats (268,522, or 6.5%). Other rodents species included guinea pigs (21,831 / 0.7%), hamsters (1,500 / 0.04%), and gerbils (278 / 0.01%).[3]

In the U.S., the numbers of rats and mice used are not reported, but estimates range from around 11 million[4] to approximately 100 million.[5] In 2000, the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, published the results of an analysis of its Rats/Mice/and Birds Database: Researchers, Breeders, Transporters, and Exhibitors.

> Over 2,000 research organizations are listed in the database, of which approximately 500 were researched and of these, 100 were contacted directly by FRD staff. These organizations include hospitals, government organizations, private companies (pharmaceutical companies, etc.), universities/colleges, a few secondary schools, and research institutes. Of these 2,000, approximately 960 are regulated by USDA; 349 by NIH; and 560 accredited by AALAC. Approximately 50 percent of the organizations contacted revealed a specific or approximated number of animals in their laboratories. The total number of animals for those organizations is: 250,000–1,000,000 rats; 400,000–2,000,000 mice; and 130,000–900,000 birds.

## Rodent types

[edit]

### Mice

[edit]

Main article: Laboratory mouse

Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species, popular because of their availability, size, low cost, ease of handling, and fast reproduction rate.[6] Mice are quick to reach sexual maturity, as well as quick to gestate, where labs can have a new generation every three weeks as well as a relatively short lifespan of two years.[7]

They are widely considered to be the prime model of inherited human disease and share 99% of their genes with humans.[8] With the advent of genetic engineering technology, genetically modified mice can be generated to order and can cost hundreds of dollars each.[9]

Transgenic animal production consists of injecting each construct into 300–350 eggs, typically representing three days' work. Twenty to fifty mice will normally be born from this number of injected eggs. These animals are screened for the presence of the transgene by a polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay. The number of transgenic animals typically varies from two to eight.[10]

Chimeric mouse production consists of injecting embryonic stem cells provided by the investigator into 150–175 blastocysts, representing three days of work. Thirty to fifty live mice are normally born from this number of injected blastocysts. Normally, the skin color of the mice from which the host blastocysts are derived is different from that of the strain used to produce the embryonic stem cells. Typically two to six mice will have skin and hair with greater than seventy percent ES cell contribution, indicating a good chance for embryonic stem cell contribution to the germline.[10]

### Syrian hamsters

[edit]

Main article: Animal testing on Syrian hamsters

Golden or Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are used to model the human medical conditions including various cancers, metabolic diseases, non-cancer respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and general health concerns.[11] In 2006–07, Syrian hamsters accounted for 19% of the total animal research participants in the United States.[12]

### Rats

[edit]

Main article: Laboratory rat

Rodents such as rats are the most common model in researching effects of cardiovascular disease, as the effects on rodents mimic those in humans.[13] Rats have also been used as tools in research to try to find if there is a difference in the effects of cocaine on adults versus adolescents.[14]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2015)

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## Limitations

[edit]

While mice, rats and other rodents are by far the most widely used animals in biomedical research, recent studies have highlighted their limitations.[15] For example, the utility of the use of rodents in testing for sepsis,[16][17] burns,[17] inflammation,[17] stroke,[18][19] ALS,[20][21][22] Alzheimer's,[23] diabetes,[24][25] cancer,[26][27][28][29][30] multiple sclerosis,[31] Parkinson's disease[31] and other illnesses has been called into question by a number of researchers. Regarding experiments on mice in particular, some researchers have complained that "years and billions of dollars have been wasted following false leads" as a result of a preoccupation with the use of these animals in studies.[15]

Mice differ from humans in several immune properties: mice are more resistant to some toxins than humans; have a lower total neutrophil fraction in the blood, a lower neutrophil enzymatic capacity, lower activity of the complement system, and a different set of pentraxins involved in the inflammatory process; and lack genes for important components of the immune system, such as IL-8, IL-37, TLR10, ICAM-3, etc.[16] Laboratory mice reared in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions usually have a rather immature immune system with a deficit of memory T cells. These mice may have limited diversity of the microbiota, which directly affects the immune system and the development of pathological conditions. Moreover, persistent virus infections (for example, herpesviruses) are activated in humans, but not in SPF mice, with septic complications and may change the resistance to bacterial coinfections. "Dirty" mice are possibly better suitable for mimicking human pathologies. In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the overwhelming majority of studies, while the human population is heterogeneous, pointing to the importance of studies in interstrain hybrid, outbred, and nonlinear mice.[16]

