Antisemitism in Australia

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Antisemitic tropes

* Andinia Plan
* Blood libel
* Cohen Plan
* Cultural Bolshevism
* Cultural Marxism
* Deicide
* Finance control
* Franklin Prophecy
* Host desecration
* International​ Jewish conspiracy
* Jewish lobby
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* Judensau
* Judeo-Bolshevism
* Żydokomuna
* Judeo-Masonism
* Kosher tax
* Media control
* QAnon
* Rootless cosmopolitan
* Doctors' plot
* Slánský trial
* Stab-in-the-back myth
* Well poisoning
* White genocide
* ZOG conspiracy

Persecution

* Rhineland massacres
* Black Death persecutions
* Boycotts
* Expulsions
* Jewish quarter
* Ghettos in Europe
* Mellah
* The Holocaust
* Jewish hat
* Jewish quota
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* Martyrdom in Judaism
* Nuremberg Laws
* Pale of Settlement
* Pogroms
* Russian Empire
* Russian Civil War
* Refuseniks
* Segregation
* Spanish Inquisition
* Yellow badge

Antisemitic publications

* 21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
* Adversus Judaeos
* The Barnes Review
* Black Notebooks
* Culture of Critique
* Currency Wars
* The Dearborn Independent
* Judaism Without Embellishment
* La France juive
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter
* 1988 Hamas Charter
* The International Jew
* La Libre Parole
* The Light
* Mein Kampf
* On the Jews and Their Lies
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over
The World
* Protocols of the Elders of Zion
* The Secret Relationship Between Blacks
and Jews
* Sex and Character
* Siege
* The Turner Diaries

Antisemitism on the Internet

* 4chan (/pol/)
* 8chan
* The Daily Stormer
* Disclose.tv
* Europa: The Last Battle
* Gab
* Goebbels Gap
* GoyimTV
* Groypers
* Jew Watch
* Metapedia
* The Occidental Observer
* Red Ice
* Renegade Tribune
* The Right Stuff (blog)
* StoneToss
* Stormfront
* Terrorgram
* Triple parentheses
* TruNews
* The Unz Review
* Veterans Today
* Wikipedia and antisemitism

People

* Baked Alaska
* Andrew Anglin
* Louis Beam
* Don Black
* James von Brunn
* Richard Girnt Butler
* Édouard Drumont
* David Duke
* Adolf Eichmann
* Louis Farrakhan
* Henry Ford
* Theodor Fritsch
* Nick Fuentes
* Joseph Goebbels
* Heinrich Himmler
* Adolf Hitler
* Arthur J. Jones
* Osama bin Laden
* David Lane
* Ernest G. Liebold
* Martin Luther
* Kevin MacDonald
* Wilhelm Marr
* Eustace Mullins
* William Luther Pierce
* Alfred Rosenberg
* Richard B. Spencer
* Joseph Stalin
* Wilhelm Stapel
* Julius Streicher
* Kevin Alfred Strom
* Rick Wiles
* Ernst Zündel
* Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
* Ion Antonescu
* Horia Sima
* A. C. Cuza
* Octavian Goga
* Gheorghe Buzatu
* Nae Ionescu
* Nichifor Crainic
* Ioan Slavici
* László Ferenczy
* Philippe Pétain
* Symon Petliura
* Stepan Bandera
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Richard Wagner
* Otto Weininger

Opposition

* Anti-antisemitism in Germany
* Anti-Defamation League
* Anti-Defamation Commission
* Campaign Against Antisemitism

* Community Security Trust
* Fundamental Rights Agency
* Philosemitism
* Simon Wiesenthal Center
* Southern Poverty Law Center
* Stephen Roth Institute
* Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
* Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
* UN Watch
* U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
* Wiener Holocaust Library
* Working definition of antisemitism (IHRA)
* Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
* Yad Vashem

Related topics

* Anti-Judaism
* Philosemitism
* Weaponization
* Anti-Zionism

Category

* v
* t
* e

Antisemitism in Australia is the manifestation of hostility, prejudice or discrimination against the Australian Jewish people or Judaism as a religious, ethnic or racial group. This form of racism has affected Jews since Australia's Jewish community was established in the 18th century. There are a number of organisations that track antisemitic activities, including the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, that publish an annual list of all reported antisemitic activities.[1][2][3] According to the Anti-Defamation League's 2014 Global100 survey, an estimated 14% of Australians harbour antisemitic views.[4] Antisemitism in Australia is perpetrated by a variety of groups,[5] and it has manifested in the publication of antisemitic publications, in efforts to prevent Jewish immigration, and in attacks on Australian Jews and their religious and communal institutions.

## Overview

[edit]

### Before World War II

[edit]

According to Sol Encel, anti-Jewish prejudice in Australia dates back to the first arrival of British convicts, eight of whom were Jews.[6] Nonetheless, the colonial period was marked by the absence of institutionalised antisemitism found in Europe. Jews in Australia were never formally barred from entering the professions, sciences, academia, and arts. Despite being British subjects, Jews were permitted to run for political office in Australian parliaments even before it was legal for Jews to do so in the United Kingdom.[7] In the case of the Solomon family, whose members arrived in the early 19th century and helped form a mercantile network composed of Jewish and non-Jewish members, correspondences concerning their entrepreneurial efforts contain occasional complaints over antisemitism they experienced in Australia.[8]

Suzanne Rutland argues that antisemitism started to become prevalent in the country in the 1880s alongside the rise of Australian nationalism and the campaign to establish the Federation of Australia. Trade unions, politicians and the media were hostile to the small number of Russian Jewish arrivals in the country.[9] In 1917 the Labor Party politician, Frank Anstey published a pamphlet, The Kingdom of Shylock, which caused critics to accuse him of antisemitism.[9] During the wave of Jewish immigration in 1938–39, Frank Clarke, president of the Victorian Legislative Council, offered graphic depictions of refugees as "rat-faced men".[10]

### World War Two and postwar period

[edit]

