Anne of Cleves

For other people named Anne of Cleves, see Anne of Cleves (disambiguation).

Queen of England in 1540

Anne of Cleves

Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1539

Queen consort of England
Tenure| 6 January 1540 – 12 July 1540[1]

Born| 28 June or 22 September 1515
Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg, Holy Roman Empire
Died| 16 July 1557 (aged 41 or 42)
Chelsea Manor, England
Burial| 3 August 1557

Westminster Abbey

Spouse|

Henry VIII of England

(m. 1540; ann. 1540)​

House| La Marck
Father| John III, Duke of Cleves
Mother| Maria of Jülich-Berg
Signature|

Anne of Cleves (German: Anna von Kleve; 1515 – 16 July 1557)[2] was Queen of England from 6 January to 12 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.[2] Not much is known about Anne before 1527, when she became betrothed to Francis, Duke of Bar, son and heir of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, although their marriage did not proceed. In March 1539, negotiations for Anne's marriage to Henry began, as Henry believed that he needed to form a political alliance with her brother, William, who was a leader of the Protestants of Western Germany, to strengthen his position against potential attacks from Catholic France and the Holy Roman Empire.[3]

Anne arrived in England on 27 December 1539 and married Henry on 6 January 1540, but after six months, the marriage was declared unconsummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment, Henry gave her a generous settlement, and she was thereafter known as the King's Beloved Sister.[4][5] Remaining in England, she lived to see the reign of Edward VI, and the coronation of Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.[6]

## Early life[edit]

Anne was born in 1515, on either 22 September,[2][7] or more probably 28 June.[8] She was born in Düsseldorf,[9] the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark, also known as de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Berg (1491–1543). She grew up in Schloss Burg on the edge of Solingen.

Anne's father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He decided to side with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich". In 1526, her elder sister Sibylle was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation."

In 1527, at the age of 11, Anne was betrothed to Francis, the 9-year-old son and heir of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine.[10] But because Francis was under the age of consent (10 years old) at the time of the arrangement, the betrothal was considered unofficial and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously, with her mother, the Duchess Maria, described as a "strict Catholic".[11] Her father's ongoing dispute over Gelderland with Charles V made the family suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the king by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell.

### Wedding preparations[edit]

The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Düren to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, each of whom Henry VIII was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The portraits are now located in the Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Another 1539 portrait, by the school of Barthel Bruyn the Elder, is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[12]

Negotiations to arrange the marriage were in full swing by March 1539. Thomas Cromwell oversaw the talks and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of that year. The King agreed to pay a dowry of 100,000 florins to the bride's brother.[13]

Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women, but Anne lacked these traits. She had received no formal education but was skilled in needlework and liked playing card games. She could read and write, but only in German.[14] Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous and docile, which is why she was recommended as a suitable candidate for Henry.

Anne was described by French ambassador Charles de Marillac as tall and slim, "of middling beauty and of very assured and resolute countenance."[15] She was fair-haired and was said to have had a lovely face. In the words of the chronicler Edward Hall, "Her hair hanging down, which was fair, yellow and long ... she was apparelled after the English fashion, with a French hood, which so set forth her beauty and good visage, that every creature rejoiced to behold her."[16] She appeared rather solemn by English standards, and looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with a high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.

Anne was initially to travel to England alone with her cortège - the death of her father prevented her brother and mother from travelling - but there were concerns about a beautiful, sheltered young woman who had never traveled by sea making such a journey, especially during the winter. She traveled from Düsseldorf to Cleves, and then to Antwerp where she was received by fifty English merchants.[17]

Henry met her privately on New Year's Day 1540 at Rochester Abbey in Rochester on her journey from Dover.[18] Henry and some of his courtiers, following a courtly-love tradition, went disguised into the room where Anne was staying.[18] Eustace Chapuys reported:

Six wives of Henry VIII
(years of marriage)

* v
* t
* e

Catherine of Aragon
(1509–1533)

Anne Boleyn
(1533–1536)

Jane Seymour
(1536–1537)

Anne of Cleves
(1540)

Catherine Howard
(1540–1542)

Catherine Parr
(1543–1547)

> [The King] so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed her a token which the king had sent her for New Year’s gift, and she being abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her. But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window .... and when the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple velvet. And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him reverence.[19]

According to the testimony of Henry's companions, he was disappointed with Anne, feeling that she was not as described. According to the chronicler Charles Wriothesley, Anne "regarded him little",[20] though it is unknown whether she knew this was the king.[21] Henry then revealed his true identity to Anne, although he is said to have been put off the marriage from then on. Henry and Anne then met officially on 3 January on Blackheath outside the gates of Greenwich Park, where a grand reception was laid out.[22]

