Anthracite coal strike of 1902

Pennsylvanian Coal Strike

Coal strike of 1902
(Anthracite coal strike)

John Mitchell, President of the UMWA, arriving in Shenandoah surrounded by a crowd of breaker boys.

Date| May 12 – October 23, 1902
Location|

Pennsylvania, United States

Goals| Eight-hour workday, higher wages,
and union recognition
Methods| Striking
Resulted in| Nine-hour workday (reduced from ten)
wage increase of 10%
first strike settled by federal arbitration
Parties

United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)
Mine workers

Anthracite coal operators
Reading Railroad
Coal and Iron Police
Strikebreakers
Penn. National Guard

|

Lead figures

John Mitchell
President of UMWA

George Baer
President of Reading Railroad/
Speaker for coal operators
J.P. Morgan
Owner of Reading Railroad
Samuel W. Pennypacker
Governor of Pennsylvania

Number

100,000+

|

Settlement arbitrated by
Theodore Roosevelt's administration

* v
* t
* e

Labor disputes by sector

* v
* t
* e

Agricultural strikes

1800s

* Thibodaux sugar 1887
* Cotton pickers 1891

1900s–1920s

* Oxnard 1903
* Seattle fishermen 1912
* Grabow lumber 1912
* Wheatland hops 1913
* northern Minnesota lumber 1916–1917
* Hanapepe sugar 1924
* Imperial cantaloupe 1928

1930s

* Imperial lettuce 1930
* Santa Clara cannery 1931
* Vacaville tree pruners 1932
* Wisconsin milk 1933
* Yakima hops 1933
* California agricultural (Santa Clara cherry, El Monte berry) 1933
* Great lumber 1935
* Stockton cannery 1937

1940s–present

* Hawaiian sugar 1946
* Puget Sound fishermen 1949

* Delano grape (1965–1970)
* Salad Bowl 1970
* Watsonville Cannery (1985–1987)
* Frito-Lay 2021

* v
* t
* e

Coal Wars

1870s – 1900s

* Mahoning Valley strike 1873
* Morewood massacre 1891
* Coal Creek War
* Bituminous coal strike 1894
* Lattimer massacre 1897
* Illinois coal wars 1898–1900 (Battle of Virden, Pana riot, Carterville Mine Riot)
* Anthracite coal strike 1902
* Carbon county strike 1903–04

1910s

* Westmoreland strike 1910–11
* Paint Creek mine war 1912
* Colorado Coalfield War 1913–14 (Ludlow Massacre, The 10-Day War)
* Hartford coal mine riot 1914

1920s – 1930s

* West Virginia coal wars 1912–21 (Battle of Matewan, Battle of Blair Mountain)
* Alabama miners' strike 1920
* UMW General Coal Strike 1922 (Herrin massacre)
* Indiana bituminous strike 1927
* Colorado Coal Strike 1927–28 (Columbine Mine massacre)
* Harlan County War 1931–1939 (Battle of Evarts)

* v
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* e

General strikes

1800s

* Philadelphia 1835
* Catalan 1855
* St. Louis
* Scranton 1877
* First May Day (Haymarket Affair) 1886
* New Orleans 1892

1900s

* Sweden 1909
* Philadelphia 1910
* Vancouver 1918
* Seattle
* Winnipeg 1919
* Germany 1920
* San Francisco
* Minneapolis 1934
* Oakland 1946
* Austria 1950
* Ghana 1950
* Finland 1956
* Paraguay 1958
* Namibia 1971
* Uruguay 1973
* Spain 1988

* Nepal 1992

2000s

* Guinea 2007
* Egypt 2008
* French Caribbean 2009
* Spain 2010
* European 2012
* India 2016
* Brazil
* Catalan 2017
* Catalan 2019

* v
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* e

US manufacturing strikes

1800s–1920s

* Cigars 1877
* El Paso smelters 1913
* Studebaker 1913
* Standard Oil 1915
* Boston cigars 1919

1930s–1970s

* Tampa cigars 1931
* Auto-Lite 1934
* Kohler 1934
* Flint sit-down 1936
* Akron rubber 1936
* Remington 1936
* Ford 1937
* Chrysler Auto 1939
* General Motors 1939
* General Motors 1945
* Boeing 1948
* Kohler 1954
* International Harvester 1979

1980s–2000s

* Todd Shipyards 1983
* International Paper 1987-1988
* John Deere 1986–1987
* General Motors 2007
* Boeing 2008

2010s–2020s

* Oil refineries 2015
* Kohler 2015
* Jim Beam 2016
* Bath shipbuilders 2020
* St. Paul Park refinery 2021
* Volvo Trucks 2021
* Frito-Lay 2021
* Nabisco 2021
* Heaven Hill 2021
* Kellogg's 2021
* John Deere 2021
* United Auto Workers 2023

