Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

2014 annexation of territory

For more details, see Russian occupation of Crimea.

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Russian President Vladimir Putin signs the treaty of accession (annexation) with Crimean leaders in Moscow, 18 March 2014.
| Date|

* Annexation: 18 March 2014
* Military operation: 27 February[note 1] – 26 March 2014[10]

|

Location|

Crimea

Result|  Russian victory
Belligerents

* Russia

* Ukraine

Commanders and leaders

* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Sergei Shoigu
* Valery Gerasimov
* Aleksandr Vitko
* Oleg Belaventsev
* Alexey Dyumin
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vladimir Konstantinov
* Viktor Pshonka
* Rustam Temirgaliev
* Alexey Chaly

* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Ihor Tenyukh
* Mykhailo Kutsyn
* Serhiy Hayduk
* Arsen Avakov
* Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
* Andriy Parubiy
* Anatolii Mohyliov
* Serhiy Kunitsyn
* Refat Chubarov
* Mustafa Dzhemilev

Units involved

Based in Crimea,
elements of[11]: 11–12

Navy

* 510th Naval Inf Bde (Feodosiia)
* 810th Naval Inf Bde (Simferopol)

Deployed to Crimea, elements of

Ground Forces

* 18th Mot Rifle Bde (Grozny)
* 291st Artillery Bde (Troitskaya)

(GRU command)

* 3rd Spetsnaz Bde (Tolyatti)
* 10th Spetsnaz Bde (Krasnodar)
* 16th Spetsnaz Bde (Tambov)
* 22nd Spetsnaz Bde (Stepnoy)
* 25th Spetsnaz Rgt (Stavropol)
* 45th Spetsnaz Rgt
(Kubinka, Moscow)

Airborne

* 7th Air Assault Div (Novorossiysk)
* 31st Air Assault Bde
(Ulyanovsk)

Navy

* 382nd Naval Inf Bn (Temryuk)
* 727th Naval Inf Bn (Astrakhan)

Special Operations Forces

* SOF Command (Prokhladny)

Armed forces[11]: 11–12

Navy

* 36th Coastal Def Bde (at Perevalne)
* 1st Naval Inf Bn (Feodosiia)
* 56th Gds Bn (Sevastopol)
* 501st Naval Inf Bn (Kerch)
* 406th Artillery Bde (Simferopol)
* 37th Comms and Control Rgt (Sevastopol)
* 72nd Psychological and Information Warfare Center[12]

Paramilitary

Interior troops

* 9th Bde (Simferopol)
* 15th Bn (Yevpatoriia)
* 18th Spec Mot Militia Bn (Haspra)
* 42nd Operational Rgt (Sevastopol)
* 47th Bde (Feodosiia)

Border guards

* Special-Purpose Border Guard Bn (Yalta)

Strength

Protesters

* 20,000 (Sevastopol)[13][14]
* 10,000 (Simferopol)[15]

Volunteer units[14][16]

* 5,000 (Sevastopol)
* 1,700 (Simferopol)

Russian military forces

* 20,000–30,000 troops[17]

Protesters

* 4,000–10,000 (Simferopol)[18][19]

Ukrainian military forces

* 5,000–22,000 troops[20][21]
* 40,000 reservists, partly mobilised (outside Crimea)[22]

Casualties and losses
1 Crimean SDF trooper killed[23]|

* 2 soldiers killed[24]
* 60–80 soldiers detained[25]
* 9,268 military servicemen and 7,050 civilian employees defected[26][27]

2 civilian deaths (during the protests),[28][29] 1 civilian killed[30][31] (by Crimean SDF under command of a former Russian serviceman)[32][33]

In February and March 2014, Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine, and then annexed it. This took place in the relative power vacuum[34] immediately following the Revolution of Dignity. It marked the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

The events in Kyiv that ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych on 22 February 2014 sparked pro-Russian and anti-separatism[35] demonstrations in Crimea. At the same time, Russian president Vladimir Putin discussed Ukrainian events with security chiefs, remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February, Russian special forces without insignia[36] seized strategic sites across Crimea.[37][38] Although Russia at first denied its military involvement,[39] Putin later admitted that troops were deployed to "stand behind Crimea's self-defence forces".[40] As Russian troops occupied Crimea's parliament, it dismissed the Crimean government, installed the pro-Russian Aksyonov government, and announced a referendum on Crimea's status. The referendum was held under Russian occupation and, according to the Russian-installed authorities, the result was overwhelmingly in favor of joining Russia. The next day, 17 March 2014, Crimea's authorities declared independence and requested to join Russia.[41][42] Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014 as the Republic of Crimea and federal city of Sevastopol.[43][40] Following the annexation,[44] Russia built up its military presence on the peninsula and warned against any outside intervention.[45]

Ukraine and many other countries condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of international law and Russian agreements safeguarding the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the G8 suspending Russia from the group[46] and introducing sanctions. The United Nations General Assembly also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting a resolution affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders",[47][48] and referring to the Russian action as a "temporary occupation".[49]

The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the self-determination of peoples.[50][51]

## Other names

[edit]

### In Ukraine

[edit]

The names of the Crimean annexation vary. In Ukraine, the annexation is known as the temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia (Ukrainian: тимчасова окупація Автономної Республіки Крим і Севастополя Росією, romanized: tymchasova okupatsiia Avtonomnoi Respubliky Krym i Sevastopolia Rosiieiu), the illegal occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the fall of Crimea, and the invasion of Crimea.[52][53][54][55]

### In Russia

[edit]

In the Russian Federation, it is also known as the accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation (Russian: присоединение Крыма к Российской Федерации, romanized: prisoyedineniye Kryma k Rossiyskoy Federatsii), the return of Crimea (Russian: возвращение Крыма, romanized: vozvrashcheniye Kryma), and the reunification of Crimea.[56][57]

## Background

[edit]

Main article: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine

See also: 1954 transfer of Crimea, Crimea in the Soviet Union, and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire

* v
* t
* e

Post-Soviet conflicts

Caucasus

* Nagorno-Karabakh
* 1st
* 2016
* 2nd
* Border crisis
* 2022 clashes
* 2023 offensive
* Georgia
* South Ossetia
* Abkhazia
* 1st
* 2nd
* Kodori
* North Ossetia
* Chechen–Russian
* 1st
* 2nd
* guerrilla phase
* North Caucasus insurgency
* IS insurgency
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia
* Russo-Georgian

* * *

Central Asia

* Tajikistan
* Uzbekistan
* Batken spillover
* Kyrgyz revolutions
* Tulip
* 2010
* 2020
* South Kyrgyzstan
* Gorno-Badakhshan
* Dungan–Kazakh clashes
* Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Karakalpakstan

* * *

Eastern Europe

* Transnistria
* 1992
* 1993 Moscow
* Ukraine
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* pro-Russian unrest
* Russo-Ukrainian (outline)
* annexation of Crimea
* Donbas
* Kerch Strait
* 2022 invasion
* prelude

Euromaidan in Kyiv, 11 December 2013

Crimea was part of the Crimean Khanate from 1441 until it was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783 by a decree of Catherine the Great.[58][59][60]

After the downfall of Russian empire in 1917 during the first stages of the Russian Civil War there were a series of short-lived independent governments (Crimean People's Republic, Crimean Regional Government, Crimean SSR). They were followed by White Russian governments (General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia and later South Russian Government).

In October 1921, the Bolshevik Russian SFSR gained control of the peninsula and instituted the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as a member of Russian Federation. In the following year Crimea joined the Soviet Union as a part of Russia (the RSFSR).

After the Second World War and the 1944 deportation of all of the indigenous Crimean Tatars by the Soviet government, the Crimean ASSR was stripped of its autonomy in 1946 and downgraded to the status of an oblast of the Russian SFSR. In 1954, the Crimean Oblast was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's union with Russia.[61][62] In 1989, under Gorbachev's perestroika,[63] the Supreme Soviet declared that the deportation of the Crimean Tatars under Stalin had been illegal[64] and the mostly Muslim ethnic group was allowed to return to Crimea.[65]

In 1990, the Soviet of the Crimean Oblast proposed the restoration of the Crimean ASSR.[66] The oblast conducted a referendum in 1991, which asked whether Crimea should be elevated into a signatory of the New Union Treaty (that is, become a union republic on its own). By that time, though, the dissolution of the Soviet Union was well underway. The Crimean ASSR was restored for less than a year as part of Ukrainian SSR before the restoration of Ukrainian independence.[67] Newly independent Ukraine maintained Crimea's autonomous status,[68] while the Supreme Council of Crimea affirmed the peninsula's "sovereignty" as a part of Ukraine.[69][70]

The confrontation between the government of Ukraine and Crimea deteriorated between 1992 and 1995. In May 1992 the regional parliament declared an independent "Crimean republic."[71] In June 1992, the parties reached a compromise, that Crimea would have considerable autonomy but remain part of Ukraine.[72] Yuri Meshkov, a leader of the Russian movement was elected President of Crimea in 1994 and his party won a majority in the regional parliamentary elections in the same year. The pro-Russian movement was then weakened by internal disagreements and in March 1995 the Ukrainian government gained the upper hand. The office of the elected President of Crimea was abolished and a loyal head of region was installed instead of Meshkov; the 1992 constitution and a number of local laws were repealed.[71] According to Gwendolyn Sasse the conflict was defused due to Crimea's multi-ethnic population, fractures within the pro-Russian movement, Kyiv's policy of avoiding escalation and the lack of active support from Russia.[71]

During the 1990s, the dispute over control of the Black Sea Fleet and Crimean naval facilities were source of tensions between Russia and Ukraine. In 1992, Vladimir Lukin, then chairman of the Russian Duma's Committee on Foreign Affairs, suggested that in order to pressure Ukraine to give up its claim to the Black Sea Fleet, Russia should question Ukrainian control over Crimea.[73] In 1998 the Partition Treaty divided the fleet and gave Russia a naval base in Sevastopol, and the Treaty of Friendship recognized the inviolability of existing borders. However, in 2003 Tuzla Island conflict issues over maritime border resurfaced.

In September 2008, the Ukrainian Foreign Minister Volodymyr Ohryzko accused Russia of giving Russian passports to the population in Crimea, and described it as a "real problem", given Russia's declared policy of military intervention abroad to protect Russian citizens.[74]

On 24 August 2009, anti-Ukrainian demonstrations were held in Crimea by ethnic Russian residents. Sergei Tsekov (of the Russian Bloc[75] and then deputy speaker of the Crimean parliament[76]) said then that he hoped that Russia would treat Crimea the same way as it had treated South Ossetia and Abkhazia.[77] Crimea is populated by an ethnic Russian majority and a minority of both ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars, and thus demographically possessed one of Ukraine's largest ethnically Russian populations.[78]

As early as in 2010, some analysts already speculated that the Russian government had irredentist plans. Taras Kuzio said that "Russia has an even more impossible time recognizing Ukraine's sovereignty over the Crimea and the port of Sevastopol – as seen by public opinion in Russia, statements by politicians, including members of the ruling United Russia party, experts and journalists".[79] In 2011, William Varettoni wrote that "Russia wants to annex Crimea and is merely waiting for the right opportunity, most likely under the pretense of defending Russian brethren abroad".[80]

### Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity

[edit]

Main articles: Euromaidan and Revolution of Dignity

The Euromaidan protest movement began in Kyiv in late November 2013 after President Viktor Yanukovych, of the Party of Regions, failed to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement.[81] Yanukovych won [82] the 2010 presidential election with strong support from voters in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and southern and eastern Ukraine. The Crimean autonomous government strongly supported Yanukovych and condemned the protests, saying they were "threatening political stability in the country". The Crimean autonomous parliament said that it supported the government's decision to suspend negotiations on the pending association agreement and urged Crimeans to "strengthen friendly ties with Russian regions".[83][84][85]

On 4 February 2014, the Presidium of the Supreme Council "promised" to consider holding a referendum on the peninsula's status. Speaker Vladimir Klychnikov asked to appeal to the Russian government to "guarantee the preservation of Crimean autonomy".[86][87][importance?] The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) responded by opening a criminal case to investigate the possible "subversion" of Ukraine's territorial integrity.[88] On 20 February 2014, during a visit to Moscow, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov stated that the 1954 transfer of Crimea from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic had been a mistake.[86]

The Euromaidan protests came to a head in late February 2014, and Yanukovych and many of his ministers fled the capital on 22 February.[89] After his flight, opposition parties and defectors from the Party of Regions put together a parliamentary quorum in the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament), and voted on 22 February to remove Yanukovych from his post on the grounds that he was unable to fulfill his duties.[90][91][92] Arseniy Yatsenyuk was appointed by the Rada to serve as the head of a caretaker government until new presidential and parliament elections could be held. This new government was recognised internationally. Russian government and propaganda have described these events as a "coup d'état" and have said that the caretaker government was illegitimate,[93][94][95][96] while researchers consider the subsequent annexation of Crimea to be a true military coup, because the Russian military seized Crimea's parliament and government buildings and instigated the replacement of its government with Russian proxies.[97][98][99][100][101]

## Annexation

[edit]

See also: Anti-Maidan and Russo-Ukrainian War

Further information: Timeline of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

### Russian invasion of Crimea

[edit]

"Crimean self-defence forces", 2 March 2014 A pro-Ukrainian demonstration in Simferopol (Ukrainian flag on the left, Crimean Tatar flag on the right) during the Russian military intervention in Crimea, 9 March 2014 Medal of the Russian Defense Ministry "For the return of Crimea" (Russian: За возвращение Крыма), 20 February – 18 March 2014

The February 2014 revolution of Dignity that ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych sparked a political crisis in Crimea, which initially manifested as demonstrations against the new interim Ukrainian government,[102] but rapidly escalated. In January 2014, the Sevastopol city council had already called for formation of "people's militia" units to "ensure firm defence" of the city from "extremism".[103]

On February 20 several buses with Crimean license plates were stopped at a pro-Maidan checkpoint in a town in Cherkasy oblast. Their passengers were violently intimidated and some buses were burned. This incident was subsequently used by Russian propaganda which made unsubstantiated claims that the passengers were killed in gruesome ways.[104]

The Verkhovna Rada of Crimea members called for an extraordinary meeting on 21 February. In response to Russian separatist sentiment, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) said that it would "use severe measures to prevent any action taken against diminishing the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine".[note 2][clarification needed] The party with the largest number of seats in the Crimean parliament (80 of 100), the Party of Regions of Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, did not discuss Crimean secession, and were supportive of an agreement between President Yanukovych[82] and Euromaidan activists to end the unrest that was struck on the same day in Kyiv.[106][107]

Russia was concerned that the new government avowedly committed to closer relations with the West put its strategic positions in Crimea at risk. On 22–23 February[note 3], Russian president Vladimir Putin[108] convened an all-night meeting with security services chiefs to discuss extrication of the deposed Ukrainian president, Viktor Yanukovych, and at the end of that meeting Putin had remarked that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia".[8][9] After that GRU and FSB began negotiating deals with local sympathizers to ensure that when the operation began there would be well‑armed "local self‑defense groups" on the streets for support.[11]: 11 On 23 February pro-Russian demonstrations were held in the Crimean city of Sevastopol.

Crimean prime minister Anatolii Mohyliov said that his government recognised the new provisional government in Kyiv, and that the Crimean autonomous government would carry out all laws passed by the Ukrainian parliament.[109] In Simferopol, following a pro-Russian demonstration the previous day where protesters had replaced the Ukrainian flag over the parliament with a Russian flag,[110] a pro-Euromaidan rally of between 5,000 and 15,000 was held in support of the new government, and demanding the resignation of the Crimean parliament; attendees waved Ukrainian, Tatar, and European Union flags.[111] Meanwhile, in Sevastopol, thousands protested against the new Ukrainian government, voted to establish a parallel administration, and created civil defence squads with the support of the Russian Night Wolves motorcycle club. Protesters waved Russian flags, chanted "Putin is our president!" and said they would refuse to further pay taxes to the Ukrainian state.[112][113] Russian military convoys were also alleged to be seen in the area.[113]

In Kerch, pro-Russian protesters attempted to remove the Ukrainian flag from atop city hall and replace it with the flag of Russia. Over 200 attended, waving Russian, orange-and-black St. George, and the Russian Unity party flags. Mayor Oleh Osadchy attempted to disperse the crowd and police eventually arrived to defend the flag. The mayor said "This is the territory of Ukraine, Crimea. Here's a flag of Crimea," but was accused of treason and a fight ensued over the flagpole.[114] On 24 February, more rallied outside the Sevastopol city state administration.[115] Pro-Russian demonstrators accompanied by neo-Cossacks demanded the election of a Russian citizen as mayor and hoisted Russian flags around the city administration; they also handed out leaflets to sign up for a self-defence militia, warning that the "Blue-Brown Europlague is knocking".[116]

Volodymyr Yatsuba, head of Sevastopol administration, announced his resignation, citing the "decision of the city's inhabitants" made at a pro-Russian rally, and while caretaker city administration initially leaned towards recognition of new Ukrainian government,[117] continued pressure from pro-Russian activists forced local authorities to concede.[118] Consequently, Sevastopol City Council illegally elected Alexei Chaly, a Russian citizen, as mayor. Under the law of Ukraine, it was not possible for Sevastopol to elect a mayor, as the Chairman of the Sevastopol City State Administration, appointed by the president of Ukraine, functions as its mayor.[119] A thousand protesters present chanted "A Russian mayor for a Russian city".[120]

On 25 February, several hundred pro-Russian protesters blocked the Crimean parliament demanding non-recognition of the central government of Ukraine and a referendum on Crimea's status.[121][122][123] On the same day, crowds gathered again outside Sevastopol's city hall on Tuesday as rumours spread that security forces could arrest Chaly, but police chief Alexander Goncharov said that his officers would refuse to carry out "criminal orders" issued by Kyiv. Viktor Neganov, a Sevastopol-based adviser to the Internal Affairs Minister, condemned the events in the city as a coup. "Chaly represents the interests of the Kremlin which likely gave its tacit approval," he said. Sevastopol City State Administration chairman Vladimir Yatsuba was booed and heckled on 23 February, when he told a pro-Russian rally that Crimea was part of Ukraine. He resigned the next day.[120] In Simferopol, the Regional State Administration building was blockaded with hundreds of protesters, including neo-Cossacks, demanding a referendum of separation; the rally was organized by the Crimean Front.[124]

On 26 February, near the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea building, 4,000–5,000 Crimean Tatars and supporters of the Euromaidan-Crimea movement faced 600–700 supporters of pro-Russian organizations and the Russian Unity Party.[125] Tatars leaders organised the demonstration in order to block the sitting of the Crimean parliament which is "doing everything to execute plans of separation of Crimea from Ukraine". Supreme Council Chairman Vladimir Konstantinov said that the Crimean parliament would not consider separation from Ukraine, and that earlier reports that parliament would hold a debate on the matter were provocations.[126][127] Tatars created self-defence groups, encouraged collaboration with Russians, Ukrainians, and people of other nationalities, and called for the protection of churches, mosques, synagogues, and other important sites.[128] By nightfall the Crimean Tatars had left; several hundred Russian Unity supporters rallied on.[129]

The new Ukrainian government's acting Internal Affairs Minister Arsen Avakov tasked Crimean law enforcement agencies not to provoke conflicts and to do whatever necessary to prevent clashes with pro-Russian forces; and he added "I think, that way – through a dialogue – we shall achieve much more than with standoffs".[130] New Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) chief Valentyn Nalyvaichenko requested that the United Nations provide around-the-clock monitoring of the security situation in Crimea.[131] Russian troops took control of the main route to Sevastopol on orders from Russian president Vladimir Putin. A military checkpoint, with a Russian flag and Russian military vehicles, was set up on the main highway between the city and Simferopol.[132]

### Russian takeover

[edit]

On 27 February, unmarked Russian forces in cooperation with local nationalist paramilitaries took over the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, with Russian special forces[133] seizing the building of the Supreme Council of Crimea and the building of the Council of Ministers in Simferopol.[134] Russian flags were raised over these buildings[135] and barricades were erected outside them.[136] Pro-Russian forces also occupied several localities in Kherson Oblast on the Arabat Spit, which is geographically a part of Crimea.