The second wave of Jewish refugees arrived between 1938 and 1939 and again endured an antisemitic Australian press and anti-Jewish statements by politicians.[9] Pressure groups such as the Australian Natives' Association and Returned and Services League of Australia spearheaded resolutions against Jewish immigration.[9] Nevertheless, the state of Australian antisemitism did not rise to the levels that were taking place in Europe at this time.[11] Nevertheless, there were reports of antisemitic attacks on Jews stemming from local Nazi sympathisers.[12] In 1941, there were reports of antisemitic propaganda being circulated across Sydney suburbs.[13] The Social Crediter, a publication run by C. H. Douglas, produced in England and circulated in Australia, was accused of promoting antisemitic propaganda.[14][15] The New South Wales division of the social credit movement denounced the antisemitic material in The Social Crediter.[16] A related publication, New Times, published by Eric Butler, was accused of promoting antisemitism.[17] After the war, The Bulletin published antisemitic cartoons, pushing against Jewish immigration.[9] By 1950, the Jewish Council to Combat Fascism and Anti-Semitism (JCCFAS) observed that 80,000 copies of a single antisemitic pamphlet were distributed in Australia, and alleged that the Jewish community was often uninformed of these developments.[18] In response, JCCFAS published and distributed 30,000 copies of a pamphlet titled "Anti-Semitism: A Menace to Australia".[19] Also in 1950, a North Carlton Synagogue and Talmud Torah were vandalised by local youths.[20]

During this period, Arthur Calwell, the minister of immigration adopted measures to ensure that Jews would not constitute more than 0.5% of the country's population.[9][21] Calwell also halted all immigration of Jews of Middle Eastern origin.[22] There was a 25% cap on Jewish passengers travelling on Australia-bound ships and planes.[9][23] In the late 1940s, Australian antisemitism continued to involve a strong focus on the prevention of Jewish immigration.[24] In 1959, Sam Goldbloom, a prominent activist and a federal Labor candidate, was specifically targeted in the publication and circulation of antisemitic pamphlets.[25][26] Also in 1959, the World Jewish Congress reported that antisemitic literature produced in Australia had turned up in Turkey.[27] In January 1960, a series of antisemitic graffiti was reported in Melbourne including at a Jewish community centre.[28] The incident was condemned by Melbourne's two archbishops.[29] Also in January 1960, antisemitic grafiti in Canberra targeted a Jewish bakery,[30] and other buildings.[31] And later, the Central Synagogue in Sydney was targeted by antisemitic graffiti.[32] And later, antisemitic graffiti appeared in Queanbeyan.[33] By the end of January, Jewish community groups reported that 20 to 30 antisemitic acts had taken place.[34] This period saw similar incidents elsewhere around the world and became known as the Swastika epidemic of 1959–1960.

From 1960, Eric Butler's far-right and antisemitic Australian League of Rights, became a national movement.[35] The organisation promoted The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and other antisemitic libels.[9] The League assisted Holocaust denier David Irving with his visits to Australia. And Veritas, the League's publishing company, published Irving's work in Australia.[36][37] There were also strong antisemitic sentiments from some non-Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe that had settled in Australia.[9] They established Australian branches of the fascist, antisemitic movements such as the Ustaše from Croatia and the Hungarian Arrow Cross.[9]

Other incidents during the mid-1960s involved public Nazi-related displays. In 1965, Prime Minister Robert Menzies attended the inaguaration of a new synagogue in City of Kew, a suburb of Melbourne where he laid the foundation stone. Notably, two months later, in October, the synagogue was targeted with antisemitic vandalism.[38] On May Day, in 1966, individuals claiming affiliation with the National Socialist Party of Australia conducted a public march wearing Nazi uniforms and carrying a Nazi flag near the Yarra River in Melbourne. The group was attacked by a large group of local residents.[39][40] In June 1966, a Jewish centre in East St Kilda associated with the Hashomer Hatzair youth group was targeted with swastikas and Nazi slogans.[41]

Following the Six-Day War, some far-left activists pushed an anti-Israel agenda influenced by anti-Zionist propaganda from the Soviet Union, which impacted some Australian university campuses. In the 1970s, the Australian Union of Students was under Trotskyist and Maoist influences and proposed anti-Israel resolutions and Jewish students who opposed these resolutions were physically attacked.[9] Attacks on Jewish property and institutions increased with tensions in the Middle East, with corresponding increases in security precautions. In 1975, ASIO documents revealed that Palestinian terrorists planned to kill high-profile Jewish figures including the Israeli ambassador Michael Elizur [he] and Jewish communal leader Isi Leibler and journalist Sam Lipski. Former prime minister Bob Hawke, who was deemed a vocal supporter of Israel, was also considered for attack.[42] 1978 saw a Melbourne synagogue defaced with swastikas. The local community reported instituted new security measures to prevent additional incidents.[43] In his 1989 review of early history of antisemitism in Australia (colonial period through the immediate postwar period), Sol Encel, observed that aside from its impact on immigration policy, antisemitism in Australia in this period can be viewed as a relatively minor social problem.[6]

### 1980s–1990s

[edit]

Public plaque commemorating the Hakoah Club in Bondi which was targeted in a 1982 bombing 1991 Sydney Synagogue Attacks

In 1982, the Sydney Israeli Consulate and Hakoah Club bombings occurred. In this event, an explosive device was detonated inside a vehicle parked outside of a Jewish centre in Bondi, NSW. Initial police investigations led to the arrest of a 31-year-old man who was charged in relation to the Hakoah Club explosion. The case went before the court, however, charges were later withdrawn by the NSW Attorney General.[6][44][45][46][47] Other threats against Jewish community institutions stemming from Arab terrorist groups arose in the late 1980s.[6]

In 1988, a speech by Taj El-Din Hilaly, a prominent Muslim cleric, at the University of Sydney was treated by the Australian Jewish community as a significant attack against Jews. In a lecture to a group of Muslim students at the university, Hilaly made statements that aligned with major antisemitic tropes concerning Jews. Despite the subsequent critical coverage of the incident, Hilaly refused to apologise or retract his comments.[48][49][7][50] The following year, the Executive Council of Australian Jewry began tracking antisemitic incidents across the country.[51]

