Antisemitism in China

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Antisemitism in the People's Republic of China is mostly a 21st-century phenomenon and it is complicated by the fact that there is little ground for antisemitism in China in historical sources.[1][2][3] During the Reform and Opening Up period, academics noted that the spread of philosemitism, which depicts Jews as naturally intelligent and financially savvy, gained traction in the popular press.[4] In the 2020s, antisemitic conspiracy theories in China began to spread and intensify.[4][5][6] While there is not a large Jewish diaspora in China, much of the antisemitism is claimed by some to come from Chinese nationalists and anti-Israel leftists,[7] as part of a reaction against supposed foreign encirclement and influence,[8] although the link between anti-Israel sentiment and antisemitism is debated. Some Chinese people believe in antisemitic tropes that Jews secretly rule the world.[9][10]

## History

[edit]

Public consciousness of Jews in China has a variety of historical influences.[10][11]: 98 Academic Eric Reinders of Emory University states that these include "Protestant missionaries, Jews as a model for Chinese immigrants, Japanese anti-Jewish articles circulated in China in the 1930s, the presence of European Jewish refugees in Shanghai, and the politics around Israel as a proxy of U.S. imperialism.[11]: 98 According to Tuvia Gering, some early Chinese reformers such as Liang Qichao, Hu Shih, and Sun Yat-sen mixed racist remarks about Jews with admiration of the Zionist movement.[8] Gering states that antisemitic conspiracy theories have historically been a useful tool for the government of the People's Republic of China against Western countries.[12]

### Republic of China

[edit]

In the 1930s, the Jews of Harbin living under the Manchukuo puppet state of the Empire of Japan were the victims of antisemitism by elements of the Russian Fascist Party.[13]: 46 The Japanese tolerated this antisemitic treatment.[13]: 46 As a result, many Jews of Harbin fled to Shanghai under the Republic of China.[13]: 46

#### Shanghai Ghetto

[edit]

During the Holocaust, Shanghai was one of the few places in the world that did not need require a visa or travel documents.[13]: 11 In 1941, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese imperial forces began taking control of the areas of Shanghai which they had not previously occupied.[13]: 119 In November of that year, Nazi Germany stripped Jews abroad of their citizenship, resulting in Jews abroad becoming stateless refugees.[13]: 119 On 8 February 1943, the Japanese occupiers created what they described as the designated area (the Shanghai ghetto) in Hongkew where they re-located and segregated the Jewish refugees whom Nazi Germany had stripped of citizenship.[13]: 119 Jews in the Japanese-run ghetto could not leave without a pass and experienced extreme poverty.[13]: 120 The Shanghai ghetto lasted until the Japanese surrendered in 1945.[13]: 119–120

### People's Republic of China

[edit]

Reinders writes that modern Chinese stereotypes of Jews are based in positive generalizations more than negative ones.[11]: 98–99 Some mass market books associate Jews with wealth-building.[11]: 98–99 Jews are also praised for valuing education like Chinese, although this is often also framed competitively.[11]: 99 Some scholars have stated that philosemitic stereotypes in China, which gained traction during the Reform and Opening Up period, often turn antisemitic when they are no longer considered useful to official narratives.[4][14][15]

Hongbing Song, a Chinese-American IT consultant and amateur historian, published the Currency Wars series, believing Jewish financiers controlled the international banking systems since the era of Napoleon.[16] Song also says in his book that the key functions of the Federal Reserve have been ultimately controlled by five private banks, including Citibank, all of which have maintained "close ties" with the Rothschild family, one Jewish group that led to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The book became a bestseller and even has been read by some high ranking Chinese officials.[4][17][18]

According to surveys which were conducted by the Anti-Defamation League in 2014, roughly 20 percent of Chinese people have a negative attitude towards Jews, and the older people are, the more likely they are to have a negative perception of Jews.[9][19] Since 2015, descendants of the Kaifeng Jews have come under government pressure and suspicion.[20]

During the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, state-owned newspaper Ta Kung Pao published antisemitic George Soros conspiracy theories, displaying Soros, a Jew, as a reptile in collusion with Jimmy Lai.[21]

The May 2021 events in Gaza precipitated Chinese state-run media invoking antisemitic tropes and sentiments, encouraged by top Chinese diplomats, and rehashed by well-known Chinese political commentators.[8] In particular, Israel's embassy in Beijing accused China Global Television Network (CGTN) of "blatant antisemitism" when it broadcast a program during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, in which host Zheng Junfeng claimed that Jews were in control of global finances and that "powerful lobbies" of Jews were responsible for the U.S. government's support for Israel.[22][23][24]