Whilst the "little green men" were occupying the Crimean parliament building, the parliament held an emergency session.[137][138] It voted to terminate the Crimean government, and replace Prime Minister Anatolii Mohyliov with Sergey Aksyonov.[139] Aksyonov belonged to the Russian Unity party, which received 4% of the vote in the last election.[138] According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the prime minister of Crimea is appointed by the Supreme Council of Crimea in consultation with the president of Ukraine.[140][141] Both Aksyonov and speaker Vladimir Konstantinov stated that they viewed Viktor Yanukovych as the de jure president of Ukraine, through whom they were able to ask Russia for assistance.[142]

The parliament also voted to hold a referendum on greater autonomy set for 25 May. The troops had cut all of the building's communications, and took MPs' phones as they entered.[137][138] No independent journalists were allowed inside the building while the votes were taking place.[138] Some MPs said they were being threatened and that votes were cast for them and other MPs, even though they were not in the chamber.[138] Interfax-Ukraine reported "it is impossible to find out whether all the 64 members of the 100-member legislature who were registered as present at when the two decisions were voted on or whether someone else used the plastic voting cards of some of them" because due to the armed occupation of parliament it was unclear how many MPs were present.[143]

The head of parliament's information and analysis department, Olha Sulnikova, had phoned from inside the parliamentary building to journalists and had told them 61 of the registered 64 deputies had voted for the referendum resolution and 55 for the resolution to dismiss the government.[143] Donetsk People's Republic separatist Igor Girkin said in January 2015 that Crimean members of parliament were held at gunpoint, and were forced to support the annexation.[144] These actions were immediately declared illegal by the Ukrainian interim government.[145]

On the same day, more troops in unmarked uniforms, assisted this time by what appeared to be local Berkut riot police (as well as Russian troops from the 31st Separate Airborne Assault Brigade dressed in Berkut uniforms),[146] established security checkpoints on the Isthmus of Perekop and the Chonhar Peninsula, which separate Crimea from the Ukrainian mainland.[136][147][148][149][150] Within hours, Ukraine had been cut off from Crimea. Shortly afterwards, Ukrainian TV channels became unavailable for Crimean viewers, and some of them were replaced with Russian stations.

The blockade of military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the capture of Crimea by Russia in February–March 2014

On 1 March 2014, Aksyonov said that he would exercise control of all Ukrainian military and security installations on the peninsula. He also asked Putin for "assistance in ensuring peace and tranquillity" in Crimea.[151] Putin promptly received authorisation from the Federation Council of Russia for a Russian military intervention in Ukraine until the "political-social situation in the country is normalized".[152][153] Putin's swift manoeuvre prompted protests of some Russian intelligentsia and demonstrations in Moscow against a Russian military campaign in Crimea. By 2 March, Russian troops moving from the country's naval base in Sevastopol and reinforced by troops, armour, and helicopters from mainland Russia exercised complete control over the Crimean Peninsula.[154][155][156] Russian troops operated in Crimea without insignia. On 3 March they blockaded Southern Naval Base.

On 4 March, Ukrainian General Staff said there were units of the 18th Motor Rifle Brigade, 31st Air Assault Brigade and 22nd Spetsnaz Brigade deployed and operating in Crimea, instead of Russian Black Sea Fleet personnel, which violated international agreements signed by Ukraine and Russia.[157][158] At a press conference on the same day, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that Russia had no plans to annex Crimea.[159] He also said that it had no plans to invade Ukraine, but that it might intervene if Russians in Ukraine were threatened.[159] This was part of a pattern of public denials of the ongoing Russian military operation.[159]

Numerous media reports and statements by the Ukrainian and foreign governments noted the identity of the unmarked troops as Russian soldiers, but Russian officials concealed the identity of their forces, claiming they were local "self-defence" units over whom they had no authority.[39] As late as 17 April, Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said that there were no "excessive Russian troops" in Ukraine.[160] At the same press conference, Putin said of the peninsula that "only citizens themselves, in conditions of free expression of will and their security can determine their future".[161] Putin later acknowledged that he had ordered "work to bring Crimea back into Russia" as early as February.[40] He also acknowledged that in early March there were "secret opinion polls" held in Crimea, which, according to him, reported overwhelming popular support for Crimea's incorporation into Russia.[162]

Russia eventually admitted its troops' presence.[163] Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu said the country's military actions in Crimea were undertaken by forces of the Black Sea Fleet and were justified by "threat to lives of Crimean civilians" and danger of "takeover of Russian military infrastructure by extremists".[164][better source needed] Ukraine complained that by increasing its troop presence in Crimea, Russia violated the agreement under which it headquartered its Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol[165] and violated the country's sovereignty.[166] The United States and United Kingdom accused Russia of breaking the terms of the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances, by which Russia, the US, and the UK had reaffirmed their obligation to refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine.[167] The Russian government said the Budapest Memorandum [168] did not apply due to "circumstances resulting from the action of internal political or socio-economic factors".[169] In March 2015, retired Russian Admiral Igor Kasatonov [ru] stated that according to his information the Russian troop deployment in Crimea included six helicopter landings and three landings of an IL-76 with 500 people.[170][171]

### Legal issues

[edit]

See also: Declaration of Independence of Crimea

Part of a series on the

2014 annexation of Crimea

Main topics

* Timeline of the annexation
* International reactions to the annexation
* 2014 Crimean referendum
* Crimean problem
* Republic of Crimea

Background

* History of Crimea
* 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
* 1954 transfer of Crimea
* 1991 Belavezha Accords
* 1994–95 President of Crimea
* 1994 Budapest Memorandum
* 1997 Russian - Ukrainian Friendship Treaty
* 1997 Partition Treaty
* 2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosiya
* 2010 Kharkiv Pact
* 2013–14 Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity

* v
* t
* e

The obligations between Russia and Ukraine with regard to territorial integrity and the prohibition of the use of force are laid down in a number of multilateral or bilateral agreements to which Russia and Ukraine are signatories.[172][173][167][174]

Vladimir Putin said that Russian troops in the Crimean Peninsula were aimed "to ensure proper conditions for the people of Crimea to be able to freely express their will,"[175] whilst Ukraine and other nations argue that such intervention is a violation of Ukraine's sovereignty.[166]

In the 1994 Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances[168] Russia was among those who affirmed to respect the territorial integrity of Ukraine (including Crimea) and to refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine.[167][174] The 1997 Russian–Ukrainian Treaty on Friendship,[176] Cooperation, and Partnership again reaffirmed the inviolability of the borders between both states,[174] and required Russian forces in Crimea to respect the sovereignty of Ukraine, honor its legislation and not interfere in the internal affairs of the country.[177]

The Russian–Ukrainian Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997 and prolonged in 2010, determined the status of Russian military presence in Crimea and restricted their operations,[174] including requirement to show their "military identification cards" when crossing the international border and that operations beyond designated deployment sites was permitted only after coordination with Ukraine.[177] According to Ukraine usage of navigation stations and troop movements were improperly covered by the treaty and were violated many times as well as related court decisions. February's troop movements were in "complete disregard" of the treaty.[178][note 4]

"Little green men" and trucks after the seizure of Perevalne military base, 9 March 2014

According to the Constitution of Russia, the admission of new federal subjects is governed by federal constitutional law (art. 65.2).[180] Such a law was adopted in 2001, and it postulates that admission of a foreign state or its part into Russia shall be based on a mutual accord between the Russian Federation and the relevant state and shall take place pursuant to an international treaty between the two countries; moreover, it must be initiated by the state in question, not by its subdivision or by Russia.[181]

On 28 February 2014, Russian MP Sergey Mironov, along with other members of the Duma, introduced a bill to alter Russia's procedure for adding federal subjects. According to the bill, accession could be initiated by a subdivision of a country, provided that there is "absence of efficient sovereign state government in foreign state"; the request could be made either by subdivision bodies on their own or on the basis of a referendum held in the subdivision in accordance with corresponding national legislation.[182]

On 11 March 2014, both the Supreme Council of Crimea and the Sevastopol City Council adopted a declaration of independence, which stated their intent to declare independence and request full accession to Russia should the pro-Russian option receive the most votes during the scheduled status referendum. The declaration directly referred to the Kosovo independence precedent, by which the Albanian-populated Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija declared independence from Russia's ally Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo in 2008—a unilateral action Russia staunchly opposed. The Russian government used Kosovo independence precedent as a legal justification for the annexation of Crimea[183][184][185][186] Many analysts saw the Crimean declaration as an overt effort to pave the way for Crimea's annexation by Russia[187] and reject Russia's Kosovo precedent justification as being different compared to Crimea events,[188][189] comparing the annexation to the Nazi Germany's anschluss of Austria and Czechoslovak Sudetes instead.[190][191]

Crimean authorities' stated plans to declare independence from Ukraine made the Mironov bill unnecessary. On 20 March 2014, two days after the treaty of accession was signed, the bill was withdrawn by its initiators.[192][non-primary source needed]

At its meeting on 21–22 March, the Council of Europe's Venice Commission stated that the Mironov bill violated "in particular, the principles of territorial integrity, national sovereignty, non-intervention in the internal affairs of another state and pacta sunt servanda" and was therefore incompatible with international law.[193][194]

### Crimean status referendum

[edit]

Main article: 2014 Crimean status referendum

On 27 February 2014, following the takeover of its building and replacement of Ukrainian-elected officials with Russian-controlled actors by Russian special forces,[195] the Supreme Council of Crimea voted to hold a referendum on 25 May, with the initial question as to whether Crimea should upgrade its autonomy within Ukraine.[196][non-primary source needed] The referendum date was later moved from 25 May to 30 March.[197] A Ukrainian court declared the referendum to be illegal.[198]

On 6 March, the Supreme Council moved the referendum date to 16 March and changed its scope to ask a new question: whether Crimea should apply to join Russia as a federal subject or restore the 1992 Crimean constitution within Ukraine, which the Ukrainian government had previously invalidated. This referendum, unlike one announced earlier, contained no option to maintain the status quo of governance under the 1998 constitution.[199] Ukraine's acting president, Oleksandr Turchynov, stated that "The authorities in Crimea are totally illegitimate, both the parliament and the government. They are forced to work under the barrel of a gun and all their decisions are dictated by fear and are illegal".[200]

On 14 March, the Crimean status referendum was deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine,[201] and a day later, the Verkhovna Rada formally dissolved the Crimean parliament.[42] With a referendum looming, Russia massed troops near the Ukrainian eastern border,[202] likely to threaten escalation and stymie Ukraine's response.

The referendum was held despite the opposition from the Ukrainian government. Official results reported about 95.5% of participating voters in Crimea (turnout was 83%) were in favour of seceding from Ukraine and joining Russia.[50][203][204] Crimean Tatars mostly boycotted the referendum.[205] A report by Evgeny Bobrov, a member of the Russian President's Human Rights Council, suggested the official results were inflated and between 50 and 60% of Crimeans voted for the reunification with Russia, with the turnout of 30-50%, meaning that 15% to 30% of Crimeans eligible to vote voted for the Russian annexation (the support was higher in administratively separate Sevastopol).[195][41][206][207] According to a survey carried out by Pew Research Center in 2014, 54% of Crimean residents supported the right of regions to secede, 91% believed the referendum was free and fair and 88% believed that the government in Kyiv ought to recognize the results of the vote.[208]

The means by which the referendum was conducted were widely criticised by foreign governments[209] and in the Ukrainian and international press, with reports that anyone holding a Russian passport regardless of residency in Crimea was allowed to vote.[210] OSCE refused to send observers to the referendum, stating that invitation should have come from an OSCE member state in question (i.e. Ukraine), rather than local authorities.[211] Russia invited a group of observers from various European far-right political parties aligned with Putin, who stated the referendum was conducted in a free and fair manner.[212][213]

### Proclamations of independence of the Republic of Crimea

[edit]

"Republic of Crimea (country)" redirects here. For other uses, see Republic of Crimea (disambiguation).

See also: Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea

The Republic of Crimea was short lived. On 17 March, following the official announcement of the referendum results, the Supreme Council of Crimea declared the formal independence of the Republic of Crimea, comprising the territories of both the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which was granted special status within the breakaway republic.[214] The Crimean parliament declared the "partial repeal" of Ukrainian laws and began nationalising private and Ukrainian state property located on the Crimean Peninsula, including Ukrainian ports[215] and property of Chornomornaftogaz.[216] Parliament also formally requested that the Russian government admit the breakaway republic into Russia,[217] with Sevastopol asking to be admitted as a "city of federal significance".[218] On the same day, the de facto Supreme Council renamed itself the State Council of Crimea,[219] declared the Russian ruble an official currency alongside the hryvnia,[220] and in June the Russian ruble became the only form of legal tender.[221]

Putin officially recognised the Republic of Crimea 'as a sovereign and independent state' by decree on 17 March.[222][223]

On 21 March the Republic of Crimea became a federal Subject of Russia.

### Accession treaty and finalization of the annexation

[edit]

See also: Republic of Crimea (Russia), Crimean Federal District, and Political status of Crimea

President Putin with Vladimir Konstantinov, Sergey Aksyonov and Alexey Chaly at the Kremlin, 18 March 2014

The Treaty on Accession of the Republic of Crimea to Russia was signed between representatives of the Republic of Crimea (including Sevastopol, with which the rest of Crimea briefly unified) and the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014 to lay out terms for the immediate admission of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol as federal subjects of Russia and part of the Russian Federation.[224][225][note 5] On 19 March, the Russian Constitutional Court decided that the treaty is in compliance with the Constitution of Russia.[227] The treaty was ratified by the Federal Assembly and Federation Council by 21 March.[228] A Just Russia's Ilya Ponomarev was the only State Duma member to vote against the treaty.[229] The Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol became the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia.[230]

During a controversial incident in Simferopol on 18 March, some Ukrainian sources said that armed gunmen that were reported to be Russian special forces allegedly stormed the base. This was contested by Russian authorities, who subsequently announced the arrest of an alleged Ukrainian sniper in connection with the killings,[231] but later denied the arrest had occurred.[232]

The two casualties had a joint funeral attended by both the Crimean and Ukrainian authorities, and both the Ukrainian soldier and Russian paramilitary "self-defence volunteer" were mourned together.[233] As of March 2014 the incident was under investigation by both the Crimean authorities and the Ukrainian military.[234][235]

In response to shooting, Ukraine's then acting defense minister Ihor Tenyukh authorised Ukrainian troops stationed in Crimea to use deadly force in life-threatening situations. This increased the risk of bloodshed during any takeover of Ukrainian military installations, yet the ensuing Russian operations to seize the remaining Ukrainian military bases and ships in Crimea did not bring new fatalities, although weapons were used and several people were injured. The Russian units involved in such operations were ordered to avoid usage of deadly force when possible. Morale among the Ukrainian troops, which for three weeks were blockaded inside their compounds without any assistance from the Ukrainian government, was very low, and the vast majority of them did not offer any real resistance.[236]

On 24 March, the Ukrainian government ordered the full withdrawal of all of its armed forces from Crimea.[237] Approximately 50% of the Ukrainian soldiers in Crimea had defected to the Russian military.[238][239] On 26 March the last Ukrainian military bases and Ukrainian Navy ships were captured by Russian troops.[240]

### Occupation

[edit]

May Day parade in Simferopol, 1 May 2019.

Main article: Russian occupation of Crimea

On 27 March, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution, which declared the Crimean referendum and subsequent status change invalid, by a vote of 100 to 11, with 58 abstentions and 24 absent.[241][242]

Crimea and Sevastopol switched to Moscow Time at 10 p.m. on 29 March.[243][244]

On 31 March, Russia unilaterally denounced the Kharkiv Pact[245] and Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet.[246] Putin cited "the accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol into Russia" and resulting "practical end of renting relationships" as his reason for the denunciation.[247] On the same day, he signed a decree formally rehabilitating the Crimean Tatars, who were ousted from their lands in 1944, and the Armenian, German, Greek, and Bulgarian minority communities in the region that Stalin also ordered removed in the 1940s.

Also on 31 March 2014, the Russian prime minister Dmitry Medvedev announced a series of programmes aimed at swiftly incorporating the territory of Crimea into Russia's economy and infrastructure. Medvedev announced the creation of a new ministry for Crimean affairs, and ordered Russia's top ministers who joined him there to make coming up with a development plan their top priority.[248] On 3 April 2014, the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol became parts of Russia's Southern Military District.[citation needed] On 7 May 2015, Crimea switched its phone code system from the Ukrainian number system to the Russian number system.[249]

On 11 April, the Constitution of the Republic of Crimea and City Charter of Sevastopol were adopted by their respective legislatures,[250][251] coming into effect the following day in addition the new federal subjects were enumerated in a newly published revision of the Russian Constitution.[252][253]

On 14 April, Vladimir Putin announced that he would open a ruble-only account with Bank Rossiya and would make it the primary bank in the newly annexed Crimea as well as giving the right to service payments on Russia's $36 billion wholesale electricity market – which gave the bank $112 million annually from commission charges alone.[254]

Crimea (dark green), Rest of Ukraine (light green) and Russia (light red) in Europe

Russia withdrew its forces from southern Kherson in December 2014.[255]

In July 2015, Russian prime minister, Dmitry Medvedev, declared that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia.[256] Until 2016 these new subjects were grouped in the Crimean Federal District.

On 8 August 2016, Ukraine reported that Russia had increased its military presence along the demarcation line.[257] In response to this military buildup Ukraine also deployed more troops and resources closer to the border with Crimea.[258] The Pentagon has downplayed a Russian invasion of Ukraine, calling Russian troops along the border a regular military exercise.[259] On 10 August, Russia claimed two servicemen were killed in clashes with Ukrainian commandos, and that Ukrainian servicemen had been captured with a total of 40 kg of explosives in their possession.[260] Ukraine denied that the incident took place.[261]

Russian accounts claimed that Russian FSB detained "Ukrainian saboteurs" and "terrorists" near Armiansk. The ensuing gunfight left one FSB officer and a suspect dead. A number of individuals were detained, including Yevhen Panov, who is described by Russian sources as a Ukrainian military intelligence officer and leader of the sabotage group. The group was allegedly planning terror attacks on important infrastructure in Armiansk, Crimea.[262][263]

Ukrainian media reported that Panov was a military volunteer fighting in the east of the country, however he has more recently been associated with a charitable organization. Russia also claimed that the alleged border infiltration was accompanied by "heavy fire" from Ukrainian territory, resulting in the death of a Russian soldier.[262][263] The Ukrainian government called the Russian accusations "cynical" and "senseless" and argued that since Crimea was Ukrainian territory, it was Russia which "has been generously financing and actively supporting terrorism on Ukrainian territory".[264]

A pro-war propaganda event in Sevastopol, Crimea, 29 April 2022

In 2017, a survey performed by the Centre for East European and International Studies showed that 85% of the non-Crimean Tatar respondents believed that if the referendum would be held again it would lead to the same or "only marginally different" results. Crimea was fully integrated into the Russian media sphere, and links with the rest of Ukraine were hardly existent.[265][266]

On 26 November 2018, lawmakers in the Ukraine Parliament overwhelmingly backed the imposition of martial law along Ukraine's coastal regions and those bordering Russia in response to the firing upon and seizure of Ukrainian naval ships by Russia near the Crimean Peninsula a day earlier. A total of 276 lawmakers in Kyiv backed the measure, which took effect on 28 November 2018 and was ended on 26 December.[267][268]

On 28 December 2018, Russia completed a high-tech security fence marking the de facto border between Crimea and Ukraine.[269]

In 2021, Ukraine launched the Crimea Platform, a diplomatic initiative aimed at protecting the rights of Crimean inhabitants and ultimately reversing the annexation of Crimea.[270]

## Transition and aftermath

[edit]

### Economic implications

[edit]

See also: Economic history of the Russian Federation and Russian financial crisis (2014–2016)

Initially after the annexation, salaries rose, especially those of government workers[citation needed]. This was soon offset by the increase in prices caused by the depreciation of the ruble. Wages were cut back by 30% to 70% after Russian authority became established[citation needed]. Tourism, previously Crimea's main industry, suffered in particular, down by 50% from 2014 in 2015.[271][272] Crimean agricultural yields were also significantly impacted by the annexation[citation needed]. Ukraine cut off supplies of water through the North Crimean Canal, which supplies 85% of Crimea's fresh water,[failed verification] causing the 2014 rice crop to fail, and greatly damaging the maize and soybean crops.[273] The annexation had a negative influence on Russians working in Ukraine and Ukrainians working in Russia.[274]

The number of tourists visiting Crimea in the 2014 season was lower than in the previous years due to a combination of "Western sanctions", ethical objections by Ukrainians, and the difficulty of getting there for Russians.[275] The Russian government attempted to stimulate the flow of tourists by subsidizing holidays in the peninsula for children and state workers from all Russia[276][277][better source needed] which worked mostly for state-owned hotels. In 2015, overall 3 million tourists visited Crimea according to official data, while before annexation it was around 5.5 million on average. The shortage is attributed mostly to stopped flow of tourists from Ukraine. Hotels and restaurants are also experiencing problems with finding enough seasonal workers, who were most arriving from Ukraine in the preceding years. Tourists visiting state-owned hotels were complaining mostly about low standard of rooms and facilities, some of them still unrepaired from Soviet times.[278]

According to the German newspaper Die Welt, the annexation of Crimea is economically disadvantageous for the Russian Federation. Russia will have to spend billions of euros a year to pay salaries and pensions. Moreover, Russia will have to undertake costly projects to connect Crimea to the Russian water supply and power system because Crimea has no land connection to Russia and at present (2014) gets water, gas and electricity from mainland Ukraine. This required building a bridge and a pipeline across the Kerch Strait. Also, Novinite claims that a Ukrainian expert told Die Welt that Crimea "will not be able to attract tourists".[279]

The then first Deputy to Minister of Finance of Russian Federation Tatyana Nesterenko said that the decision to annex Crimea was made by Vladimir Putin exclusively, without consulting Russia's Finance Ministry.[280]

The Russian business newspaper Kommersant expresses an opinion that Russia will not acquire anything economically from "accessing" Crimea, which is not very developed industrially, having just a few big factories, and whose yearly gross product is only $4 billion. The newspaper also says that everything from Russia will have to be delivered by sea, higher costs of transportation will result in higher prices for everything, and to avoid a decline in living standards Russia will have to subsidise Crimean people for a few months. In total, Kommersant estimates the costs of integrating Crimea into Russia in $30 billion over the next decade, i.e. $3 billion per year.[281]

Western oil experts[who?]estimate that Russia's seizing of Crimea, and the associated control of an area of Black Sea more than three times its land area gives it access to oil and gas reserves potentially worth trillions of dollars.[282] It also deprives Ukraine of its chances of energy independence. Moscow's acquisition may alter the route along which the South Stream pipeline would be built, saving Russia money, time and engineering challenges[citation needed]. It would also allow Russia to avoid building in Turkish territorial waters, which was necessary in the original route to avoid Ukrainian territory.[283] This pipeline was later canceled in favour of TurkStream, however.