Significant attacks on synagogues occurred during the 1990s. These include a 1991 arson attack on the North Shore Temple Emanuel in North Sydney.[52][53] That same year an arson attack targeted the Bankstown Synagogue in Western Sydney which resulted in the total destruction of the synagogue building.[54][53] The Bankstown Jewish community had been active since the first decades of the 20th century and had first established a synagogue in 1914.[55] The site was redeveloped and serves as a Uniting Church Aged Care facility.[56] Three other synagogues in Sydney were also targeted that year.[52] In 1993, on the anniversary of Kristallnacht, the Newtown synagogue, Sydney's second oldest synagogue, was subjected to an arson attack.[57] In 1995, an arson attack took place on the Adass Israel synagogue in Glen Eira (in South East Melbourne).[58] Other incidents include a 1990 attack where petrol bombs were thrown at a synagogue in Melbourne.[59] And attacks on synagogues and Jewish schools occurred through the 1990s and continued during the 2000s.[60]

Attacks on Australian synagogues (1991)  Year  | State  | Local area  | Synagogue  | Date  | Incident

|
|
|
|
|

1991  | New South Wales  | North Sydney  | North Shore Temple Emanuel  | 28 January 1991[52] | Arson
1991  | New South Wales  | Eastern Sydney  | Sephardi Synagogue  | 26 February 1991[52] | Arson
1991  | New South Wales  | Western Sydney  | Bankstown Memorial Synagogue  | 5 March 1991[52] | Arson
1991  | New South Wales  | North Sydney  | North Shore Synagogue  | 12 March 1991[52] | Arson (averted)
1991  | New South Wales  | South East Sydney  | Illawarra Synagogue  | 28 March 1991[52] | Arson

### 2000s–2020s

[edit]

In the 2000s, Islamic terrorist threats appeared to be thwarted by Australian authorities. Instances include a Al-Qaeda plot to attack the 2000 Summer Olympics, the Israeli embassy in Canberra, as well as Jewish community targets. The plot was discovered after a raid on the house of Jack Roche who would be convicted in 2004.[61] In 2003, Bilal Khazal, a Lebanese Australian, a former baggage handler for Qantas at Sydney Airport, and a prominent figure in the Islamic Youth Movement, was arrested for on terrorism charges including producing propaganda encouraging attacks on the Australian Jewish community.[62]

The sale and distribution of antisemitic literature is one area of concern for the Australian Jewish community. In 2000, the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) found that Fredrick Töben had engaged in unlawful conduct in contravention of the Racial Discrimination Act (1975) in publishing material that was racially defaming of Jewish people on the Adelaide Institute website. Töben was ordered to remove the contents of the Adelaide Institute website from the internet and not to re-publish the content of that website in public elsewhere. He was also ordered to make a statement of apology.[63] In the following years, Töben was unsuccessful in his efforts to appeal the ruling. In 2009, after Töben's website continued to house antisemitic material, Töben was sentenced to prison for three months for contempt of court.[64][65] In 2011, during an open day event at the Lakemba Mosque, a visitor reportedly discovered that copies of the antisemitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion were available for sale at the mosque.[66][67][65] The same year, reports were made of extensive antisemitic literature being housed by the Australian League of Rights.[65]

Attacks on Jews also appeared linked to conflicts overseas, such as the 2014 Israel-Gaza war. Incidents included various acts of violence and harassment of Jews on the street, at universities, the use of newspaper cartoons relying on Jewish stereotypes, and the use of anti-Israel discourse to intimidate Jews.[68]

Australian antisemitism was linked to extremist ideology concerning the COVID-19 pandemic.[69]

A notable case of antisemitism directed at Jewish students involves the allegations raised by Jewish students at Brighton Secondary College. Jewish students alleged that they faced extensive antisemitic bullying and harassment and that the school administration was notified on multiple occasions but took no action.[70][71][72] Victorian MPs David Southwick and James Newbury advocated for an investigation into the school's response. Subsequently, former students filed a lawsuit against the school and alleged that the school principal, Richard Minack, had referred to Jews using derogatory language,[73] and had spoken positively about his father who served in the German army in World War Two.[74] other schools noted for allegations of insufficient administrative response to antisemitism includes Lindfield Learning Village in North Sydney.[75]

#### Attacks on synagogues (2000–2020s)

[edit]

Between 2000 and 2023 (prior to 7 October, see below), synagogues across Australia were targeted in acts of vandalism or arson. Attacks have occurred in 2000 (Sydney, Canberra),[76][77] 2001 (Canberra),[78] 2002 (Melbourne, Sydney),[79] 2004 (Perth),[80][81][82] 2005 (Melbourne, Newcastle),[83] 2006 (Sydney)[83][84] 2008 (Melbourne, Sydney),[85][86] 2010 (Perth),[87] 2011 (Brisbane),[88] 2016 (Sydney),[89] 2018 (Canberra),[90] 2019 (Brisbane),[91] 2020 (Launceston),[92] 2022 (Melbourne, Launceston),[93][94] and 2023 (Maitland).[95]

Other incidents involving anti-Jewish prejudice and synagogues have come to public attention. In one case, in 2017, the likelihood of attacks on Australian synagogues led a NSW council to block the construction of a new synagogue over security concerns.[96] In one instance, a public menorah, a large religious display placed in public, organised by a Melbourne synagogue was vandalised in December 2022.[97][98][99]

Attacks on Australian synagogues 2000–2023 (pre-7 October 2023)  City | State | Years of Attack

|
|

Sydney | New South Wales | 2000, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2016
Maitland | New South Wales | 2023
Newcastle | New South Wales | 2005
Melbourne | Victoria | 2002, 2008, 2022
Brisbane | Queensland | 2011, 2019
Canberra | Australian Capitol Territory | 2000, 2001, 2018
Perth | Western Australia | 2004, 2010
Launceston | Tasmania | 2020, 2022

Following 7 October 2023, antisemitic actions directed at synagogues continued. In an incident occuring on 8 October 2023, in New South Wales, two individuals walked past a synagogue and shouted “Allahu Akbar”, before saying that they would “blow up the synagogue”.[100] On 11 October 2023, in Melbourne, a synagogue received a bomb threat.[101] On 23 November 2023, in Western Australia, an individual threw two glasses of red paint at a synagogue.[100] In December 2023, hoax bomb threats were made to several synagogues across Australia.[100]