* v
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* e

Metal mining strikes

1800s

* Upper Peninsula 1865

* Coeur d'Alene 1892
* Cripple Creek 1894

* Leadville 1896–97
* Coeur d'Alene 1899

1900s–1920s

* Colorado Labor Wars (Idaho Springs) 1903–04
* Cananea 1906
* Goldfield 1906–07
* Copper Country 1913–14
* Bisbee 1917
* Anaconda Road 1920

1930s–1970s

* Empire Zinc 1950
* Murdochville 1957
* Inco 1978–79

1980s–present

* Vale Inco 2009–10

* v
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* e

Transport strikes

1800s

* Great Railroad Strike 1877
* Camp Dump 1882
* Great Southwest 1886
* Burlington 1888
* Buffalo switchmen 1892
* New Orleans waterfront 1892
* Pullman Strike 1894

1900s–1920s

* Chicago teamsters 1905
* New Orleans Levee 1907
* Illinois Central shopmen 1911
* United Kingdom railway 1911
* West Coast waterfront 1916
* United Kingdom railway 1919
* NYC Harbor Strike 1919
* Seattle waterfront 1919
* Portland waterfront 1922
* Railway shopmen 1922

1930s–1970s

* West Coast waterfront 1934
* Minneapolis teamsters 1934
* NYC teamsters truckers 1938
* Vancouver waterfront 1935
* Gulf Coast maritime 1936
* NYC tugboat 1946
* USPS 1970
* Longshoremen 1971

1980s–2000s

* Patco (air traffic controllers) 1981
* SEPTA Regional Rail 1983
* Pan Am 1985
* UPS 1997
* United Kingdom railway workers 2016-2019
* Montreal longshoremen 2020
* Montreal longshoremen 2021
* Stagecoach 2021-2023
* United Kingdom railway workers 2022-2024

* v
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Sanitation strikes

* Memphis 1968
* St. Petersburg 1968
* Charleston 1969
* Atlanta 1977
* Atlanta 2018

* v
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Service strikes
in the United States

1800s–1920s

* Newsboys 1899
* NYC waiters 1912

* Actors 1919
* Boston police 1919

1930s–1970s

* Seattle Post 1936
* Fleischer Studios 1937
* NYC retail 1937
* Disney animators 1941
* Musicians 1942
* Hollywood 1945
* Writers Guild 1960
* Cleveland convention 1963
* St. John's 1966
* Memphis sanitation 1968
* St. Petersburg sanitation 1968
* NYC teachers 1968

* Baltimore municipal (police) 1974
* Atlanta sanitation 1977

1980s–2000s

* Writers Guild 1981
* Writers Guild 1988
* SF newspaper 1994
* Detroit newspaper 1995
* Verizon 2000
* Broadway musicians 2003
* CA supermarkets 2003
* UM Janitors 2006
* Umpires 2006
* Writers Guild 2007
* Stagehands 2007
* CBS News 2007

2010s

* Government (Wisconsin) 2011
* Fight for $15 2012–2019
* Tacoma nurses 2014
* Verizon 2016
* Video games 2016
* Teachers (AZ, CO, Los Angeles, NC, OK, WV) 2018–2019
* Hotels 2018
* Stop & Shop 2019

2020s

* UC Santa Cruz 2020
* University of California 2022
* Medieval Times 2023
* Writers Guild 2023
* SAG-AFTRA 2023
* Video games 2024

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Steel strikes in the US

1800s–1920s

* Homestead 1892

* U.S. Steel recognition 1901
* Pressed Steel Car 1909

* Great Steel 1919

1930s–1970s

* Little Steel (Memorial Day massacre) 1937
* Nationwide 1946
* Nationwide 1952
* Nationwide 1959

1980s–2020s

* USX 1986
* Allegheny Technologies 2021

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* e

North American transit strikes

Streetcar strikes

* St. Louis 1900
* Indianapolis 1892
* Los Angeles 1903
* San Francisco 1907
* Pensacola 1908
* Columbus 1910
* Philadelphia 1910
* Indianapolis 1913
* St. John 1914
* Atlanta 1916
* Portland, ME 1916
* Bloomington, IL 1917
* Twin Cities 1917
* Los Angeles 1919
* New Orleans 1920
* Denver 1920
* New Orleans 1929

1930s–1970s

* Century Airlines 1932
* Philadelphia 1944
* New York City 1949
* Atlanta 1950
* New York City 1966

1980s–2020s

* Greyhound 1983
* New York City 2005
* Toronto 2006
* Toronto 2008
* Lyft and Uber 2019

* v
* t
* e

Textile strikes in United States

1800s

* Mill Women 1834
* Paterson 1835
* Mill Women 1836
* New England shoe 1860
* North Adams shoe 1870

1900s–1920s

* Skowhegan 1907
* New York shirtwaist 1909
* Chicago garment 1910
* Lawrence 1912
* Little Falls 1912–1913
* Hopedale 1913
* Paterson silk 1913
* Ipswich Mills 1913
* Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills 1914–1915
* New England 1922
* Passaic 1926
* New Bedford 1928
* Loray Mill 1929

1930s–1970s

* Los Angeles garment 1933
* National 1934
* Lewiston-Auburn shoe 1937
* Montreal Cotton 1946