Vladimir Putin and his close confidant Arkady Rotenberg before the opening of the Crimean Bridge in May 2018

The Russian Federal Service for Communications (Roskomnadzor) warned about a transition period as Russian operators have to change the numbering capacity and subscribers. Country code will be replaced from the Ukrainian +380 to Russian +7. Codes in Crimea start with 65, but in the area of "7" the 6 is given to Kazakhstan which shares former Soviet Union +7 with Russia, so city codes have to change. The regulator assigned 869 dialling code to Sevastopol and the rest of the peninsula received a 365 code.[284] At the time of the unification with Russia, telephone operators and Internet service providers in Crimea and Sevastopol are connected to the outside world through the territory of Ukraine.[285] Minister of Communications of Russia, Nikolai Nikiforov announced on his Twitter account that postal codes in Crimea will now have six-figures: to the existing five-digit number the number two will be added at the beginning. For example, the Simferopol postal code 95000 will become 295000.[286]

In the area that now forms the border between Crimea and Ukraine mining the salt lake inlets from the sea that constitute the natural borders, and in the spit of land left over stretches of no-man's-land with wire on either side was created.[287] On early June that year Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a Government resolution No.961[288] dated 5 June 2014 establishing air, sea, road and railway checkpoints. The adopted decisions create a legal basis for the functioning of a checkpoint system at the Russian state border in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol.[289][third-party source needed]

In the year following the annexation, armed men seized various Crimean businesses, including banks, hotels, shipyards, farms, gas stations, a bakery, a dairy, and Yalta Film Studio.[290][291][292] Russian media have noted this trend as "returning to the 90's," which is perceived as a period of anarchy and rule of gangs in Russia.[293]

After 2014 the Russian government invested heavily in the peninsula's infrastructure—repairing roads, modernizing hospitals and building the Crimean Bridge that links the peninsula to the Russian mainland. Development of new sources of water was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources.[294] In 2015, the Investigative Committee of Russia announced a number of theft and corruption cases in infrastructure projects in Crimea, for example; spending that exceeded the actual accounted costs by a factor of three. A number of Russian officials were also arrested for corruption, including head of federal tax inspection.[295]

(According to February 2016 official Ukrainian figures) after Russia's annexation 10% of Security Service of Ukraine personnel left Crimea; accompanied by 6,000 of the pre-annexation 20,300 people strong Ukrainian army.[296]

As result of the disputed political status of Crimea, Russian mobile operators never expanded their operations into Crimea and all mobile services are offered on the basis of "internal roaming," which caused significant controversy inside Russia. Telecoms however argued that expanding coverage to Crimea will put them at risk of Western sanctions and, as result, they will lose access to key equipment and software, none of which is produced locally.[297][298]

The first five years of Crimean occupation cost Russia over $20 billion, roughly equal to two years of Russia's entire education budget.[299]

### Human rights situation

[edit]

According to the United Nations and multiple NGOs, Russia is responsible for multiple human rights abuses, including torture, arbitrary detention, forced disappearances and instances of discrimination, including persecution of Crimean Tatars in Crimea since the illegal annexation.[300][301] The UN Human Rights Office has documented multiple human rights violations in Crimea. Noting that minority Crimean Tatars have been disproportionately affected.[302][303] In December 2016, the UN General Assembly voted on a resolution on human rights in occupied Crimea. It called on the Russian Federation "to take all measures necessary to bring an immediate end to all abuses against residents of Crimea, in particular reported discriminatory measures and practices, arbitrary detentions, torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment, and to revoke all discriminatory legislation". It also urged Russia to "immediately release Ukrainian citizens who were unlawfully detained and judged without regard for elementary standards of justice".[304]

After the annexation, Russian authorities banned Crimean Tatar organizations, filed criminal charges against Tatar leaders and journalists, and targeted the Tatar population. The Atlantic Council have described this as the practice of collective punishment, and therefore as a war crime prohibited under international humanitarian law and Geneva convention.[305][better source needed]

In March 2014, Human Rights Watch reported that pro-Ukrainian activists and journalists had been attacked, abducted, and tortured by "self-defense" groups.[306] Some Crimeans were simply "disappeared" with no explanation.[307]

On 9 May 2014, the new "anti-extremist" amendment to the Criminal Code of Russia, passed in December 2013, came into force. Article 280.1 designated incitement of violation of territorial integrity of the Russian Federation[308] (incl. calls for secession of Crimea from Russia[309]) as a criminal offense in Russia, punishable by a fine of 300 thousand roubles or imprisonment up to 3 years. If such statements are made in public media or the internet, the punishment could be obligatory works up to 480 hours or imprisonment up to five years.[308]

According to a report released on the Russian government-run President of Russia's Council on Civil Society and Human Rights website, Tatars who were opposed to Russian rule have been persecuted, Russian law restricting freedom of speech has been imposed, and the new Russian authorities "liquidated" the Kyiv Patriarchate Orthodox church on the peninsula.[310][41] The Crimean Tatar television station was also shut down by the Russian authorities.[307]

Russian president Putin meeting with representatives of the Crimean Tatars, 16 May 2014

On 16 May the new Russian authorities of Crimea issued a ban on the annual commemorations of the anniversary of the deportation of the Crimean Tatars by Stalin in 1944, citing "possibility of provocation by extremists" as a reason.[311] Previously, when Crimea was controlled by Ukraine, these commemorations had taken place every year. The Russian-installed Crimean authorities also banned Mustafa Dzhemilev, a human rights activist, Soviet dissident, member of the Ukrainian parliament, and former chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatars from entering Crimea.[312] Additionally, Mejlis reported, that officers of Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) raided Tatar homes in the same week, on the pretense of "suspicion of terrorist activity".[313] The Tatar community eventually did hold commemorative rallies in defiance of the ban.[312][313] In response Russian authorities flew helicopters over the rallies in an attempt to disrupt them.[314]

In May 2015, a local activist, Alexander Kostenko, was sentenced to four years in a penal colony. His lawyer, Dmitry Sotnikov, said that the case was fabricated and that his client had been beaten and starved. Crimean prosecutor Natalia Poklonskaya accused Kostenko of making Nazi gestures during the Maidan protests, and that they were judging "not just [Kostenko], but the very idea of fascism and Nazism, which are trying to raise their head once again". Sotnikov responded that "There are fabricated cases in Russia, but rarely such humiliation and physical harm. A living person is being tortured for a political idea, to be able to boast winning over fascism".[315] In June 2015, Razom released a report compiling human rights abuses in Crimea.[316][317] In its 2016 annual report, the Council of Europe made no mention of human rights abuses in Crimea because Russia had not allowed its monitors to enter.[318]

In February 2016 human rights defender Emir-Usein Kuku from Crimea was arrested and accused of belonging to the Islamist organization Hizb ut-Tahrir although he denies any involvement in this organization. Amnesty International has called for his immediate release.[319][320]

On 24 May 2014 Ervin Ibragimov, a former member of the Bakhchysarai Town Council and a member of the World Congress of Crimean Tatars went missing. CCTV footage from a camera at a nearby shop documents that Ibragimov had been stopped by a group of men and that he is briefly speaking to the men before being forced in their van.[321] According to the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group Russian authorities refuse to investigate the disappearance of Ibragimov.[322]

In May 2018 Server Mustafayev, the founder and coordinator of the human rights movement Crimean Solidarity was imprisoned by Russian authorities and charged with "membership of a terrorist organisation". Amnesty International and Front Line Defenders demand his immediate release.[323][324]

On 12 June 2018, Ukraine lodged a memorandum weighing about 90 kg, consisting of 17,500 pages of text in 29 volumes to the UN's International Court of Justice about racial discrimination by Russian authorities in occupied Crimea and state financing of terrorism by Russian Federation in Donbas.[325][326]

Between 2015 and 2019 over 134,000 people living in Crimea applied for and were issued Ukrainian passports.[327]

### Crimean public opinion

[edit]

Concert to mark the fifth anniversary of annexation in Simferopol, Crimea, 18 March 2019

Prior to Russian occupation, support for joining Russia was 23% in a 2013 poll, down from 33% in 2011.[328] A joint survey by American government agency Broadcasting Board of Governors and polling firm Gallup was taken during April 2014.[329] It polled 500 residents of Crimea. The survey found that 82.8% of those polled believed that the results of the Crimean status referendum reflected the views of most residents of Crimea, whereas 6.7% said that it did not. 73.9% of those polled said that they thought that the annexation would have a positive impact on their lives, whereas 5.5% said that it would not. 13.6% said that they did not know.[329]

A comprehensive poll released on 8 May 2014 by the Pew Research Centre surveyed local opinions on the annexation.[330] Despite international criticism of 16 March referendum on Crimean status, 91% of those Crimeans polled thought that the vote was free and fair, and 88% said that the Ukrainian government should recognise the results.[330]

In a survey completed in 2019 by a Russian company FOM 72% of surveyed Crimean residents said their lives have improved since annexation. At the same time only 39% Russians living in the mainland said the annexation was beneficial for the country as a whole which marks a significant drop from 67% in 2015.[331]

Whilst the Russian government actively cited local opinion polls to argue that the annexation was legitimate (i.e. supported by the population of the territory in question),[332][333] some authors have cautioned against using surveys concerning identities and support for the annexation conducted in "oppressive political environment" of Russian-held Crimea.[334][335]

## Ukrainian response

[edit]

See also: Do not buy Russian goods!, Boycott Russian Films, Putin khuylo!, and Day of Resistance to Occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol

Immediately after the treaty of accession was signed in March, the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Provisional Principal of Russia in Ukraine to present note verbale of protest against Russia's recognition of the Republic of Crimea and its subsequent annexation.[336] Two days later, the Verkhovna Rada condemned the treaty[337] and called Russia's actions "a gross violation of international law". The Rada called on the international community to avoid recognition of the "so-called Republic of Crimea" or the annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia as new federal subjects.

On 15 April 2014, the Verkhovna Rada declared the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to be under "provisional occupation" by the Russian military[338] and imposed travel restrictions on Ukrainians visiting Crimea.[339] The territories were also deemed "inalienable parts of Ukraine" subject to Ukrainian law. Among other things, the special law approved by the Rada restricted foreign citizens' movements to and from the Crimean Peninsula and forbade certain types of entrepreneurship.[340] The law also forbade activity of government bodies formed in violation of Ukrainian law and designated their acts as null and void.[341][better source needed]

Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the North Crimean Canal, which provided 85% of Crimea's drinking water.[342]

Ukrainian authorities greatly reduced the volume of water flowing into Crimea via the North Crimean Canal due to huge debt for water supplied in the previous year, threatening the viability of the peninsula's agricultural crops, which are heavily dependent on irrigation.[343][344]

The Ukrainian National Council for TV and Radio Broadcasting instructed all cable operators on 11 March 2014 to stop transmitting a number of Russian channels, including the international versions of the main state-controlled stations, Russia-1, Channel One and NTV, as well as news channel Russia-24.[345]

In March 2014, activists began organising flash mobs in supermarkets to urge customers not to buy Russian goods and to boycott Russian gas stations, banks, and concerts. In April 2014, some cinemas in Kyiv, Lviv, and Odesa began shunning Russian films.[346]

On 2 December 2014, Ukraine created a Ministry of Information Policy, with one of its goals being, according to first Minister of Information, Yuriy Stets, to counteract "Russian information aggression".[347]

In December 2014, Ukraine halted all train and bus services to Crimea.[348]

On 16 September 2015 the Ukrainian parliament voted for the law that sets 20 February 2014 as the official date of the Russian temporary occupation of the Crimean Peninsula.[349][350] On 7 October 2015 the president of Ukraine signed the law into force.[351]

The Ministry of Temporarily Occupied Territories and IDPs was established by the Ukrainian government on 20 April 2016 to manage occupied parts of Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea regions affected by Russian military intervention of 2014.[352] By 2015, the number of IDPs registered in Ukraine who had fled from Russian-occupied Crimea was 50,000.[353]

## Russian response

[edit]

See also: Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin and 2022 Moscow rally

At least 30,000 people at 15 March protests, named March of Peace, which took place in Moscow a day before the Crimean referendum.

In a poll published on 24 February 2014 by the state-owned Russian Public Opinion Research Center, only 15% of those Russians polled said 'yes' to the question: "Should Russia react to the overthrow of the legally elected authorities in Ukraine?"[354]

The State Duma Committee on Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, headed by Leonid Slutsky, visited Simferopol on 25 February 2014 and said: "If the parliament of the Crimean autonomy or its residents express the wish to join the Russian Federation, Russia will be prepared to consider this sort of application. We will be examining the situation and doing so fast".[355] They also stated that in the event of a referendum for the Crimea region joining the Russian Federation, they would consider its results "very fast".[356] Later Slutsky announced that he was misunderstood by the Crimean press, and no decision regarding simplifying the process of acquiring Russian citizenship for people in Crimea had been made yet.[357] He also added that if "fellow Russian citizens are in jeopardy, you understand that we do not stay away".[358] On 25 February, in a meeting with Crimean politicians, he stated that Viktor Yanukovych was still the legitimate president of Ukraine.[359] That same day, the Russian Duma announced it was determining measures so that Russians in Ukraine who "did not want to break from the Russian World" could acquire Russian citizenship.[360]

On 26 February, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian Armed Forces to be "put on alert in the Western Military District as well as units stationed with the 2nd Army Central Military District Command involved in aerospace defence, airborne troops and long-range military transport". Despite media speculation that this was in reaction to the events in Ukraine, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said it was for reasons separate from the unrest in Ukraine.[361] On 27 February 2014, the Russian government dismissed accusations that it was in violation of the basic agreements regarding the Black Sea Fleet: "All movements of armored vehicles are undertaken in full compliance with the basic agreements and did not require any approvals".[362]

On 27 February, the Russian governing agencies presented the new law project on granting citizenship.[363]

The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on the West and particularly NATO to "abandon the provocative statements and respect the neutral status of Ukraine".[364] In its statement, the ministry claims that the agreement on settlement of the crisis, which was signed on 21 February and was witnessed by foreign ministries from Germany, Poland and France had to this date, not been implemented[364] (Vladimir Lukin from Russia had not signed it[365]).

On 28 February, according to ITAR-TASS, the Russian Ministry of Transport discontinued further talks with Ukraine in regards to the Crimean Bridge project.[366] However, on 3 March Dmitry Medvedev, then Prime Minister of Russia, signed a decree creating a subsidiary of Russian Highways (Avtodor) to build a bridge at an unspecified location along the Kerch Strait.[367][368][369]

On Russian social networks, there was a movement to gather volunteers who served in the Russian army to go to Ukraine.[370] Many political researchers consider that after the annexation a social period in Russia coined as "Crimean consensus" begun, during which the "Rally 'round the flag" effect was observed in the population.[371]

On 28 February, President Putin stated in telephone calls with key EU leaders that it was of "extreme importance of not allowing a further escalation of violence and the necessity of a rapid normalisation of the situation in Ukraine".[372] Already on 19 February the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs had referred to the Euromaidan revolution as the "Brown revolution".[373][374]

In Moscow, on 2 March, an estimated 27,000 rallied in support of the Russian government's decision to intervene in Ukraine.[375] The rallies received considerable attention on Russian state TV and were officially approved by the government.[375]

Meanwhile, on 1 March, five people who were picketing next to the Federation Council building against the invasion of Ukraine were arrested.[376] The next day about 200 people protested at the building of the Russian Ministry of Defence in Moscow against Russian military involvement.[377] About 500 people also gathered to protest on the Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, and the same number of people on the Saint Isaac's Square in Saint Petersburg.[378] On 2 March, about eleven protesters demonstrated in Yekaterinburg against Russian involvement, with some wrapped in the Ukrainian flag.[379] Protests were also held in Chelyabinsk on the same day.[380] Opposition to the military intervention was also expressed by rock musician Andrey Makarevich, who wrote in particular: "You want war with Ukraine? It will not be the way it was with Abkhazia: the folks on the Maidan have been hardened and know what they are fighting for – for their country, their independence. ... We have to live with them. Still neighborly. And preferably in friendship. But it's up to them how they want to live".[381] The Professor of the Department of Philosophy at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations Andrey Zubov was fired for his article in Vedomosti, criticising Russian military intervention.[382]

On 2 March, one Moscow resident protested against Russian intervention by holding a "Stop the war" banner, but he was immediately harassed by passers-by. Police then proceeded to arrest him. A woman came forward with a fabricated charge against him, of beating up a child; however, her claim, due to lack of a victim and obviously false, was ignored by the police.[383] Andrei Zubov, a professor at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, who compared Russian actions in Crimea to the 1938 Annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, was threatened. Alexander Chuyev, the leader of the pro-Kremlin Spravedlivaya Rossiya party, also objected to Russian intervention in Ukraine. Boris Akunin, a popular Russian writer, predicted that Russia's moves would lead to political and economic isolation.[383]

Russian president Vladimir Putin (seated, middle) speaks to the press on 4 March 2014, denouncing the Revolution of Dignity as an "unconstitutional coup", and insisting that Moscow has a right to protect Russians in Ukraine.[384]

President Putin's approval rating among the Russian public increased by nearly 10% since the crisis began, up to 71.6%, the highest in three years, according to a poll conducted by the All-Russian Center for Public Opinion Research, released on 19 March.[385][386] Additionally, the same poll showed that more than 90% of Russians supported unification with the Crimean Republic.[385] According to a 2021 study in the American Political Science Review, "three quarters of those who rallied to Putin after Russia annexed Crimea were engaging in at least some form of dissembling and that this rallying developed as a rapid cascade, with social media joining television in fueling perceptions this was socially desirable".[387]

On 4 March, at a press conference in Novo-Ogaryovo, President Putin expressed his view on the situation that if a revolution took place in Ukraine, it would be a new country with which Russia had not concluded any treaties.[388] He offered an analogy with the events of 1917 in Russia, when as a result of the revolution the Russian Empire fell apart and a new state was created.[388] However, he stated Ukraine would still have to honour its debts.