#### Politics

[edit]

Antisemitism and other forms of hostility to Jewish interests found in contemporary Australian politics is determined in part by Jewish advocacy organisations. In some instances, concern over political parties being positioned as hostile to Jews and Jewish concerns is viewed as arising from different ends of the political spectrum, such as the Australian Greens, a left-wing party, and One Nation, a right-wing party.[102] The case of the Greens involves allegations that the party fostered antisemitism.[103] Some charges against the Greens appears to hinge in part upon the assessment of these events in light of competing definitions of antisemitism.[104] In July 2023, the Australian Prime Minister, Anthony Albanese, criticised the Greens party for not sufficiently condemning the rise of antisemitism in Australia following the 7 October attacks.[105] Jewish members of the Greens have alleged that party leaders ignore internal efforts to ensure a response to antisemitism is incorporated in the party's anti-racism response, and to ensure that opposition against the policies of the Israeli government does not provide cover for antisemitic sentiment.[106]

#### The aftermath of the 7 October attacks

[edit]

See also: Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war

Since the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, antisemitic attacks and other incidents surged in Australia.[107][108][109] Incidents centred in Sydney and Melbourne as well as other regions such as the Sunshine Coast and Perth. Included in this round of antisemitic incidents were death threats to prominent Australian Jews, bomb threats to synagogues, and vandalism of Jewish owned shops.[107] In November 2023, hundreds of prominent Australians signed a letter condemning the rise in antisemitism. The signatories included Daniel Andrews, Gladys Berejiklian, Lindsay Fox and Anthony Pratt.[110]

In one incident, on 9 October, a pro-Palestinian rally in Sydney organised by Palestine Action Group took place in front of the Sydney Opera House with rally members chanting anti-Jewish statements. The event led to widespread criticism of the rally.[111] This rally was widely covered with special attention to the alleged use of the chant "Gas the Jews".[112][113] Months later, a police review found no evidence that the phrase was chanted, positing the possibility that the phrase being chanted was "where's the Jews". The police said that there was evidence of other chants used at the rally that were deemed offensive and socially unacceptable.[114][115]

On 10 October, several individuals in Melbourne made death threats against Jews, one group harassing a rabbi and his son, and another asking where to find Jews, saying they were "hunting for Jews". On 11 October, a man in Bellevue Hill, New South Wales threatened to kill four Jewish teenagers in a car with an Israeli flag draped on it. He was later arrested and charged.[112]

In another incident, a New South Wales Member of Parliament was condemned for her use of antisemitic language. At a Palestine Justice Movement forum in late 2023, Jenny Leong, Greens Member for the Electorate of Newtown in the NSW Legislative Assembly, launched the accusation that “the Jewish lobby and the Zionist lobby are infiltrating into every single aspect of what is ethnic community groups ... they rock up and they’re part of the campaign and offer support for things like the campaign against the 18C racial discrimination laws, they offer solidarity, they rock up to every community event and meeting to offer that connection because their tentacles reach into the areas that try and influence power. We need to call that out and expose it."[116] After condemnation of the remarks, Leong apologised for her statements.[117] Australian Jewish press and community leaders described the incident as exposing Leong's use of a 'vile antisemitic slur' and criticised her attempt to minimise the incident.[118][119][120] The pejorative term is reported to be historically associated with Nazi propaganda.[121] Leong's comments were condemned by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.[118] Jewish community members subsequently protested in front of Leong's office, with some protesters dressed as inflatable squids.[122][123]

In November 2023, a Jewish school in Sydney was denied services from a local jumping castle business. In response to an email request for a booking from Masada College in St Ives, the business owner wrote that "There is no way I am taking a Zionist booking, I don’t want your blood money. Free Palestine". No official complaint was made by the school. The incident prompted Chris Minns, Premier of New South Wales, to condemn the business owner's actions. After an inquiry, NSW police took no action against the business owner.[124][125][126][127]

In February 2024, a group of anti-Zionist activists shared a leaked transcript of a private Whatsapp group of over 600 people called 'J.E.W.I.S.H creatives and academics', doxing[128] hundreds of Jewish people working in academia and creative industries by leaking their names, images, professions and social media accounts. The leakers referred to it as a "leaked zionist group chat"[129] and described the leak as an act of pro-Palestinian activism, stating the information had been leaked from the WhatsApp group by pro-Palestinian anti-Zionist Jews.[130] The details leaked did not include home addresses, email addresses, or telephone numbers. The leakers referred to the list as the ‘Zio600’. David Slucki, Director of the Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation and the Loti Smorgon Associate Professor of Contemporary Jewish Life and Culture at Monash University, said that the term ‘Zio’ is "an antisemitic dog-whistle popularised by American white supremacist David Duke".[131] Some members of the group had previously discussed campaigns targeting pro-Palestinian figures, including writer Clementine Ford,[132] who was involved in the doxing;[133][134] Leaders of Australia's Jewish community condemned the incident, including Alex Ryvchin, the co-CEO for the peak body for Australian Jews, the Executive Council of Australian Jewry,[135] the NSW Jewish Board of Deputies[136] and MP Josh Burns, who stated members of the leaked group had faced death threats, including a five-year old child[137] and one family had been forced into hiding.[138] Several Jewish Australians whose details had been included in the leak reported on the personal and professional toll the leak had taken on them, including being forced to close their businesses[139] and saw the leak as part of growing antisemitic intimidation that had previously been absent in Australia.[140][141] The Albanese government was strongly critical of the publication of the list, and shortly thereafter announced new laws to combat doxing, the malicious release of personal information.[142][143] In September 2024, Victorian Police arrested a woman in relation to the case.[144]