1980s–2000s

* NYC Chinatown 1982

* v
* t
* e

Coal Wars

1870s – 1900s

* Mahoning Valley strike 1873
* Morewood massacre 1891
* Coal Creek War
* Bituminous coal strike 1894
* Lattimer massacre 1897
* Illinois coal wars 1898–1900 (Battle of Virden, Pana riot, Carterville Mine Riot)
* Anthracite coal strike 1902
* Carbon county strike 1903–04

1910s

* Westmoreland strike 1910–11
* Paint Creek mine war 1912
* Colorado Coalfield War 1913–14 (Ludlow Massacre, The 10-Day War)
* Hartford coal mine riot 1914

1920s – 1930s

* West Virginia coal wars 1912–21 (Battle of Matewan, Battle of Blair Mountain)
* Alabama miners' strike 1920
* UMW General Coal Strike 1922 (Herrin massacre)
* Indiana bituminous strike 1927
* Colorado Coal Strike 1927–28 (Columbine Mine massacre)
* Harlan County War 1931–1939 (Battle of Evarts)

The Coal strike of 1902 (also known as the anthracite coal strike)[1][2] was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners struck for higher wages, shorter workdays, and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to major American cities. At that time, residences were typically heated with anthracite or "hard" coal, which produces higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal.

The strike never resumed, as the miners received a 10 percent wage increase and reduced workdays from ten to nine hours; the owners got a higher price for coal and did not recognize the trade union as a bargaining agent. It was the first labor dispute in which the U.S. federal government and President Theodore Roosevelt intervened as a neutral arbitrator.[3]

## The 1899 and 1900 strikes

[edit]

The United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had won a sweeping victory in the 1897 strike by the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, winning significant wage increases. It grew from 10,000 to 115,000 members. A number of small strikes took place in the anthracite district from 1899 to 1901, by which the labor union gained experience and unionized more workers. The 1899 strike in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, demonstrated that the unions could win a strike directed against a subsidiary of one of the large railroads.[4]

Coal miners in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, in 1900.

It hoped to make similar gains in 1900, but found the operators, who had established an oligopoly through concentration of ownership after drastic fluctuations in the market for anthracite, to be far more determined opponents than it had anticipated. The owners refused to meet or to arbitrate with the union. The union struck on September 17, 1900, with results that surprised even the union, as miners of all different nationalities and ethnicities walked out in support of the union.

Republican Party Senator Mark Hanna from Ohio, himself an owner of bituminous coal mines (not involved in the strike), sought to resolve the strike as it occurred less than two months before the presidential election. He worked through the National Civic Federation which brought labor and capital representatives together. Relying on J. P. Morgan to convey his message to the industry that a strike would hurt the reelection of Republican William McKinley, Hanna convinced the owners to concede a wage increase and grievance procedure to the strikers. The industry refused, on the other hand, to formally recognize the UMWA as the representative of the workers. The union declared victory and dropped its demand for union recognition.[5]

## The anthracite coal strike

[edit]

John Mitchell, President of the UMWA, takes the bull (coal trusts) by the horns.

The issues that led to the strike of 1900 were just as pressing in 1902: the union wanted recognition and a degree of control over the industry. The industry, still smarting from its concessions in 1900, opposed any federal role. The 150,000 miners wanted their weekly pay envelope. Tens of millions of city dwellers needed coal to heat their homes.

John Mitchell, President of the UMWA, proposed mediation through the National Civic Federation, then a body of relatively progressive employers committed to collective bargaining as a means of resolving labor disputes. In the alternative, Mitchell proposed that a committee of eminent clergymen report on conditions in the coalfields. George Baer, President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, one of the leading employers in the industry, brushed aside both proposals dismissively:

> Anthracite mining is a business, and not a religious, sentimental, or academic proposition.... I could not if I would delegate this business management to even so highly a respectable body as the Civic Federation, nor can I call to my aid . . . the eminent prelates you have named.[6]

On May 12, 1902, the anthracite miners voting in Scranton, Pennsylvania, went out on strike. The maintenance employees, who had much steadier jobs and did not face the special dangers of underground work, walked out on June 2. The union had the support of roughly eighty percent of the workers in this area, or more than 100,000 strikers. Some 30,000 left the region, many headed for Midwestern bituminous mines. 10,000 men returned to Europe.[7] The strike soon produced threats of violence between the strikers on one side and strikebreakers, the Pennsylvania National Guard, local police, and hired detective agencies on the other.[8]

## Federal intervention

[edit]

Theodore Roosevelt teaches the childish coal barons a lesson. 1902 cartoon by Charles Lederer

On June 8, President Theodore Roosevelt asked his Commissioner of Labor, Carroll D. Wright, to investigate the strike. Wright investigated and proposed reforms that acknowledged each side's position, recommending a nine-hour day on an experimental basis and limited collective bargaining. Roosevelt chose not to release the report, for fear of appearing to side with the union.