Around 100,000 people gathered in Crimean Sevastopol at Victory Day parade

Russian politicians speculated that there were already 143,000 Ukrainian refugees in Russia.[389] The Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs refuted those claims of refugee increases in Russia.[390] At a briefing on 4 March 2014, the director of the department of information policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Yevhen Perebiynis said that Russia was misinforming its own citizens as well as the entire international community to justify its own actions in the Crimea.[391]

On 5 March, an anchor of the Russian-controlled TV channel RT America, Abby Martin, criticized her employer's biased coverage of the military invervention.[392][393] Also on 5 March 2014, another RT America anchor, Liz Wahl, of the network's Washington, DC bureau, resigned on air, explaining that she could not be "part of a network that whitewashes the actions of Putin" and citing her Hungarian ancestry and the memory of the Soviet repression of the Hungarian Uprising as a factor in her decision.[394]

In early March, Igor Andreyev, a 75-year-old survivor of the Siege of Leningrad, attended an anti-war rally against the Russian intervention in Crimea and was holding a sign that read "Peace to the World". The riot police arrested him, and a local pro-government lawyer then accused him of being a supporter of "fascism". The retiree, who lived on a 6,500-ruble monthly pension, was fined 10,000 rubles.[395]

Prominent dissident Mikhail Khodorkovsky said that Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broader autonomy.[396]

Tatarstan, a republic within Russia populated by Volga Tatars, has sought to alleviate concerns about the treatment of Tatars by Russia, as Tatarstan is an oil-rich and economically successful republic in Russia.[397] On 5 March, President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov signed an agreement on co-operation between Tatarstan and the Aksyonov government in Crimea that implied collaboration between ten government institutions as well as significant financial aid to Crimea from Tatarstan businesses.[397] On 11 March, Minnikhanov was in Crimea on his second visit and attended as a guest in the Crimean parliament chamber during the vote on the declaration of sovereignty pending 16 March referendum.[397] The Tatarstan's Mufti Kamil Samigullin invited Crimean Tatars to study in madrasas in Kazan, and declared support for their "brothers in faith and blood".[397] Mustafa Dzhemilev, a former leader of the Crimean Tatar Majlis, believed that forces that were suspected to be Russian forces should leave the Crimean Peninsula,[397] and asked the UN Security Council to send peacekeepers into the region.[398]

Hotel in Kerch, Crimea, 2015

On 15 March, thousands of protesters (estimates varying from 3,000 by official sources up to 50,000 claimed by the opposition) in Moscow marched against Russian involvement in Ukraine, many waving Ukrainian flags.[399] At the same time, a pro-government (and pro-referendum) rally occurred across the street, counting in the thousands as well (officials claiming 27,000 with the opposition claiming about 10,000).

In February 2015, the leading independent Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta obtained documents,[400] allegedly written by oligarch Konstantin Malofeev and others, which provided the Russian government with a strategy in the event of Viktor Yanukovych's removal from power and the break-up of Ukraine, which were considered likely. The documents outline plans for annexation of Crimea and the eastern portions of the country, closely describing the events that actually followed after Yanukovych's fall. The documents also describe plans for a public relations campaign that would seek to justify Russian actions.[401][402][403]

In June 2015 Mikhail Kasyanov stated that all Russian Duma decisions on Crimea annexation were illegal from the international point of view and the annexation was provoked by false accusations of discrimination of Russian nationals in Ukraine.[404]

As of January 2019, Arkady Rotenberg through his Stroygazmontazh LLC and his companies building the Crimean Bridge along with Nikolai Shamalov and Yuri Kovalchuk through their Rossiya Bank have become the most important investors in Russia's development of the annexed Crimea.[405]

## International response

[edit]

Main article: International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Further information: Political status of Crimea and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262

See also: Crimea Platform

International reaction to the 2014 Crimean crisis according to official governmental statements.[note 6]

Condemnation of Russian actions as a military intervention or invasion

Condemnation of Russian actions

Support for Ukrainian territorial integrity

Statements only voicing concern or hope for peaceful resolution to the conflict

Recognition of Russian interests

Support for Russian actions and/or condemnation of the Ukrainian interim government

* * *

Ukraine

Russia

No official statements / No data available

There has been a range of international reactions to the annexation. In March 2014, the UN General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution 100 in favour, 11 against and 58 abstentions in the 193-nation assembly that declared Crimea's Moscow-backed referendum invalid.[406] In a move supported by the Lithuanian president,[407] the United States government imposed sanctions against persons they deem to have violated or assisted in the violation of Ukraine's sovereignty.[408] The European Union suspended talks with Russia on economic and visa-related matters, and is considering more stringent sanctions against Russia in the near future, including asset freezes.[409][410] while Japan announced sanctions which include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements.[411] The United Kingdom qualified the referendum vote in Crimea of being "farcical", "illegal" and "illegitimate".[412]

Ukraine and other countries claim that Russia has signed a number of treaties guaranteeing Ukrainian territorial integrity. These include the 1991 Belavezha Accords that established the Commonwealth of Independent States, the 1975 Helsinki Accords, the 1994 Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances[413] and the 1997 Treaty on friendship, cooperation and partnership between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.[172][173][414]

The European Commission decided on 11 March 2014 to enter into a full free-trade agreement with Ukraine within the year.[415] On 12 March, the European Parliament rejected the upcoming referendum on independence in Crimea, which they saw as manipulated and contrary to international and Ukrainian law.[416] The G7 bloc of developed nations (the G8 minus Russia) made a joint statement condemning Russia and announced that they would suspend preparations for the planned G8 summit in Sochi in June.[417][418] NATO condemned Russia's military escalation in Crimea and stated that it was a breach of international law[419] while the Council of Europe expressed its full support for the territorial integrity and national unity of Ukraine.[420] The Visegrád Group has issued a joint statement urging Russia to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and for Ukraine to take into account its minority groups to not further break fragile relations. It has urged for Russia to respect Ukrainian and international law and in line with the provisions of the 1994 Budapest Memorandum.[421]

China said "We respect the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine". A spokesman restated China's belief of non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations and urged dialogue.[422][423]

The Indian government called for a peaceful resolution of the situation.[424] Both Syria and Venezuela openly support Russian military action. Syrian president Bashar al-Assad said that he supports Putin's efforts to "restore security and stability in the friendly country of Ukraine", while Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro condemned Ukraine's "ultra-nationalist" coup.[425][426] Sri Lanka described Yanukovych's removal as unconstitutional and considered Russia's concerns in Crimea as justified.[427]

Polish prime minister Donald Tusk called for a change in EU energy policy as Germany's dependence on Russian gas poses risks for Europe.[428]

On 13 March 2014, German Chancellor Angela Merkel warned the Russian government it risks massive damage to Russia, economically and politically, if it refuses to change course on Ukraine,[429] though close economic links between Germany and Russia significantly reduce the scope for any sanctions.[430]

After Russia moved to formally incorporate Crimea, some worried whether it may do the same in other regions.[431] US deputy national security advisor Tony Blinken said that the Russian troops massed on the eastern Ukrainian border may be preparing to enter the country's eastern regions. Russian officials stated that Russian troops would not enter other areas.[431] US Air Force Gen. Philip M. Breedlove, NATO's supreme allied commander in Europe, warned that the same troops were in a position to take over the separatist Russian-speaking Moldovan province of Transnistria.[431] President of Moldova Nicolae Timofti warned Russia with not attempting to do this to avoid damaging its international status further.[432][433]

On 9 April, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe deprived Russia of voting rights.[434]

On 14 August, while visiting Crimea, Vladimir Putin ruled out pushing beyond Crimea. He undertook to do everything he could to end the conflict in Ukraine, saying Russia needed to build calmly and with dignity, not by confrontation and war which isolated it from the rest of the world.[435]

### United Nations resolutions

[edit]

UN Security Council vote on a draft resolution condemning the 2014 Crimean referendum.

Voted in favour of the resolution

Abstained

Vetoed the resolution

UN General Assembly vote on the resolution condemning the 2014 Crimean referendum.

In favour of considering the referendum illegal

Abstained

Absent when the vote took place

Against adopting the resolution

For a more comprehensive list, see List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions.

On 15 March 2014, a US-sponsored resolution that went to a vote in the UN Security Council to reaffirm that council's commitment to Ukraine's "sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity" was not approved. Though a total of 13 council members voted in favour of the resolution and China abstained, Russia vetoed the resolution.[436]

On 27 March 2014, the UN General Assembly approved a resolution describing the referendum leading to annexation of Crimea by Russia as illegal.[437] The draft resolution, which was titled "Territorial integrity of Ukraine", was co-sponsored by Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine and the US. It affirmed the council's commitment to the "sovereignty, political independence, unity and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders". The resolution tried to underscore that 16 March referendum held in Crimea and the city of Sevastopol has no validity and cannot form the basis for any alteration of the status of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or of the city of Sevastopol. The resolution got 100 votes in its favour, while 11 nations voted against and 58 countries abstained from the vote. The resolution was non-binding and the vote was largely symbolic.[438]

Since 2014, the UN General Assembly has voted several times, most recently in December 2019,[439] to affirm Ukraine's territorial integrity, condemn the 'temporary occupation' of Crimea, and reaffirm nonrecognition of its annexation.[439]

### International recognition

[edit]

Afghanistan, Cuba, North Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nicaragua, Sudan, Syria, and Zimbabwe have recognised the result of the 2014 referendum in Crimea.[440]

Four non-UN member states recognised the results of the referendum: Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Artsakh and Transnistria. The Transnistrian foreign minister, Nina Shtanski, recognized Crimea's annexation by Russia.[441] Transnistria sent a request on 18 March 2014 to join the Russian Federation following the Crimean example and in compliance with the Admission Law provisions.[442][443][444] The regional councils of Italy's northern regions Lombardy, Liguria and Veneto adopted a non-binding resolution on recognizing Crimea as part of Russia, but they revoked it in 2022 after Russia invaded Ukraine.[445][446]

### Sanctions

[edit]

Further information: International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis and List of individuals sanctioned during the Ukrainian crisis

Ukrainian checkpoint at Kalanchak, entering Kherson Oblast from Russian-occupied Crimea.

Sanctions were imposed to prevent officials and politicians from travelling to Canada, the United States, or the European Union. They were the most wide-ranging applied to Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union.[447][448]

Japan announced milder sanctions than the US and EU. These include suspension of talks relating to military, space, investment, and visa requirements.[449]

In response to the sanctions introduced by the US and EU, the Russian Duma unanimously passed a resolution asking for all members of the Duma to be included on the sanctions list.[450] Head of the Just Russia party Sergei Mironov said he was proud of being included on the sanctions list: "It is with pride that I have found myself on the black list, this means they have noticed my stance on Crimea".[451] Russian companies started pulling billions of dollars out of Western banks to avoid having their asset frozen.[452]

Three days after the lists were published, the Russian Foreign Ministry published a reciprocal sanctions list of US citizens, which consisted of 10 names, including House Speaker John Boehner, Senator John McCain, and two advisers to President Obama. The ministry said in a statement: "We have repeatedly warned that sanctions are a double-edged instrument and would hit the United States like a boomerang".[407] Several of those sanctioned responded with pride at their inclusion on the list, including John Boehner,[453] John McCain,[453] Bob Menendez,[454] Dan Coats,[453] Mary Landrieu, and Harry Reid.[455]

On 24 March, Russia imposed retaliatory sanctions on 13 Canadian officials including members of the Parliament of Canada,[456] banning them from entering Russia. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird, said the sanctions were "a badge of honour".[457] Former Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler also said that he considered the sanctions a badge of honour, not a mark of exclusion.[456]

"The good news is that so far, Russia has shown no inclination to use the Northern Distribution Network as leverage in the wake of US retaliation for its troop movements in Crimea".[458]

Expanded Western sanctions in mid-March coursed through financial markets, hitting the business interests of some of Russia's richest people.[459] The Americans centred on the heart of Moscow's leadership,[460] though the EU's initial list shied from targeting Putin's inner circle.[461] As ratings agencies Fitch and Standard & Poor's downgraded Russia's credit outlook,[462] Russian banks warned of a sanctions-induced recession,[463] the country braced for capital outflows for the first three months of 2014 to reach $70 billion,[464] more than the entirety of outflows for 2013,[465] and Russian government-bond issues plummeted by three-quarters compared with the same period the previous year.[466] Novatek, Russia's second-largest gas producer, saw $2.5bn in market value wiped out when its shares sank by nearly 10%, rendering Putin's close friend Gennady Timchenko, who has a 23% stake in the company, $575m poorer.[459] "I do hope that there is some serious diplomatic activity going on behind the scenes," said one Russian banker,[467] though others were more sanguine on the question of whether the sanctions would have any enduring effect,[462][468][469] and Russians, top and bottom, seemed defiant.[470] The official Russian response was mixed.[471]

The then Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation Alexey Ulyukaev said that introduction of sectoral sanctions will lead to a serious decline of the Russian economy: economic growth of Russia will become seriously negative, the growth of volumes of investment will be even more negative, inflation will rise, and government revenues and reserves will go down.[472]

As well as differences between the United States and Europe as a whole as to how to respond to the Russian-backed incursion, those same differences have played out among Eastern European countries.[473]

A number of Russian citizens reported that they have been denied European visas after they visited Crimea after annexation.[474] A Russian consumer protection watchdog OZPP published a warning for Russian tourists about this risk, explaining that from the international law point of view, Crimea is an occupied territory, after which Roskomnadzor blocked the OZPP website "for threatening territorial integrity of Russian Federation".[475]

In response to having its voting rights revoked, Russia in June 2017 suspended its budget payments to the Council of Europe, with Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov stating payments would not resume until all rights of Russia's delegation were fully restored.[476] Council Secretary General Thorbjørn Jagland has suggested lifting the sanctions to avoid the impact of mounting budgetary restraints. However, Council members such as Ukraine and its supporters have argued that readmitting Russia without demanding concessions in return would amount to "caving to Russian 'blackmail'".[477][478]

### Mapping

[edit]

Further information: Cartographic aggression

Location of the Crimea Federal District within Russia in 2014.

* The United Nations maps Crimea as belonging to Ukraine.[479]
* National Geographic Society stated that their policy is "to portray current reality" and "Crimea, if it is formally annexed by Russia, would be shaded gray", but also further remarked that this step does not suggest recognising the legitimacy of such.[480] As of April 2014, Crimea was still displayed as part of Ukraine.[481]
* As of April 2014[update], Google Maps displays Crimea as a disputed territory to most viewers.[481] For the Russian and Ukrainian versions of the website, Crimea is marked as belonging to the corresponding country (Russia or Ukraine respectively).[481] Google stated that it "work(s) with sources to get the best interpretation of the border or claim lines".[482]
* Yandex displays Crimea as part of Russia for .ru and .com domains since the end of March 2014.[483] According to the official statement, the company works with users from different countries and "displays reality that surrounds them".[484]
* As of March 2014[update], Bing Maps,[485] OpenStreetMap and HERE displayed Crimea as belonging to Ukraine.[481] In particular, OpenStreetMap requested its users to refrain from editing borders and administrative relations of subdivisions located in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol until 31 May 2014.[481] On 5 June 2014, OpenStreetMap switched to a territorial dispute option, displaying Crimea as a disputed territory belonging to both countries.[486]
* In 2015, on the PepsiCo website, a Russian-language map was visible for a few days that depicted Crimea as a part of Russia.[487]
* The 2016 edition of a French atlas published by Larousse shows Crimea as part of Russian territory: Oleh Shamshur, Ukrainian Ambassador to France, expressed shock.[488] Shortly after, Larousse changed the map to reflect Crimea as part of Ukraine on the Atlas on their internet version.[489][490]
* The Italian-language magazine of geopolitics Limes maps Crimea as a part of Russia since December 2015.[491] Following protests from the Ukrainian embassy in Italy, the magazine editor Lucio Caracciolo wrote that "the map reflects reality. When Crimea and Sevastopol will be back under effective Ukrainian sovereignty, we will produce a map that reflects such reality".[492]
* The Russian version of Apple's App Store began to show Crimea as part of Russia on 27 November 2019.[493]

## Analysis

[edit]

Researchers consider the subsequent annexation of Crimea to be a coup, because the Russian military seized Crimea's parliament and government buildings and instigated the replacement of its government with Russian proxies.[97][98][99][100][101] In particular, political scientist Olga Burlyuk defines Crimea events as "a coup d’état of a regional scale".[494]

## See also

[edit]

* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts (2022)
* Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis
* Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire (1783)
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Russian-occupied territories
* Occupied territories of Georgia
* Occupied territories of Moldova
* Occupied territories of Ukraine
* Russian imperialism
* Russian irredentism