Most historians believe that Henry's misgivings about the marriage were because of Anne's unsatisfactory appearance, which did not inspire him to consummate the marriage. He felt that he had been misled after his advisors had praised Anne's beauty: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported", he complained.[23] He went even further to tell others in his court that if "it were not that she had come so far into my realm, and the great preparations and state that my people have made for her, and for fear of making a ruffle in the world and of driving her brother into the arms of the Emperor and the French King, I would not now marry her. But now it is too far gone, wherefore I am sorry."[24]

Cromwell received some blame for the Holbein portrait, which Henry believed had not been an accurate representation of Anne, and for some of the exaggerated reports of her beauty.[25] Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans. In his anger and frustration, the King turned on Cromwell, to his subsequent regret.[26]

### Marriage[edit]

A portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder

Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne's wedding ring. Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Catholic form of worship which Henry had retained after his break with Rome.[27] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a successful one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse".[28]

In February 1540, speaking to the Countess of Rutland, Anne praised the King as a kind husband, saying: "When he comes to bed he kisseth me, and he taketh me by the hand, and biddeth me 'Good night, sweetheart'; and in the morning kisseth me and biddeth 'Farewell, darling.'" Lady Rutland responded: "Madam, there must be more than this, or it will be long ere we have a duke of York, which all this realm most desireth."[29]

Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Witness statements were taken from a number of courtiers and two physicians which register the king's disappointment at her appearance. Henry had also commented to Thomas Heneage and Anthony Denny that he could not believe she was a virgin.[30]

Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. Cromwell, the moving force behind the marriage, was attainted for treason. The marriage was annulled on 12 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine. Henry VIII's physician stated that after the wedding night, Henry said he was not impotent because he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal pollutions while in sleep).[31][32]

* v
* t
* e

Family tree of the wives of Henry VIII

King Henry VIII and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England.[33]

| | | | | | | | | | | | | 1239–1307
Edward I
King of England
r. 1272–1307

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1275–?
Margaret
Duchess of Brabant| | | | c. 1282–1316
Elizabeth
Countess of Hereford| | | | | | | | 1284–1327
Edward II
King of England
r. 1307–1327
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1300–1355
John III
Duke of Brabant| | | | 1312–1360
William de Bohun
Earl of Northampton| | | | | | | | 1312–1377
Edward III
King of England
r. 1327–1377
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
1323–1380
Margaret of Brabant
Countess of Flanders| | | | c. 1350–1385
Elizabeth Fitzalan
Countess of Arundel| | | | 1338–1368
Lionel of Antwerp
Duke of Clarence| | | | | | 1340–1399
John of Gaunt
Duke of Lancaster
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
1350–1405
Margaret III
Countess of Flanders[34]| | | | 1366–1425
Elizabeth Fitzalan
Duchess of Norfolk| | | | 1355–1382
Philippa
Countess of Ulster| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
1371–1419
John
Duke of Burgundy| | | | 1388–?
Margaret de Mowbray| | | | 1371–1417
Elizabeth Mortimer| | 1374–1398
Roger Mortimer
Earl of March| | c. 1371–1410
John Beaufort
Earl of Somerset| | 1373–1418
Catherine
Queen of Castile| | c. 1379–1440
Joan Beaufort
Countess of Westmorland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1393–1466
Mary
Duchess of Cleves| | | | c. 1425–1485
John Howard
Duke of Norfolk| | | | c. 1395–1436
Elizabeth
Baroness de Clifford| | 1388–c. 1411
Anne de Mortimer| | 1404–1444
John Beaufort
Duke of Somerset| | 1405–1454
John II
King of Castile| | 1400–1460
Richard Neville
Earl of Salisbury
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1419–1481
John I
Duke of Cleves| | | | 1443–1524
Thomas Howard
Duke of Norfolk| | | | Mary Clifford| | 1411–1460
Richard
Duke of York| | | | | | | | | | | | c. 1430–?
Alice Neville
Baroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
1458–1521
John II
Duke of Cleves| | | | | | | | | | | | c. 1448–1499/1501
Henry Wentworth| | 1442–1483
Edward IV
King of England
r. 1461–1470
r. 1470–1483| | 1441/43–1509
Margaret Beaufort| | 1451–1504
Isabella I
Queen of Castile| | c. 1455/1465–bef. 1507
Elizabeth FitzHugh
Lady Parr of Kendal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1490–1538/1539
John III
Duke of Cleves[35]| | c. 1478–1539
Edmund Howard| | c. 1480–1536
Elizabeth Boleyn
Countess of Wiltshire| | c. 1478–1550
Margery Wentworth| | 1466–1503
Elizabeth of York| | 1457–1509
Henry VII
King of England
r. 1485–1509| | | | | | | c. 1483–1517
Sir Thomas Parr