The owners refused to negotiate with the union. As George Baer wrote when urged to make concessions to the strikers and their union, the "rights and interests of the laboring man will be protected and cared for--not by the labor agitators, but by the Christian men to whom God in His infinite wisdom has given the control of the property interests of the country."[9] The union used this letter to sway public opinion in favor of the strike.

Roosevelt wanted to intervene, but he was told by his Attorney General, Philander Knox, that he had no authority to do so. Hanna and many others in the Republican Party were likewise concerned about the political implications if the strike dragged on into winter, when the need for anthracite was greatest. As Roosevelt told Hanna, "A coal famine in the winter is an ugly thing and I fear we shall see terrible suffering and grave disaster."[10]

Roosevelt convened a conference of representatives of government, labor, and management on October 3, 1902. The union considered the mere holding of a meeting to be tantamount to union recognition and took a conciliatory tone. The owners told Roosevelt that strikers had killed over 20 men and that he should use the power of government "to protect the man who wants to work, and his wife and children when at work."[11] With proper protection, the owner said that they would produce enough coal to end the fuel shortage. They refused to enter into any negotiations with the union.[11]

The governor sent in the National Guard, who protected the mines and the minority of men still working. Roosevelt attempted to persuade the union to end the strike with a promise that he would create a commission to study the causes of the strike and propose a solution, which Roosevelt promised to support with all of the authority of his office. Mitchell refused and his membership endorsed his decision by a nearly unanimous vote.[11]

The economics of coal revolved around two factors: most of the cost of production was wages for miners, and if the supply fell, the price would shoot up. In an age before the use of oil and electricity, there were no good substitutes. Profits were low in 1902 because of an over supply; therefore the owners welcomed a moderately long strike. They had huge stockpiles which increased daily in value. It was illegal for the owners to conspire to shut down production, but not so if the miners went on strike. The owners welcomed the strike, but they adamantly refused to recognize the union, because they feared the union would control the coal industry by manipulating strikes.[12]

Roosevelt continued to try to build support for a mediated solution, persuading former president Grover Cleveland to join the commission he was creating. He also considered nationalizing the mines under the leadership of John M. Schofield.[13] This would put the U.S. Army in control of the coalfields[14][15] to "run the mines as a receiver", Roosevelt wrote.[16]

## J.P. Morgan intervenes

[edit]

Theodore Roosevelt and J.P. Morgan have a meeting where they agree on a resolution for the strike.

J.P. Morgan, the dominant figure in American finance, had played a role in resolving the 1900 strike. He was deeply involved in this strike as well: his interests included the Reading Railroad, one of the largest employers of miners. He had installed George Baer, who spoke for the industry throughout the strike, as the head of the railroad.[17]

At the urging of Secretary of War Elihu Root, Morgan came up with another compromise proposal that provided for arbitration, while giving the industry the right to deny that it was bargaining with the union by directing that each employer and its employees communicate directly with the commission. The employers agreed on the condition that the five members be a military engineer, a mining engineer, a judge, an expert in the coal business, and an "eminent sociologist". The employers were willing to accept a union leader as the "eminent sociologist," so Roosevelt named E. E. Clark, head of the railway conductors' union, as the "eminent sociologist." After Catholic leaders exerted pressure, he added a sixth member, Catholic bishop John Lancaster Spalding, and Commissioner Wright as the seventh member.[18]

## Anthracite Coal Strike Commission

[edit]

The commission appointed by Roosevelt to resolve the dispute, photographed by William H. Rau

The anthracite strike ended, after 163 days, on October 23, 1902. The commissioners began work the next day, then spent a week touring the coal regions. Wright used the staff of the Department of Labor to collect data about the cost of living in the coalfields.

The commissioners held hearings in Scranton over the next three months, taking testimony from 558 witnesses, including 240 for the striking miners, 153 for nonunion mineworkers, 154 for the operators, and eleven called by the Commission itself. Baer made the closing arguments for the coal operators, while lawyer Clarence Darrow closed for the workers.

Although the commissioners heard some evidence of terrible conditions, they concluded that the "moving spectacle of horrors" represented only a small number of cases. By and large, social conditions in mine communities were found to be good, and miners were judged as only partly justified in their claim that annual earnings were not sufficient "to maintain an American standard of living."

Baer said in his closing arguments, "These men don't suffer. Why, hell, half of them don't even speak English".[19] Darrow, for his part, summed up the pages of testimony of mistreatment he had obtained in the soaring rhetoric for which he was famous: "We are working for democracy, for humanity, for the future, for the day will come too late for us to see it or know it or receive its benefits, but which will come, and will remember our struggles, our triumphs, our defeats, and the words which we spake."[20]

In the end, the rhetoric of both sides made little difference to the commission, which split the difference between mineworkers and mine owners. The miners asked for 20% wage increases, and most were given a 10% increase. The miners had asked for an eight-hour day and were awarded a nine-hour day instead of the standard ten hours then prevailing. While the operators refused to recognize the United Mine Workers, they were required to agree to a six-man arbitration board, made up of equal numbers of labor and management representatives, with the power to settle labor disputes. Mitchell considered that de facto recognition and called it a victory.[21]

