Anne of Austria

Queen of France from 1615 to 1644

This article is about the queen consort. For other women named Anne of Austria, see Anna of Austria (disambiguation).

Anne of Austria

Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1620s

Queen consort of France
Tenure| 24 November 1615 – 14 May 1643
Queen consort of Navarre
Tenure| 24 November 1615 – 20 October 1620
Queen regent of France
Regency| 14 May 1643 – 7 September 1651
Monarch| Louis XIV

Born| (1601-09-22)22 September 1601
Benavente Palace, Valladolid, Crown of Castile, Spain
Died| 20 January 1666(1666-01-20) (aged 64)
Paris, Kingdom of France
Burial|

Basilica of St Denis, Paris, France

Spouse|

Louis XIII

(m. 1615; died 1643)​

Issue|

* Louis XIV
* Philippe I, Duke of Orléans

| Names

Spanish: Ana María Mauricia de Austria y Austria
French: Anne-Marie-Mauricie d'Autriche
House| Habsburg
Father| Philip III of Spain
Mother| Margaret of Austria
Religion| Roman Catholicism
Signature|

Anne of Austria (French: Anne d'Autriche; Spanish: Ana de Austria; born Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 - 20 January 1666) was Queen of France from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to King Louis XIII. She was also Queen of Navarre until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown in 1620. After her husband's death, Anne was regent to her son Louis XIV during his minority until 1651.

Anne was born in Valladolid to King Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. She was betrothed to King Louis XIII of France in 1612 and they married three years later. The two had a difficult marital relationship, exacerbated by her miscarriages and the anti-Habsburg stance of Louis' first minister, Cardinal Richelieu. Despite a climate of distrust amidst the Franco-Spanish War and twenty-three years of childlessness in which she suffered five miscarriages, Anne gave birth to an heir, Louis, in 1638 and a second son, Philippe two years later.

When Louis XIII died in 1643, Anne outmaneuvered her opponents to become sole regent to her four-year-old son, Louis XIV, and appointed Cardinal Mazarin as chief minister. The Fronde, a major revolt by the French nobility against Anne and Mazarin's government, broke out but was ultimately suppressed. In 1651, Anne's regency formally ended when Louis was declared of age. Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her closeness to her son, and her disapproval of his infidelity to her niece and daughter-in-law Maria Theresa.[1] She retired from active politics in 1661 and moved to the convent she had commissioned, Val-de-Grâce, where she died of breast cancer five years later.

## Early life

[edit]

Anne at the age of six, 1607

Born at the Benavente Palace [es] in Valladolid, Spain, and baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter of King Philip III of Spain and his wife Margaret of Austria.[2][3] She held the titles of Infanta of Spain and of Portugal (since her father was king of Portugal as well as Spain) and Archduchess of Austria. Despite her Spanish birth, she was referred to as Anne of Austria because the rulers of Spain belonged to the senior branch of the House of Austria,[4] known later as the House of Habsburg, a designation relatively uncommon before the 19th century.

Anne was raised mainly at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid. Unusually for a royal princess, Anne grew up close to her parents, who were very religious.[5] She was raised to be religious too, and was often taken to visit monasteries during her childhood.[6] In 1611, she lost her mother, who died in childbirth.[7] Despite her grief, Anne did her best to take care of her younger siblings, who referred to her with affection as their mother.

## Queen of France

[edit]

At age eleven, Anne was betrothed to King Louis XIII of France.[8] Her father gave her a dowry of 500,000 crowns and many beautiful jewels.[8][9] For fear that Louis XIII would die early, the Spanish court stipulated that she would return to Spain with her dowry, jewels, and wardrobe if he did die.[10] Prior to the marriage, Anne renounced all succession rights she had for herself and her descendants by Louis, with a provision that she would resume her rights should she be left a childless widow. On 18 October 1615, Louis and Anne were married by proxy in Burgos while Louis's sister, Elisabeth of France, and Anne's brother, Philip IV of Spain, were married by proxy in Bordeaux.[11] These marriages followed the tradition of cementing military and political alliances between France and Spain that began with the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559 as part of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Anne and Elisabeth were exchanged on the Isle of Pheasants between Hendaye and Fuenterrabía.[12] She was lively and beautiful during her youth.[13][14] She was also a noted equestrian, a taste her son, Louis, would inherit. At the time, Anne had many admirers, including the handsome Duke of Buckingham, although her intimates believed their flirtations remained chaste.[15] Historian Desmond Seward alleges that during his 1625 visit to France, when the French court took official leave of the English embassy at Amiens, "Buckingham climbed into a private garden where the Queen was taking an evening walk", and "may even have tried to rape her", although "Anne's shrieks summoned her attendants."[16]

Anne of Austria, coronation costume, by Peter Paul Rubens

Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of future annulment,[13] but Louis ignored his bride.[17] Louis's mother, Marie de' Medici, continued to conduct herself as queen of France, without showing any deference to her daughter-in-law. Anne, surrounded by her entourage of high-born Spanish ladies-in-waiting headed by Inés de la Torre,[18] continued to live according to Spanish etiquette and failed to improve her French.