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1515–1557
Anne of Cleves
4th wife:
1540| | c. 1524–1542
Catherine Howard
5th wife:
1540–1542| | c. 1507–1536
Anne Boleyn
2nd wife:
1533–1536| | c. 1508–1537
Jane Seymour
3rd wife:
1536–1537| | | | 1491–1547
Henry VIII
King of England
r. 1509–1547| | | | 1485–1536
Catherine of Aragon
1st wife:
1509–1533| | 1512–1548
Catherine Parr
6th wife:
1543–1547
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | 1533–1603
Elizabeth I
Queen of England
r. 1558–1603| | 1537–1553
Edward VI
King of England
r. 1547–1553| | | | | | | | | | 1516–1558
Mary I
Queen of England
r. 1553–1558

## After the annulment[edit]

Anne of Cleves' arms as queen consort[36]

Anne had been given dower lands in January 1540 to fund her household, including manors in Hampshire formerly owned by Breamore Priory and Southwick Priory.[37] As former queen, she received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, East Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned, though she never lived there. Henry and Anne became friendly—she was an honorary member of the king's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[38]

After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, pressed the king to remarry Anne. Henry quickly refused to do so.[39] She seems to have disliked Catherine Parr, and reportedly reacted to the news of Henry's sixth marriage with the remark "Madam Parr is taking a great burden on herself."[40]

In March 1547, Edward VI's Privy Council asked her to move out of Bletchingley Palace, her usual residence, to Penshurst Place to make way for Thomas Cawarden, Master of Revels. They pointed out that Penshurst was nearer to Hever and the move had been Henry VIII's will.[41][42]

Anne of Cleves after her annulment by Hans Holbein the Younger

On 4 August 1553, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[43] On 28 September 1553, when Mary left St James's Palace for Whitehall, she was accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves.[44] Anne also took part in Mary I's coronation procession,[45][46] and may have been present at her coronation at Westminster Abbey.[47] These were her last public appearances. As the new queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again changed religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.[48][49]

After a brief return to prominence, she lost royal favour in 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion. According to Simon Renard, the imperial ambassador, Anne's close association with Elizabeth had convinced the Queen that "the Lady [Anne] of Cleves was of the plot and intrigued with the Duke of Cleves to obtain help for Elizabeth: matters in which the king of France was the prime mover".[50] There is no evidence that Anne was invited back to court after 1554.[51] She was compelled to live a quiet and obscure life on her estates.[52] After her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England. Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England and was described by Holinshed as "a ladie of right commendable regards, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper and verie bountifull to her servants."[53]

## Death[edit]

Anne of Cleves around the time of her death

When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[54] Here, in the middle of July 1557, Anne dictated her last will. In it, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Countess of Arundel.[55] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households.[6] She was remembered by everyone who served her as a particularly generous and easy-going mistress.[53]

Anne died at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557. The most likely cause of her death was cancer.[54] She was buried in Westminster Abbey, on 3 August,[56] in what has been described as a "somewhat hard-to-find tomb" on the opposite side of Edward the Confessor's shrine and slightly above eye level for a person of average height.

Anne's epitaph in Westminster Abbey, which is in English, reads simply:[57]

ANNE OF CLEVES

QUEEN OF ENGLAND

BORN 1515 • DIED 1557

She was the last of Henry VIII's wives to die.[58]

## Fictional portrayals[edit]

The role of Anne of Cleves was played by:

* Elsa Lanchester in The Private Life of Henry VIII, which was released in 1933. Lanchester's husband Charles Laughton played Henry VIII and won an Academy Award for his portrayal.[59]
* Elvi Hale in the episode Anne of Cleves in the 1971 television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII.[60]
* Pia Girard in the 2003 ITV series Henry VIII.[61]
* Joss Stone in the Showtime cable television series The Tudors.[62]
* Rebecca Dyson-Smith in the BBC documentary mini-series Six Wives with Lucy Worsley
* Genesis Lynea originated the role of Cleves in the musical Six.[63]