## Aftermath of the strike

[edit]

The two sides were supposed to listen to expert testimony and come to a friendly agreement. Cartoon from the Cleveland Plain Dealer

John Mitchell wrote that eight men died during the five months, "three or four" of them strikers or sympathizers.[22] During the extensive arbitration testimony, after company owners made claims that the strikers had killed 21 men, Mitchell disagreed strongly and offered to resign his position if they could name the men and show proof.[23]

The first casualty occurred July 1. An immigrant striker named Anthony Giuseppe was found fatally shot near a Lehigh Valley Coal Company colliery in Old Forge. It was thought the Coal and Iron Police guarding the site shot blindly through a fence.[24] Street fighting in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania on July 30 between a mob of 5,000 striking miners versus police resulted in the beating death of Joseph Beddall, a merchant and the brother of the deputy sheriff.[25]

Contemporary reporting describes three other deaths and widespread shooting injuries among strikers and Shenandoah police.[26] On October 9, a striker named William Durham was shot and killed in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, near Shenandoah. He'd been loitering near the half-dynamited house of a non-union worker and disobeyed an order to halt.[27] The legality of that killing under martial law became a case, Commonwealth v. Shortall, that was taken to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

The behavior and private role of the Coal and Iron Police during the strike led to the formation of the Pennsylvania State Police, on May 2, 1905, as Senate Bill 278 was signed into law by Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker.[28] The two forces operated in parallel until 1931.

Organized labor celebrated the outcome as a victory for the UMWA and American Federation of Labor unions generally. Membership in other unions soared, as moderates argued they could produce concrete benefits for workers much sooner than radical Socialists who planned to overthrow capitalism in the future. Mitchell proved his leadership skills and mastery of the problems of ethnic, skill, and regional divisions that had long plagued the union in the anthracite region.[29]

By contrast, the strikes of the radical Western Federation of Miners in the West often turned into full-scale warfare between strikers and both employers and the civil and military authorities. This strike was successfully mediated through the intervention of the federal government, which strove to provide a "Square Deal"--which Roosevelt took as the motto for his administration--to both sides. The settlement was an important step in the Progressive Era reforms of the decade that followed. There were no more major coal strikes until the 1920s.[29]

## See also

[edit]

* Organized labour portal

* UMW Coal strike (1919)
* UMW General coal strike (1922)
* History of coal mining in the United States
* Lackawanna County Courthouse and John Mitchell Monument
* List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
* Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "The Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902". Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
2. ^ "The Pennsylvania Center for the Book - Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902". Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
3. ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2018). Leadership. Viking. Chapter Ten. ISBN 978 0 241 30071 8.
4. ^ Blatz 1991
5. ^ Robert J. Cornell, The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 (1957) p 45
6. ^ Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (2001) p. 133
7. ^ Dubofsky, Melvyn, and McCartin, Joseph A.. Labor in America : A History. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2017. Accessed September 8, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central.
8. ^ Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex 2001 p. 134
9. ^ H. W. Brands, T. R.: The Last Romantic (1998) p. 457
10. ^ Herbert Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna (1912) p. 399
11. ^ a b c Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography (2002) p, 190
12. ^ Frederick Saward and Sydney A. Hale, The Coal Trade (1920) p. 71
13. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt, a Civil War General, and the Battle for Labor Peace" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
14. ^ Autobiography of Theodore Roosevelt
15. ^ Theodore Roosevelt and His Times: A Chronicle of the Progressive Movement
16. ^ The role of federal military forces in domestic disorders, 1877-1945
17. ^ Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (2000) pp 449-51
18. ^ James Ford Rhodes, The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations, 1897-1909 (1922) p 246
19. ^ Walter T. K. Nugent, Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction (2010) p. 38
20. ^ John A. Farrell, Clarence Darrow: Attorney for the Damned (2011) p, 116
21. ^ Wiebe, 1961, p 249-51
22. ^ Mitchell, John (1903). Organized labor; its problems, purposes, and ideals and the present and future of American wage earners. American Book and Bible House. p. 322.
23. ^ Roy, Andrew (1907). A History of the Coal Miners of the United States, from the Development of the Mines to the Close of the Anthracite Strike of 1902. Press of J. L. Trauger printing Company. p. 4000.
24. ^ "Striker Shot Dead by Police". Daily News from Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. July 2, 1902. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
25. ^ "The Iron Age". Vol. 70\. Chilton Company. August 7, 1902. p. 45.
26. ^ "Fierce Fighting in Streets". No. 301\. Los Angeles Herald. July 31, 1902. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
27. ^ "Soldier Kills a Striker". The Rock Island Argus, Volume 51, Number 303. October 9, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
28. ^ PHMC: Governors of Pennsylvania Archived August 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
29. ^ a b Wiebe 1961