In 1617, Louis conspired with his favourite Charles d'Albert de Luynes to dispense with the influence of his mother in a palace coup d'état and had her favourite Concino Concini assassinated on 26 April of that year. During the years he was in the ascendancy Luynes attempted to remedy the formal distance between Louis and his queen. He sent away Inés de la Torre and the other Spanish ladies and replaced them with French ones, notably the Princess of Conti (Louise Marguerite of Lorraine) and his wife Marie de Rohan,[19] with whom he organized court events that would bring the couple together under amiable circumstances. Anne began to dress in the French manner and, in 1619, Luynes pressed the king to bed his queen.[20] Some affection developed, to the point where it was noted that Louis was distracted during a serious illness of the queen.

A series of miscarriages disenchanted the king and served to chill their relations. On 14 March 1622, while playing with her ladies, Anne fell and suffered her second stillbirth. Louis blamed her for the incident and was angry with Marie de Rohan, now the Dowager Duchess of Luynes, for having encouraged the queen in what was seen as negligence.[21] The king's already strained relationship with the duchess[22] worsened after the incident, leading him to demand her departure from the court.[23] However, Rohan returned just a few months later with her new husband Claude, Duke of Chevreuse.[24]

Louis turned now to Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor, who served as his first minister from 1624 until his death in 1642. Richelieu's foreign policy of struggle against the Habsburgs, who surrounded France on two fronts, inevitably created tension between Louis and Anne, who remained childless for another sixteen years.

Under the influence of Marie de Rohan, the queen let herself be drawn into political opposition to Richelieu and became embroiled in several intrigues against his policies. Vague rumours of betrayal circulated in the court, notably her supposed involvement, first, with the Chalais conspiracy that Marie organized in 1626, and then those of the king's treacherous favorite, Cinq-Mars, who had been introduced to him by Richelieu.

In 1626, the Cardinal placed Madeleine du Fargis as Dame d'atour in the household of the queen to act as a spy, but she was instead to become a trusted confidant and favourite of the queen. In December 1630, Louis XIII reduced Anne's court and purged a great amount of her favourites as punishment for a plot in which the queen had cooperated with queen dowager Marie de' Medici in an attempt to depose Cardinal Richelieu, and among those fired were Madame de Motteville and Madeleine du Fargis.[25] Queen Anne asked the Cardinal to intervene so that she might keep du Fargis. When he refused, she swore that she would never forgive him.[25][26] Du Fargis left for Brussels, where her spouse had sided with the king's brother Gaston, Duke of Orléans against the monarch. After the invasion of Gaston in 1632, letters were discovered from du Fargis to people in Paris describing the plans of a marriage between Gaston and Anne after the death of Louis XIII.[27] Anne was questioned and confirmed that the letters were written by du Fargis, but denied any knowledge of the plans.[28]

In 1635, France declared war on Spain, placing the queen in an untenable position.[29] Her secret correspondence with her brother Philip IV of Spain was not the only communication she had with the Spanish. She also corresponded with the Spanish ambassador Mirabel and the governor of the Spanish Netherlands.[30] With the assistance of Anne's servant La Porte, who acted as courier, Madeleine du Fargis and Marie de Rohan acted as agents for her secret correspondence and channelled her letters to other contacts.[31] In July 1637, Anne gave du Fargis the mission to examine whether there was any truth to the rumour of an alliance between France and England, as this would force Spain to cut off diplomatic connections to France and disturb her network of couriers between the Spanish embassies of Paris and Brussels.[32]

On 11 August 1637, Anne came under so much suspicion that Richelieu issued an investigation. Her courier La Porte as well as the abbess of Anne's favourite convent Val-de-Grâce (where Anne had written many of her secret letters) were questioned and admitted to having participated in channelling the queen's secret correspondence.[33] Anne initially swore on the Holy Sacrament that she had participated in no illegal correspondence, but finally admitted her guilt on 15 August.[34] On 17 August, Queen Anne was forced to sign covenants regarding her correspondence, which was henceforth open to inspection; she was further banned from visiting convents without permission and was never to be left alone but was always to be in the presence of one of her ladies-in-waiting.[35] This was soon followed up by a purge of her household, where those officials loyal to the queen were replaced by those loyal to the king and the Cardinal. Consequently, count Jean de Galard de Bearn de Brassac, known to be loyal to Richelieu, was appointed chamberlain of her household, and his spouse Catherine de Brassac replaced Marie-Catherine de Senecey as her Première dame d'honneur to keep the queen and her household under control.[36]

### Birth of an heir

[edit]

Louis XIII, Anne, and their son Louis XIV, flanked by Cardinal Richelieu and the Duchesse de Chevreuse

> They saw in the arms of this princess whom they had watched suffer great persecutions with so much staunchness, their child-King, like a gift given by Heaven in answer to their prayers.