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ Weir 2007, p. 424.
2. ^ a b c Weir 2002, p. 155.
3. ^ Sanders, Kevin (22 September 2017). "Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves: journey to a doomed marriage?". English Heritage Blog.
4. ^ Norton 2009, p. 107.
5. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 252.
6. ^ a b Norton 2009, p. 161.
7. ^ Norton 2009, p. 7.
8. ^ Darsie 2019, pp. 17–20.
9. ^ At the time, the area was in the Duchy of Berg.
10. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 13–14.
11. ^ Fraser 2003, p. 364.
12. ^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014.
13. ^ "Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 14 Part 2, August-December 1539". British History Online. HMSO. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
14. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 10–11.
15. ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII 15: 1540 no. 22.
16. ^ Hall 1809, pp. 836–837.
17. ^ Frasier, Antonia (2003). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London : Phoenix. p. 370\. ISBN 978-1-84212-633-2.
18. ^ a b Warnicke 2000, p. 138.
19. ^ "Anne of Cleves – Not Love at First Sight" The History Jar retrieved February 6, 2017
20. ^ Wriothesley 1875, pp. 109–110.
21. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 132.
22. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 146.
23. ^ Schofield 2011, p. 361.
24. ^ Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. New York: Grove Weidenfelf. p. 403.
25. ^ Elton 1978, p. 157.
26. ^ Lehmberg 1977, p. 127.
27. ^ Weir 2007, p. 412.
28. ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII: Jan.-Aug. 1540. H.M. Stationery Office. 1896. p. 391.
29. ^ Norton 2009, p. 74.
30. ^ Strype 1822, pp. 450–463.
31. ^ Strype 1822, p. 461.
32. ^ "Holbein en Angleterre". Amateur d'Art, par Lunettes Rouge (in French). La Vie–Le Monde Group. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2014..
33. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "genealogical tables". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
34. ^ Anselme. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. Vol. 2, p. 741.
35. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "Anne of Cleves". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
36. ^ Boutell 1863, p. 243.
37. ^ HMC Calendar of Manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury, vol. 1 (London, 1883), p. 12 no. 58.
38. ^ Norton 2009, p. 108.
39. ^ Farquhar 2001, p. 77.
40. ^ Weir 2007, p. 498.
41. ^ Acts of the Privy Council 2, pp. 82–83, 471–472.
42. ^ Ellis 1817, pp. 131–132.
43. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 153–154.
44. ^ Whitelock 2010, p. 192.
45. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 144–145.
46. ^ Porter 2008, pp. 256, 260–261.
47. ^ Porter 2008, p. 260 According to Antoine de Noailles, Elizabeth and Anne followed Mary into the Abbey.
48. ^ Norton 2009, p. 146.
49. ^ Weir 2007, p. 388.
50. ^ Norton 2009, p. 151.
51. ^ Norton 2009, p. 154.
52. ^ Norton 2009, p. 155.
53. ^ a b Norton 2009, p. 165.
54. ^ a b Fraser 2003, p. 504.
55. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 159–161.
56. ^ Machyn 1968, pp. 145–146.
57. ^ Kjærgaard, Jørgen (25 March 2018). "Queen Anne of Cleves grave at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom". Virtual Globetrotting. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
58. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 161, 165.
59. ^ The Private Life of Henry VIII at AllMovie
60. ^ "Six Wives of Henry VII, The". Encyclopedia of Television. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
61. ^ "Anne of Cleves". WGBH. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
62. ^ "Anne of Cleves Played by Joss Stone". The Tudors. Showtime. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
63. ^ "New musical about Henry VIII's wives finds its West End cast | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.