An article in The Scientist notes, "The difficulties associated with using animal models for human disease result from the metabolic, anatomic, and cellular differences between humans and other creatures, but the problems go even deeper than that" including issues with the design and execution of the tests themselves.[19]

For example, researchers have found that many rats and mice in laboratories are obese from excess food and minimal exercise which alters their physiology and drug metabolism.[32] Many laboratory animals, including mice and rats, are chronically stressed which can also negatively affect research outcomes and the ability to accurately extrapolate findings to humans.[33][34] Researchers have also noted that many studies involving mice, rats and other rodents are poorly designed, leading to questionable findings.[19][21][22] One explanation for deficiencies in studies of rodents housed in laboratory cages is that they lack access to environmental agency and thus the ongoing freedom to make decisions and experience their consequences. By housing rodents under extreme impoverished conditions, these captive animals bear diminished resemblance to humans or their wild conspecifics.[35]

Some studies suggests that inadequate published data in animal testing may result in irreproducible research, with missing details about how experiments are done are omitted from published papers or differences in testing that may introduce bias. Examples of hidden bias include a 2014 study from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, which suggests that mice handled by men rather than women showed higher stress levels.[7][36][37] Another study in 2016 suggested that gut microbiomes in mice may have an impact upon scientific research.[38]

## See also

[edit]