—Madame de Motteville[37]

Despite a climate of distrust, the queen became pregnant once more, a circumstance attributed to a single stormy night in December 1637[a] or, as historians deem more likely, to a royal tour that occurred sometime during the previous month.[b] Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638, an event that secured the Bourbon line. At this time, Anne was 37.[37] The official newspaper Gazette de France called the birth "a marvel when it was least expected".[37]

The birth of a living son failed to re-establish confidence between the royal couple. However, she conceived again fifteen months later. At Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 21 September 1640, Anne gave birth to her second son, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, who later founded the modern House of Orléans. Both of her children were placed under the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Lansac, who was disliked by Anne and loyal to the king and the cardinal.[42]

Richelieu made Louis XIII a gift of his palatial hôtel, the Palais Cardinal, north of the Louvre, in 1636, but the king never took possession of it. Anne left the Louvre Palace to install herself there with her two small sons and remained as regent, hence the name Palais-Royal that the structure still carries.

### Issue

[edit]

The couple had the following children:

Name | Lifespan | Notes

|
|

stillborn child  | December 1619  | [43][44]
miscarriage  | Spring 1621  | [43]
miscarriage  | 14 March 1622  | [45]
miscarriage  | November 1626  | [46]
miscarriage  | April 1631  | [47]
Louis XIV of France | 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715  | Married Maria Theresa of Austria (1638–1683) in 1660. Had issue. Later secretly married Françoise d’Aubigné, “Madame de Maintenon”, his last maîtresse-en-titre, and had no issue.
Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans | 21 September 1640 – 8 June 1701  | Married (1) Princess Henrietta of England (1644–1670) in 1661. Had issue.
Married (2) Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, "Madame Palatine" (1652–1722) in 1671. Had issue.

## Regent of France

[edit]

Anne of Austria widow, by Charles de Steuben, Versailles. She never lost her love for magnificent jewellery, and she especially loved bracelets, which emphasized her famously beautiful hands.

Upon Louis' death in 1643, Anne was named regent, despite his attempts to prevent her from obtaining the position. With the aid of Pierre Séguier, she had the Parlement of Paris revoke the will of the late king, which would have limited her powers.[citation needed] Their four-year-old son was crowned King Louis XIV of France. Anne assumed the regency but to general surprise entrusted the government to the chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin, who was a protégé of Cardinal Richelieu and figured among the council of the regency. Mazarin took up residence at the Palais Royal near Queen Anne. Before long he was believed to be her lover, and, it was hinted, even her husband.[citation needed]

With Mazarin's support, Anne overcame the aristocratic revolt, led by Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, that became known as the Fronde. In 1651, when her son Louis XIV officially came of age, her regency legally ended. However, she kept much power and influence over her son until the death of Mazarin.[citation needed]

In January 1648, while acting as regent, Anne received a request on behalf of artists who were affiliated with the crown or aristocracy. The artists, led by painter Charles Le Brun, wanted independence from the monopoly control of the guild, which fined the artists or seized their work. The painters and sculptors petitioned Louis XIV and the Queen Regent to form a new organization. They wanted to found an academy that would be for the visual arts what Académie Française was for French literature; this was to become the Académie Royale.[48]

## Later life

[edit]

Final grand portrait of Anne of Austria, Charles Beaubrun

Anne's regency formally ended in 1651, when Louis XIV was declared of legal majority at the age of thirteen.

In 1659, the war with Spain ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The following year, peace was cemented by the marriage of the young king to Anne's niece, the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Theresa of Spain.

In 1661, the same year as the death of Mazarin, an heir to the throne was born, Anne's first grandchild Louis. Many other children would follow, but all in the legitimate line would die except for Louis. Sometime after, Anne retired to the convent of Val-de-Grâce, where she died of breast cancer five years later.