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ There are "some contradictions and inherent problems" regarding the date on which the Russian operation began.[1] The Ukrainian Government maintains, and the European Court of Human Rights agrees, that Russia controlled Crimea from 27 February 2014,[2] when unmarked Russian special forces took control of its political institutions.[3] The Russian Government later made 27 February "Special Operations Forces Day".[4] In 2015, the Ukrainian parliament officially designated 20 February 2014 as "the beginning of the temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia",[5] citing the date inscribed on the Russian medal "For the Return of Crimea".[6] In 2018, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov claimed that the earlier "start date" on the medal was due to a "technical misunderstanding".[7] President Putin stated in a film about the annexation that he ordered the operation to "restore" Crimea to Russia following an all-night emergency meeting on 22–23 February 2014.[1][8][9]
2. ^ It also noted that "certain politicians, local government officials, leaders of civil society organizations, and radically inclined individuals have attempted to create grounds for escalating the civil conflict, and have spread autonomous and separatist attitudes among the people, which could lead to the demise of our as a united nation and loss of its national sovereignty." In addition, the statement said that certain lawmakers of every level have begun separatist negotiations with representatives of foreign nations. "Open consultations are being held on the possible division of the country into separate parts in violation of the Ukrainian constitution," read the statement. "This could lead to an escalation of conflict between different sectors of society, inciting ethnic or religious hatred and military conflict."[105]
3. ^ The date was given by Putin in Russian film commemorating the annexation of Crimea, however, the inscription on the Medal "For the Return of Crimea", awarded by the Russian Ministry of Defence state put 20 February as the starting date
4. ^ Dilanian (2014) on 3 March, "CIA director John Brennan told a senior lawmaker Monday that a 1997 treaty between Russia and Ukraine allows up to 25,000 Russia troops in the vital Crimea region, so Russia may not consider its recent troop movements to be an invasion, U.S. officials said."[179]
5. ^ The treaty between Russia and pro-Russian Aksyonov government of Crimea, signed on that date, specified that Crimea would be considered incorporated into Russia since the date of signing. The document entered into force on 1 April 2014,[226] but pending that was applied provisionally since very signing.[226]
6. ^ If an official position can be sorted in more than one category, the "strongest" position was marked (from the "call for a peaceful resolution" to "interpretation as a military intervention" consecutively). For the sources see the image description.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b McDermott, Roger N. (2016). "Brothers Disunited: Russia's use of military power in Ukraine". In Black, J.L.; Johns, Michael (eds.). The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia. London: Routledge. pp. 99–129. doi:10.4324/9781315684567-5. ISBN 978-1-138-92409-3. OCLC 909325250.
2. ^ "Ukraine v. Russia (re Crimea) (decision)". European Court of Human Rights. January 2021. "The Ukrainian Government maintains that the Russian Federation has from 27 February 2014 exercised effective control over the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ... There was sufficient evidence that during the relevant period the respondent State [Russia] had exercised effective control over Crimea."
3. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (2023). Russia's War Against Ukraine. Wiley & Sons. p. 2004\. "Russia's war against Ukraine began with the annexation of Crimea on 27 February 2014. On that day, Russian special forces without any uniform insignia appeared in Crimea, quickly taking control of strategic, military and political institutions."
4. ^ DeBenedictis, Kent (2022). Russian 'Hybrid Warfare' and the Annexation of Crimea. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 140\. "During the night of 26–27 February, Russian special forces without insignia departed Sevastopol ... They arrived at the Crimean Rada and Council of Ministers buildings in Simferopol, disarmed the security and took control of the buildings ... Putin later signed a decree designating 27 February as Special Operations Forces Day in Russia."
5. ^ "'Няша' Поклонська обіцяє бійцям 'Беркута' покарати учасників Майдану". www.segodnya.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
6. ^ "7683rd meeting of the United Nations Security Council. Thursday, 28 April 2016, 3 p.m. New York". "Mr. Prystaiko (Ukraine): I have to remind the Council that the official medal that was produced by the Russian Federation for the so-called return of Crimea has the dates on it, starting with 20 February, which is the day before that agreement was brought to the attention of the Security Council by the representative of the Russian Federation. Therefore, the Russian Federation started – not just planned, but started – the annexation of Crimea the day before we reached the first agreement and while President Yanukovych was still in power."
7. ^ "Russia's Orwellian 'diplomacy'". unian.info. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
8. ^ a b "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC News. 9 March 2015.
9. ^ a b "Vladimir Putin describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
10. ^ Kofman, Michael (2017). Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine (PDF). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-9617-3. OCLC 990544142. "By March 26, the annexation was essentially complete, and Russia began returning seized military hardware to Ukraine."
11. ^ a b c Galeotti, Mark (2019). Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine. Elite 228. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-4728-3344-0.
12. ^ У Севастополі росіяни пригнали «Тигр» для штурму українців Archived 10 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ "Russian Citizen Elected Sevastopol Mayor Amid Pro-Moscow Protests in Crimea". The Moscow Times. 24 February 2014.
14. ^ a b "Ukraine leader Turchynov warns of 'danger of separatism'". Euronews. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
15. ^ "Russian flags flood Crimean capital as thousands back takeover by Russia". The Straits Times. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
16. ^ "Pro-Russian rally in Crimea decries Kiev 'bandits'". The Washington Post. 25 February 2014.
17. ^ Pollard, Ruth (13 March 2014). "Russia closing door on Crimea as troops build up". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
18. ^ "Crimean Tatars, pro-Russia supporters approach Crimean parliament building". UA. Interfax. 20 October 2012.
19. ^ "Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead". The Guardian. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
20. ^ Ewen MacAskill, defence correspondent (28 February 2014). "Ukraine military still a formidable force despite being dwarfed by neighbour". The Guardian. `{{cite web}}`: `|author=` has generic name (help)
21. ^ "Putin Talks Tough But Cools Tensions Over Ukraine". NPR. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
22. ^ Faiola, Anthony (17 March 2014). "Ukraine mobilizes reservists but relies on diplomacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
23. ^ Heather Saul; Kim Sengupta (19 March 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russian troops storm naval base as Clinton warns of 'aggression' from Putin". The Independent. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
24. ^ "Russian marine kills Ukraine navy officer in Crimea, says ministry". Reuters. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
25. ^ Aleksander Vasovic; Gabriela Baczynska (24 March 2014). "Ukraine military to pull out from Crimea". The Sudbury Star. Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
26. ^ "Russia employs over 16,000 former servicemen and personnel of Ukrainian armed forces". TASS. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
27. ^ "Бывшие украинские военнослужащие вливаются в Вооруженные Силы РФ" [Former Ukrainian military join the Russian Armed Forces]. Novyy Sevastopol (new-sebastopol.com). 25 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
28. ^ "Two die in rallies outside Crimean parliament, says ex-head of Mejlis". Kyiv Post. 26 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
29. ^ JC Finley (27 February 2014). "Unrest in Crimea leaves 2 dead; government buildings seized". United Press International. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
30. ^ Погибший крымский татарин шел в военкомат, захваченный 'дружинниками' [The deceased was a Crimean Tatar on his way to enlist when he was captured "vigilantes"]. LB.ua (in Russian). 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
31. ^ Зверски убитого крымского татарина звали Решат Аметов. Трое малолетних детей осиротели. [Brutally murdered Crimean Tatar's name was Reshat Ametov. Three toddlers left orphaned.]. censor.net.ua (in Russian). 18 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
32. ^ ФСБ и крымские "потеряшки" (tr. "FSB and Crimean "losses"") — RFEL, 13 June 2016
33. ^ "Гюндуз Мамедов, прокурор АР Крим: 'Під процесуальним керівництвом прокуратури АР Крим розкрито викрадення кримськотатарського активіста Решата Аметова'" [Gunduz Mamedov, Prosecutor of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea: "Under the procedural guidance of the Prosecutor's Office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the abduction of Crimean Tatar activist Reshat Ametov has been revealed"]. Prosecutor's office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city, 10 September 2019
34. ^ Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine, page 19, published by RAND Corporation in 2017. "Ukraine's government was in transition following the ouster of Yanukovych. As a result, it did not react to the Russian operation when launched. Russia's task was made relatively easy by the confusion and chaos that generally follows an uprising, such as what happened in Kyiv. Moscow capitalized on the tensions and uncertainty in Crimea, as well as on the inexperience of Ukraine's provisional government. Meeting notes of the discussion among Ukrainian leadership reveal a great deal of anxiety, uncertainty, and unwillingness to take action for fear of escalation."
35. ^ "Parliament of ARC is doing everything possible to separate Crimea from Ukraine, Chubarov said". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
36. ^ Weaver, Courtney (15 March 2015). "Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
37. ^ Simon Shuster (10 March 2014). "Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare". Time. Retrieved 8 March 2015. "Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers."
38. ^ De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014). "RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2015. "Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea"
39. ^ a b Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (5 March 2014). Gutterman, Steve (ed.). "Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base". Reuters.
40. ^ a b c "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot". BBC News. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014). "Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
41. ^ a b c Ilya Somin (6 May 2014). "Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results". The Washington Post.
42. ^ a b Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим [On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 15 March 2014.
43. ^ "Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea". Government.no. 14 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
44. ^ "Annexation of Crimea". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
45. ^ ""Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea"". The Diplomat. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
46. ^ Bruno Waterfield; Peter Dominiczak; David Blair; The Daily Telegraph (24 March 2014). "Russia Temporarily Kicked Out of G8 Club of Rich Countries". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
47. ^ "UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity". China Central Television. 28 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
48. ^ "United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly" (PDF). United Nations. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
49. ^ "ODS HOME PAGE" (PDF). documents-dds-ny.un.org.
50. ^ a b Mike Collett-White; Ronald Popeski (16 March 2014). "Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
51. ^ Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law". The German Law Journal. SSRN 2627417.
52. ^ "Указ Президента України «Про рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від 11 березня 2021 року "Про Стратегію деокупації та реінтеграції тимчасово окупованої території Автономної Республіки Крим та міста Севастополя"» № 117/2021" [Decree of the President of Ukraine "On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine of March 11, 2021" On the Strategy of deoccupation and reintegration of the temporarily occupied territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol № 117/2021]. Президента України. 24 March 2021. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
53. ^ "Seven Years of Illegal Occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea". 4 March 2021.
54. ^ The Fall of Crimea: One Marine's Story Jesse Granger 29 January 2015 http://www.army.mil, accessed 27 February 2022
55. ^ "Bitter Crimean Anniversary – Victims of Russian Annexation". khpg.org.
56. ^ "Минобороны России учредило медаль "За возвращение Крыма"" [Ministry of Defense of Russia established a medal 'For the Return of Crimea'] (in Russian). Gazeta.ru. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
57. ^ "Right of Reply to Russia – "Seventh Anniversary of the Reunification of Crimea with Russia"". U.S. Mission to the OSCE. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
58. ^ Redhouse, J. W. Art. XI.—A Turkish Circle Ode, by Shahin-Ghiray, Khan of the Crimea. With Translation, Memoir of the Author, and a brief Account of the Khanate of the Crimea, its Connexion with Turkey, and its Annexation by Catherine the Second of Russia. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 18, 400-415 (1861). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00013733
59. ^ Schönle, A. Garden of the empire: Catherine's appropriation of the Crimea. Slavic Review 60, 1-23 (2001). https://doi.org/10.2307/2697641
60. ^ {{Cite generic Griffiths, D. M. date = 2008 title = Catherine II discovers the Crimea journal = Jahrbuecher fuer Geschichte Osteuropas doi = volume = 56 issue = Issue pages = 339-348 url = http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.2.041015 accessdate = 2013-02-05 }}
61. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". Al Jazeera.
62. ^ Crimea profile – Overview BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015
63. ^ "gorbachev-perestroika". UaWaExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
64. ^ Декларация Верховного Совета СССР "О признании незаконными и преступными репрессивных актов против народов, подвергшихся насильственному переселению, и обеспечении их прав" [Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the recognition of illegal and criminal acts of repression against peoples subjected to forced resettlement, and ensuring their rights"]. www.alexanderyakovlev.org (in Russian). 1989.
65. ^ "The Crimean Tatars began repatriating on a massive scale beginning in the late 1980s and continuing into the early 1990s. The population of Crimean Tatars in Crimea rapidly reached 250,000 and leveled off at 270,000 where it remains as of this writing [2001]. There are believed to be between 30,000 and 100,000 remaining in places of former exile in Central Asia." Greta Lynn Uehling, The Crimean Tatars (Encyclopedia of the Minorities, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn) iccrimea.org
66. ^ ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ И ПРАВОВОМ СТАТУСЕ КРЫМА [DECLARATION ON THE STATE AND LEGAL STATUS OF CRIMEA] (in Russian). 1990.
67. ^ "Dukrainian-independence-referendum". UaWarExplained. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
68. ^ "Про внесення змін і доповнень до Конституції... від 19 June 1991 № 1213а-XII" [On Amendments to the Constitution ... of 19 June 1991 № 1213a-XII] (in Ukrainian). 19 June 1991.
69. ^ Parliament of Ukraine (17 November 1994). Декларация о государственном суверенитете Крыма [Declaration on State Sovereignty of Crimea] (in Russian). Government of Ukraine. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
70. ^ Parliament of Ukraine (20 October 1999). О Республике Крым как официальном названии демократического государства Крым [On the Republic of Crimea as the official name of the democratic state of Crimea] (in Russian). Government of Ukraine. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
71. ^ a b c Sasse, Gwendolyn (14 September 2023). Russia's War Against Ukraine. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-6061-5.
72. ^ Subtelny, Orest (2009). Ukraine: A History Fourth Edition. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8390-6.
73. ^ Crimea and the Black Sea Fleet in Russian- Ukrainian Relations, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Victor Zaborsky, September 1995
74. ^ Tsukanova, Anya. Cheney urges divided Ukraine to unite against Russia 'threat' The Sydney Morning Herald (via Associated Press). 6 September 2008.
75. ^ "media13_files2F26.pdf (Archived copy)" (PDF). www.taraskuzio.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
76. ^ "media24_files2F15.pdf (Archived copy)" (PDF). www.taraskuzio.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
77. ^ Levy, Clifford J. (28 August 2009). "Russia and Ukraine in Intensifying Standoff". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
78. ^ Ukraine's sharp divisions". BBC News. 23 April 2014.
79. ^ "The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint?" (PDF). Peacepalacelibrary.nl. 30 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
80. ^ Varettoni, William (21 June 2011). "Crimea's Overlooked Instability". The Washington Quarterly. 34 (3): 87–99. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2011.588128. ISSN 0163-660X. S2CID 154003492.
81. ^ "political-part-of-the-association-agreement-with-eu". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
82. ^ a b "yanukovych". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
83. ^ Крымский парламент решил ещё раз поддержать Азарова и заклеймить оппозицию (The Crimean parliament has decided to once again support Azarov and condemn the opposition) – Европейская правда, 27 ноября 2013
84. ^ Решение ВР АРК от 27 November 2013 № 1477-6/13 "О политической ситуации" [Decision of the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC of November 27, 2013 № 1477–6 / 13 "On the political situation"]. rada.crimea.ua (in Russian). 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
85. ^ Заявление ВР АРК от 22 January 2014 № 29-6/14-ВР "О политической ситуации" [Statement of the Verkhovna Rada of the ARC of 22 January 2014 № 29-6 / 14-VR "On the political situation"]. rada.crimea.ua (in Russian). 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014.
86. ^ a b The Chronicles of Alienation; The annexation of Crimea from 2 December 2013, through 4 April 2014, The Ukrainian Week (16 March 2015)
87. ^ Защитить статус и полномочия Крыма! [Protect the status and powers of Crimea!]. rada.crimea.ua (in Russian). 4 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014.
88. ^ "Крымские татары готовы дать отпор попыткам отторжения автономии от Украины – Чубаров" [Crimean Tatars are ready to repel attempts to reject autonomy from Ukraine – Chubarov.]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
89. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Timeline". BBC News. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
90. ^ "Archrival Is Freed as Ukraine Leader Flees". The New York Times. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
91. ^ "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.+25&rft.date=2014-02-22&rft_id=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192030.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Annexation+of+Crimea+by+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988">
92. ^ Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". Rferl.org. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
93. ^ "Ukraine MPs appoint interim president as Yanukovych allies dismissed – 23 February as it happened". The Guardian. 23 February 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.+February+as+it+happened&rft.date=2014-02-23&rft_id=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-yanukovych-tymoshenko-live-updates&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Annexation+of+Crimea+by+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988">
94. ^ RICHTER, ANDREI G. (2015). International Journal of Communication (19328036). 9: 3125–3126 https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=110802762&site=eds-live&scope=site. `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
95. ^ Gerber, Theodore P; Zavisca, Jane (Summer 2016). "Does Russian Propaganda Work?". Washington Quarterly. 39 (2): 79–98. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204398.
96. ^ Tomkiw, Lydia. "For Ukraine's Wartime Fact-Checkers, the Battle Rages On". Wilson Quarterly. Winter2018: 1.
97. ^ a b Putin on Ukraine crisis: 'It is an unconstitutional coup', BBC News (4 March 2014)
98. ^ a b Ukraine defends vote despite unrest, Putin pledges 'respect', Reuters (24 March 2014)
99. ^ a b Maria Popova, Oxana Shevel (8 November 2023). Russia and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Diverging States. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-5095-5738-7.
100. ^ a b Wilson, Andrew (18 November 2014). Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. Yale University Press. pp. 108, 110. ISBN 978-0-300-21292-1.
101. ^ a b Mychailo Wynnyckyj (30 April 2019). Ukraine's Maidan, Russia's War. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 28\. ISBN 978-3-8382-1327-9.
102. ^ In Yalta was organized Euromaidan, in Sevastopol were demanding to imprison the opposition Archived 28 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine19 February 2014
103. ^ Рокировки в СБУ. Кто такие Маликов, Остафийчук и Фролов [Castling the SBU. Who are Malikov, Ostafiychuk and Frolov]. Novoe Vremia (in Russian). 25 June 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
104. ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse (5 January 2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before The Russian Invasion of 2022. Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781316511497.
105. ^ "EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
106. ^ "Regions Party gets 80 of 100 seats on Crimean parliament". Interfax-Ukraine. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
107. ^ "Regions of Crimea meeting didn't address separation of Crimea from Ukraine – deputy prime minister of Crimea". Interfax-Ukraine. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
108. ^ "putin-as-heir-of-yeltsin". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
109. ^ Прем'єр Криму Могильов заявляє, що виконуватиме нові закони [Crimean Prime Minister Mogilev says it will comply with new laws] (in Ukrainian). Radio Svoboda. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
110. ^ "Protesters set a flag of Russia on the building of Crimean Parliament".
111. ^ У Криму вимагають розпуску парламенту автономії і знесення пам'ятника Леніну [Crimea demands the dissolution of the parliament of autonomy and the demolition of the monument to Lenin] (in Ukrainian). Radio Svoboda. 23 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
112. ^ "Ukraine crisis fuels secession calls in pro-Russian south". The Guardian. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
113. ^ a b Bogdan Huzar (23 February 2014). "Rosja przygotowuje się do zbrojnej interwencji na Ukrainie?" [Russia is preparing for military intervention in Ukraine?]. Newsweek Polska (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 February 2014.
114. ^ "В Керчи митингующие сорвали украинский флаг и мэрии и повесили российский: Новости УНИАН" [In Kerch, protesters tore down the Ukrainian flag and the mayor's office and hung up the Russian one: News from UNIAN]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
115. ^ "У Севастополі вимагають віддати владу вибраному на мітингу меру ; Українська правда" [In Sevastopol demand to hand over power to the "chosen" at the "mayor" rally; Ukrainian Pravda]. Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
116. ^ "Ukraine Liveblog: Day 7 – Decoding Documents & Indicting Dictators". The Interpreter. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
117. ^ Влада Севастополя визнала нову Верховну Раду [Sevastopol authorities recognised new Verkhovna Rada]. unian.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 30 January 2019.
118. ^ Севастопольцы чуть не разгромили администрацию, но все же добились обещания передать все дела Алексею Чалому [Sevastopolitans nearly destroyed city administration, but got a promise [from local authorities] to hand all affairs over to Chaly]. News of Sevastopol (in Russian). 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
119. ^ Mark Nordberg (1998). "3. State and Institution Building in Ukraine". In Taras Kuzio (ed.). Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation. M.E. Sharpe. p. 44\. ISBN 978-0-7656-3150-3.
120. ^ a b Howard Amos (25 February 2014). "Ukraine: Sevastopol installs pro-Russian mayor as separatism fears grow". The Guardian.
121. ^ От парламента Крыма потребовали провести референдум об отделении от Украины [[Pro-Russian demonstrators] demand that Crimean parliament hold referendum on separation from Ukraine]. "e-Crimea" News agency (in Russian). 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
122. ^ Противники центральной власти пригрозили захватом парламента Крыма [Opponents of the central government [of Ukraine] threatened to seize Crimean parliament]. "e-Crimea" News agency (in Russian). 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
123. ^ Пророссийские силы заблокировали ВР Крыма, требуют референдума о независимости: парламент собирается на внеочередное заседание. [Pro-Russian forces blocked the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea demanding an independence referendum: Parliament to meet in an extraordinary session.] (in Russian). censor.net.ua. 25 February 2014.
124. ^ Активисты Крыма требуют отделения полуострова от Украины [Activists demand separation of Crimea from Ukraine] (in Russian). rbc.ru. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
125. ^ Crimean Tatars, pro-Russia supporters approach Crimean parliament building, Interfax-Ukraine (26 February 2014)
126. ^ У парламенті Криму заявили, що не планують відділятись від України [Crimean parliament stated they did not plan to separate from Ukraine]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2014.
127. ^ "Crimean Parliament doesn't raise a question of separation from Ukraine, speaker said".
128. ^ Татари розійшлися створювати самооборону, щоб захищати Крим [Tartars dispersed to organise themselves to defend Crimea]. Ukrayinksa Pravda (in Ukrainian). 26 February 2014.
129. ^ Crimean Tatars leave parliament square; Russian Unity supporters continue rally, Interfax-Ukraine (26 February 2014)
130. ^ Crimean police ordered to prevent clashes at any cost, Interfax-Ukraine (26 February 2014)
131. ^ Ukraine asking UN to monitor security situation in Crimea round the clock, says security service chief, Interfax-Ukraine (26 February 2014)
132. ^ Mark MacKinnon (26 February 2014). "Globe in Ukraine: Russian-backed fighters restrict access to Crimean city". The Globe and Mail.
133. ^ "Lessons identified in Crimea – does Estonia's national defence model meet our needs?". Estonian World. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2022. "about 30–50 Russian special forces members entered and occupied the parliament and government buildings of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea"
134. ^ Andrew Higgins; Steven Erlanger (27 February 2014). "Gunmen Seize Government Buildings in Crimea". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
135. ^ Gumuchian, Marie-Louise; Smith-Spark, Laura; Formanek, Ingrid (27 February 2014). "Gunmen seize government buildings in Ukraine's Crimea, raise Russian flag". CNN.
136. ^ a b "Бывший СССР: Украина: Украинский депутат объявил о бунте крымского "Беркута"" [Former USSR: Ukraine: Ukrainian MP announces riot of Crimean "Golden eagle"]. lenta.ru.
137. ^ a b "Number of Crimean deputies present at referendum resolution vote unclear". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
138. ^ a b c d e De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014). "RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow". Reuters. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
139. ^ Crimea sets date for autonomy vote amid gunmen, anti-Kiev protests, (27 February 2014).
140. ^ Crimean parliament to decide on appointment of autonomous republic's premier on Tuesday, Interfax Ukraine (7 November 2011).
141. ^ (in Ukrainian) The new prime minister is the leader of Russian Unity, Ukrayinska Pravda (27 February 2014).
142. ^ Крымские власти объявили о подчинении Януковичу [Crimean authorities declared submission to Yanukovych]. lenta.ru (in Russian). 28 February 2014.
143. ^ a b Number of Crimean deputies present at referendum resolution vote unclear, Interfax-Ukraine (27 February 2014).
144. ^ "Putin's narrative on Crimea annexation takes an evolutionary leap". Kyiv Post. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
145. ^ Турчинов издал указ о незаконности избрания нового премьера Крыма [Turchynov issued a decree on the illegality of the election of a new prime minister of Crimea] (in Ukrainian). 1 March 2014.
146. ^ "How 'Ukrainian Berkut Officer' from Russian Ulyanovsk Assaulted Crimean Parliament Back in 2014". InformNapalm. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
