Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany

Antisemitic demonstrator in 2014 with Nazi tattoos on arm

Antisemitism in contemporary Germany has been on the rise[1][2], committed especially by far-right and Islamist groups. Abuses may be of verbal or physical nature. According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, antisemitism is no "elementary component of left-wing extremism"[3], however is still occurring. Since the Halle synagogue shooting in 2019 and the COVID-19 pandemic[4], Antisemitism has increasingly entered public discussion. The October 7 attacks committed by Hamas and the resulting Gaza war have caused increased tensions between Muslims and Jews in Germany and a spike in antisemitic hate crimes or assaults[5]. The election of the far-right[6][7] AfD into the Bundestag in 2017 has stirred controversy due to some of the party's leaders expressing their wish to "move on" from Germany's Culture of Remembrance (Erinnerungskultur).[8][9][10]

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## Context

[edit]

In 1998, Ignatz Bubis, a leader of the German Jewish community, pointed to a "spreading intellectual nationalism" that made him fear a revival of German antisemitism.[11] Others point to Germany's growing Muslim population, both the Turkish "guest workers" who began to arrive in the 1950s, and the large wave of migrants from Muslim countries who arrived during the European migrant crisis that began in 2015.[12][13] In 2002, the historian Julius Schoeps said that "resolutions by the German parliament to reject antisemitism are drivel of the worst kind" and "all those ineffective actions are presented to the world as a strong defense against the charge of antisemitism. The truth is: no one is really interested in these matters. No one really cares."[14]

## Extent

[edit]

Pro-Palestinian protest against Israel's war in Gaza. Characterization of Israeli policies as apartheid is denounced as antisemitic in Germany.

A 2012 poll showed that 18% of the Turks in Germany think of Jews as inferior human beings.[15][16] A similar study found that most of Germany's native born Muslim youth and children of immigrants have antisemitic views.[17]

In 2014, antisemitic activities in Germany prompted the German Chancellor Angela Merkel to lead a rally in Berlin against antisemitism in Germany.[18] In that same year, about 3,500 people rallied in front of the Frankfurt City Hall to protest against a wave of antisemitic incidents in Germany. A few hundred of the protesters were from the Kurdish-Israeli Friendship Association. According to the JTA, "Merkel expressed her support for the event in a letter."[19]

The number of crimes against Jews and Jewish institutions continued to increase in 2018.[20] In a 2018 survey conducted by the European Union, 85% of Jewish respondents in Germany said that antisemitism was a "very big" or "fairly big" issue, and 89% said that antisemitism had become a worse problem in the last five years.[1] In February 2019, crime data released by the government for 2018 and published in Der Tagesspiegel showed a yearly increase of 10%, with 1,646 crimes linked to a hatred of Jews in 2018, with the totals not finalised as yet. There was a 60% rise in physical attacks (62 violent incidents, vs 37 in 2017). Germany also reported a new record of cases linked to hatred of Jews in 2020, with 2,275 crimes with an antisemitic background until the end of January 2021.[21]

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Perpetrators of antisemitistic verbal harassment and physical assault. Characterisation of antisemitic attackers as reported by Jewish victims. An attacker may belong to more than 1 group.[22]

A June 2024 survey found that antisemitism in Germany was very high, citing an enormity of "extreme violence", with as much as an 83% spike in antisemitic incidents when compared to the preceding year. In 2023 alone, 5,164 antisemitic offenses were recorded by the Federal Police.[23][24] Furthermore, according to Germany's Federal Association of Departments for Research and Information on Antisemitism (RIAS) reporting and support network, since 7 October 2023, there has been an average of 32 antisemetic incidents per day in Germany, up from an average of seven in 2022.[25][26] According to a separate report by RIAS, 1,383 antisemitic incidents were recorded in Berlin alone during the first half of 2024. This amounts to an average of seven to eight incidents per day. It is the highest number of reported antisemitic incidents in Berlin in a single year since documentation began.[27]