In September 2021, BYD was criticized for appointing Lu Kewen, an online influencer known for spreading antisemitic tropes, as a spokesperson for the company.[8] Political blogger Sima Nan's Weibo channel spread the notion that Jews colluded with the Empire of Japan to establish a Jewish homeland on Chinese territory during the Second Sino-Japanese War in what has been termed the Fugu Plan, which purported that "Jewish capitalists" are puppeteering Western powers to contain China's rise.[7]

In 2023, articles that interpreted the Fugu Plan as an antisemitic conspiracy theory against China went viral on Chinese social media.[6][25] Following the discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, conspiracy theories spread in China that the Tokyo Electric Power Company was financed by Jewish people.[26]

Antisemitic reactions to the Gaza war were widespread on Chinese state media and social media.[27][28][29][30][31] Antisemitic comments are not removed from Chinese social media sites such as Xiaohongshu.[32][33][34][35] Sympathetic portrayals of Hamas have proliferated on Bilibili.[36] In a November 2023 interview with Voice of America, Israel's ambassador to China, Irit Ben-Abba, spoke about China–Israel relations and antisemitism on the Chinese Internet, stating that "The antisemitic, anti-Israel discourse that we saw quite intensively in the last month has subsided", and arguing that China's relations with Israel have not changed, as according to Ben-Abba, there is still significant admiration of Israel and Jews.[37] China Central Television (CCTV) falsely claimed that "Jews represent just 3% of the American population but control 70% of its wealth."[34] In response to the 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses, former editor-in-chief of the Global Times Hu Xijin stated that the protests show that "Jewish political and business alliance's control over American public opinion has declined."[38]

Antisemitic tropes have also been spread online by the Ministry of Public Security's Spamouflage influence operation.[12] In October 2024, The Washington Post reported that Spamouflage targeted U.S. representative Barry Moore (R-AL) with accusations that he won his primary because of "the bloody Jewish consortium," as well as calling him a "Jewish dog", among other antisemitic tropes. Moore has been critical of the Chinese Communist Party, and as a result, he has expressed support for Taiwanese independence. Moore is not Jewish.[39]

## Responses

[edit]

Several Jewish leaders and activists, such as Rabbi Matt Trusch, have used Chinese social media such as Douyin to educate the Chinese populace about antisemitism and debunk common stereotypes and conspiracy theories.[7] Academic Tuvia Gering also called Chinese and Israeli officials to address the growing antisemitic sentiment before it has a chance to spread further.[8]

Analysts have noted that antisemitism in China is a relatively understudied subject, and that viral antisemitic posts on social media does not necessarily indicate the average opinion of Chinese people, as there are also many posts condemning antisemitism.[40]

## See also

[edit]