147. ^ "ПОСТ "ЧОНГАР" КОНТРОЛИРУЕТ КРЫМСКИЙ "БЕРКУТ" ПОДЧИНЕННЫЙ ЯНУКОВИЧУ видео) – 27 Февраля 2014 – "Новый Визит" Генический информационный портал" [POST "CHONGAR" CONTROLS CRIMEAN "BERKUT" SUBJECT TO YANUKOVYCH (video) – February 27, 2014 – "New Visit" Genetic Information Portal]. vizit.ks.ua. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014.
148. ^ На Чонгарском перешейке дежурит «Беркут» и некие гражданские лица ["Berkut" and some civilians act as sentries at Chongarsky Isthmus] (in Russian). news.allcrimea.net. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
149. ^ Армянск Информационный (Armyansk Informational). "Армянск Информационный – Под Армянск стянулись силовики из "Беркута"" [Armyansk Informational – Security forces from "Berkut" gathered near Armyansk].
150. ^ "Lenta.ru: Бывший СССР: Украина: СМИ сообщили о блокпостах "Беркута" на въездах в Крым" [Former USSR: Ukraine: media reported about Berkut checkpoints at the entrances to Crimea]. lenta.ru.
151. ^ Mirovalev, Mansur (1 March 2014). "Crimea PM Takes Control Of Army, Police And Seeks Russian Help". NBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
152. ^ "Federation Council Approves Putin's Request for Troop Deployment in Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
153. ^ Council of the Federation: Russia may introduce troops into Crimea. Ukrainska Pravda. 1 March 2014.
154. ^ Radyuhin, Vladimir (March 2014). "Russian Parliament approves use of army in Ukraine". The Hindu.
155. ^ Walker, Shaun (4 March 2014). "Russian takeover of Crimea will not descend into war, says Vladimir Putin". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
156. ^ Yoon, Sangwon; Krasnolutska, Daryna; Choursina, Kateryna (4 March 2014). "Russia Stays in Ukraine as Putin Channels Yanukovych Request". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
157. ^ Генштаб ЗСУ: у Криму – не лише військові з частин Чорноморського флоту [General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces: in Crimea – not just soldiers from units of Black Sea Fleet]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 5 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
158. ^ В Крыму находятся российские военнослужащие не только из частей ЧФ РФ, утверждают в Генштабе ВСУ [The Black Sea Fleet are not the only Russian fighting forces to be found in Crimea, says the General Staff of AF of Ukraine] (in Russian). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
159. ^ a b c Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017). Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine (PDF) (Report). Santa Monica: RAND Corporation. pp. 14–15.
160. ^ McCarthy, Tom; Tran, Mark (17 April 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Obama says Russia has 'hand' in 'disruption and chaos'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
161. ^ Россия не рассматривает вариант присоединения Крыма к России [Russia is not considering the option of annexing Crimea to Russia] (in Russian). Interfax. 4 March 2014.
162. ^ Путин: Россия не планировала присоединять Крым [Putin: Russia did not plan to annex Crimea] (in Russian). Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 10 April 2014.
163. ^ "Путин: наши военные "встали за спиной" самообороны Крыма" [Putin: our military "stood behind the back" of the self-defense of Crimea]. BBC News Russian (in Russian). 17 April 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
164. ^ Шойгу: действия Минобороны РФ в Крыму были вызваны угрозой жизни мирного населения [Shoigu: the actions of the Russian Defense Ministry in Crimea were caused by a threat to the lives of civilians] (in Russian). Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 4 April 2014.
165. ^ "Russia redeploys ships of Baltic and Northern fleets to Sevastopol, violates agreement with Ukraine". Ukrinform. 3 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
166. ^ a b Charles Crawford (10 March 2014). "Vladimir Putin's illegal occupation of Crimea is an attempt to put Europe's borders up for grabs". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
167. ^ a b c "Joint Statement by the United States and Ukraine". mfa.gov.ua. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
168. ^ a b "budapest-memorandum". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
169. ^ "Медведев: Россия не гарантирует целостность Украины" [Medvedev: Russia does not guarantee the integrity of Ukraine]. BBC News Russian (in Russian). 20 May 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
170. ^ Urbanskaya, Tatyana (22 February 2018). "Operation "Crimea is Ours"". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency.
171. ^ "Касатонов: Черноморский флот был плацдармом для аннексии Крыма" [Kasatonov: the Black Sea Fleet was a springboard for the annexation of Crimea]. Current Time TV (in Russian). 13 March 2015.
172. ^ a b Oleksandr Turchynov (20 March 2014). Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України" [Declaration "On the struggle for the liberation of Ukraine"] (in Ukrainian). Parliament of Ukraine. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
173. ^ a b Fred Dews (19 March 2014). "NATO Secretary-General: Russia's Annexation of Crimea Is Illegal and Illegitimate". Brookings. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
174. ^ a b c d Marxsen, Christian (17 April 2014). "The Crimea Crisis – An International Law Perspective". Heidelberg Journal of International Law. SSRN 2520530. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
175. ^ "Direct Line with Vladimir Putin". kremlin.ru. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
176. ^ "russian-ukrainian-friendship-treaty". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
177. ^ a b "Bound by treaty: Russia, Ukraine and Crimea". Deutsche Welle. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
178. ^ Yeroshko, Iryna (4 March 2014). "Ukraine: Russia shows 'complete disregard' for Black Sea Fleet agreement in Crimea". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
179. ^ Dilanian, Ken (3 March 2014). "CIA reportedly says Russia sees treaty as justifying Ukraine moves". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
180. ^ "Constitution of the Russian Federation". Official site. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
181. ^ "Opinion on "Whether Draft Federal constitutional Law No. 462741-6 on amending the Federal constitutional Law of the Russian Federation on the procedure of admission to the Russian Federation and creation of a new subject within the Russian Federation is compatible with international law" Endorsed by the Venice Commission at Its 98th Plenary Session (Venice, 21–22 March 2014)". Venice Commission. 21–22 March 2014.
182. ^ "Draft Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation 'amending the Federal Constitutional Law on the Procedure of Admission to the Russian Federation and creation of a new subject of the Russian Federation in its composition' of the Russian Federation (translation)". 10 March 2014.
183. ^ Millar, Daniel (18 March 2019). "The Kosovan Precedent for the Annexation of Crimea".
184. ^ Jusufa, Elvina (2015). "The Kosovo Precedent in the Secession and Recognition of Crimea". ILIRIA International Review. 5 (1): 267–286. doi:10.21113/iir.v5i1.20. ISSN 2192-7081.
185. ^ Rossi, Christopher R. (2015–2016). "Impaled on Morton's Fork: Kosovo, Crimea, and the Sui Generis Circumstance". Emory International Law Review. 30: 353.
186. ^ "Has the Advisory Opinion's finding that Kosovo's Declaration of Independence was not Contrary to International Law Set an Unfortunate Precedent? by Anne Peters :: SSRN". SSRN 2461153.
187. ^ Крым определился, каким способом войдет в Россию [Crimea decided how to enter Russia]. Vedomosti (in Russian). 11 March 2014.
188. ^ Šućur, Adam (2014). "Observing the Question of Secession in the Wake of Recent Events in Kosovo, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Crimea". Zagrebačka pravna revija. 3 (3): 275–301. ISSN 1848-6118.
189. ^ Kosumi, Vebi (27 February 2018). Can Crimea Claim Secession and Accession to Russian Federation in Light of Kosovo'S Independence?. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-5462-8888-6.
190. ^ "Преса Британії: Путін запозичив аргументи фюрера?". BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). 19 March 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
191. ^ "Мюнхенское согласие на аннексию: земля Чехословакии в обмен на мир с Гитлером". Radio Prague International (in Russian). 30 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
192. ^ Законопроект № 462741-6 О внесении изменений в Федеральный конституционный закон "О порядке принятия в Российскую Федерацию и образования в ее составе нового субъекта Российской Федерации" (в части расширения предмета правового регулирования названного Федерального конституционного закона) [Draft Law No. 462741-6 On Amendments to the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Procedure for Admission to the Russian Federation and the Formation of a New Subject of the Russian Federation within it" (in terms of expanding the subject of legal regulation of the named Federal Constitutional Law)]. duma.gov.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
193. ^ "Venice Commission gives damning verdict on Crimean". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 22 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
194. ^ "CDL-AD(2014)004-e Opinion on "Whether Draft Federal constitutional Law No. 462741-6 on amending the Federal constitutional Law of the Russian Federation on the procedure of admission to the Russian Federation and creation of a new subject within the Russian Federation is compatible with international law" endorsed by the Venice Commission at its 98th Plenary Session (Venice, 21–22 March 2014)". Venice Commission. March 2014.
195. ^ a b Coynash, Halya; Charron, Austin (2 January 2019). "Russian-occupied Crimea and the state of exception: repression, persecution, and human rights violations". Eurasian Geography and Economics. 60 (1): 28–53. doi:10.1080/15387216.2019.1625279. ISSN 1538-7216. "... The referendum was a transparent attempt to validate a violent coup of the Crimean government, and was accordingly held under hostile occupation by the military of a foreign state aided by Russian and pro-Russian paramilitary forces. ..."
196. ^ Постановление ВР АРК "Об организации и проведении республиканского (местного) референдума по вопросам усовершенствования статуса и полномочий Автономной Республики Крым" [Decree of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea "On organizing and holding a republican (local) referendum on improving the status and powers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea"]. rada.crimea.ua (in Russian). 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
197. ^ Аксенов: перенос референдума в Крыму связан с тем, что конфликт вышел за пределы разумного [Aksyonov: referendum postponement in Crimea is due to the fact that the conflict went beyond reasonable limits] (in Russian). Interfax.
198. ^ "Суд признал незаконными назначение Аксенова премьером и проведение референдума в Крыму" [The court ruled that Aksenov's appointment as prime minister and the holding of a referendum in Crimea were illegal]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
199. ^ Референдум в Крыму: ответ "нет" не предусмотрен [Referendum in Crimea: the answer "no" is not provided] (in Russian). Voice of America. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
200. ^ "Crimean authorities work under barrel of a gun – Ukraine leader". Reuters. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
201. ^ "КС признал неконституционным постановление о проведении референдума в Крыму – Видео" [The Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional the decision to hold a referendum in Crimea – Video]. 14 March 2014.
202. ^ Myers, Steven Lee; Smale, Alison (13 March 2014). ""Russian Troops Mass at Border With Ukraine"". The New York Times.
203. ^ Collett-White, Mike; Popeski, Ronald (15 March 2014). "Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia". Reuters.
204. ^ "Crimea referendum Wide condemnation after region votes to split from Ukraine Fox News". Fox News Channel. 16 March 2014.
205. ^ Halimah, Halimah (17 March 2014). "Crimea's vote: Was it legal?". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
206. ^ Paul Roderick Gregory (5 May 2014). "Putin's 'Human Rights Council' Accidentally Posts Real Crimean Election Results". Forbes.
207. ^ "Проблемы жителей Крыма". Совет при Президенте РФ (in Russian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2014.
208. ^ "Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country". Pew Research Center. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
209. ^ "Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'". BBC News. 16 March 2014.
210. ^ "Declaring victory, Crimean and Russian officials pledge fast integration". Kyiv Post. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014.
211. ^ Наблюдатели ОБСЕ не приедут на референдум в Крым [OSCE observers won't monitor referendum in Crimea] (in Russian). Deutsche Welle. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
212. ^ "Extreemrechtse partijen uitgenodigd op referendum Krim" [Far-right parties invited to Crimea referendum] (in Dutch). De Redactie. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
213. ^ "Referendum day in Crimea's Simferopol". Deutsche Welle. 16 March 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
214. ^ Постановление ГС РК № 1745-6/14 – О независимости Крыма [Resolution State Council Republic of Crimea № 1745-6/14 – On the independence of Crimea] (in Russian). rada.crimea.ua. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
215. ^ Парламент Крыма национализировал порты полуострова и их имущество [The Parliament of Crimea nationalized the ports of the peninsula and their property] (in Russian). nbnews.com.ua. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
216. ^ Крым национализировал "Черноморнефтегаз" [Crimea nationalized "Chernomorneftegaz"] (in Russian). glavred.info. 17 March 2014.
217. ^ "Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine". The Guardian. 17 March 2014.
218. ^ Herszenhorn, David M.; Cowell, Alan (17 March 2014). "Lawmakers in Crimea Move Swiftly to Split From Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
219. ^ Крым начал процедуру присоединения к РФ, объявив о независимости [Crimea began the process of joining the Russian Federation, declaring independence] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 17 March 2014.
220. ^ "Russian ruble announced Crimea's official currency". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014.
221. ^ Verbyany, Volodymyr (1 June 2014). "Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
222. ^ "Putin Approves Draft Treaty On Crimea". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
223. ^ "Executive Order on recognising Republic of Crimea". Kremlin. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
224. ^ Myers, Steven Lee; Barry, Ellen (18 March 2014). "Putin Reclaims Crimea for Russia and Bitterly Denounces the West". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
225. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Putin signs Russia-Crimea treaty". BBC News. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
226. ^ a b Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов [Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the acceptance of the Republic of Crimea into Russian Federation and education of new subjects of the Russian Federation] (in Russian). Kremlin.ru. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016. (and a PDF copy of signed document)
227. ^ "Constitutional Court Approves Russia-Crimea Treaty". The Moscow Times. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
228. ^ Pifer, Steven (18 March 2019). "Five years after Crimea's illegal annexation, the issue is no closer to resolution". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
229. ^ Conrad, Naomi (1 May 2014). "The deputy who voted against annexing Crimea". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
230. ^ Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17 March 2014 No. 63-рп 'О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов'. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
231. ^ "Ukraine officer 'killed in attack on Crimea base'". BBC. Retrieved 18 March 2014. "Crimean police later said both Ukrainian and pro-Russian forces had been fired on from a single location ... None of the accounts can be independently confirmed."
232. ^ "Crimean prosecutors do not confirm info on Simferopol shooter detention". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
233. ^ Roland Oliphant (22 March 2014). "Ukraine's unlikeliest funeral: the only two foes to die in Russia's Crimea takeover are mourned together". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
234. ^ "Joint Funeral2" 'Opposing sides in Crimean conflict come together today for Simferopol funeral of two men killed, one Ukrainian, the other Russian', Kyiv Post, 22 March 2014
235. ^ "Joint Funeral3" 'Funeral held for Crimea's first casualties', Agence France-Presse, 22 March 2014
236. ^ Lavrov, Anton (2015). "Russian Again: The Military Operation for Crimea". In Pukhov, Ruslan (ed.). Brothers Armed: Military Aspects of the Crisis in Ukraine (Second ed.). Minneapolis: East View Press. ISBN 978-1-879944-65-7. OCLC 921141500.
237. ^ "Ukraine orders Crimea troop withdrawal as Russia seizes naval base". CNN. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
238. ^ "Defense Ministry: 50% Of Ukrainian Troops in Crimea Defect To Russia". Ukrainian News Agency. 24 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
239. ^ Jonathan Marcus (24 March 2014). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
240. ^ (in Ukrainian) Russian troops captured all Ukrainian parts in the Crimea, BBC Ukrainian (26 March 2014)
241. ^ "United Nations News Centre – Backing Ukraine's territorial integrity, UN Assembly declares Crimea referendum invalid". United Nations. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
242. ^ Charbonneau, Louis; Donath, Mirjam (27 March 2014). Chizu Nomiyama; Tom Brown (eds.). "U.N. General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid". Reuters. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
243. ^ "В 22.00 в Крыму и в Севастополе стрелки часов переведут на два часа вперёд – на московское время" [At 22.00 in the Crimea and in Sevastopol, the clock hands will be moved two hours ahead – to Moscow time]. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
244. ^ "Crimea to set clocks to Russia time". Business Standard India. 30 March 2014 - via Business Standard.
245. ^ "kharkiv-agreements". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
246. ^ "Россия денонсировала соглашения с Украиной о флоте" [Russia denounced the agreements with Ukraine on the fleet]. BBC News Ukrainian (in Russian). 31 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
247. ^ See Presidential explanatory note to the denunciation bill Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
248. ^ Lukas I. Alpert, Alexander Kolyandr. "Medvedev visits Crimea, vows development aid". Market Watch.
249. ^ Crimea switches to Russian telephone codes, Interfax-Ukraine (7 May 2015)
250. ^ Nikiforov, Vadim (12 March 2014). Крым и Севастополь ожидают представления свыше [Crimea and Sevastopol await submission from above]. Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
251. ^ Sputnik (11 April 2014). "Crimean Parliament Approves New Constitution". ria.ru.
252. ^ Nezamyatnyj, Ivan (11 April 2014). Крым прописался в конституции России [Crimea registered in the Russian constitution] (in Russian). mk.ru.
253. ^ Thomas D. Grant (1 January 2015). "Annexation of Crimea". The American Journal of International Law. 109 (1): 68–95. doi:10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.1.0068. JSTOR amerjintelaw.109.1.0068. S2CID 146943718.
254. ^ Hobson, Peter (14 April 2014). "Sanctioned Bank Rossiya to Service $36Bln Domestic Electricity Market". The Moscow Times.
255. ^ Россия убрала войска с Арабатской стрелки [Russian troops removed from the Arabat Spit] (in Russian). Ukrinform. 9 December 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
256. ^ Jess McHugh (15 July 2015). "Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say". International Business Times. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
257. ^ Sharkov, Damien (31 July 2016). "Ukraine Reports Russian Military Activity on Crimea Border". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
258. ^ Kaplan, Allison (9 August 2016). "Ukraine prepares for Russian 'attack' by moving troops to the border with Crimea". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
259. ^ "pentagon-downplays-talk-russian-troop-buildup-near-ukraine-putin-visits-crimea". Japan Times.
260. ^ Shaun Walker in Moscow. "Putin raises stakes over alleged Ukrainian terror plot in Crimea". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
261. ^ Roland Oliphant (10 August 2016). "Putin accuses Ukraine of 'terror' over alleged Crimea raid". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
262. ^ a b Sheena McKenzie. "Ukraine troops on high alert amid growing tension with Russia". CNN. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
263. ^ a b Moscow, Laura Mills in; Cullison, Alan; Washington, Carol E. Lee in (11 August 2016). "Dispute Between Russia and Ukraine Over Crimea Accusations Escalates". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
264. ^ "Putin Accuses Ukraine of Terror as Crimea Tensions Escalate". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
265. ^ Sasse, Gwendolyn (6 November 2017). "What Is the Public Mood Like in Crimea?". Carnegie Europe. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
266. ^ "ZOiS Report № 3. Terra Incognita: The public mood in Crimea" (PDF). November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
267. ^ "Kiev declares martial law after Russian seizure of Ukrainian ships in Black Sea". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
268. ^ "Poroshenko Ends Martial Law in Ukraine As Tensions With Russia Continue". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
269. ^ "Ukraine conflict: Russia completes Crimea security fence". BBC. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
270. ^ "'Crimea is Ukraine': Zelenskyy opens inaugural Crimea summit". euronews. 23 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
271. ^ Christian Streib (20 March 2015). "Back in the USSR? Spying and control in the new Crimea". CNN. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
272. ^ Berman, Ilan (8 September 2015). "Paradise Lost in Crimea: How Russia Is Paying for the Annexation". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
273. ^ "Crimea Rice Crop Fails Over Water War With Ukraine". The Moscow Times. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
274. ^ Naidenova, Iuliia; Nesseler, Cornel; Parshakov, Petr; Chusovliankin, Aleksei (2020). "After the Crimea crisis: Employee discrimination in Russia and Ukraine". PLOS ONE. 15 (10): e0240811. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1540811N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240811. PMC 7592748. PMID 33112927.
275. ^ Ash, Lucy (8 August 2014). "Tourism takes a nosedive in Crimea". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
276. ^ "Крым готовится к референдуму и ожидает Русских сезонов" [Crimea prepares for a referendum and expects Russian seasons]. РИА Оренбуржье. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
277. ^ "Снова в "Артек"" [Back to Artek]. Vzglyad. 17 March 2014.
278. ^ Titov, Evgeny (11 September 2015). "Полуостров в тени материка" [Peninsula in the shadow of the mainland]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 12 September 2015.
279. ^ Steiner, Eduard (17 March 2014). "Krim-Annexion wird zur Milliardenlast für Russland" [The annexation of Crimea is becoming a billion dollar burden for Russia]. Die Welt (in German).
280. ^ "Decision to annex Crimea 'taken by Putin personally'". UNIAN. 3 March 2015.
281. ^ "Расходный полуостров" [Expendable Peninsula]. Kommersant. 7 March 2014.
282. ^ Broad, William (17 March 2014). "In Taking Crimea, Putin Gains a Sea of Fuel Reserves". The New York Times.
283. ^ "In taking Crimea, Putin gains a sea of fuel reserves". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
284. ^ "Central Telegraph to set Russian tariffs on telegrams in Crimea Apr 3". Prime. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.+3&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=http://www.1prime.biz/news/telecommunications/_Ctrl_Telegraph_to_set_Russian_tariffs_on_telegrams_in_Crimea_Apr_3/0/%7B49A072BC-07C5-44F4-8296-74340FE93120%7D.uif&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Annexation+of+Crimea+by+the+Russian+Federation" class="Z3988">
285. ^ "Крымчанам придется поменять номера телефонов и SIM-карты" [Crimeans will have to change phone numbers and SIM cards]. comnews.ru. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
286. ^ ""Почта России" переводит почтовое сообщение с Крымом на российские тарифы" ["Post of Russia" translates postal communication with the Crimea to Russian tariffs]. comnews.ru. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
287. ^ "Sneaking into Crimea – Or Maybe Not". Forbes. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
288. ^ О пунктах пропуска через государственную границу России в Республике Крым и городе Севастополе
289. ^ "Government Order on checkpoints at the Russian border in the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol". Government of Russia. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
290. ^ Mills, Laura; Dahlburg, John-Thor (2 December 2014). "Change of leadership in Crimea means property grab". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014.
291. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (10 January 2015). "Seizing Assets in Crimea, From Shipyard to Film Studio". The New York Times.
292. ^ Antonova, Maria (27 February 2015). "Under Russia, isolated Crimea is twilight zone for business". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 1 March 2015.
293. ^ Murtazin, Irek (3 September 2015). "На часах – "девяностые"" ["Nineties" on the clock]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 12 September 2015.
294. ^ "New maps appear to show Crimea is drying up". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 July 2018.
295. ^ "Second Russian Official in 2 Days Arrested in Crimea Over Corruption". The Moscow Times. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
296. ^ (in Ukrainian) After the annexation of Crimea left only 10% of staff SBU, Ukrayinska Pravda (8 February 2016)
297. ^ "Crimea will not have large telecom operators of Russian Federation because of sanctions". CrimeaSOS. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
298. ^ Роуминг МТС в Крыму: есть или нет в 2018 году [MTS roaming in Crimea: yes or no in 2018]. mts-guide.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
299. ^ "Crimea's Water Crisis Is an Impossible Problem for Putin". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
300. ^ "Crimea: Persecution of Crimean Tatars Intensifies | Human Rights Watch". 14 November 2017.
301. ^ "UN accuses Russia of multiple human rights abuses". The Independent. 16 November 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
302. ^ "Report on the situation of human rights in the temporarily occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol" (PDF). OHCHR. 30 June 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
303. ^ "Human Rights Situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol". OHCHR. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
304. ^ "UN General Assembly votes for resolution on human rights in Crimea". Retrieved 21 June 2017.
305. ^ "Russia's collective punishment of the Crimean Tatars is a war crime". 25 February 2021.
306. ^ "Crimea: Attacks, 'Disappearances' by Illegal Forces". Human Rights Watch. 14 March 2014.
307. ^ a b Rainsford, Sarah (25 August 2015). "Ukraine crisis: Crimean Tatars uneasy under Russia rule". BBC News. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
308. ^ a b Федеральный закон от 28 December 2013 N 433-ФЗ "О внесении изменения в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" (in Russian) [Federal Law of 28 December 2013 No. 433-FZ "On Amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation"]
309. ^ Автор статьи: Мария Макутина. "За призывы вернуть Крым Украине можно будет лишиться свободы сроком до пяти лет – РБК daily" [For calls to return the Crimea to Ukraine, it will be possible to lose freedom for up to five years– RBC daily]. Rbcdaily.ru. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
310. ^ "Timeline: Escalation of The Crisis in Crimea". UNPO. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
311. ^ Крымским татарам запретили митинговать [Crimean Tatars have been banned from holding protest rallies]. gazeta.ru (in Russian). 17 May 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
312. ^ a b Hille, Katherine (18 May 2014). "Crimean Tatars defy ban on rallies to commemorate deportation". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
313. ^ a b Winning, Alexander (18 May 2014). "Crimean Tatars commemorate Soviet deportation despite ban". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
314. ^ "Crimea helicopters try to disrupt Tatar rallies". BBC News. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
315. ^ "Russia jails Crimea activist for 4 years over Kiev protest allegations". Agence France-Presse. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2021 - via NDTV.
316. ^ Bilych, Ivanna; Neumann, Andreas; Okpara, Victor C.; Pichaipillai, Ajitha; de Moura Sena, Matheus; Sharvan, Olena (15 June 2015). "Human Rights on Occupied Territory: Case of Crimea". Razom.
317. ^ Chalupa, Andrea (23 June 2015). "Crimean Gangland: Putin's Seaside Mafia State". The Daily Beast.
318. ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 June 2016). "Ukrainian lawmakers fume over omission of Ukraine from human rights report". Kyiv Post.
319. ^ "Jailed Crimean Tatar Human Rights Activist on Hunger Strike in Russian World Cup city". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
320. ^ "CRIMEAN TATAR: NEVER SILENT IN THE FACE OF INJUSTICE". Amnesty International. February 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
321. ^ "URGENT ACTION: CRIMEAN TATAR ACTIVIST FORCIBLY DISAPPEARED" (PDF). Amnesty International. 25 May 2016.