In November 2024, Berlin's police chief, Barbara Slowik, warned Jewish and LGBT residents of the city to be more careful in Arab-majority neighborhoods of the city where locals often have sympathy for terrorist groups. In these neighborhoods, there has been an increase in antisemitic and racist incidents, which is why she advises, "who wear a kippah or are openly homosexual or lesbians to be more attentive".[28][29]

## Characteristics of antisemites in Germany

[edit]

As per German police statistics, over 90 percent of antisemitic incidents are committed by "followers of the far‑right". However, government officials and Jewish community leaders doubt the figure, because cases with unknown perpetrators and some kinds of attacks get automatically classified as "far‑right".[30]

A 2017 study on Jewish perspectives on antisemitism in Germany by Bielefeld University found that individuals and groups belonging to the extreme right and extreme left were equally identified as perpetrators of antisemitic harassment and assault by survey participants, while the largest part of the attacks were committed by Muslim assailants. The study also found that 70% of the participants feared a rise in antisemitism due to immigration, citing the antisemitic views of some of the refugees.[31] A study among Jews, published by the European Union in 2018, has also listed Muslims as the biggest perpetrators of antisemitic incidents in Germany. 41% of such attacks were committed by extremist Muslims, 20% by far-right and 16% by far-left extremists.[32] In its 2017 summary, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) concluded that antisemitic rhetoric spread by Islamist organizations posed a significant challenge to the contemporary peaceful and tolerant society of Germany.[33]

## Incidents

[edit]

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In January 2017, a German court in Wuppertal upheld the 2015 decision of a lower court which deemed an attempt by three Muslim attackers to burn down a synagogue in 2014 on the anniversary of the Kristallnacht "a means of drawing attention to the Gaza conflict with Israel".[34] The offenders were not sent to prison.[34] The German regional court ruled that the actions of the three perpetrators were "governed by anti-Israelism and not antisemitism". The attackers subsequently received suspended sentences.[34] Green Party MP Volker Beck protested the ruling, saying: "This is a decision as far as the motives of the perpetrators are concerned. What do Jews in Germany have to do with the Middle East conflict? Every bit as much as Christians, non-religious people or Muslims in Germany, namely, absolutely nothing. The ignorance of the judiciary toward antisemitism is for many Jews in Germany especially alarming."[34]

Dr. Moshe Kantor, president of the European Jewish Congress, said:[34]

> It is unbelievable that attempts to burn a synagogue have been equated with displeasure of Israeli government policies...This has now given a carte blanche to antisemites across Germany to attack Jews because a German court has given them a ready justification.

In 2018, an Arab Israeli who wore a kippah was assaulted. The incident was recorded and the video went viral.[35][36][37]

In 2018, the Echo Music Prize was awarded to rappers who featured antisemitic clichés in their lyrics. As a result of protests from artists and the press, the award was discontinued.[38]

On 9 October 2019, a lone gunman attacked a synagogue in Halle during the Yom Kippur, while two doors of the synagogue were damaged when improvised explosives set off. The attacker shot dead a man and a woman near a Turkish kebab shop.[39]

In September 2021, German police averted a possible Islamic attack on a synagogue in Hagen during Yom Kippur services, arresting four people including a 16-year-old Syrian youth.[40]

During an April 2023 pro-Palestine protest, observers recorded numerous antisemitic chants, including "Death to the Jews".[41][42] The Berlin Police have confirmed they are investigating charges of Volksverhetzung;[41] two pro-Palestine rallies planned for the following weekend were cancelled.[43]

On 18 October 2023, 11 days after the Hamas-led October 7 massacres that killed over 1,200, a Berlin synagogue was firebombed with molotovs following the Gaza war by two masked men.[44][45][46] Since the escalation of the Gaza war in October 2023, there has been a surge in antisemitic incidents on a scale unseen in years.[47]

On 2 February 2024, a pro-Palestinian college student in Berlin assaulted a Jewish classmate to the point of hospitalization following an altercation over the Israel-Hamas war. According to the German police, the Jewish student was punched repeatedly in the face until he fell to the ground after which was he was kicked while lying on the floor. The attackers subsequently fled the scene. The victim suffered facial fractures, while the attacker was located and arrested. The victim is reportedly the grandson of Amitzur Shapira, an Israeli athletics coach murdered by the Black September terrorists in the 1972 Munich massacre.[48][49]