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Akin, William E. "The Catholic Church and Unionism, 1886-1902: A Study of Institutional Adjustment." Studies in History and Society. 3:1 (1970): 14–24.
* Aurand, Harold W. Coalcracker Culture: Work and Values in Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1835-1935. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press, 2003. ISBN 1-57591-064-0
* Blatz, Perry K. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875-1925. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-1819-7
* Blatz, Perry K. "Local Leadership and Local Militancy: The Nanticoke Strike of 1899 and the Roots of Unionization in the Northern Anthracite Fields." Pennsylvania History. 58:4 (October 1991): 278–297.
* Cornell, Robert J. The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 (1957)
* Fox, Mayor. United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America 1890-1990 (UMW 1990), pp 89–101 semiofficial union history
* George, J.E. "The Coal Miners' Strike of 1897," Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jan., 1898), pp. 186–208 in JSTOR
* Gowaskie, Joe. "John Mitchell and the Anthracite Mine Workers: Leadership Conservatism and Rank-and-File Militancy." Labor History. 27:1 (1985–1986): 54–83.
* Greene, Victor R. "A Study in Slavs, Strikes and Unions: The Anthracite Strike of 1897." Pennsylvania History. 31:2 (April 1964): 199–215.
* Grossman, Jonathan. "The Coal Strike of 1902 – Turning Point in U.S. Policy." Monthly Labor Review. October 1975. Available online.
* Harbaugh, William. The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt. (2nd ed. 1963)
* Janosov, Robert A., et al. The Great Strike: Perspectives on the 1902 Anthracite Coal Strike. Easton, Pa.: Canal History and Technology Press, 2002. ISBN 0-930973-28-3
* Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. (Random House, 2001). ISBN 0-394-55509-0; biography of TR as President
* Perry, Peter R. "Theodore Roosevelt and the labor movement" (MA thesis California State University, Hayward; 1991) online; ch 1 on strike.
* Phelan, Craig. "The Making of a Labor Leader: John Mitchell and the Anthracite Strike of 1900." Pennsylvania History. 63:1 (January 1996): 53–77.
* Phelan, Craig. Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1994. ISBN 0-7914-2087-6
* Virtue, George O. "The Anthracite Miners' Strike of 1900," Journal of Political Economy, vol. 9, no. 1 (Dec. 1900), pp. 1–23. online free in JSTOR.
* Warne, Frank Julian. "The Anthracite Coal Strike." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (1901) 17#1 pp 15–52. online free in JSTOR
* Wiebe, Robert H. "The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion." Mississippi Valley Historical Review. September 1961, pp. 229–51. in JSTOR
* Wilson, Susan E. "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902." Labor's Heritage. 3:1 (1991): 4–2.

## Primary sources

[edit]

* United States Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, Report to the President on the Anthracite Coal Strike of May–October, 1902 online edition

## Music

[edit]

* Byrne, Jerry, and George Gershon Korson. On Johnny Mitchell's Train. Library of Congress, 1947. Audio. https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197134/.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coal Strike of 1902.

* Department of Labor essay on the strike
* History of the 1902 strike Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
* A history of the coal miners of the United States, from the development of the mines to the close of the anthracite strike of 1902 Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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* Roosevelt Arch
* Conference of Governors
* Northern Securities Company breakup
* court case
* Anthracite coal strike of 1902
* Pure Food and Drug Act
* Food and Drug Administration
* Meat Inspection Act
* Expediting Act
* Elkins Act
* Hepburn Act
* Aldrich–Vreeland Act
* Tillman Act of 1907
* Federal Employers Liability Act
* Kinkaid Act
* Big stick ideology
* Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
* Panama Canal Zone
* Panama Canal
* Venezuelan crisis
* Roosevelt Corollary
* Occupation of Cuba
* Russo-Japanese War
* Treaty of Portsmouth
* 1906 Nobel Peace Prize
* Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
* Army War College
* Roosevelt Hall
* College football meetings
* Bureau of Investigation
* Department of Commerce and Labor
* Bureau of Corporations
* Keep Commission
* Inland Waterways Commission
* Bureau of the Census
* Great White Fleet
* Perdicaris affair
* Cabinet
* White House West Wing
* State of the Union Address, 1901
* 1906
* 1908
* White House desk
* Federal judiciary appointments

Other
events|

* Spanish–American War
* Rough Riders
* Battle of Las Guasimas
* Battle of San Juan Hill
* Great Rapprochement
* "Bull Moose" Progressive Party
* New Nationalism
* Assassination attempt
* Boone and Crockett Club
* Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition
* "River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition
* Roosevelt's World War I volunteers

Life and
homes|

* Birthplace, boyhood home replica
* Sagamore Hill Home and Museum
* Maltese Cross Cabin
* Elkhorn Ranch
* Pine Knot cabin
* New York State Executive Mansion
* Gravesite

Writings
and speeches|

* Theodore Roosevelt bibliography
* The Naval War of 1812 (1882 book)
* "The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)
* League to Enforce Peace
* "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)
* "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)
* Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography (1913 book)
* The Forum magazine articles
* Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia
* Archival collections