322. ^ "Russia refuses to investigate the abduction of prominent Crimean Tatar activist Ervin Ibragimov". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group.
323. ^ "Russian Federation/Ukraine: Further information: Rights defender facing trumped-up charges: Server Mustafayev". Amnesty International. 29 November 2019.
324. ^ "ARREST OF SERVER MUSTAFAYEV". 23 September 2020.
325. ^ "UAWire – Ukraine files memorandum with UN Court of Justice containing evidence of Russia's involvement in 'financing of terrorism'".
326. ^ "Ukraine submits to ICJ evidence of Russian crimes in Crimea, Donbas | UNIAN".
327. ^ "Более ста тысяч крымчан получили украинские загранпаспорта | Новые Известия" [More than a hundred thousand Crimeans received Ukrainian passports | Novye Izvestia]. newizv.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2019.
328. ^ "Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea May 16 – 30, 2013" (PDF). International Republican Institute. p. 17\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
329. ^ a b "News-gathering and policy perceptions in Ukraine" (PDF). Broadcasting Board of Governors. 3 June 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
330. ^ a b "Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country" (PDF) (Press release). Pew Research Centre. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
331. ^ The Moscow Times (15 March 2019). "Russians Conflicted Over Crimea Annexation's Value". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
332. ^ O'Loughlin, John; Toal, Gerard (28 February 2019). "The Crimea conundrum: legitimacy and public opinion after annexation". Eurasian Geography and Economics. 60: 6–27. doi:10.1080/15387216.2019.1593873.
333. ^ Toal, Gerard; O'Loughlin, John; Bakke, Kristin M. (18 March 2020). "Analysis | Six years and $20 billion in Russian investment later, Crimeans are happy with Russian annexation". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
334. ^ Charron, Austin (2016). "Whose is Crimea? Contested Sovereignty and Regional Identity". Region. 5 (2): 225–256. ISSN 2166-4307. JSTOR 24896628.
335. ^ Knott, Eleanor (2022). Kin majorities: identity and citizenship in Crimea and Moldova. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-2280-1150-7. OCLC 1280277016.
336. ^ МИД вызвал Временного поверенного в делах РФ в Украине для вручения ноты-протеста [The Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Charge d'Affaires of the Russian Federation in Ukraine to present a protest note] (in Russian). unn.com.ua. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
337. ^ Декларація "Про боротьбу за звільнення України" [Declaration "On the Struggle for the Liberation of Ukraine"] (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada.
338. ^ Верховна Рада України ухвалила Закон "Про забезпечення прав і свобод громадян та правовий режим на тимчасово окупованій території України" [The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine"] (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
339. ^ "Ukraine Parliament declares Crimea temporarily occupied territory". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
340. ^ Верховная Рада Украины приняла Закон "Об обеспечении прав и свобод граждан и правовом режиме на временно оккупированной территории Украины" [The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine"] (in Russian). Verkhovna Rada. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
341. ^ Рада приняла закон о защите прав граждан "оккупированного Крыма" [The Rada adopted a law on the protection of the rights of citizens of the "occupied Crimea"]. Vzglyad (in Russian). 15 April 2014.
342. ^ "Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage". Al-Jazeera. 4 January 2017.
343. ^ "Russia fears Crimea water shortage as supply drops". BBC News. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
344. ^ "Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 March 2020.
345. ^ Ennis, Stephen (12 March 2014). "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
346. ^ Цензор.НЕТ (11 April 2014). "Некоторые кинотеатры Киева, Львова и Одессы объявили бойкот российской кинопродукции" [Some cinemas in Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa announced a boycott of Russian film production]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
347. ^ "Journalists, free speech activists demand abolishing of newly-formed 'Ministry of Truth'". Kyiv Post. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
348. ^ "Ukraine conflict: Crimea hit by shortages". BBC News. 8 January 2015.
349. ^ Rada names 20 February 2014 as official date of Crimea, Sevastopol occupation by Russia. Interfax Ukraine. 16 September 2015
350. ^ Rada names 20 Feb. 2014 as official date of Crimea, Sevastopol occupation by Russia. Kyiv Post. 15 September 2015
351. ^ President recognised 20 February as the official date of Crimean occupation. Ukrinform. 7 October 2015
352. ^ (in Ukrainian) The Cabinet decided to create the Ministry of temporarily occupied territories and internally displaced persons, Ukrayinska Pravda (20 April 2016)
353. ^ "Years After Crimea's Annexation, Integration of Ukraine's Internally Displaced Population Remains Uneven – Ukraine". ReliefWeb. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
354. ^ "4 Reasons Putin Is Already Losing in Ukraine". Time. 3 March 2014.
355. ^ Rothkopf, David (25 February 2014). "All (Not) Quiet on Ukraine's Eastern Front". Foreign policy.
356. ^ "Российские паспорта и присоединение к РФ: Депутаты Госдумы прибыли в Крым (Rossiyskiye pasporta i prisoyedineniye k RF: Deputaty Gosdumy pribyli v Krym)" [Russian passports and joining Russia: State Duma deputies arrived in Crimea]. Gordonua (in Ukrainian). 25 February 2014.
357. ^ "В Госдуме опровергли данные о выдаче паспортов РФ жителям Крыма (V Gosdume oprovergli dannyye o vydache pasportov RF zhitelyam Kryma)" [The State Duma has denied information about issuing passports to residents of Crimea RF]. Argumenty i Fakty (in Ukrainian). 25 February 2014.
358. ^ "Росія обіцяє втрутитися, якщо росіянам в Україні буде загроза (Rosiya obitsyaye vtrutytysya, yakshcho rosiyanam v Ukrayini bude zahroza)" [Russia promises to intervene if the Russians in Ukraine threatened]. Українська правда (Ukrayins'ka pravda) [Ukrainian Pravda] (in Ukrainian). UA. 25 February 2014.
359. ^ "У Росії Януковича все ще вважають президентом – Слуцький (U Rosiyi Yanukovycha vse shche vvazhayut' prezydentom – Sluts'kyy)" [In Russia Yanukovych's still the president – Slutsky]. Українська правда (Ukrayins'ka pravda) [Ukrainian Pravda]. UA. 25 February 2014.
360. ^ "Госдума России обсуждает меры по защите крымчан (Gosduma Rossii obsuzhdayet mery po zashchite krymchan)" [Russian State Duma discusses measures to protect the Crimean]. RU: Интерфакс (Interfax).
361. ^ Alpert, Lukas I. (27 February 2014). "Russia Orders Military Exercises Amid Ukraine Tension". The Wall Street Journal.
362. ^ "Russian Foreign Ministry commented on the movement of armored vehicles in Crimea". Ukrayinska Pravda. 27 February 2014.
363. ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia mulls new land-grab law". BBC News. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
364. ^ a b "MID of Russia made another statement on Ukraine: militants, NATO, provocations". Ukrayinska Pravda. 27 February 2014.
365. ^ "Tensions high at Kiev protest camp despite ground-breaking deal". CTV News. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.
366. ^ "Russia has suspended negotiations with Ukraine on the project of Kerch bridge". Ukrinform. 28 February 2014.
367. ^ "Medvedev Signs Decree Creating Contractor for Kerch Strait Bridge Project". The Moscow Times. 3 March 2014.
368. ^ "Медведев распорядился создать компанию для строительства моста через Керченский пролив" [Medvedev ordered to create a company to build a bridge across the Kerch Strait]. TV Rain (in Russian). Russia. 3 March 2014.
369. ^ "Kerch Dam". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
370. ^ "In Russia there are gathering "tourists" to Ukraine who served in the military". Ukrayinska Pravda. 28 February 2014.
371. ^ "After the Crimean Consensus - The American Interest". web.archive.org. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
372. ^ "Ukraine crisis live: Russia admits its troops are moving in Crimea". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
373. ^ "Russian Foreign Ministry called the Ukrainian revolution "brown"". lenta.ru. RU. 19 February 2014.
374. ^ "Russian Foreign Ministry: In Ukraine the "brown" revolution, we will apply all the influence". Ukrayinska Pravda. UA. 19 February 2014.
375. ^ a b "Vladimir Putin sees small protests, mass support for troops in Ukraine (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor. 2 March 2014.
376. ^ "In Russia were detained activists who protested against the war with Ukraine". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 1 March 2014.
377. ^ "На антивоенных акциях в Москве задержаны 300 человек (Na antivoyennykh aktsiyakh v Moskve zaderzhany 300 chelovek)" [At the anti-war actions in Moscow detained 300 people] (in Russian). RU: Utro. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
378. ^ "В Москве и Перебурге проходят митинги против российской оккупации Крыма. Уже есть задержанные (V Moskve i Peterburge prokhodyat mitingi protiv rossiyskoy okkupatsii Kryma. Uzhe yest' zaderzhannyye)" [In Moscow and St. Petersburg rallies against the Russian occupation of the Crimea. Already have detained] (in Russian). Центр журналистских расследований (Tsentr zhurnalistskikh rassledovaniy) [Center for Investigative Journalism]. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
379. ^ "Жители Екатеринбурга провели пикеты против ввода российских войск в Крым (Zhiteli Yekaterinburga proveli pikety protiv vvoda rossiyskikh voysk v Krym)" [Inhabitants of Ekaterinburg picketed against Russian troops in the Crimea]. Komsomolskaya Pravda (in Russian). RU. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
380. ^ ""Сколько детей ты готов похоронить, чтобы Крым стал частью России?" Первые антивоенные пикеты прошли на Урале ("Skol'ko detey ty gotov pokhoronit', chtoby Krym stal chast'yu Rossii?" Pervyye antivoyennyye pikety proshli na Urale)" ["How many children are you willing to bury to Crimea became part of Russia?" First anti-war pickets were held in the Urals] (in Russian). RU: Ura. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
381. ^ "Не стреляй! Антивоенные реплики Юрия Шевчука, Бориса Гребенщикова, Андрея Макаревича" [Do not shoot! Antiwar remarks by Yuri Shevchuk, Boris Grebenshchikov, Andrey Makarevich]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
382. ^ Bershidsky, Leonid (25 March 2014). "Comparing Putin to Hitler Will Get You Fired". Bloomberg News. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
383. ^ a b "Ukraine crisis: Russians opposed to Putin". BBC News Magazine. 12 March 2014.
384. ^ "Putin defends Ukraine stance, cites lawlessness". The Washington Post. 4 March 2014.
385. ^ a b "Putin's move on Crimea bolsters popularity back home". USA Today. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
386. ^ Luhn, Alec (18 March 2014). "Red Square rally hails Vladimir Putin after Crimea accession". The Guardian. Moscow. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
387. ^ Hale, Henry E. (2021). "Authoritarian Rallying as Reputational Cascade? Evidence from Putin's Popularity Surge after Crimea". American Political Science Review. 116 (2): 580–594. doi:10.1017/S0003055421001052. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 239196888.
388. ^ a b "Putin shares the view that if in Ukraine "revolution" – then on its territory is a new state". Mirror Weekly. 4 March 2014.
389. ^ "Russia claims thousands fleeing Ukraine". Nine MSN. AU. 2 March 2014.
390. ^ "мзс україні спростувало зростання кількості бігентсив до росії (MZS Ukrayini sprostuvalo zrostannya kil'kosti bihent·syv do rosiyi)" [Ukraine Foreign Ministry refuted the growing number of refugees in Russia]. Ukrinform. 4 March 2014.
391. ^ "мзс путін продовґуе дезінформувати весь світ заради виправдання своїх дії (MZS Putin prodovgue dezinformuvaty ves' svit zarady vypravdannya svoyikh diyi)" [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Putin continues to mislead the whole world for justification of own actions]. UA. Ukrinform. 4 March 2014.
392. ^ "Russia Today presenter hits out at Moscow over Ukraine". The Guardian. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
393. ^ Abby Martin: Russia Today supports me. CNN. 5 March 2014.
394. ^ Kirchick, James (5 March 2014). "Exclusive: RT Anchor Liz Wahl Explains Why She Quit". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
395. ^ Dolgov, Anna (7 March 2014). "Leningrad Blockade Survivor Arrested, Fined For Anti-War Protest". The Moscow Times.
396. ^ "Khodorkovsky: Crimea should stay within Ukraine with broad autonomous status". Interfax. 10 March 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
397. ^ a b c d e "Crimea crisis: The Tatarstan factor". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
398. ^ "Crimean Tatar Leader Calls For UN Peacekeeping Troops". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
399. ^ Huw Griffith; Anna Malpas (15 March 2014). "50,000 rally in Moscow against Crimea intervention". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014.
400. ^ Lipsky, Andrey (24 February 2015). ""Представляется правильным инициировать присоединение восточных областей Украины к России"" [«It seems right to initiate the accession of eastern regions of Ukraine to Russia»]. Novaya Gazeta (in Russian). No. 19. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
401. ^ Matthew Schofield (21 February 2015). "Russian news report: Putin approved Ukraine invasion before Kiev government collapsed". McClatchy DC. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
402. ^ "Report to Allege Direct Kremlin Link to Ukraine Invasion". Voice of America. 15 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
403. ^ "World War 3: Vladimir Putin Plotted Ukraine Invasion Early As February 2014, New Report Says". Inquisitr.com. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
404. ^ Mikhail Sokolov (12 June 2015). Михаил Касьянов: "Все решения по Крыму незаконны" [Mikhail Kasyanov: "All decisions about Crimea are unlawful"]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Radio Svoboda. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
405. ^ Vasiliev, Andrey (25 January 2019). "После Ротенберга хоть камни с неба. Как Крым стал прибыльным бизнесом для друзей Путина" [After Rotenberg, even stones from the sky. How Crimea became a profitable business for Putin's friends]. The Insider (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
406. ^ Charbonneau, Mirjam; Donath, Louis (27 March 2014). "U.N. General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
407. ^ a b "Russia sanctions 9 US officials in response to US sanctions on Russian officials". CNBC. 20 March 2014.
408. ^ "Executive Order 13660 – Blocking Property of Certain Persons Contributing to the Situation in Ukraine" (Press release). White House Office of the Press Secretary. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
409. ^ "EU Slaps Initial Sanctions on Russia". ABC News. Associated Press. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
410. ^ "Sanctions threat grows as Ukraine tensions rise". Mainichi Shimbun. Japan. 4 March 2014.[dead link‍]
411. ^ "Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence". Fox News Channel. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
412. ^ "Position of the United Kindown about the Crimean referendum". Bloomberg News. Bloomberg. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
413. ^ "Budapest Memorandum". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
414. ^ "Treaty of Friendship". UaWarExplained.com. 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
415. ^ Baker, Luke. "EU to offer 500 million euros of trade benefits to Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
416. ^ "Ukraine: MEPs call for firm action on Russia to prevent further escalation". European Parliament. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
417. ^ "Lawmakers call for suspension of Russia from G8, swift action against Putin". Political ticker (World Wide Web log). CNN. 2 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014.
418. ^ "Russia G8 status at risk over 'incredible act of aggression' in Crimea, says Kerry". The Guardian. UK. 2 March 2014.
419. ^ "North Atlantic Council statement on the situation in Ukraine". Nato.int. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
420. ^ "PACE: News". Assembly.coe.int. 22 November 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
421. ^ "Statement of the Prime Ministers of the Visegrád Countries on Ukraine" (Press release). Hungary: Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014.
422. ^ FlorCruz, Jaime (6 March 2014). "Russia may find ally in China – albeit a passive one for now". CNN. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
423. ^ Economy, Elizabeth (6 March 2014). "China's Soft 'Nyet' To Russia's Ukraine Intervention". Forbes. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
424. ^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (27 January 2017). "Ukraine lauds India for support over Crimea". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
425. ^ "Syria's Assad expresses support to Putin on Ukraine". euronews. 18 May 2013.
426. ^ "Putin on Ukraine Supported by China-Syria-Venezuela Minority". Bloomberg News. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
427. ^ "Sri Lanka regrets removal of Ukrainian president". Business Standard. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
428. ^ "Tusk warns Merkel against Russian gas addiction". www.euractiv.com. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
429. ^ "Russia risks political and economic damage over Ukraine, says Merkel". The Guardian. 13 March 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014.
430. ^ Bryant, Chris (27 March 2014). "German business concerns grow over Russia ties". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 March 2014. "German entities have invested roughly €20bn in Russia and some 6,200 companies – mostly small and medium-sized Mittelstand businesses – are active there. Last year trade between the two countries totalled more than €76bn. ... Russia supplies 35 per cent of German gas and 30 per cent of its oil."
431. ^ a b c Freeman, Colin (24 March 2014). "Russian troops poised to 'run' into Moldova, Nato commander warns". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
432. ^ "Președintele Nicolae Timofti avertizează Rusia să nu încerce să anexeze regiunea transnistreană" [President Nicolae Timofti warns Russia not to try to annex the Transnistrian region]. Radio Europa Liberă Moldova (in Romanian). 18 March 2014.
433. ^ Călugăreanu, Vitalie (19 March 2014). "Chișinăul vrea să știe unde se va opri Rusia" [Chisinau wants to know where Russia will stop]. Deutsche Welle (in Romanian).
434. ^ Rfe/Rl (10 April 2014). "PACE Deprives Russia of Voting Rights". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
435. ^ "Putin talks of peace in annexed Crimea". ABC (AU). 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
436. ^ "Russia vetoes U.N. resolution on Crimea's future". USA Today. Associated Press. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
437. ^ "General Assembly Adopts Resolution Calling upon States Not to Recognize Changes in Status of Crimea Region". United Nations. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
438. ^ "Ukraine: UN condemns Crimea vote as IMF and US back loans". BBC News. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
439. ^ a b Resolution adopted by the General Assembly Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine on 18 December 2019], UN General Assembly
440. ^ "Afghan president Hamid Karzai backs Russia's annexation of Crimea". The Guardian. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
"Visiting Russia, Fidel Castro's Son Scoffs at U.S. Sanctions Over Crimea". The Moscow Times. 31 March 2014.
"Kyrgyzstan Says Crimea Referendum 'Legitimate'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
"Nicaragua recognizes Crimea as part of Russia". Kyiv Post. 27 March 2014.
"В КНДР издали атлас мира, где Крым находится в составе России:Как пояснили посольству РФ в МИД республики, Пхеньян "уважает результаты состоявшегося в Крыму референдума о вхождении полуострова в состав Российской Федерации"" [North Korea published an atlas of the world, where Crimea is part of Russia: As the Russian Foreign Ministry explained to the Russian Embassy, Pyongyang "respects the results of the referendum held in Crimea on the peninsula joining the Russian Federation"]. TASS. 12 October 2017.
441. ^ "Nina Ştanski, "ministrul de Externe" de la Tiraspol, îi cere lui Vladimir Putin să anexeze Transnistria". 24 March 2014.
442. ^ "Transnistria wants to merge with Russia". Vestnik Kavkaza. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
443. ^ "Moldova's Trans-Dniester region pleads to join Russia". BBC. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
444. ^ "Dniester public organizations ask Russia to consider possibility of Transnistria accession". Information Telegraph Agency of Russia. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
445. ^ "Italian Region of Lombardy Joins Liguria and Veneto in Recognizing Crimea as Part of Russia". Ukrayinska Pravda. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
446. ^ "Lombardia revoca mozione su annessione Crimea. Astuti: "C'è voluta una guerra per far ravvedere la Lega"". Varese Noi (in Italian). 30 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
447. ^ Rakteem Katakey (25 March 2014). "Russian Oil Seen Heading East Not West in Crimea Spat". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
* "Ukraine-related Designations: Specially Designated Nationals List Update". US Department of the Treasury. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
* "Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN)". US Department of the Treasury. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
* "Treasury Sanctions Russian Officials, Members of the Russian Leadership's Inner Circle, And An Entity For Involvement in the Situation in Ukraine". United States Treasury Department. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
448. ^ Peter Shuklinov (21 March 2014). Ближний круг Путина: кто попал в новый список санкций США [Putin's inner circle: who's in the new list of US sanctions]. liga.net (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
449. ^ "Japan imposes sanctions against Russia over Crimea independence". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
450. ^ Gutterman, Steve; Grove, Thomas; Tsvetkova, Maria; Piper, Elizabeth; Soldatkin, Vladimir (18 March 2014). Boulton, Ralph (ed.). "Russia scoffs at Western sanctions over Crimea". Reuters. Moscow.
451. ^ "'I don't need a visa to hear Tupac': Russians mock sanctions". Channel 4. 18 March 2014.
452. ^ Patrick Jenkins; Daniel Schäfer; Courtney Weaver; Jack Farchy (14 March 2014). "Russian companies withdraw billions from west, say Moscow bankers". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
453. ^ a b c Wesley Lowery; Ed O'Keefe (20 March 2014). "Reacting to sanctions, Russians ban Reid, Boehner and four other lawmakers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
454. ^ Darryl Isherwood (20 March 2014). "Bob Menendez is banned from Russia". NJ. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
455. ^ David Weigel (20 March 2014). "Senators Celebrate Being Sanctioned by Russia". Slate. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
456. ^ a b Steven Chase (24 March 2014). "Russia imposes sanctions on 13 Canadians, including MPs". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
457. ^ Susana Mas (24 March 2014). "Russian sanctions against Canadians a 'badge of honour'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
458. ^ Anna Mulrine (4 March 2014). "Punish Russia? Why some Pentagon officials would prefer restraint". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
459. ^ a b Jack Farchy; Neil Hume (21 March 2014). "Russian share prices drop as sanctions bite". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
460. ^ Neil Buckley (21 March 2014). "Putin feels the heat as sanctions target president's inner circle". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
461. ^ Ian Traynor (22 March 2014). "European Union prepares for trade war with Russia over Crimea". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
462. ^ a b Olga Tanas (21 March 2014). "Russia's Credit Outlook Cut as U.S., EU Widen Sanction Lists". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
463. ^ Andra Timu; Henry Meyer; Olga Tanas (23 March 2014). "Russia Staring at Recession on Sanctions That Could Get Tougher". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014.
464. ^ Kathrin Hille; Richard McGregor (24 March 2014). "Russia braced for $70bn in outflows". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
465. ^ Courtney Weaver; Jack Farchy (25 March 2014). "Funds cut Russian holdings after sanctions". Financial Times. Retrieved 27 March 2014. "Deputy economy minister Andrei Klepach estimates that Russian capital outflows will total up to $70bn in the first quarter, more than the $63bn that left the country during the whole of 2013."
466. ^ Jack Farchy; Martin Arnold (18 April 2014). "Banks retreat from Moscow deals". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
467. ^ Jack Farchy; Kathrin Hille; Courtney Weaver (21 March 2014). "Russian executives quake as US sanctions rattle markets". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
468. ^ Halia Pavliva (23 March 2014). "EU's Muted Crimea Response Triggers Russian Stock Rebound". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 23 March 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
469. ^ Eric Matzen; Michelle Martin (21 March 2014). "Russian sanctions ripple through corporate boardrooms". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
470. ^ Kathrin Hille (21 March 2014). "Putin boosted by defiant tone at top and among people". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
471. ^ Paul Sonne; Sarah Kent (21 March 2014). "Russia Sends Mixed Signals in Response to U.S. Sanctions". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
472. ^ Mishchenko, Olga (28 June 2014). "Минэкономразвития РФ опасается негативного влияния западных санкций" [Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation fears the negative impact of Western sanctions]. Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2016.
473. ^ John Fraher (18 April 2014). "Energy Needs Curb Eastern EU Hunger for Russian Sanctions". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
474. ^ Maria Bondarenko (22 June 2015). Правозащитники рассказали об отказах в выдаче виз после поездок в Крым [Human rights activists have reported visa denials after trips to Crimea]. rbc.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 3 January 2016.
475. ^ Роскомнадзор распорядился заблокировать сайт Общества защиты прав потребителей\ [Roskomnadzor ordered the blocking of the Consumer Rights Protection Society site]. tvrain.ru (in Russian). 22 June 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
476. ^ "Russia suspends payments to Council of Europe over Crimea row". uk.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
477. ^ Miller, Christopher (27 November 2017). "Ukraine 'Extremely Concerned' Council of Europe Caving To Russian 'Blackmail'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
478. ^ Buckley, Neil (26 November 2017). "Russia tests Council of Europe in push to regain vote". Financial Times.
479. ^ "Map of Ukraine". United Nations. March 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
480. ^ "Statement Regarding the Mapping of Crimea". National Geographic Society. 19 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
481. ^ a b c d e Крым на картах мира: ситуация поменялась [Crimea on maps of the world: the situation has changed]. hi-tech.mail.ru (in Russian). 11 April 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
482. ^ J. Kyle O'Donnell; Julie Johnsson (22 March 2014). "Russian Cartographers Add Crimea to Maps Amid Sanctions". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
483. ^ "BMW обозначила на своих картах Крым российским. Как поступают другие производители?" [BMW marked Crimea as Russian on its maps. How are other manufacturers doing?]. BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). Retrieved 20 June 2021.
484. ^ Daniil Aleksandrov (22 March 2014). "Republic.ru" "Яндекс" показывает разные карты в России и на Украине ["Yandex" displays different maps in Russia and in Ukraine]. slon.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2016.
485. ^ "Parliament challenges mapmakers to mark Crimea Russian territory". en.itar-tass.com. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
486. ^ "Statement by the DWG on edit conflicts in Crimea". OpenStreetMap Foundation. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2016. "In the short-term Crimea shall remain in both the Ukraine and Russia administrative relations, and be indicated as disputed. We recognize that being in two administrative relations is not a good long-term solution, although the region is likely to be indicated as disputed for some time."
487. ^ "Ukraine investigates Coca Cola and Pepsi". Fortune. 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
488. ^ "Ukraine's France ambassador slams atlas for placing Crimea in Russia". Yahoo! News. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
489. ^ "Larousse official Internet website". Larousse. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
490. ^ "Official position of Larousse on Crimea". 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
491. ^ L'attivismo militare della Russia nel 2015, Russia's military activism in 2015, Limes
492. ^ Perché Limes rappresenta la Crimea sotto la sovranità della Russia, Because Limes represents Crimea under the sovereignty of Russia  11 January 2016 Limes, accessed 28 February 2022
493. ^ "Apple changes Crimea map to meet Russian demands". BBC News. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
494. ^ Hamid, Linda; Wouters, Jan (29 January 2021). Rule of Law and Areas of Limited Statehood: Domestic and International Dimensions. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 73\. ISBN 978-1-78897-904-7.