* Animal testing
* Animal model
* BALB/c
* C57BL/6
* Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey, five mice who orbited the Moon in 1972
* Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer
* Preclinical imaging
* Rat Park
* Testing cosmetics on animals
* Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b d'Isa R, Fasano S, Brambilla R (2024). "Editorial: Animal-friendly methods for rodent behavioral testing in neuroscience research". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 18: 1431310. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1431310. PMC 11232432. PMID 38983871.
2. ^ a b d'Isa (2025). "The first rodent behavioral study (1822) and the diffusion of human-bred albino rats and mice in the 19th century". Frontiers in Psychology. 15: 1532975. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1532975. PMC 11831927. PMID 39963185.
3. ^ "Annual Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 2015 Home Office
4. ^ US Statistics, 2014 \- Speaking of Research
5. ^ Carbone, L (2004). What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195161960.
6. ^ Willis-Owen SA, Flint J (2006). "The genetic basis of emotional behaviour in mice". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 14 (6): 721–8\. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201569. PMID 16721408.
7. ^ a b "The world's favourite lab animal has been found wanting, but there are new twists in the mouse's tale". The Economist. 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
8. ^ The Measure Of Man, Sanger Institute Press Release, 5 December 2002
9. ^ Biosciences, Taconic. "Transgenic Mouse & Rat Models - Positive Negative Selection & Isogenic DNA Gene Target". www.taconic.com.
10. ^ a b "WUSM :: Mouse Genetics Core :: Services". Washington University in St. Louis. 2005-07-07. Archived from the original on 2007-08-04. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
11. ^ Valentine et al. 2012, p. 875-898.
12. ^ United States Department of Agriculture (September 2008), Animal Care Annual Report of Activities - Fiscal Year 2007 (PDF), United States Department of Agriculture, retrieved 14 January 2016
13. ^ Jia, Tian; Wang, Chen; Han, Zhengxi; Wang, Xiaozhi; Ding, Ming; Wang, Quanyi (2020-12-07). "Experimental Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Diseases". Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 7: 588075. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.588075. ISSN 2297-055X. PMC 7750387. PMID 33365329.
14. ^ Kerstetter, Kerry A.; Kantak, Kathleen M. (2007-10-01). "Differential effects of self-administered cocaine in adolescent and adult rats on stimulus–reward learning". Psychopharmacology. 194 (3): 403–411\. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0852-6. ISSN 1432-2072. PMID 17609932. S2CID 21293891.
15. ^ a b Kolata, Gina (11 February 2013). "Mice Fall Short as Test Subjects for Some of Humans' Deadly Ills". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
16. ^ a b c Korneev, K. V. (18 October 2019). "Mouse Models of Sepsis and Septic Shock". Molecular Biology. 53 (5): 704–717\. doi:10.1134/S0026893319050108. PMID 31661479.
17. ^ a b c Seok; et al. (7 January 2013). "Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (9): 3507–3512\. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.3507S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222878110. PMC 3587220. PMID 23401516.
18. ^ Bart van der Worp, H (30 March 2010). "Can Animal Models of Disease Reliably Inform Human Studies?". PLOS Medicine. 2 (6048): 1385. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000245. PMC 1690299. PMID 1000245.
19. ^ a b c Gawrylewski, Andrea (1 July 2007). "The Trouble With Animal Models". The Scientist. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
20. ^ Benatar, M (April 2007). "Lost in translation: Treatment trials in the SOD1 mouse and in human ALS". Neurobiology of Disease. 26 (1): 1–13\. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.015. PMID 17300945. S2CID 24174675.
21. ^ a b Check Hayden, Erika (26 March 2014). "Misleading mouse studies waste medical resources". Nature. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
22. ^ a b Perrin, Steve (26 March 2014). "Preclinical research: Make mouse studies work". Nature. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
23. ^ Cavanaugh, Sarah; Pippin, John; Bernard, Neal (10 April 2013). "Animal models of Alzheimer disease: historical pitfalls and a path forward1". ALTEX. 31 (3): 279–302\. doi:10.14573/altex.1310071. PMID 24793844.
24. ^ Roep, Bart; Atkinson, Mark; von Herrath, Matthias (November 2004). "Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models in type 1 diabetes". Nature Immunology. 4 (12): 989–997\. doi:10.1038/nri1502. PMID 15573133. S2CID 21204695.
25. ^ Charukeshi Chandrasekera, P; Pippin, John (21 November 2013). "Of Rodents and Men: Species-Specific Glucose Regulation and Type 2 Diabetes Research". ALTEX. 31 (2): 157–176\. doi:10.14573/altex.1309231. PMID 24270692.
26. ^ Glenn Begley, C; Ellis, L (29 March 2012). "Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research". Nature. 483 (7391): 531–533\. Bibcode:2012Natur.483..531B. doi:10.1038/483531a. PMID 22460880. S2CID 4326966.
27. ^ Voskoglou-Nomikos, T; Pater, J; Seymour, L (15 September 2003). "Clinical predictive value of the in vitro cell line, human xenograft, and mouse allograft preclinical cancer models" (PDF). Clinical Cancer Research. 9 (11): 4227–4239\. PMID 14519650. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
28. ^ Dennis, C (17 August 2006). "Cancer: off by a whisker". Nature. 442 (7104): 739–41\. Bibcode:2006Natur.442..739D. doi:10.1038/442739a. PMID 16915261. S2CID 4382984.
29. ^ Garber, K (6 September 2006). "Debate Grows Over New Mouse Models of Cancer". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 98 (17): 1176–8\. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj381. PMID 16954466.
30. ^ Begley, Sharon (5 September 2008). "Rethinking the war on cancer". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
31. ^ a b Bolker, Jessica (1 November 2012). "There's more to life than rats and flies". Nature. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
32. ^ Cressey, Daniel (2 March 2010). "Fat rats skew research results". Nature. 464 (19): 19. doi:10.1038/464019a. PMID 20203576.
33. ^ Balcomb, J; Barnard, N; Sandusky, C (November 2004). "Laboratory routines cause animal stress". Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science. 43 (6): 42–51\. PMID 15669134.
34. ^ Murgatroyd, C; et al. (8 November 2009). "Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress". Nature Neuroscience. 12 (12): 1559–1566\. doi:10.1038/nn.2436. PMID 19898468. S2CID 3328884.
35. ^ Lahvis, Garet (June 29, 2017). "Unbridle biomedical research from the laboratory cage". eLife: 1–10. doi:10.7554/eLife.27438.
36. ^ Katsnelson, Alla (2014). "Male researchers stress out rodents". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15106. S2CID 87534627.
37. ^ "Male Scent May Compromise Biomedical Research". Science | AAAS. 2014-04-28. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
38. ^ "Mouse microbes may make scientific studies harder to replicate". Science | AAAS. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2017-01-10.

### Sources

[edit]

* Valentine, Helen; Daugherity, Erin K.; Singh, Bhupinder; Maurer, Kirk J. (2012). "The Experimental Use of Syrian Hamsters". In Suckow, Mark A.; Stevens, Karla A.; Wilson, Ronald P. (eds.). The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents (1st. ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 875–898\. ISBN 978-0123809209.