Antisemitism at Australian universities was a focal point in the aftermath of the 7 October attacks. Of primary concern were allegations against the University of Sydney.[145] In June 2024, the Australian opposition called for a Senate enquiry into campus antisemitism.[146] In August 2024, Greens Senator Mehreen Faruqi was appointed to an committee to investigate antisemitism on university campuses leading to criticism that the appointment of a politician with stated anti-Israel views would undermine the inquiry.[147] In September 2024, Jillian Segal, the government’s special envoy to combat antisemitism, stated that Antisemitism at universities has become 'systemic'.[148] On 20 September 2024, at the senate inquiry into campus antisemitism, Mark Scott, the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney admitted that the university had failed it's Jewish students.[149][150]

According to Yesodei HaTorah College High School in Melbourne, in September 2024, a student at the school was assaulted in an unprovoked attack, in which one alleged attacker punched the student in the face and another reportedly filmed the incident. The victim's father said the victim sought assistance from bystanders but was ignored.[151][152] In October 2024, a popular Jewish owned bakery in Sydney was vandalised with antisemitic graffiti.[153]

## Response

[edit]

### Condemnations by Australian Prime Ministers

[edit]

In January 1960, Prime Minister Robert Menzies condemned recent manifestations of antisemitism in the country: "I think that I should now say that there is absolutely no room in Australia for anti-Semitism..."[154][155] In 1995, Prime Minister Paul Keating condemned an incident where dozens of Jewish graves in Adelaide were vandalised.[156][157][158] In a 2013 speech delivered by Malcolm Turnbull on an attack on a Jewish family in Sydney, described the importance of condemning antisemitism in Australia.[159] In 2023, following the attacks conducted by Hamas on 7 October, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and the majority of the Australian Parliament passed a motion concerning hate speech targeting Jews and others in Australia in the aftermath of the attack.[160] Shortly thereafter, six out of seven of Australia's living former prime ministers (John Howard, Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard, Tony Abbott, Malcolm Turnbull, Scott Morrison) signed a statement against the rise of antisemitism in Australia in the wake of the attack and the threat to national cohesion, stating that "the there is no more tenaciously evil race hatred than antisemitism".[161][162] Howard, Gillard, and Albanese later appeared on a 2024 documentary Never Again: The Fight Against Anti-Semitism.[163]

### Jewish organisational efforts

[edit]

In 1942, the Jewish Council to Combat Fascism and Anti-Semitism (JCCFAS), a Melbourne-based group, was founded to combat antisemitism and fascism. The group operated until 1970.[164] Another Jewish group based in Melbourne, known as Research Services, was formed in 1960 and operated until the 1970s. The group involved itself in gathering information on antisemitic activities in Australia. The groups members included Jewish ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen.[165] Since then, other Australian Jewish organisations have responded to antisemitism including the Executive Council of Australian Jewry (ECAJ) which produces annual incident reporting of antisemitism in Australia (starting from 1989),[51] the Anti-Defamation Commission (ADC), which was originally formed by B'nai B'rith, and the Community Security Group (CSG). Other organisations approach the issue through educational programming such as Courage to Care (C2C) which focuses on upstander behaviour, and Moving Forward Together (MFT) which focuses on promoting harmony through multicultural activities.

The Jewish community in South-East Queensland adopts varied responses to antisemitism, including education initiatives, interfaith dialogue, and security measures. These actions are framed as both protective and performative, aiming to assert Jewish identity within a multicultural framework.[166]

Community experiences of and attitudes toward antisemitism have been reported on in community studies produced in partnership with Monash University's Australian Centre for Jewish Civilisation. Findings from a 2017 study include reporting that direct or personal experience of antisemitic insults and harassment over the last 12 months was experienced or witnessed by roughly one in ten respondents, with higher rates for Hasidic and Haredi Jews.[167]: 67–71

In the aftermath of the sharp rise of antisemitic incidents in Australia following 7 October 2023, Jewish communal organisations campaigned for the Australian government to create a position to oversee the response to antisemitism.[168] in response, on 9 July 2024, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese appointed Jillian Segal, a former president of the ECAJ, as the special envoy on antisemitism to the Australian Government.[169][105] A local development following 7 October 2023, involved Jewish House, a Sydney-based non-profit organisation, partnering with Lifeline, a crisis support service, to document how antisemitic incidents, including the public support for the 7 October attacks, and other anti-Jewish incidents, invalidate the experiences Jewish community members, leading to increased anxiety and require culturally-specific responses from mental health support workers.[170] Legal avenues to address antisemitism include a suit in Australian Federal court against an Islamic preacher in Sydney whose sermons are alleged to have incited hatred against Jews.[171]

### Legislative

[edit]

In 2024, the display of Nazi symbols is illegal in Australia.[172] Similar laws have been passed in New South Wales (2022),[173] Victoria (2023),[174] ACT (2023),[175] South Australia (2023),[176] Queensland (2024).[177] Tasmania (2024).[178] and Western Australia (2024).[179] Notable cases involving the use of legistlation include the arrest of the owner of a prominent restaurant in Sydney.[180]

## Film

[edit]

* Never Again: The Fight Against Antisemitism (2024) -- documentary film by former MP Josh Frydenberg released on Sky News Australia, featuring Prime Ministers John Howard, Julia Gillard, and Anthony Albanese.[163][181]

## See also

[edit]

* Antisemitism in New Zealand
* History of the Jews in Australia
* History of the Jews in New Zealand