On 5 April 2024, an unknown individual threw an incendiary device at the door of a synagogue in the northern city of Oldenburg, causing a small blaze and minor damage. German police have offered a cash reward for information about the arson attack.[50]

According to a Jewish Independent article on 21 May 2024, Jewish parents living in Berlin's suburbs started enrolling their kids at Jewish schools in Mitte, Berlin due to fears of rising antisemitism. The children of the parents concerned are enrolled at the schools closest to where they live, but they passed up the automatic registration for their children's local high school in favour of sending them to a school far from their place of residence for the alleged reason that it was protected by an Israeli guard, German policemen and an enclosed wall, while there are usually no guards at Berlin schools.[51]

In late June 2024, an Israeli couple in their early 20s was assaulted in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after being heard speaking Hebrew by an Arabic speaking assailant. The assailant shouted abuses at them, threw a bottle and a chair at the woman, followed by punches on the man who rose in her defense. The assailant fled the scene afterwards.[52]

On 5 September 2024, the 52nd anniversary of the 1972 Munich massacre, a suspected terrorist opened fire at the Israeli consulate and adjacent Nazi Documentation Centre in Munich before being shot dead by police.[53]

In August 2024, German Senator Joseph Chialo was attacked by pro-Palestinian protesters following his initiative to stop funding organizations working to present antisemitic content in the country.[54] Following this attack, Dr. Felix Klein, Germany's Federal Government Commissioner for Jewish Life in Germany and the Fight against Antisemitism, expressed concern about the "tsunami" of hostility toward Jews since October 7, the worst it has been since 1945.[55]

On 7 October 2024, 10 memorial stones engraved with details of certain Holocaust victims, were torn from their spots. The day was also the first anniversary of the Hamas-led October 7 massacre. Authorities suspected the vandalism to have been carried out by immigrants from Muslim-majority countries.[56]

## Responses

[edit]

In October 2024, Felix Klein, Germany's Commissioner for Jewish Life and the Fight against Antisemitism, said that "open and aggressive antisemitism", which is a "poison for social cohesion", was "stronger than at any time since 1945".[57] Also in October 2024, Thomas Strobl, Interior Minister of Baden-Württemberg, reassured the Jewish community that they will be protected amid rising antisemitism.[58]

## See also

[edit]

* Secondary antisemitism
* Antisemitism in Europe
* Anti-antisemitism in Germany
* Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century
* Antisemitism in 21st-century France
* Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy
* Antisemitism in contemporary Austria
* Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
* Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary
* Geography of antisemitism
* Germany–Israel relations