## Conventual patronage and the Val-de-Grâce

[edit]

As part of her role as a member of French royalty, Anne visited churches and convents across France, where she met Marguerite de Veny d'Arbouze at the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce de la-Ville-d'Evêque. As well as securing from the King the position of Abbess at the Benedictine Val-de-Grâce de Notre-Dame-de-la-Crèche for Marguerite in 1618, Anne purchased lands and transferred the convent to Paris in 1621. She was named the new foundress of the convent in the same year. Her patronage included the building of a small church and an apartment for herself between 1620 and 1625, against the wishes of both Louis and Cardinal Richelieu.[49]

The Val-de-Grâce was commissioned by Anne in 1645, which was undertaken initially by Francois Mansart, who was dismissed in 1646 and succeeded by Jacques Lemercier. This church became Anne's main place of worship and would later gain dynastic significance during the Fronde when she was queen regent. In 1662, she acquired the heart of her ancestor, Anne Elizabeth of France, and placed it in the Chapel of Saint Anne. In 1666, Anne's own body was interred next to Louis XIII's at the Basilica of St Denis in Paris,[50] but her heart in the Chapel of Saint Sacrament,[51] alongside the body of Marguerite d'Arbouze.[52]

## In fiction

[edit]

She is one of the central figures in Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers and its sequels Twenty Years After (1845) and The Vicomte de Bragelonne (1847–1850), and has thus been portrayed in numerous film adaptations.

Her lady-in-waiting Madame de Motteville wrote the story of the queen's life in her Mémoires d'Anne d'Autriche.

She was portrayed by Geraldine Chaplin in The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers.

She appears in a French film based on the life of Louis XIV, Le Roi danse, portrayed by Collette Emmanuelle, and King Louis portrayed by Benoît Magimel (2000).

She was portrayed by Alexandra Dowling in the BBC series The Musketeers (2014–2016).

She first appears as a character in the Dinosaur King season two episode "The French Conniption" as a young teen along with a young King Louis and others.

She appeared in Legends of Tomorrow's second-season premiere episode "Out of Time", played by Rebecca Roberts.

She appeared in final episode of the third season of series As If, played by Yeşim Ceylan.

She was portrayed by Vicky Krieps in the 2023 French film The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan and The Three Musketeers: Milady.

Anne of Austria has a cameo in television series Versailles (season 1, episode 1).

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Anne of Austria

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor[55]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Philip II of Spain[53]|

|  |  |
| 9\. Isabella of Portugal[55]

| 2\. Philip III of Spain|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor[56]

| 5\. Anna of Austria[53] (≠ 15)|

|  |  |
| 11\. Maria of Austria[56]

| 1\. Anne of Austria|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[57]

| 6\. Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria[54]|

|  |  |
| 13\. Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[57]

| 3\. Margaret of Austria|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[58]

| 7\. Maria Anna of Bavaria[54]|

|  |  |
| 15\. Anna of Austria[58] (≠ 5)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Gallery

[edit]

* Portrait of Anne at the age of 15 by Frans Pourbus the Younger, c. 1616, (Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe)

* Anne of Austria, 1622, by Peter Paul Rubens (Prado)

* Equestrian portrait of Anne (Versailles)

* Anne with her sons, Louis and Philippe (Versailles Museum of French History)

* Royal monogram as Queen of France

* Anne of Austria with her children praying to the Holy Trinity with St Benedict and his sister St Scholastica by Philippe de Champaigne

* Portrait by Charles Beaubrun, c. 1650

## Explanatory footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ According to a contemporary account,[38] on the night of 5 December 1637, the King was caught in a storm in the centre of Paris and was unable to reach his own bed, which had been arranged for him at the Condé estate in Saint-Maur, south-east of Vincennes. Cut off from his household staff, he was persuaded by the Captain of the Queen's Guard to spend the night at the Louvre; as a result, the King and Queen ate together and, since there was no royal bed available except the Queen's, slept together as well, resulting in Louis XIV's birth exactly nine months later.[39][40]
2. ^ The reliable La Gazette recorded that the royal couple lodged in St Germain from 9 November till 1 December 1637, before heading to Paris. On 2 December, the King travelled from Paris to Crosne–instead of Saint-Maur–whence he went to Versailles on 5 December while the Queen remained in Paris. Kleinman contends that the King might well have stopped over in Paris on his way to Versailles, but even if he had spent the night of 5 December with the Queen, it doesn't imply this was the first time they shared a bed since August. The Queen's doctor, Charles Bouvard, calculated that her pregnancy had begun at the end of November.[41]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Kleinman 1993, pp. 496–498.
2. ^ Mansel 2020, p. xxxiv.
3. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 4.
4. ^ Fraser 2007, p. 3.
5. ^ Kleinman 1985, pp. 5–6.
6. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 8.
7. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 6.
8. ^ a b Kleinman 1985, p. 15.
9. ^ Freer 1864, p. 5.
10. ^ Freer 1864, p. 6.
11. ^ Kleinman 1985, pp. 22–23.
12. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 24.
13. ^ a b Kleinman 1985, p. 26.
14. ^ Freer 1864, p. 18.
15. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 64.
16. ^ Seward 2022, pp. 60–61.
17. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 42.
18. ^ Freer 1864, p. 24.
19. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 54.
20. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 43.
21. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 56.
22. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 55.
23. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 57.
24. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 58.
25. ^ a b Kleinman 1985, p. 79.
26. ^ Freer 1864, p. 214.
27. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 82.
28. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 83.
29. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 84.
30. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 83–84.
31. ^ Freer 1864, p. 358.
32. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 98.
33. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 99.
34. ^ Kleinman 1985, pp. 100–101.
35. ^ Kleinman 1985, pp. 102–103.
36. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 113.
37. ^ a b c Fraser 2007.
38. ^ Kleinman 1993, p. 193.
39. ^ Noone 1988, p. 42.
40. ^ Kleinman 1993, pp. 193–194.
41. ^ Kleinman 1993, p. 194.
42. ^ Kleinman 1985, p. 146.
43. ^ a b Dulong 1980, p. 30.
44. ^ Kleinman 1993, p. 88.
45. ^ Kleinman 1993, pp. 105–107.
46. ^ Dulong 1980, p. 70.
47. ^ Kleinman 1993, p. 159.
48. ^ Baetjer 2019, p. 15.
49. ^ Hills 2003, pp. 48–9.
50. ^ Saint Denis.
51. ^ Dulong 1980, p. 348.
52. ^ Mignot 2001, p. 112.
53. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Philipp III." . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 120 - via Wikisource.
54. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 13 - via Wikisource.
55. ^ a b Kurth, Godefroid (1911). "Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12\. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
56. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.
57. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 352 - via Wikisource.
58. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 20 - via Wikisource.