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Antisemitism reports Executive of Australian Jewry. Retrieved on 20 December 2023
2. ^ le Grand, Chip (8 February 2024). "Hundreds of Jewish creatives have names, details published online following Whatsapp leak". Sydney Morning Herald.
3. ^ Taylor, Josh (9 February 2024). "Publication of Jewish creatives WhatsApp group led to death threats, MP says". The Guardian.
4. ^ Global100: Australia. ADL.org
5. ^ Vergani, M., Goodhardt, D., Link, R., Adamczyk, A., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. (2022). When and how does anti-Semitism occur? The different trigger mechanisms associated with different types of criminal and non-criminal hate incidents. Deviant Behavior, 43(9), 1135-1152.
6. ^ a b c d Sol Encel (1989) Antisemitism and prejudice in Australia, Patterns of Prejudice, 23:1, 16-27, DOI: 10.1080/0031322X.1989.9969990
7. ^ a b Jones, J. (2004). Confronting reality: anti-Semitism in Australia today. Jewish Political Studies Review, 89-103.
8. ^ Richards, E. (2014). Colonial misfits of the 1830s: Three stories of migration. Agora, 49(1), 30–38.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Suzanne Rutland. "The long, dark history of antisemitism in Australia." The Conversation. 23 November 2023. Accessed 18 February 2024.
10. ^ "MENACE OF THE REFUGEE". The Age. No. 26, 226. Victoria, Australia. 9 May 1939. p. 11. Retrieved 8 March 2024 - via National Library of Australia.
11. ^ Gouttman, R. (2019). Not our problem: Australia and the genocide of European Jewry. Australian Jewish Historical Society Journal, 24.
12. ^ "Australian Jews". The Examiner (Launceston, Tasmania). 10 April 1939, p. 6. Accessed 23 March 2024.
13. ^ "Wide-Spread Anti-Jew Propaganda in Australia". Smith's Weekly. 25 October 1941. Page 1.
14. ^ "Douglas Crediters' Anti-Jew Propaganda". Smith's Weekly. 1 November 1941. Page 3.
15. ^ "Not anti-semitic: Australian social crediters". Smith's Weekly. 15 November 1941. Page 3.
16. ^ "Douglas Credit Attacks Major Douglas". Smith's Weekly. 8 November 1941. Page 3.
17. ^ "So There’s No Anti-Semitism?" The Sydney Jewish News. 18 August 1950. Page 3.
18. ^ "In Sydney Wider Publicity Needed For Campaign Against Anti-Semitism". The Australian Jewish Herald. 11 August 1950. Page 16.
19. ^ "30,000 Copies Distributed by Jewish Council". The Australian Jewish Herald. 10 November 1950. Page 3.
20. ^ "Outrageous Desecration In North Carlton". The Australian Jewish Herald. 15 September 1950, p. 1.
21. ^ Rutland, S. D. "Antisemitism in Australia". In The Routledge History of Antisemitism (pp. 77–85). Routledge.
22. ^ Gouttman, R. (1993). A Jew, and coloured too! Immigration of ‘Jews of middle east origin’to Australia, 1949–58. Immigrants and Minorities, 12(1), 75–91.
23. ^ Gollan, [by] Robin (1975). Revolutionaries and reformists : Communism and the Australian Labour Movement, 1920–1955. Canberra: Australian National University Press. pp. 158–161. ISBN 0708102506.
24. ^ Kaiser, M. (2022). The Anti-German Migration Campaign and the Fall of the Jewish Antifascist Left. In Jewish Antifascism and the False Promise of Settler Colonialism (pp. 137-181). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
25. ^ "The Anti-Semitic Threat". Australian Jewish News. 13 February 1959, p. 5.
26. ^ "Violence Threat Against Melb. Jew". The Australian Jewish Times. 13 February 1959, p. 3.
27. ^ "Australia Centre for Anti-Semitic Propaganda". The Canberra Times. 5 August 1959. Page 3.
28. ^ "Swastika plaque spreads and now here in Melbourne". The Australian Jewish Herald. 8 January 1960, p. 1.
29. ^ "Archbishops Condemn Anti-Jewish Displays". The Canberra Times. 14 January 1960, p. 1.
30. ^ No Further Incidents in Canberra". The Canberra Times. 11 January 1960, p. 1.
31. ^ "Swastika Sign On Building At Yarralumla". The Canberra Times. 13 January 1960, p. 1.
32. ^ "Signs Spread to Sydney". The Australian Jewish Herald. 15 January 1960, p. 1.
33. ^ "Nazi Slogans Appear In Queanbeyan". Queanbeyan Age. 22 January 1960, p. 1.
34. ^ "There Were 20–30 Acts". The Australian Jewish News. 29 January 1960, p. 1.
35. ^ Campbell, Andrew (1978). The Australian League of Rights: a study in political extremism and subversion. Collingwood: Outback Press. p. 3\. ISBN 978-0-868-88222-2.
36. ^ Moore, Andrew The Right Road: A history of Right-wing Politics in Australia Oxford University Press (1995) p. 69-70
37. ^ Atkins, Stephen E. entry on the league in Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups Greenwood Press (2004) p. 175
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40. ^ "Nazis on Yarra Bank 'weak exhibitionists'." The Canberra Times. Wed 11 May 1966.
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42. ^ Nicholson, Brendan: Palestinian plot to kill Hawke The Age, 1 January 2007
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77. ^ "Sydney Jewry targeted." The Australian Jewish News. 20 October 2000. Accessed 4 March 2024.
78. ^ Freedman, Bernard. "Synagogue firebombed." The Australian Jewish News. 6 April 2001. Accessed 4 March 2024.
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83. ^ a b "A spate of attacks, but no arrests." The Australian Jewish News. 12 January 2007. Accessed 4 March 2024.
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85. ^ Jones, J. (2008). Report on Antisemitism in Australia (2008). Executive Council of Australian Jewry. Accessed 3 March 2024.
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91. ^ Serious vilification and hate crime: The need for legislative reform. Cohesive Communities Coalition. Queensland. 2022.
92. ^ Kohn, Peter. (2020). "Vandalism at shule." Australian Jewish News. Accessed 15 July 2024.
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95. ^ "Jewish leaders condemn Nazi graffiti on gravestones as police probe suspected Hunter Valley hate crime." ABC News (www.abc.net.au). Accessed 3 March 2024.
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97. ^ Tara Cosoleto. "Nazi symbols spark anguish on eve of ban." The Leader. 22 December 2022. Accessed 12 March 2024.
98. ^ Julie Nathan. "Anti-Jewish incidents in Australia – 2023 ECAJ report." Executive Council of Australian Jewry. 7 March 2024. Accessed 12 March 2024.