## External links

[edit]

* Information about mouse models from HOPES: Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford
* Animal Model of Disease from Animal Research Organization

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* t
* e

Animal rights

Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)

| Overviews|

* Animal rights movement
* Animal rights by country or territory
* Anarchism and animal rights
* Animal rights and punk subculture
* Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
* Animal rights in Indian religions
* Christianity and animal rights
* History of animal rights
* List of international animal welfare conventions
* Moral status of animals in the ancient world
* Timeline of animal welfare and rights
* Total liberation
* Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare

|

Concepts|

* Abolitionism
* Ahimsa
* Animal cognition
* Animal consciousness
* Animal–industrial complex
* Animal machine
* Animal law
* Animal protectionism
* Animal welfare
* Animal-free agriculture
* Anthropocentrism
* Argument from marginal cases
* Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
* Carnism
* Equal consideration of interests
* Emotion in animals
* Ethics of eating meat
* Ethics of uncertain sentience
* Insects in ethics
* Intrinsic value
* Meat paradox
* Moral circle expansion
* Nonviolence
* Nonkilling
* Open rescue
* Opposition to hunting
* Personism
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Veganism
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarianism

Issues|

| Animal agriculture|

* Animal husbandry
* Animal product
* Battery cage
* Bile bear
* Chick culling
* Crocodile farm
* Concentrated animal feeding operation
* Fish farming
* Fur farming
* Fur trade
* Insect farming
* Intensive animal farming
* Intensive pig farming
* Livestock
* Poultry farming
* Slaughterhouse
* Wildlife farming
* Working animal
* Feedback (pork industry)
* Foam depopulation
* Ventilation shutdown

|

Animal testing|

* Alternatives to animal testing
* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Animal testing regulations
* Great ape research ban
* Green Scare
* Huntingdon Life Sciences
* Model organism
* Nafovanny
* Operation Backfire
* Vivisection

Animal welfare|

* Animal euthanasia
* Cruelty to animals
* Pain in animals
* Pain in amphibians
* Pain in cephalopods
* Pain in crustaceans
* Pain in fish
* Pain in invertebrates
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
* Welfare of farmed insects

Fishing|

* Commercial fishing
* Fishing bait
* Recreational fishing

Wild animals|

* Culling wildlife
* Hare coursing
* Hunting
* International primate trade
* Ivory trade
* Predation problem
* Seal hunting
* Wild animal suffering
* Wildlife management

Other|

* Abandoned pets
* Animal captivity
* Animal sacrifice
* Animal slaughter
* Animal trial
* Animals in sport
* Blood sport
* Live food
* Live export

Cases|

* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* McLibel case
* Monkey selfie copyright dispute
* Pit of despair
* SHAC
* Silver Spring monkeys
* University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
* Unnecessary Fuss
* War of the currents

Studies|

* Animal ethics
* Anthrozoology
* Critical animal studies
* Ethology
* Vegan studies

Methodologies|

* Direct Action Everywhere
* Hunt sabotage

Observances|

* World Animal Day
* World Day for the End of Speciesism
* World Day for Laboratory Animals
* World Day for the End of Fishing
* World Vegan Day
* World Vegetarian Day

Advocates (academics, writers, activists)

| Academics
and writers|

| Contemporary|

* Carol J. Adams
* Aysha Akhtar
* Kristin Andrews
* Marc Bekoff
* Steven Best
* Paola Cavalieri
* Stephen R. L. Clark
* Alasdair Cochrane
* J. M. Coetzee
* Alice Crary
* David DeGrazia
* Daniel Dombrowski
* Sue Donaldson
* Josephine Donovan
* Joan Dunayer
* Mylan Engel
* Catia Faria
* Lawrence Finsen
* Michael W. Fox
* Gary L. Francione
* Robert Garner
* Valéry Giroux
* Lori Gruen
* John Hadley
* Oscar Horta
* Dale Jamieson
* Kyle Johannsen
* Melanie Joy
* Hilda Kean
* Will Kymlicka
* Renan Larue
* Thomas Lepeltier
* Andrew Linzey
* Clair Linzey
* Dan Lyons
* David Nibert
* Martha Nussbaum
* Clare Palmer
* Charles Patterson
* David Pearce
* Jessica Pierce
* Evelyn Pluhar
* Mark Rowlands
* Richard D. Ryder
* Steve F. Sapontzis
* Jeff Sebo
* Jérôme Segal
* Peter Singer
* Gary Steiner
* Cass Sunstein
* David Sztybel
* Michael Tye
* Tatjana Višak
* Paul Waldau
* Corey Lee Wrenn