Elections|

* 1898 New York state election
* Republican National Convention: 1900
* 1904
* 1912
* 1916
* United States presidential elections: 1900
* 1904
* 1912

Legacy|

* Bibliography
* Mount Rushmore
* Mount Roosevelt
* Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library
* White House Roosevelt Room
* Theodore Roosevelt National Park
* Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness
* Theodore Roosevelt Island
* Roosevelt National Forest
* Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)
* Roosevelt Study Center
* Theodore Roosevelt Association
* Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
* Statues
* New York City
* Portland, Oregon
* Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park
* Monument Assemblage
* Theodore Roosevelt Monument
* Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon
* Proposed presidential library
* Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse
* Roosevelt River
* Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
* Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge
* Theodore Roosevelt Award
* SS President Roosevelt
* USS Theodore Roosevelt (1906, 1961, 1984)
* Roosevelt Road
* U.S. postage stamps

Popular
culture|

* Teddy bear
* "Speak softly, and carry a big stick"
* Books
* Films
* Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King, 1901 film
* The 'Teddy' Bears, 1907 film
* Roosevelt in Africa, 1910 documentary
* The Rough Riders, 1927 film
* Teddy, the Rough Rider, 1940 film
* Rough Riders, 1997 miniseries
* The Roosevelts, 2014 documentary
* Theodore Roosevelt, 2022 miniseries
* Elkhorn, 2024 series

Related|

* Political positions
* "Bully pulpit"
* Ananias Club
* "Nature fakers"
* League to Enforce Peace
* A Guest of Honor
* "Muckraker"
* "Roosevelt Republican"
* Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial

Family|

* Alice Hathaway Lee (first wife)
* Edith Kermit Carow (second wife)
* Alice Lee Roosevelt (daughter)
* Theodore Roosevelt III (son)
* Kermit Roosevelt (son)
* Ethel Carow Roosevelt (daughter)
* Archibald Roosevelt (son)
* Quentin Roosevelt (son)
* Theodore Roosevelt IV (grandson)
* Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III (grandson)
* Quentin Roosevelt II (grandson)
* Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (grandson)
* Joseph Willard Roosevelt (grandson)
* Edith Roosevelt Derby (granddaughter)
* Theodora Roosevelt (granddaughter)
* Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (father)
* Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (mother)
* Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt (sister)
* Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (brother)
* Corinne Roosevelt (sister)
* Cornelius Roosevelt (grandfather)
* James Stephens Bulloch (grandfather)
* James Alfred Roosevelt (uncle)
* Robert Barnhill Roosevelt
* Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (niece)
* Gracie Hall Roosevelt (nephew)
* Pete (dog)

* ← William McKinley
* William Howard Taft →

* ← Garret Hobart

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Appalachia

People of the Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United States

Ethnic groups|

* Black-Dutch
* Cherokee (Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians)
* Chestnut Ridge people
* Melungeon
* Scotch-Irish
* formerly Kanawha Valley people, Koasati, Shawnee, and Yuchi

History|

* Battle of Blair Mountain
* Coal Creek War
* Coal strike of 1902
* French–Eversole feud
* Hatfield–McCoy feud (Battle of the Grapevine Creek)
* Lincoln County feud
* Hillbilly Highway (Baltimore
* Chicago
* Detroit)
* Kentucky County, Virginia
* Overmountain Men
* Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
* Southwest Territory
* Trans-Appalachia
* Wilderness Road
* West Virginia coal wars
* 1920 Alabama coal strike

Society|

* Appalachia
* Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
* Appalachian Americans
* Childbirth in rural Appalachia
* Settlement school
* Urban Appalachians

Culture|

* Appalachian English
* Appalachian folk art
* Affrilachia

Cuisine|

* apple butter
* chicken fried steak
* chow-chow
* country ham
* Goo Goo Clusters
* Shucky beans
* sorghum syrup
* soup beans

Traditional music|

* Appalachian music
* Appalachian dulcimer
* Blackberry Blossom (tune)
* Bluegrass fiddle
* Bluegrass music
* Clogging
* Cripple Creek (folk song)
* Cumberland Gap (folk song)
* East Tennessee Blues
* Hootenanny
* In the Pines
* Nottamun Town
* Shady Grove (song)
* Tom Dooley (song)

Historical individuals|

* Francis Asbury
* Daniel Boone
* Davy Crockett
* John Gordon (militia captain)
* Devil Anse Hatfield
* Abraham Lincoln
* Belle Starr

In popular culture|

* Appalachian stereotypes
* Appalachian studies
* Deliverance
* Hillbilly
* Moonshine in popular culture
* Mountain white
* Poor White
* Redneck
* Redneck joke
* The Hatfields and the McCoys

Part of a series on hill people around the world

* v
* t
* e

Riots and civil unrest in the history of the United States (1865–1918)

Northeast|

| New Jersey|

* 1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
* 1913 Paterson silk strike

|

New York|

* Mamaroneck riot (1870)
* Orange Riots (1870–1871)
* 1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
* New York City Food Riot of 1917