99. ^ "Eight more bans for Melbourne football violence – as it happened." The Guardian. 22 December 2022. Accessed 12 March 2024.
100. ^ a b c A CSG ANALYSIS OF REPORTED ANTISEMITIC INCIDENTS IN AUSTRALIA IN 2023. Community Security Group.
101. ^ 2023 Victorian Antisemitism Report. Jewish Community Council of Victoria and the Community Security Group.
102. ^ Lim, A. (2022). Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council. In: Political Marketing and Public Diplomacy by Pro-Israel and Pro-Palestinian Advocacy Groups. Palgrave Studies in Political Marketing and Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15332-7_4
103. ^ Philip Mendes. Progressive except for Jews (PEJs): The Australian Greens and the 7 October Hamas Death Squad Massacre. Fathom Journal. Accessed 7 May 2024.
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105. ^ a b Doorstop Interview. Prime Minister's Office. Accessed 10 July 2024.
106. ^ Demetriadi, Alexi (2024)."Jewish members abandon Greens over antisemitism. The Australian. 18 July 2024. Accessed 19 July 2024.
107. ^ a b Cameron Stewart. "‘Gas you’, ‘kill you’: Surge in anti-Semitism incidents." The Australian. 15 December 2023.
108. ^ 'It's off the charts': How antisemitism surged after October 7 The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 November 2023
109. ^ "Islamophobic and antisemitic incidents record large spike in Australia, advocates say", The Guardian, 10 November 2023
110. ^ "Hundreds of prominent Australians sign letter condemning ‘abhorrent’ rise in antisemitism", The Guardian, 28 November 2023
111. ^ Australia leaders condemn anti-jewish chants. The Guardian. Accessed 4 March 2024.
112. ^ a b Nathan, Julie. "Pogrom in Israel, antisemitism in Australia". blogs.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
113. ^ "Pro-Palestine protesters chant 'Gas the Jews' outside Sydney Opera House". The Telegraph. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
114. ^ "Video analysis finds no evidence 'gas the Jews' chant used at Opera House rally, police say". ABC News. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
115. ^ McSweeney, Jessica (1 February 2024). "Israel war: NSW Police find no anti-Semitic phrase evidence at Sydney Opera House protest". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
116. ^ Rose, Tamsin; Rose (7 February 2024). "Chris Minns warns against use of antisemitic tropes after Greens MP apologises for Jewish lobby comments". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
117. ^ "'NSW MP apologises for 'inappropriate' words at pro-Palestine event". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
118. ^ a b James O'Doherty and Madeleine Bower. "Jenny Leong accused of using anti-Semitic trope." The Daily Telegraph. 8 February 2024. Accessed 20 February 2024.
119. ^ "Leong’s vile antisemitic slur exposed". The Australian Jewish News. 8 February 2024.
120. ^ Narunsky, G. "Greens slammed over Leong, ‘genocide’ claims". The Australian Jewish News. 15 February 2024.
121. ^ Brendan O’Neill. "Young, woke left hateful new face of anti-Semitism." The Australian. 10 February 2024. Accessed 20 February 2024.
122. ^ Tileah Dobson. "Protesters rally outside Greens MP Jenny Leong’s office in response to comments about Jewish people." The Daily Telegraph. 11 February 2024. Accessed 20 February 2024.
123. ^ Danielle Greyman-Kennard. "Jewish squids protest 'anti-racist' Australian MP after comments of Jewish lobby's 'tentacles'." The Jerusalem Post. 12 February 2024. Accessed 20 February 2024.
124. ^ "NSW police renew inquiries into claims jumping castle business denied service to Jewish school", The Guardian. 15 November 2024. Accessed 3 March 2024.
125. ^ "Jumping castle business slammed as anti-Semitic after refusing Jewish school’s request." www.news.com.au. Accessed 3 March 2024.
126. ^ "Police suspect no crime committed as Jewish school denied jumping castle". 17 November 2023.
127. ^ "Police take no action over jumping castle posts despite Minns calling for investigation." Sydney Morning Herald. Accessed 3 March 2024.
128. ^ Breakey, Hugh (14 February 2024). "Doxing or in the public interest? Free speech, 'cancelling' and the ethics of the Jewish creatives' WhatsApp group leak". The Conversation.
129. ^ le Grand, Chip (8 February 2024). "Hundreds of Jewish creatives have names, details published online following Whatsapp leak". Sydney Morning Herald.
130. ^ "Australian Jews alarmed after list of 'Zionists' publicized, fueling harassment". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
131. ^ Slucki, David (15 February 2024). "Zionism, anti-Zionism, and the doxxing of the "Zio600": Does compassion have to be a zero-sum game?". ABC Religion & Ethics.
132. ^ Keane, Bernard (13 February 2024). "My transparency is your doxxing: Hypocrisy and power on display from Labor and the media". Crikey.
133. ^ John Ferguson. "Theatre board splits over Clementine Ford booking." The Australian. 23 February 2024. Accessed 1 March 2024.
134. ^ Alexi Demetriadi. "Political and Jewish leaders raise Clementine Ford curatorship red flag after creatives doxxing". The Australian. 16 February 2024. Accessed 1 March 2024.
135. ^ le Grand, Chip (8 February 2024). "Hundreds of Jewish creatives have names, details published online following Whatsapp leak". Sydney Morning Herald.
136. ^ Greyman-Kennard, Danielle (9 February 2024). "'Jew List' published by Australian pro-Palestinian activists forces families into hiding". The Jerusalem Post.
137. ^ "Australian Jews alarmed after list of 'Zionists' publicized, fueling harassment". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
138. ^ Taylor, Josh (9 February 2024). "Publication of Jewish creatives WhatsApp group led to death threats, MP says". The Guardian.
139. ^ Le Grand, Chip (10 February 2024). "'This isn't advocacy': Social posts on distant conflict tear at close community". Sydney Morning Herald.
140. ^ Koval, Ramona (13 February 2024). "I'm Jewish. I'm a creative. I was doxxed. How could this happen in Australia?". The Age.
141. ^ "Jewish Australians back anti-doxing laws". ABC RN Breakfast. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
142. ^ Crowe, David (14 February 2024). "'Doxxing' laws to be brought forward after Jewish WhatsApp leak". Sydney Morning Herald.