### Sources

[edit]

#### Books

[edit]

* Baetjer, Katharine (2019). French Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art from the Early Eighteenth Century Through the Revolution. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 15\. ISBN 978-158-839661-7. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
* Dulong, Claude (1980). Anne d'Autriche, Mère de Louis XIV (hardcover) (in French). Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2-0100-4474-8.
* Fraser, Antonia (2007). Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King. National Geographic Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-3374-4.
* Freer, Martha Walker (1864). The Married Life of Anne of Austria, Queen of France. London: Tinsley Brothers. Vols 1 & 2 at Google Books.
* Hills, Helen (2003). Architecture and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 48–9\. ISBN 978-0-7546-0309-2.
* Kleinman, Ruth (1985). Anne of Austria: Queen of France. University of California: Ohio State University Press. p. 279\. ISBN 978-0-8142-0389-7.
* Kleinman, Ruth (1993) [First published 1985. Columbus: Ohio State University Press (in English)]. Anne d'Autriche (in French). Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-2130-3030-2.
* Mansel, Philip (2020). King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-69089-6.
* Mignot, Claude (2001). Le Val-de-Grâce : l'ermitage d'une Reine (in French) ([Réimpr.] ed.). Paris: CNRS Éditions. p. 112\. ISBN 978-2-2710-5144-8.
* Noone, John (1988). The Man behind the Mask (hardcover). Gloucester: Alan Sutton. ISBN 978-0-86299-475-4.
* Seward, Desmond (2022). The Bourbon Kings of France. London: Lume Books. pp. 60–61\. ISBN 979-8-367-43030-1.

#### Websites

[edit]

* "Map of the tombs in the Basilica of Saint Denis". tourisme93.com. Seine-Saint-Denis Tourism. [Scroll down to: Figures whose effigies were destroyed or were never made]. Retrieved 8 December 2024. "Anne of Austria † 1666"

## Further reading

[edit]

* La Varende, Jean de (1938). Anne d' Autriche: femme de Louis XIII. Paris: Les Éditions de France. OCLC 34567717. 2014 reprint: ISBN 9782851577269.
* Mallick, Oliver (2011). "Freundin oder Gönnerin? Anna von Österreich im Spiegel ihrer Korrespondenz", in: Freundschaft. Eine politisch-soziale Beziehung in Deutschland und Frankreich, 12.–19. Jahrhundert (8. Sommerkurs des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Paris-Sorbonne, der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und der École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 3.–6. Juli 2011), ed. by Bertrand Haan, Christian Kühner (discussions, 8). Online at perspectivia.net
* Mallick, Oliver (2013). "Clients and Friends: The Ladies-in-waiting at the Court of Anne of Austria (1615–1666)", in The Politics of Female Households. Ladies-in-Waiting across Early Modern Europe, ed. by Nadine N. Akkerman, Birgit Houben, Leiden: Brill, p. 231–264.
* Mallick, Oliver (2016). "Au service de la reine. Anne d'Autriche et sa maison (1616–1666)", in: www.cour-de-france.de. Online at cour-de-france.fr
* Mallick, Oliver (2016). 'Spiritus intus agit'. Die Patronagepolitik der Anna von Österreich 1643–1666. Berlin: De Gruyter.
* Robiquet, Paul (1912). Le coeur d'une Reine. Anne d'Autriche, Louis XIII et Mazarin. Paris: Felix Alcan.
* Vignal Souleyreau, Marie-Catherine (2006). Anne d' Autriche: La jeunesse d' une souveraine. Paris: Flammarion.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Anne of Austria at Wikimedia Commons
* Adams, Henry Gardiner, ed. (1857). "Anne of Austria". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 48–49\. Wikidata Q115750030.
* An expansive portrait gallery of Anne of Austria and her husband Louis XIII