|

Historical|

* Tom Beauchamp
* Jeremy Bentham
* David Renaud Boullier
* Stephen St. C. Bostock
* Brigid Brophy
* Peter Buchan
* Mona Caird
* Priscilla Cohn
* Henry Crowe
* Herman Daggett
* Richard Dean
* Wilhelm Dietler
* William Hamilton Drummond
* Edward Payson Evans
* T. Forster
* John Galsworthy
* Thomas G. Gentry
* V. A. Holmes-Gore
* Arthur Helps
* John Hildrop
* John Zephaniah Holwell
* Francis Hutcheson
* Soame Jenyns
* Marie Jungius
* Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
* John Lawrence
* Charles R. Magel
* Jean Meslier
* Mary Midgley
* J. Howard Moore
* José Ferrater Mora
* Robert Morris
* Leonard Nelson
* Edward Nicholson
* Siobhan O'Sullivan
* John Oswald
* Rod Preece
* Humphrey Primatt
* James Rachels
* Tom Regan
* Joseph Ritson
* Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
* Bernard Rollin
* Henry Stephens Salt
* Arthur Schopenhauer
* Laurids Smith
* John Styles
* Thomas Tryon
* Gary Varner
* Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
* Mary Anne Warren
* Adam Gottlieb Weigen
* Johann Heinrich Winckler
* Steven M. Wise
* Jon Wynne-Tyson
* Voltaire
* Thomas Young

Activists|

| Contemporary|

* James Aspey
* Greg Avery
* Matt Ball
* Martin Balluch
* Carole Baskin
* Barbi Twins
* Brigitte Bardot
* Gene Baur
* Yves Bonnardel
* Joey Carbstrong
* Aymeric Caron
* Jake Conroy
* Rod Coronado
* Karen Dawn
* Chris DeRose
* John Feldmann
* Bruce Friedrich
* Juliet Gellatley
* Tal Gilboa
* Antoine Goetschel
* Mark Gold
* Brigitte Gothière
* Alex Hershaft
* Wayne Hsiung
* Charlotte Laws
* Ronnie Lee
* Howard Lyman
* Evanna Lynch
* Bill Maher
* Keith Mann
* Jim Mason
* Dan Mathews
* Joaquin Phoenix
* Jo-Anne McArthur
* Luísa Mell
* Virginia McKenna
* Morrissey
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Heather Nicholson
* Jack Norris
* Ric O'Barry
* David Olivier
* Alex Pacheco
* Craig Rosebraugh
* Jasmin Singer
* Kim Stallwood
* Lynda Stoner
* Marianne Thieme
* Darren Thurston
* Christine Townend
* Wendy Turner-Webster
* Jerry Vlasak
* Louise Wallis
* Ed Winters
* Gary Yourofsky
* That Vegan Teacher

|

Historical|

* Cleveland Amory
* Henry B. Amos
* Bob Barker
* Ernest Bell
* William Brown
* Edith Carrington
* Frances Power Cobbe
* Joan Court
* Karen Davis
* Royal Dixon
* Muriel Dowding
* Elizabeth Farians
* Emarel Freshel
* André Géraud
* Lewis Gompertz
* James Granger
* Barry Horne
* Marie Huot
* Lizzy Lind af Hageby
* Jessie Mackay
* Alfred Mansfield Mitchell
* J. Isaac Pengelly
* Norm Phelps
* Jill Phipps
* Maud Ingersoll Probasco
* Hans Ruesch
* Magnus Schwantje
* Nell Shipman
* Henry Spira
* Joseph Stratton
* Andrew Tyler
* Gretchen Wyler

Movement (groups, parties)

| Groups|

| Contemporary|

* American Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Aid
* Animal Ethics
* Animal Justice
* Animal Justice Project
* Animal Legal Defense Fund
* Animal Liberation
* Animal Liberation Front
* Animal Liberation Press Office
* Animal Liberation Victoria
* Animal Rights Militia
* Animal Rising
* AnimaNaturalis
* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Anonymous for the Voiceless
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* Born Free Foundation
* Centre for Animals and Social Justice
* Chinese Animal Protection Network
* Cruelty Free International
* Direct Action Everywhere
* Doctors Against Animal Experiments
* Equanimal
* Every Animal
* Farm Animal Rights Movement
* Faunalytics
* Great Ape Project
* Hunt Saboteurs Association
* In Defense of Animals
* Korea Animal Rights Advocates
* L214
* Last Chance for Animals
* Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
* Mercy for Animals
* Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
* People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
* Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade
* Rise for Animals
* Sentience Politics
* Uncaged Campaigns
* United Activists for Animal Rights
* United Poultry Concerns
* UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
* Viva!
* Voice for Animals Humane Society
* Voiceless

|

Historical|

* Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
* Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
* Millennium Guild
* Order of the Golden Age
* Oxford Group