* China–Israel relations
* Racism in China
* History of the Jews in China

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Brekke, Torkel (26 April 2021). "Islamophobia and Antisemitism are Different in Their Potential for Globalization". Journal of Religion and Violence. 9: 80–100\. doi:10.5840/jrv202142689. S2CID 236624482.
2. ^ Medzini, Meron (1 January 2013). "China, the Holocaust, and the Birth of the Jewish State". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 7 (1): 135–145\. doi:10.1080/23739770.2013.11446543. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 141756296.
3. ^ "China: A Land Without Anti-Semitism". Museum of Jewish Heritage. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
4. ^ a b c d Ainslie, Mary J. (March 2021). "Chinese Philosemitism and Historical Statecraft: Incorporating Jews and Israel into Contemporary Chinese Civilizationism". The China Quarterly. 245: 208–226\. doi:10.1017/S0305741020000302. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 218827042.
5. ^ "The Chinese Thinker Who Claims That the Jews Are His Country's Number-One Enemy". Mosaic. March 31, 2023. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
6. ^ a b Haime, Jordyn (2023-07-18). "Jewish Conspiracy Theories are Finding an Audience in China". China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
7. ^ a b c Haime, Jordyn (5 August 2022). "This American rabbi is fighting antisemitism in China with online videos". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022. "The Fugu Plan never came to fruition, but the antisemitic and ultranationalist political blogger Yu Li (who blogs under the name Sima Nan) has shared the story with his nearly 3 million followers. In a 20-minute-long antisemitic rant, he says the Fugu Plan is evidence that the Jews colluded with the Japanese to establish a Jewish homeland on Chinese territory — a conspiracy that fits a nationalist narrative that China is constantly under attack by foreign powers."
8. ^ a b c d e Gering, Tuvia (February 16, 2022). "Antisemitism With Chinese Characteristics". Tablet. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
9. ^ a b Davis, Bob (14 May 2014). "Is China Anti-Semitic? One Jew's Reflections". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
10. ^ a b Xun, Zhou (2019-12-31), Ross, James R.; Lihong, Song (eds.), "Perceiving Jews in Modern China", The Image of Jews in Contemporary China, Academic Studies Press, pp. 5–23, doi:10.1515/9781618114211-003, ISBN 978-1-61811-421-1
11. ^ a b c d e Reinders, Eric (2024). Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350374645.
12. ^ a b Ma, Wenhao (2024-10-04). "China-connected spamouflage networks spread antisemitic disinformation". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2024-10-05. Retrieved 2024-10-05.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tang, Yating (2025). The Sound of Exile: European Jewish Refugees in Shanghai, 1938-1947. Modern Jewish history. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. doi:10.2307/jj.25465082. ISBN 978-0-8156-5733-0. JSTOR jj.25465082.
14. ^ Kowner, Rotem (2023-08-08), "East Asia and Antisemitism", The Routledge History of Antisemitism (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 69–76, doi:10.4324/9780429428616-10, ISBN 978-0-429-42861-6
15. ^ Kowner, Rotem; Ainslie, Mary J. & Podoler, Guy (2023-05-27). "When antisemitism and philosemitism go hand in hand: attitudes to Jews in contemporary East Asia". Patterns of Prejudice. 57 (3): 175–201\. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2023.2287877. ISSN 0031-322X. "Chinese antisemitism can largely be characterized as an inversion of previous philosemitic stereotypes that become negative and threatening when they no longer contribute to a desired narrative of Chinese global superiority and centrality."
16. ^ Arad, Boaz (2009-02-22). "Anti-Semitism makes it to China?". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 2023-10-15. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
17. ^ McGregor, Richard (25 September 2007). "Chinese buy into conspiracy theory". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
18. ^ Keating, Joshua. "The World's Most Persistent Conspiracy Theories". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
19. ^ "China". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
20. ^ Buckley, Chris (September 24, 2016). "Chinese Jews of Ancient Lineage Huddle Under Pressure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 4, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
21. ^ Haime, Jordyn and Gering, Tuvia (April 25, 2023). "How George Soros became China's perfect nemesis". The China Project. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
22. ^ "Israel accuses Chinese state TV of 'blatant antisemitism'". Associated Press. May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
23. ^ "Israel accuses China state TV of 'blatant anti-Semitism'". France 24. Agence France-Presse. May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
24. ^ "Israeli embassy in China blasts state TV broadcaster for 'blatant anti-Semitism'". Times of Israel. May 21, 2021. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
25. ^ Feingold, Ross Darrell (September 20, 2023). "Antisemitism Exists in China, Too". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
26. ^ Davidson, Helen and Hawkins, Amy (2023-11-09). "China has a history of being pro-Palestinian, but now faces diplomatic conundrum". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-11-09. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
27. ^ Wakabayashi, Daisuke; May, Tiffany; and Fu, Claire (2023-10-28). "As China Looks to Broker Gaza Peace, Antisemitism Surges Online". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
28. ^ Ma, Wenhao (2023-10-11). "Antisemitic Comments Flood China's Censored Internet After Hamas Attack". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2023-10-14. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
29. ^ Yan, Sophia (21 October 2023). "Why a wave of anti-Semitism is sweeping across China". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
30. ^ Qi, Liyan (October 29, 2023). "Antisemitic Comments Increase Across Chinese Social Media". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
31. ^ "'Hornet's nest' of hateful content after Hamas attack uncovered on Chinese social media". CNN. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.
32. ^ Xue, Xiaoshan (October 19, 2023). "Chinese Netizens Post Hate-Filled Comments to Israeli Embassy's Online Account". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
33. ^ Wang, Yaqiu (October 23, 2023). "Chinese Social Media Platforms Are Now Awash With Antisemitism". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
34. ^ a b Haime, Jordyn (2023-11-09). "Antisemitism explodes online in China since October 7 massacre". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
35. ^ Fox, Mira (2025-01-23). "Think antisemitism was bad on TikTok? Wait till you see Rednote". The Forward. Retrieved 2025-01-28.
36. ^ "Chinese Vloggers Glorify Hamas with Cosplay and Posts". Voice of America. 2023-12-19. Archived from the original on 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
37. ^ Yang, Meng-Li (28 November 2023). "Q&A: Israel's Ambassador Says China's Online Antisemitism Part of Global Phenomenon". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
38. ^ Ma, Wenhao (2024-04-30). "China's state media support protests on US campuses but not at home". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2024-05-02. Retrieved 2024-05-02.
39. ^ Merrill, Jeremy B.; Schaffer, Aaron; and Nix, Naomi (10 October 2024). "A firehose of antisemitic disinformation from China is pointing at two Republican legislators". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
40. ^ Haime, Jordyn (10 November 2023). "Since Oct. 7, antisemitism has exploded online in China. Here's why". J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved 9 February 2025.

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