Anne of Austria

House of Habsburg

Born: 22 September 1601 Died: 20 January 1666

French royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Marie de' Medici |  Queen consort of Navarre
1615 – 1620  | French annexation
Queen consort of France
1615 – 1643  | Vacant

Title next held by

Maria Theresa of Spain
Portuguese royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Philip (II) |  Princess of Portugal
22 September 1601 – 8 April 1605  | Succeeded by

Philip (III)

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archduchesses by descent

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.

1st generation|

* Kunigunde, Duchess of Bavaria

2nd generation|

* Margaret, Duchess of Savoy

3rd generation|

* Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France*
* Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway*
* Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia*
* Catherine, Queen of Portugal*

4th generation|

* Maria, Holy Roman Empress*
* Joanna, Princess of Portugal*
* Elisabeth, Queen of Poland
* Anna, Duchess of Bavaria
* Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
* Magdalena
* Catherine, Queen of Poland
* Eleanor, Duchess of Mantua
* Margaret
* Barbara, Duchess of Ferrara
* Helena
* Joanna, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

5th generation|

* Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands**
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy**
* Anna, Queen of Spain
* Elisabeth, Queen of France
* Margaret (1567–1633)
* Maria (1584–1649)
* Anna, Holy Roman Empress
* Anna, Queen of Poland
* Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
* Catherine Renata
* Gregoria Maximiliana
* Eleanor (1582–1620)
* Margaret, Queen of Spain
* Constance, Queen of Poland
* Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

6th generation|

* Anna, Queen of France**
* María**
* Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress**
* Margarita**
* Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
* Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
* Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
* Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress

7th generation|

* Maria Theresa, Queen of France**
* Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress*
* Maria Anna, Queen of Spain
* Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine
* Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate
* Claudia Felicitas, Holy Roman Empress

8th generation|

* Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
* Maria Elisabeth
* Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
* Maria Theresa
* Maria Josepha
* Maria Magdalena

9th generation|

* Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
* Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
* Maria Theresa
* Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine

10th generation|

* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Carolina^
* Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^
* Maria Elisabeth^
* Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^
* Johanna^
* Maria Josepha^
* Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^
* Maria Antonia, Queen of France^

11th generation|

* Maria Theresa
* Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^
* Maria Anna^
* Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^
* Maria Amalia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia#
* Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria#
* Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria#

12th generation|

* Marie Louise, Empress of the French
* Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
* Clementina, Princess of Salerno
* Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
* Maria Anna
* Maria Luisa^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^
* Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
* Maria Caroline
* Hermine
* Elisabeth Franziska
* Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
* Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
* Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord#
* Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón#

13th generation|

* Maria Anna
* Princess Auguste Ferdinande of Bavaria^
* Maria Isabella, Countess of Trapani^
* Maria Luisa, Princess of Isenburg-Büdingen^
* Mathilda
* Maria Christina, Queen of Spain
* Maria Dorothea, Duchess of Orléans
* Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis
* Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria#

14th generation|

* Sophie
* Princess Gisela of Bavaria
* Marie Valerie
* Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
* Maria Annunciata
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
* Maria Antonietta^
* Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^
* Maria Theresa^
* Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^
* Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
* Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
* Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
* Princess Isabella of Bavaria
* Eleonora
* Renata, Princess Radziwill
* Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski

15th generation|

* Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
* Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^
* Dolores^
* Maria Inmaculata^
* Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^
* Princess Maria Antonia^
* Assunta^
* Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^
* Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^
* Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
* Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg

16th generation|

* Adelheid
* Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
* Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein

17th generation|

* Gabriela
* Walburga, Countess Douglas
* Maria-Anna, Princess Piotr Galitzine
* Sophie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz

18th generation|

* Eleonore

* * also an infanta of Spain
* ** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
* ^ also a princess of Tuscany
* # also a princess of Modena

* v
* t
* e

Infantas of Spain

Generations indicate descent from Carlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain.