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Angelos, James (21 May 2019). "The New German Anti-Semitism". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
2. ^ Pieper, Oliver. In Germany, discrimination is on the rise. DW News. Retrieved on 11 June, 2025
3. ^ "Antisemitismus im Sinne der Abneigung oder Feindschaft gegenüber Jüdinnen und Juden als Volksgruppe oder Religionsgemeinschaft ist kein elementarer Bestandteil linksextremistischer Ideologie." - "Lagebild Antisemitimus 2022/23" p.93 from the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (in German)
4. ^ "Auftrieb für Antisemiten durch Corona-Proteste befürchtet". FAZ.NET (in German). 2020-05-12. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
5. ^ "And since the Hamas terror attack against Israel and the Gaza war, anti-Semitic acts have risen dramatically." - "https://www.bka.de/DE/Presse/Listenseite_Pressemitteilungen/2024/Presse2024/240521_PM_Fallzahlen_PMK2023.html". Federal Criminal Police Office. Retrieved 2025-07-02. (in German)
6. ^ "Germany's AfD: How right-wing is nationalist Alternative for Germany?". BBC News. 2016-09-05. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
7. ^ "Germany's far-right party will make the Bundestag much noisier". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
8. ^ "AfD: Das schwierige Verhältnis der Partei zum Antisemitismus - WELT". DIE WELT (in German). Retrieved 2025-07-02.
9. ^ "German politician calls for country to be more 'positive' about Nazi past". The Independent. 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
10. ^ JTA, Toby Axelrod (2017-09-26). "What you need to know about the far-right Alternative for Germany party". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2025-07-02.
11. ^ Cohen, Roger (10 November 1998). "Anniversary Sets Germans To Quarreling On Holocaust". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
12. ^ Davis, Austin (21 December 2017). "Anti-Semitism is still alive in Germany as Jews face 'disturbing' discrimination". USA Today. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
13. ^ Gunter Jikeli, "Antisemitism Among Young European Muslims," Chapter 10 in Alvin Hirsch Rosenfeld, Resurgent Antisemitism: Global Perspectives, Indiana University Press, 1993.
14. ^ Interview with Julius Schoeps (German). Berlin-judentum.de. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.
15. ^ Liljeberg Research International: Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012 Archived 11 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, July/August 2012, p. 68
16. ^ Die Welt: Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit, 17 August 2012, retrieved 23 August 2012
17. ^ "Israeli flag burning prompts German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel to back outlawing it". DW News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
18. ^ Yardley, Jim. "Europe’s Anti-Semitism Comes Out of the Shadows." New York Times. 23 September 2014. 24 September 2014.
19. ^ "Thousands Rally in Frankfurt Against Anti-Semitism." Jewish Journal. 2 September 2014. 5 September 2014.
20. ^ "Anti-Semitic crimes increase dramatically in Germany". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
21. ^ "Anti-Semitism: Germany sees '10% jump in offences' in 2018". BBC. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
22. ^ Andreas Zick, Andreas Hövermann, Silke Jensen, Julia Bernstein (2017). Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus (PDF). Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld. p. 25\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2018.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
23. ^
* "Number of anti-Semitic offenses recorded by the police in Germany 2001-2023". Statista.
* Nöstlinger, Nette (25 June 2024). "Germany records sharp rise in antisemitic incidents". Politico. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
* "Germany - Events of 2022". Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2023.
* "Report shows 80% rise in antisemitic cases in Germany, with sharp increase after Oct. 7". The Times of Israel.
* "Antisemitic incidents in Germany almost double, report says". Euronews.
24. ^ "Antisemitism rose more than 80% in Germany last year, watchdog says". Reuters.
25. ^ The report: Antisemitische Vorfälle in Deutschland 2023
26. ^ Strack, Christoph (10 June 2024). "Jews in Germany face antisemitism surge since Oct. 7 attacks". DW. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
27. ^ "Germany: Antisemitic incidents in Berlin rise sharply – DW – 11/28/2024". dw.com. Retrieved 2025-03-24.
28. ^ "Berlin police chief warns Jews and LGBTQ+ to exercise caution in certain areas". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2024-11-18. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
29. ^ ToI Staff. "Berlin Police chief warns Jews, gay people to 'be careful' in Arab neighborhoods". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
30. ^ Witte, Griff; Beck, Lusia (28 April 2018). "After a refugee influx, does Germany have an imported anti-Semitism problem?". Washington Post.
31. ^ Andreas Zick, Andreas Hövermann, Silke Jensen, Julia Bernstein (2017). Jüdische Perspektiven auf Antisemitismus in Deutschland Ein Studienbericht für den Expertenrat Antisemitismus (PDF). Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld. p. 4\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2018.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