143. ^ "Australia introduces new hate crime and anti-doxxing legislation amid rising antisemitism". Jerusalem Post. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
144. ^ Demetriadi, Alexi (2024) Victoria Police makes first doxxing investigation arrest. The Australian. 18 November 2024.
145. ^ Jewish academic says Sydney Uni became toxic after October 7 attacks. Sydney Morning Herald. 8 September 2024.
146. ^ "Australian opposition pushes for campus antisemitism inquiry". 28 June 2024.
147. ^ Karacsony, Laurence (26 August 2024). "'Anti-Israel' Greens Senator Mehreen Faruqi's substitution onto antisemitism committee makes 'mockery' of inquiry". Sky News. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
148. ^ Kolieb, Sharyn (12 September 2024). "Special envoy: Antisemitism at universities 'systemic'". Australian Jewish News. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
149. ^ Yim, N. (2024). ‘No one should feel at risk’: Sydney university Vice Chancellor sorry over anti-semitism. The Australian. 20 September 2024.
150. ^ Opening statement at senate inquiry. University of Sydney. 20 September 2024.
151. ^ "'F***ing Jews': Australian Jewish teen left 'bruised' after 'unprovoked' antisemitic attack". Jerusalem Post. 8 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
152. ^ "Alleged assault at train station – the Australian Jewish News".
153. ^ "Jewish bakery in Sydney vandalized with antisemitic graffiti amid tensions". Jerusalem Post. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
154. ^ Robert G. Menzies. "Statement by the Prime Minister, the Rt. Hon. R.G. Menzies." Government of Australia. 26 January 1960.
155. ^ David Furse-Roberts. "Robert Menzies and Australia's Jewish Community." Menzies Research Centre. 2 September 2020. Accessed 18 February 2024.
156. ^ "World Report." The Jewish News of Northern California. 14 July 1995. Accessed 16 March 2024.
157. ^ "Cemetery: Keating condemns vandals." The Age. Sun, 9 July 1995. Page 2. Accessed 15 March 2024.
158. ^ Rutland, S. (2006). Negotiating Religious Dialogue: A Response to the Recent Increase in Anti-Semitism in Australia. Negotiating the Sacred: Blasphemy and Sacrilege in a Multicultural Society, 17-30.
159. ^ Malcolm Turnbull. Speech to Parliament Against Anti-Semitism." www.malcolmturnbull.com.au. 2 December 2013. Accessed 18 February 2024.
160. ^ "Australian parliament unites to condemn hate speech including antisemitism and Islamophobia."' The Guardian (Australia). 16 October 2023. Accessed 18 February 2024.
161. ^ Olivia Ireland and James Massola. "Six ex-prime ministers unite to condemn ‘hatred’ spread by Hamas", The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 October 2023. Accessed 18 February 2024.]
162. ^ Michelle Grattan. "Six former prime ministers warn against letting the Israel-Gaza conflict divide Australians." The Conversation (Australia). 30 October 2023. Accessed 18 February 2024.
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167. ^ Graham, D. and A. Markus (2018). Gen17 Australian Jewish Community Survey Preliminary Findings. Accessed 18 March 2024.
168. ^ Visontay, Michael (9 July 2024). "Jillian Segal appointed as first Australian antisemitism envoy". The Jewish Independent.
169. ^ Wind, Emily (9 July 2024). "Australia news live: Albanese announces special envoy to combat antisemitism, says Jewish students 'worried' to wear school uniform". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
170. ^ Kaye, A., Phillips, E., Barber, K., Gonda, T., Kastel, M., & Millet, J. (2023). Jews and Israel, a mental health guide for supporting Jewish clients in crisis during the war in the Middle East. A collaboration with Lifeline and Jewish House. Sydney: Lifeline / Jewish House. December 2023.
171. ^ Demetriadi, A. (2024). Jewish leaders take radical cleric Wissam Haddad to court amid inaction. The Australian. 28 October 2024.
172. ^ Dreyfus, M. (2024). Nazi salute and hate symbols now outlawed. 8 January 2024. https://ministers.ag.gov.au/. Accessed 25 September 2024.
173. ^ Crimes Amendment (Prohibition on Display of Nazi Symbols) Bill 2022. https://legislation.nsw.gov.au. Accessed 25 September 2024.
174. ^ Fact sheet: Ban of Nazi symbols and gestures. https://www.vic.gov.au. Accessed 25 September 2024.
175. ^ Nazi symbols banned in ACT. 29 August 2023. https://www.cmtedd.act.gov.au. Accessed 25 September 2024.
176. ^ Day, James (7 December 2023). "'No place for hate': South Australia joins ban against Nazi symbols and salute". PS News. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
177. ^ News: Stronger hate crime laws are now in effect. Queensland Human Rights Commission. Accessed 25 September 2024.
178. ^ Fact sheet – Nazi symbols and gestures Tasmania Legal Aid. Accessed 25 September 2024.
179. ^ Public display of hate symbols to be banned in Western Australia. 19 June 2024. https://www.wa.gov.au. Accessed 25 September 2024.
180. ^ Murray, D. (2024). Nomad owner pleads guilty to displaying swastika sign at pro-Palestinian march. Australian Financial Rreview. 24 October 2024. Accessed 14 November 2024.
181. ^ "WATCH: Former treasurer Josh Frydenberg presents the Sky News documentary 'Never Again: The Fight Against Antisemitism'". Sky News. Accessed 18 June 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Creese, Jennifer. "“We’re alone in this together”: the anthropology of fear and Jewish attitudes to antisemitism." Journal of Modern Jewish Studies (2022): 1-21; focus on Australia
* Jones, Jeremy. "Confronting reality: anti-Semitism in Australia today." Jewish Political Studies Review (2004): 89-103.
* Levy, Richard S., ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopaedia of prejudice and persecution (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005) vol 1 pp 45–48.
* Rutland, Suzanne D. "Antisemitism in Australia". The Routledge History of Antisemitism (Routledge 77–85). ISBN 9781138369443
* Gross, Zehavit, and Suzanne D. Rutland. "Combatting antisemitism in the school playground: An Australian case study." Patterns of Prejudice 48, no. 3 (2014): 309-330.
* Gouttman, Rodney. "Was it ever so?: Anti-semitism in Australia 1860–1950?." Humanities Research 12, no. 1 (2005): 55-65.

* v
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Jews and Judaism in Australia

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