1st generation|

* María, Holy Roman Empress
* Joanna, Princess of Portugal

2nd generation|

* Isabel Clara Eugenia, Duchess of Brabant
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy

3rd generation|

* Ana, Queen of France
* Infanta María
* María Ana, Holy Roman Empress
* Infanta Margarita

4th generation|

* María Teresa, Queen of France
* Margarita Teresa, Holy Roman Empress

5th generation|

* None

6th generation|

* None

7th generation|

* Mariana Victoria, Queen of Portugal
* María Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France
* María Antonia Fernanda, Queen of Sardinia

8th generation|

* Infanta María Josefa
* María Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
* Isabella, Archduchess Joseph of Austria

9th generation|

* Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal
* María Amalia, Infanta Antonio Pascual of Spain
* María Luisa, Queen of Etruria and Duchess of Lucca
* María Isabel, Queen of the Two Sicilies

10th generation|

* Queen Isabel II
* Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier
* Isabel Fernanda, Countess Ignaz Gurowski*
* Infanta Luisa Teresa, Duchess of Sessa*
* Infanta Josefa Fernanda, Mrs. José Guëll*
* María Cristina, Infanta Sebastian of Portugal and Spain*
* Amalia, Princess Adalbert of Bavaria*
* María Luisa Carlota, Hereditary Princess of Saxony*

11th generation|

* Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti
* Infanta María del Pilar
* María de la Paz, Princess Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria
* Infanta Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera
* Infanta María Isabel, Countess of Paris*
* Infanta Maria Amelia*
* Infanta María Cristina*
* Maria de las Mercedes, Queen of Spain*

12th generation|

* Maria de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias and Princess Carlos of Bourbon-Two-Sicilies
* María Teresa, Princess Ferdinand of Bavaria

13th generation|

* Infanta Beatriz, Princess of Citivella-Cesi
* Infanta María Cristina, Countess Marone
* Isabel Alfonsa, Countess Jan Kanty Zamoyski*
* Maria de las Mercedes, Princess Irakli Bagration of Mukhrani *

14th generation|

* Infanta Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz and Viscountess of La Torre
* Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria and Hernani

15th generation|

* Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo
* Infanta Cristina

16th generation|

* Leonor, Princess of Asturias
* Infanta Sofía

*title granted by Royal Decree

* v
* t
* e

Infantas of Portugal

The generations indicate descent form Afonso I, and continues through the House of Aviz, the House of Habsburg through Infanta Isabel, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain, and the House of Braganza through Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza.

| 1st generation|

* Urraca, Queen of León
* Teresa, Countess of Flanders
* Infanta Mafalda

|

2nd generation|

* Teresa, Queen of León
* Infanta Sancha, Lady of Alenquer
* Mafalda, Queen of Castile
* Infanta Branca, Lady of Guadalajara
* Berengária, Queen of Denmark

3rd generation|

* Leonor, Queen of Denmark

4th generation|

* Infanta Branca, Lady of Las Huelgas
* Infanta Sancha

5th generation|

* Constança, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Maria, Lady of Meneses and Orduña

6th generation|

* Maria, Queen of Castile and León
* Leonor, Queen of Aragon

7th generation|

* Infanta Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa
* Infanta Beatriz, Countess of Alburquerque

8th generation|

* Beatriz, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy

9th generation|

* Leonor, Holy Roman Empress
* Infanta Catarina
* Joana, Queen of Castile and León
* Isabel, Queen of Portugal
* Beatriz, Lady of Ravenstein
* Infanta Filipa
* Isabel, Queen of Castile and León
* Infanta Beatriz, Duchess of Viseu

10th generation|

* Joanna, Princess of Portugal
* Leonor, Queen of Portugal
* Isabel, Duchess of Braganza

11th generation|

* Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Beatriz, Duchess of Savoy
* Infanta Maria, Duchess of Viseu

12th generation|

* Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal and Asturias
* Maria, Hereditary Princess of Parma
* Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza

13th generation|

* Isabel Clara, Archduchess of Austria*
* Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy*

14th generation|

* Ana, Queen of France*
* Infanta María*
* María Ana, Holy Roman Empress*
* Infanta Margarita*

15th generation|

* María Teresa, Queen of France*
* Joana, Princess of Beira
* Catarina, Queen of England and Scotland

16th generation|

* Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
* Infanta Francisca Josefa

17th generation|

* Bárbara, Queen of Spain

18th generation|

* Maria I
* Infanta Maria Ana
* Maria Doroteia
* Benedita, Princess of Brazil

19th generation|

* Mariana Victoria, Infanta Gabriel of Spain

20th generation|

* Infanta Maria Teresa, Countess of Molina
* Maria Isabel, Queen of Spain
* Infanta Maria Francisca, Countess of Molina
* Infanta Isabel Maria
* Infanta Maria da Assunção
* Infanta Ana de Jesus, Marchioness of Loulé

21st generation|

* Maria II**
* Infanta Januária, Countess of Aquila**
* Infanta Paula**
* Francisca, Princess of Joinville**
* Infanta Maria Amélia**
* Infanta Maria das Neves, Duchess of San Jaimeƒ
* Maria Teresa, Archduchess Karl Ludwig of Austriaƒ
* Maria José, Duchess Karl Theodor in Bavariaƒ
* Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarãesƒ
* Maria Ana, Grand Duchess of Luxembourgƒ
* Maria Antónia, Duchess of Parmaƒ