## Further reading

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of Ukrainian history and List of Slavic studies journals

* Pynnöniemi, Katri; Rácz, András, eds. (2016). "Fog of Falsehood: Russian Strategy of Deception and the Conflict in Ukraine". Fiia Report. FIIA Report, 45. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of International Affairs. ISBN 978-951-769-485-8. ISSN 2323-5454. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
* "Myths and misconceptions in the debate on Russia". Chatham House. 13 May 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2022.

## External links

[edit]

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

* A treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation. Unofficial English translation with commentary
* Russia & Me: Former Post-Soviet Leaders' Views On Crimea's Annexation (video 11:21), REF/RL, 26 February 2016 (in Russian, subtitles in English)

* v
* t
* e

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Main topics|

* Timeline
* International reaction
* List of military units
* International sanctions
* List of sanctioned individuals
* List of companies that applied sanctions
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Reaction of Russian intelligentsia
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262
* Declaration of Independence
* Republic of Crimea
* 2014 Constitution of Crimea
* Political status
* Crimean Federal District
* Environmental impact
* Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
* Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
* Capture of the Crimean Parliament
* Capture of Southern Naval Base
* 2014 Simferopol incident

Background|

* History of Crimea
* 1783 annexation by Russian Empire
* Crimean People's Republic
* 1921–1945 Crimean ASSR
* 1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
* 1945–1991 Crimean Oblast
* 1954 transfer of Crimea
* 1991–1992 Crimean ASSR
* Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)
* 1992 constitution of Crimea
* Black Sea Fleet dispute
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)
* 1994–1995 President of Crimea
* Yuriy Meshkov
* 1994 Budapest Memorandum
* 1997 Partition Treaty
* 1998 Constitution of Crimea
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* 2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia
* 2010 Kharkiv Pact
* 2012 law on languages
* 2013–2014 Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 40th G7 summit

Main places|

* Simferopol
* Simferopol Airport
* Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea
* Sevastopol
* Belbek Airport
* Crimean Bridge
* Donuzlav
* Ochakov scuttling
* Perevalne
* Armiansk
* Dzhankoi
* Chonhar
* Port Krym
* Strilkove
* Arabat Spit
* Novofedorivka

Pro-Russian|

| Organizations|

* Supreme Council of Crimea
* Council of Ministers of Crimea
* Sevastopol City Council
* Russian Armed Forces
* Black Sea Fleet
* Russian Airborne Troops
* Little green men
* Crimean Berkut
* Russian Unity
* Night Wolves
* Kuban Cossacks
* Ukrainian Choice

|

Lead figures (Russia)|

* Vladimir Putin
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Sergey Shoigu
* Vladislav Surkov
* Sergey Lavrov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Igor Sergun
* Aleksandr Vitko
* Oleg Belaventsev
* Rustam Minnikhanov

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vladimir Konstantinov
* Natalia Poklonskaya
* Rustam Temirgaliev
* Denis Berezovsky
* Sergei Yeliseyev
* Aleksei Chaly
* Igor Besler

Pro-Ukrainian|

| Organizations|

* Yatsenyuk government
* Parliamentary parties
* Batkivshchyna
* Svoboda
* UDAR
* Armed Forces of Ukraine
* Ukrainian Ground Forces
* Ukrainian Navy
* National Guard of Ukraine
* Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
* Right Sector

|

Lead figures (Ukraine)|

* Oleksandr Turchynov
* Arseniy Yatsenyuk
* Andriy Parubiy
* Arsen Avakov
* Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
* Ihor Tenyukh
* Mykhailo Kutsyn
* Serhiy Hayduk

Lead figures (Crimea)|

* Mustafa Dzhemilev
* Refat Chubarov
* İlmi Ümerov
* Ahtem Chiygoz
* Serhiy Kunitsyn
* Yuliy Mamchur

* v
* t
* e

Irredentism

Africa|

* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Somalia
* South Africa

North America|

* Canada
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* Mexico
* Saint Martin
* United States
* Canada
* Greenland
* Mexico
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic

South America|

* Argentina
* Chile
* Colombia

Western Asia|

* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Karabakh
* Assyria
* Azerbaijan
* Western Azerbaijan
* Cyprus
* Kurdistan
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Gathering of Israel
* Zionism
* Syria
* Turkey
* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus
* Pan-Turkism
* Yemen

Southern Asia|

* Bangladesh
* India
* Akhand Bharat
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* East Pakistan
* Kashmir
* Pashtunistan
* Tamil Nadu

Eastern and Southeastern Asia|

* Cambodia
* China
* unification with Taiwan
* annexation of Tibet
* Indonesia
* Japan
* Korea
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Philippines
* Thailand
* Timor
* Vietnam

Central and Eastern Europe|

* Belarus
* Czechoslovakia
* Hungary
* Moldova
* Poland
* Romania
* unification with Moldova
* Russia
* annexation and occupation of Crimea
* proposed annexation of South Ossetia
* invasion and occupation of Ukraine
* Slovenia
* Ukraine

Southern Europe|

* Albania
* unification with Kosovo
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Greece
* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus
* Enosis
* Megali Idea
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* Kosovo Myth
* partition of Kosovo
* Spain
* Galicia
* Yugoslavia

Italy|

* Italy
* Corfu
* Corsica
* Dalmatia
* Istria
* Italian Grisons
* Malta
* Nice
* Savoy
* Ticino

Northern Europe|

* Finland
* Karelia

Western Europe|

* Belgium
* Celtics
* France
* Wallonia
* Germany
* Austria
* annexation of Austria
* Pan-Germanism
* Greater Germanic Reich
* Lebensraum
* Ireland
* Netherlands
* Switzerland

Oceania|

* Australia
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa

Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Ukrainian War

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Black Sea Fleet dispute
* Budapest Memorandum
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Main events|

* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* timeline
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* timeline
* 2014 Odesa clashes
* War in Donbas
* timeline
* List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine
* Kerch Strait incident
* Wagnergate
* Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* reactions
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* timeline
* 2022 Russian annexation referendums
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Impact and
reactions|

* International sanctions
* sanctioned people and organisations
* 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
* Military aid to Ukraine
* OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
* Act of 2014
* China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* ICJ case
* ORDLO
* ATO
* International reactions to the war in Donbas
* Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* journalists killed
* Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* Political status of Crimea
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis
* Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Eurointegration of Ukraine
* Soviet imagery
* Lend-Lease (2022)
* Diplomatic expulsions
* Russian spies
* ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin
* Wagner Group rebellion
* LGBT people
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Ukrainian energy crisis

Cyberwarfare|

* 2015 Ukraine power grid hack
* 2016 Kyiv cyberattack
* 2016 Surkov leaks
* 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* IT Army of Ukraine
* 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia

Media|

* Little green men
* Social media
* Media portrayal
* Disinformation in the 2022 invasion
* Propaganda in Russia
* Films

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine relations
* Russian language in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Ruscism
* 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
* Control of cities
* Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb – Apr 2022
* Apr – Aug 2022
* Aug – Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun – Aug 2023
* Sep – Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr – Jul 2024
* Aug 2024 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control
* Women

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy in Russia
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Battle of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Battle of Huliaipole
* Battle of Davydiv Brid
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove

Northern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Capture of Chernobyl
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Vasylkiv
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovytska Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Battle of Lebedyn
* Northeastern border skirmishes

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* 2024 Kursk offensive (occupation)
* Toropets depot explosions

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Novofedorivka explosions
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarus and Russia|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Federated States of Micronesia–Russia relations [ru]
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex

United Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* Moldovan energy crisis
* protests
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms and
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia [ru; uk]
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Andriy Biletsky
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev
* Denys Monastyrsky
* Denys Prokopenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Belgorod accidental bombing
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk military aircraft crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack [ru; uk]
* Lady R incident
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan military aircraft crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* Voronezh military aircraft crash
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
* Yeysk military aircraft crash
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Yaroslav Hunka scandal

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Politics of Ukraine

Political system|

* Constitution
* President
* Parliament
* Cabinet
* Prime Minister
* First Vice Prime Minister
* Vice Prime Ministers
* Judicial system
* Budget
* Political parties
* Parliament factions
* Elections
* Referendums
* Foreign relations

Government of Ukraine|

* Fokin government (1990–92)
* Kuchma government (1992–93)
* Second Masol government (1994–95)
* Marchuk government (1995–96)
* Lazarenko government (1996–97)
* Pustovoitenko government (1997–99)
* Yushchenko government (1999–01)
* Kinakh government (2001–02)
* First Yanukovych government (2002–04)
* First Tymoshenko government (2005)
* Yekhanurov government (2005–06)
* Second Yanukovych government (2006–07)
* Second Tymoshenko government (2007–10)
* First Azarov government (2010–12)
* Second Azarov government (2012–14)
* First Yatsenyuk government (2014)
* Second Yatsenyuk Government (2014–16)
* Groysman Government (2016–2019)
* Honcharuk Government (2019–2020)
* Shmyhal Government (2020–present)

Events|

* Declaration of Independence (1991)
* Budapest Memorandum (1994)
* Constitution (1996)
* Cassette Scandal (2000)
* Ukraine without Kuchma (2000–01)
* Orange Revolution (2004)
* Constitutional amendments (2004)
* Political crisis (2006)
* Political crisis (2007)
* Political crisis (2008)
* Kharkiv Pact (2010)
* Cases against Yulia Tymoshenko
* against supporters (2010)
* Dictatorship Resistance Committee (2011)
* Law on languages (2012)
* 2013–14 Euromaidan / Revolution of Dignity
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Outline
* Annexation of Crimea by Russia
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest
* War in Donbas
* 2022 Russian invasion

Related articles|

* Law of Ukraine (legislation)
* Corruption in Ukraine
* Ukrainian diaspora

* v
* t
* e

Territorial disputes in Europe

States with limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Georgia
* Kosovo
* Serbia
* Northern Cyprus
* Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Georgia
* Transnistria
* Moldova

Land|

* Crimea
* Ukraine
* Russia
* Croatia–Serbia border
* Croatia
* Serbia
* Croatia–Slovenia border
* Croatia
* Slovenia
* David Gareja monastery complex
* Georgia
* Azerbaijan
* Gibraltar
* United Kingdom
* Spain
* Olivenza, San Jorge de Alor, Táliga, Vila Real
* Spain
* Portugal
* Prevlaka
* Croatia
* Montenegro

* Islands
* Waters

* Aegean Sea
* Greece
* Turkey
* Carlingford Lough and Lough Foyle
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* Rockall
* United Kingdom
* Denmark
* Ireland
* Iceland

Authority control databases: National |

* Czech Republic
* Latvia

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template