32. ^ Salzen, Claudia von; Hackenbruch, Felix (10 December 2018). "Antisemitismus-Studie der EU - Juden in Deutschland fühlen sich zunehmend unsicher". Der Tagesspiegel Online.
33. ^ "Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017 Fakten und Tendenzen (Kurzzusammenfassung)". Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (in German). 2018-07-24. p. 30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
34. ^ a b c d e Hana Levi Julian (2017-01-14). "German Court Rules No Jail for Muslim Synagogue Arsonists". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
35. ^ Eddy, Melissa; Curry, Andrew (18 April 2018). "Fury in Germany as Rap Duo With Anti-Jewish Lyrics Gets Award". New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
36. ^ "'Jewish Man' Attacked in Berlin Admits He's an Israeli-Arab Who Didn't Believe Germany Was anti-Semitic". Haaretz. DPA, AP. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
37. ^ "Rabbis push back against warning not to wear kippas in Germany, urge action". The Times of Israel. 25 April 2018.
38. ^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (April 19, 2018). "Charges Of Anti-Semitism Roil German Music Awards". NPR. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
39. ^ "German synagogue shooting was far-right terror, justice minister says". BBC News. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
40. ^ "Yom Kippur attack on German synagogue averted by police". Jerusalem Post. Reuters. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
41. ^ a b "Polizei ermittelt nach Palästinenser-Demo wegen Verdachts der Volksverhetzung" [Police investigate after Palestinian demonstration on suspicion of incitement of the people]. Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg (in German). 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
42. ^ "Staatsschutz ermittelt nach Palästinenser-Demo in Berlin" [State security investigates after Palestinian demonstration in Berlin]. ZDF (in German). 10 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
43. ^ "Berlin: Polizei verbietet Palästinenser-Demos nach antisemitischen Parolen" [Berlin: Police ban Palestinian demonstrations after anti-Semitic slogans]. RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (in German). 13 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
44. ^ "Berlin synagogue firebombed, with antisemitism spiking as Gaza war rages". The Times of Israel.
45. ^ "Police investigate 2 Molotov cocktail bombs thrown at German synagogue". Jewish Telegraphic Agency.
46. ^ Hülsemann, Laura (October 18, 2023). "Berlin synagogue firebombed: Olaf Scholz condemns attack". Politico. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
47. ^
* Diehl, Jörg; Diening, Deike; Großekathöfer, Maik; Rapp, Tobias; Wiedmann-Schmidt, Wolf (27 October 2023). "A New Wave of Anti-Semitism Sweeps Across Germany". Spiegel. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
* "Olaf Scholz vows to fight antisemitism after Berlin synagogue firebombed". The Guardian. October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
* "The German chancellor condemns a firebomb attack on a Berlin synagogue and vows protection for Jews". AP News. October 18, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
* "Synagogues in Berlin, Tunisia targeted with fire attacks as hate crimes soar in wake of Israel-Hamas war". JURIST Legal News. October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
48. ^ "Jewish university student in Berlin badly beaten by classmate in fight over Hamas war". The Times of Israel.
49. ^ "An argument over the Middle East conflict leaves a Jewish student hospitalized in Berlin". ABC News. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
50. ^ "Germany: Police offer €5,000 for synagogue attack tips". Deutsche Welle. 2024-04-11.
51. ^ "The surprising trend among anxious Jewish parents in Berlin". Jewish Independent.
52. ^ "Israelis attacked in Berlin's Potsdamer Platz after speaking Hebrew". Ynetnews.
53. ^
* Starr, Michael (5 September 2024). "Suspect shoots at Israeli consulate in Munich on Olympic massacre anniversary". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
* "Germany: Munich police shoot suspect near Israeli Consulate". DW. 5 September 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
* "Munich police kill man who opened fire near Israeli consulate". The Guardian.
54. ^ Avrahami, Ze'ev (24 September 2024). "Berlin lawmaker fighting antisemitism faces attacks". YNET News. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
55. ^ Avrahami, Ze'ev (26 September 2024). "There's a 'tsunami' of antisemitism in Germany, officials say". YNET News. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
56. ^ "Stumbling stones commemorating Holocaust victims uprooted in German city". Ynetnews. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
57. ^ "German antisemitism czar says country facing 'tsunami' of Jew hatred since Oct. 7". The Times of Israel. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
58. ^ "Germany's Baden-Württemberg vows to protect Jewish community amid surge in antisemitism". Jerusalem Post. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.

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Antisemitism

See also: Massacres or pogroms against Jews

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* The Holocaust
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