22nd generation|

* Maria Ana, Princess Georg of Saxony***
* Antónia, Princess of Hohenzollern***
* Maria Teresa, Princess Karl Ludwig of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Isabel Maria, Princess of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Maria Ana, Princess Karl August of Thurn und Taxisƒ◙
* Infanta Maria Adelaide, Mrs. van Udenƒ◙

24th generation|

* Infanta Maria Francisca, Duchess of Coimbraƒ

* also an infanta of Spain and an archduchess of Austria, ** also an imperial princess of Brazil, *** also a princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony, ◙ Also a princess of Braganza, ƒ title of pretense

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of France

* List of Frankish queens
* List of French royal consorts

Merovingians (509–751)|

* Clotilde
* Ultragotha
* Guntheuc
* Radegund
* Ingund
* Aregund
* Ingoberga
* Merofleda
* Marcovefa
* Theudechild
* Austregilde
* Audovera
* Galswintha
* Fredegund
* Brunhilda of Austrasia
* Bertrude
* Sichilde
* Gomentrude
* Nanthild
* Ragintrudis
* Wulfefundis
* Bertechildis
* Balthild of Chelles
* Bilichild
* Chrothildis

Carolingians,
Robertians and Bosonids (751–987)|

* Bertrada of Laon
* Gerberga
* Desiderata of the Lombards
* Hildegard
* Fastrada
* Luitgard
* Ermengarde of Hesbaye
* Judith of Bavaria
* Ermentrude of Orléans
* Richilde of Provence
* Adelaide of Paris
* Richardis
* Théodrate of TroyesR
* Frederuna
* Eadgifu of Wessex
* Beatrice of VermandoisR
* Emma of FranceB
* Gerberga of Saxony
* Emma of Italy

House of Capet (987–1328)|

* Adelaide of Aquitaine
* Rozala of Italy
* Bertha of Burgundy
* Constance of Arles
* Matilda of Frisia
* Anne of Kiev
* Bertha of Holland
* Bertrade of Montfort
* Adelaide of Maurienne
* Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Constance of Castile
* Adela of Champagne
* Isabella of Hainault
* Ingeborg of Denmark
* Agnes of Merania
* Blanche of Castile
* Margaret of Provence
* Isabella of Aragon
* Marie of Brabant
* Joan I of Navarre
* Margaret of Burgundy
* Clementia of Hungary
* Joan II of Burgundy
* Blanche of Burgundy
* Marie of Luxembourg
* Joan of Évreux

House of Valois (1328–1589)|

* Joan of Burgundy
* Blanche of Navarre
* Joan I of Auvergne
* Joanna of Bourbon
* Isabeau of Bavaria
* Marie of Anjou
* Charlotte of Savoy
* Anne of Brittany
* Joan of France
* Mary Tudor
* Claude of France
* Eleanor of Austria
* Catherine de' Medici
* Mary I of Scotland
* Elisabeth of Austria
* Louise of Lorraine

House of Lancaster (1422–1453)|

* Margaret of Anjou

House of Bourbon (1589–1792)|

* Margaret of Valois
* Marie de' Medici
* Anne of Austria
* Maria Theresa of Spain
* Marie Leszczyńska
* Marie Antoinette

House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815)|

* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Marie Louise

House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830)|

* Marie Joséphine of Savoy
* Marie-Thérèse

House of Orléans (1830–1848)|

* Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily

House of Bonaparte (1852–1870)|

* Eugénie de Montijo

Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Royal consorts of Navarre

House of Íñiguez|

* Auria

House of Jiménez|

* Toda
* Andregoto Galíndez
* Teresa Ramírez
* Urraca Fernández
* Jimena Fernández
* Muniadona
* Stephanie
* Placentia
* FeliciaA
* Agnes of AquitaineA
* Bertha of AragonA
* Urraca of León and CastileA
* Margaret of L'Aigle
* Urraca of Castile
* Sancha of Castile
* Constance of Toulouse

House of Champagne|

* Margaret of Bourbon
* Isabella of France
* Blanche of Artois

House of Capet|

* Margaret of BurgundyF
* Clementia of HungaryF
* Joan II, Countess of BurgundyF
* Blanche of BurgundyF
* Marie of LuxembourgF
* Joan of ÉvreuxF

House of Évreux|

* Joan of Valois
* Eleanor of Castile

House of Trastámara|

* Juana EnríquezA
* Agnes of Cleves

House of Albret \- Lower Navarre|

* Marguerite de Navarre

House of Bourbon \- Lower Navarre|

* Margaret of ValoisF
* Marie de' MediciF
* Anne of AustriaF

AAlso Queen of Aragon. FAlso Queen of France.

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
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National|

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Artists|

* ULAN

People|

* Netherlands
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Other|

* IdRef
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