Pennsylvania|

* Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
* Reading Railroad Massacre (1877)
* Scranton general strike (1877)
* 1877 Shamokin uprising
* Pittsburgh riot (1886)
* Morewood massacre (1891)
* Homestead strike (1892)
* Lattimer massacre (1897)
* Anthracite coal strike of 1902
* Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
* Philadelphia general strike (1910)
* Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911

Others|

* Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
* Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
* 1912 Lawrence textile strike
* Macaroni Riots (1914)

Midwest|

| Illinois|

* Chicago railroad strike of 1877
* Haymarket affair (1886)
* Pullman Strike (1894)
* Illinois coal wars (1898–1900)
* Battle of Virden (1898)
* Pana riot (1899)
* 1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
* Springfield race riot of 1908
* Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
* Aldermen's wars (1916–1921)
* East St. Louis massacre (1917)

|

Michigan|

* 1891 Detroit riot
* 1894 Detroit riot
* Copper Country strike of 1913–1914

Missouri|

* 1877 St. Louis general strike
* St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
* St. Louis bullfight riot (1904)

Nebraska|

* Camp Dump strike (1882)
* 1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot

Ohio|

* Cincinnati riots of 1884
* Reservoir war (1887)
* May Day riots of 1894
* Akron riot of 1900

Others|

* Bay View massacre (1886)
* Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
* Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913

South|

| Alabama|

* Eutaw massacre (1870)
* Election Massacre of 1874
* Mitcham War (1892–1893)

|

Arkansas|

* Brooks–Baxter War (1874)
* 1889 Forrest City riot
* Hartford coal mine riot (1914)

Florida|

* Barber–Mizell feud (1870)
* Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908

Georgia|

* Camilla massacre (1868)
* 1906 Atlanta race massacre
* 1912 Forsyth County racial conflict

Kentucky|

* Rowan County War (1884–1887)
* French–Eversole feud (1887–1894)

Louisiana|

* New Orleans Massacre of 1866
* Opelousas massacre (1868)
* Colfax massacre (1873)
* Coushatta massacre (1874)
* Battle of Liberty Place (1874)
* Thibodaux massacre (1887)
* 1891 New Orleans lynchings
* 1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
* Robert Charles riots (1900)
* Grabow riot (1912)

North Carolina|

* Kirk–Holden war (1870)
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898

Oklahoma|

* Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War (1893–1894)
* Brooks–McFarland feud (1896–1902)
* McIntosh County Seat War (1907–1909)
* Green Corn Rebellion (1917)

South Carolina|

* South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
* Hamburg massacre (1876)
* Phoenix election riot (1898)

Tennessee|

* Memphis massacre of 1866
* Pulaski riot (1868)
* Coal Creek War (1891–1892)
* Battle of Depot Street (1897)

Texas|

* Early–Hasley feud (1865–1869)
* Sutton–Taylor feud (1868–1876)
* Las Cuevas War (1875)
* Mason County War (1875–1876)
* San Elizario Salt War (1877–1878)
* Jaybird–Woodpecker War (1888–1889)
* Reese–Townsend feud (1898–1907)
* Brownsville affair (1906)
* Slocum Massacre of 1910
* Boyce–Sneed feud (1911–1912)
* Houston riot of 1917

West Virginia|

* Great Railroad Strike of 1877
* Lincoln County feud (1878–1890)
* Battle of the Grapevine Creek (1888)
* Tucker County Seat War (1888–1893)
* Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
* West Virginia coal wars (1912–1921)

Others|

* Greene–Jones War
* Meridian race riot of 1871
* Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894

West|

| Arizona|

* Pleasant Valley War (1882–1892)
* Bisbee Deportation (1917)

|

California|

* Anti-Chinese violence (1860s–1890s)
* Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
* San Francisco riot of 1877
* Mussel Slough Tragedy (1880)
* Castaic Range War (1890–1916)
* Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
* 1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
* Wheatland hop riot (1913)
* Preparedness Day Bombing (1916)

Colorado|

* Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
* Colorado Range War (1900)
* Colorado Labor Wars (1903–1904)
* Colorado Coalfield War (1913–1914)
* Ludlow Massacre (1914)

Hawaii|

* Honolulu Courthouse riot (1874)
* Black Week (1893–1894)

Idaho|

* 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
* Deep Creek murders (1896)
* 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation

New Mexico|

* Colfax County War (1873–1888)
* Lincoln County War (1878; 1881)
* Battle of Lincoln (1878)

Oregon|

* Hells Canyon Massacre (1887)
* Sheepshooters' War (1895–1906)

Washington|

* 1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
* Tacoma riot of 1885
* Seattle riot of 1886
* Bellingham riots (1907)
* Everett massacre (1916)

Wyoming|

* Rock Springs massacre (1885)
* Johnson County War (1889–1893)
* Spring Creek raid (1909)

Others|

* Railroad Wars (1864–1912)
* Fence Cutting Wars
* Sheep wars (1870–1920)
* Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
* Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
* 1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots

Related articles|

* County seat war
* Freedmen massacres
* List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
* List of Old West gunfights
* Mass racial violence in the United States

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

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