## References[edit]

* Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor and Newton. OCLC 608764832.
* Darsie, Heather (2019). Anna, Duchess of Cleves: The King's 'Beloved Sister'. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN 978-1-4456-7710-1. OCLC 1112676028.
* Dasent, John Roche, ed. (1890). Acts of the Privy Council. Vol. 2\. British-history.ac.uk. ISBN 978-1-55429-207-3. OCLC 1091427947. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
* Ellis, Henry (1817). "Extracts from the Proceedings of Privy Council from the Year 1545 to the Year 1558". Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. Vol. XVIII. London: Society of Antiquaries of London.
* Elton, G. R. (1978). England Under the Tudors. London: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-70690-1. OCLC 1034675675 - via Internet Archive.
* Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories of History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors (hardback). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9. OCLC 792946105.
* Fraser, Antonia (2003). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-84212-633-2. OCLC 1245812271 - via Internet Archive.
* Gairdner, James; Brodie, Robert Henry, eds. (1896). "Henry VIII: January 1540, 1–10". Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. Vol. 15: 1540. British-history.ac.uk. pp. 1–19. OCLC 940885220. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
* Hall, Edward (1809). Hall's chronicle; containing the history of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. London: Printed for J. Johnson; F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; Wilkie and Robinson; Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme; Cadell and Davies; and J. Mawman. OCLC 697778955.
* Lehmberg, Stanford E. (1977). The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII: 1536–1547. London, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-89613-2. OCLC 776967691.
* Machyn, Henry (1968). Nichols, John Gough (ed.). The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563. Camden Society. Series I. Vol. 42\. New York; London: AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-548-94254-3. OCLC 664246000.
* Norton, Elizabeth (2009). Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride. Amberley Pub. ISBN 978-1-4456-0677-4. OCLC 1244223280 - via Internet Archive.
* Porter, Linda (2008). Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6. OCLC 1310731732 - via Internet Archive.
* Schofield, John (2011). The Rise and Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5866-3. OCLC 1311052046, 779141098 - via Internet Archive.
* Strype, John (1822). "XCIII". Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion and the Reformation of it, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary I. Vol. 1, Part 2, Appendix, Henry VIII. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Republished in 2008, TannerRitchie Pub., Burlington, ISBN 978-1-4356-5136-4, OCLC 234521488
* Warnicke, Retha M. (2000). The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77037-8. OCLC 41404564.
* Weir, Alison (2002). "The Tudors". Britain's Royal Families:The Complete Genealogy. Pimilco. ISBN 978-0-7126-4286-6. OCLC 1285468939 - via Internet Archive.
* Weir, Alison (2007). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage. ISBN 978-1-4464-4909-7. OCLC 1100698192 - via Internet Archive.
* Whitelock, Anna (2010). Mary Tudor: England's First Queen. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-4000-6609-4. OCLC 491897829 - via Internet Archive.
* Wriothesley, Charles (1875). Hamilton, William Douglas (ed.). "A Chronicle Of England During The Reigns Of The Tudors: From A.D. 1485 To 1559". Camden Society. New Series. London: Camden Society. OCLC 1096776828, 73998658.

## External links[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Anne of Cleves".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Cleves.

* Anne of Cleves from the online Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Portraits of Anne of Cleves at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* A quick overview of Anne's life, including a portrait gallery
* A more in-depth examination of Anne's political career
* More information on Anne's life after her annulment

Anne of Cleves

House of La Marck

Born: 1515 Died: 16 July 1557

English royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Jane Seymour |  Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
6 January – 12 July 1540  | Vacant

Title next held by

Catherine Howard

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British royal consorts

| Royal consorts in England until 1603| Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603

|

* Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury
* Æthelflæd of Damerham
* Ælfgifu
* Ælfthryth
* Ælfgifu of York
* Sigrid the Haughty/Świętosława
* Ealdgyth
* Emma of Normandy
* Edith of Wessex
* Edith of Mercia
* Matilda of Flanders
* Matilda of Scotland
* Adeliza of Louvain
* Matilda of Boulogne
* Geoffrey Plantagenet
* Eleanor of Aquitaine
* Margaret of France
* Berengaria of Navarre
* Isabella of Angoulême
* Blanche of Castile
* Eleanor of Provence
* Eleanor of Castile
* Margaret of France
* Isabella of France
* Philippa of Hainault
* Anne of Bohemia
* Isabella of Valois
* Joan of Navarre
* Catherine of Valois
* Margaret of Anjou
* Elizabeth Woodville
* Anne Neville
* Elizabeth of York
* Catherine of Aragon
* Anne Boleyn
* Jane Seymour
* Anne of Cleves
* Catherine Howard
* Catherine Parr
* Guildford Dudley

* Gruoch
* Ingibiorg Finnsdottir
* Margaret of Wessex
* Ethelreda of Northumbria
* Sybilla of Normandy
* Maud of Northumbria
* Ermengarde de Beaumont
* Joan of England
* Marie de Coucy
* Margaret of England
* Yolande de Dreux
* Elizabeth de Burgh
* Joan of the Tower
* Margaret Drummond
* Euphemia de Ross
* Anabella Drummond
* Joan Beaufort
* Mary of Guelders
* Margaret of Denmark
* Margaret Tudor
* Madeleine of Valois
* Mary of Guise
* Francis II of France
* Henry Stuart
* James Hepburn
* Anne of Denmark

* Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* Anne of Denmark
* Henrietta Maria of France
* Catherine of Braganza
* Mary of Modena
* George of Denmark and Norway

* British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707

* George of Denmark and Norway
* Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
* Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
* Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
* Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
* Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* Alexandra of Denmark
* Mary of Teck
* Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
* Philip of Greece and Denmark
* Camilla Shand

Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* 2

National|

* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Latvia
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* SNAC
* IdRef

*[m.]: married
*[ann.]: annulled
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[r.]: reigned
*[c.]: circa