Parties|

* Animal Justice Party (Australia)
* Animal Politics EU (Europe)
* Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
* Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
* Animals' Party (Sweden)
* Animalist Movement (Italy)
* Animalist Party with the Environment (Spain)
* DierAnimal (Belgium)
* Human Environment Animal Protection Party (Germany)
* Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
* Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
* People Animals Nature (Portugal)
* V-Partei³ (Germany)

Activism|

* Animal Rights National Conference

Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)

| Books|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746)
* A System of Moral Philosophy, in Three Books (1755)
* The Cry of Nature (1791)
* An Essay on Humanity to Animals (1798)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* The Rights of Animals (1838)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays (1886)
* Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress (1892)
* Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
* Better-World Philosophy (1899)
* The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899)
* The Universal Kinship (1906)
* The New Ethics (1907)
* Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
* Animal Liberation (1975)
* The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
* Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
* Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
* Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
* The Lives of Animals (1999)
* Eternal Treblinka (2001)
* Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
* Striking at the Roots (2008)
* An American Trilogy (2009)
* An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
* Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
* Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* Sentientist Politics (2018)
* Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
* Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Animal Rights Law (2023)
* The Moral Circle (2025)

|

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Shores of Silence (2000)
* The Witness (2000)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
* The Meatrix (2003)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* Behind the Mask (2006)
* Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
* Food, Inc. (2009)
* The Cove (2009)
* Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* An Apology to Elephants (2013)
* Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
* The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
* Unlocking the Cage (2016)
* Land of Hope and Glory (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Okja (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Seaspiracy (2021)

Periodicals|

| Journals|

* Animal Sentience
* Between the Species
* Cahiers antispécistes
* Etica & Animali
* Journal of Animal Ethics
* Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
* The Animals' Defender

|

Magazines|

* Arkangel
* Bite Back
* Muutoksen kevät
* No Compromise
* Satya

Albums|

* Animal Liberation (1987)
* Tame Yourself (1991)
* Manifesto (2008)
* Salvation of Innocents (2014)
* Onward to Freedom (2014)

Fairs and exhibitions|

* Holocaust on your Plate (2003)

* Category ( 137 )

* v
* t
* e

Animal testing

Main articles|

* Alternatives to animal testing
* Animal testing on invertebrates
* Animal testing on frogs
* Animal testing on non-human primates
* Animal testing on rabbits
* Animal testing on rodents
* Animal testing regulations
* History of animal testing
* History of model organisms
* IACUC
* Laboratory animal sources
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
* Testing cosmetics on animals
* Three Rs
* Toxicology testing

Testing on|

* Frogs
* Invertebrates
* Primates
* Rabbits
* Rodents
* Syrian hamsters

Issues|

* Animal rights
* Animal welfare
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act
* Biomedical Research
* Great ape research ban
* International primate trade
* Laboratory animal allergy
* Pain and suffering in laboratory animals

Controversial
experiments|

* Britches
* Brown Dog affair
* Cambridge University primates
* Monkey Drug Trials
* Pit of despair
* Silver Spring monkeys
* Unnecessary Fuss

Companies|

* Charles River Laboratories
* Fortrea
* Inotiv
* Jackson Laboratory
* Nafovanny

Groups and
campaigns|

* Anti-Vivisection Coalition
* Americans for Medical Progress
* AAAS
* AALAS
* Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
* Animal Free Research UK
* ALF
* Boyd Group
* Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
* Cruelty Free International
* PETA
* ALF
* Foundation for Biomedical Research
* National Anti-Vivisection Society
* New England Anti-Vivisection Society
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Primate Freedom Project
* Pro-Test
* SHAC
* SPEAK
* Speaking of Research
* Stop Sequani Animal Testing
* Research Defence Society
* Understanding Animal Research

Writers and
activists|

* Colin Blakemore
* Carl Cohen
* Gill Langley
* Ingrid Newkirk
* Neal D. Barnard
* Jerry Vlasak
* Simon Festing
* Tipu Aziz

Legislation|

* Animal testing regulations
* Animal Experimentation Convention 1986 (Council of Europe)
* Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK)
* Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ)
* Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US)
* Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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