Anwar Sadat

President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981

His Excellency

Anwar Sadat

أنور السادات

Sadat in 1980

3rd President of Egypt
In office
15 October 1970 – 6 October 1981
Acting: 28 September – 15 October 1970
Prime Minister|

See list

* Mahmoud Fawzi (1970–1972)
* Aziz Sedki (1972–1973)
* Himself (1973–1974)
* Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy (1974–1975)
* Mamdouh Salem (1975–1978)
* Mustafa Khalil (1978–1980)
* Himself (1980–1981)

Vice President|

See list

* Hussein el-Shafei (1970–1973)
* Ali Sabri (1970–1971)
* Mahmoud Fawzi (1972–1974)
* Hosni Mubarak (1975–1981)

Preceded by| Gamal Abdel Nasser
Succeeded by| Sufi Abu Taleb (acting)
Hosni Mubarak
37th Prime Minister of Egypt
In office
15 May 1980 – 6 October 1981
President| Himself
Preceded by| Mustafa Khalil
Succeeded by| Hosni Mubarak
In office
26 March 1973 – 25 September 1974
President| Himself
Preceded by| Aziz Sedki
Succeeded by| Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy
Vice President of Egypt
In office
19 December 1969 – 14 October 1970
President| Gamal Abdel Nasser
Preceded by| Hussein el-Shafei
Succeeded by| Ali Sabri
In office
17 February 1964 – 26 March 1964
President| Gamal Abdel Nasser
Preceded by| Hussein el-Shafei
Succeeded by| Zakaria Mohieddin
Speaker of the National Assembly of Egypt
In office
21 July 1960 – 20 January 1969
President| Gamal Abdel Nasser
Preceded by| Abdel Latif Boghdadi
Succeeded by| Mohamed Labib Skokeir
Personal details
Born|

Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat
محمد أنور السادات

(1918-12-25)25 December 1918
Monufia, Sultanate of Egypt
Died| 6 October 1981(1981-10-06) (aged 62)
Cairo, Egypt
Manner of death| Assassination
Resting place| Unknown Soldier Memorial
Political party| National Democratic Party
Other political
affiliations| Arab Socialist Union
Spouses|

* Eqbal Afifi[1]

(separated)​

* Jehan Sadat

(m. 1949)​

[2]
Children| 7
Alma mater| Egyptian Military Academy
Signature|
Military service
Allegiance| Egypt
Branch/service|  Royal Egyptian Army
Egyptian Army
Years of service| 1938–1952
Rank|  Colonel (active)
Field Marshal (honorary)

Anwar Sadat's voice

Sadat on Egypt–United States relations
Recorded 6 August 1981

|  |

This article is part of
a series about

Anwar Sadat

|

* Early life and revolutionary activities
* Assassination

Presidency

* Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
* Infitah
* 1977 Egyptian bread riots

* * *

Family

* Jehan Sadat (wife)
* Atef Sadat (brother)
* Talaat Sadat (nephew)
* Mohamed Anwar Esmat Sadat (nephew)

* * *

Portrayals

* The Days of Sadat
* Sadat (miniseries)

* * *

Legacy

* Sadat Museum

* * *

* * *

* v
* t
* e

Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat[a] (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk I in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as vice president twice and whom he succeeded as president in 1970. In 1978, Sadat and Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, signed a peace treaty in cooperation with United States President Jimmy Carter, for which they were recognized with the Nobel Peace Prize.

In his 11 years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from many political and economic tenets of Nasserism, reinstituting a multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty; this won him and Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat the first Muslim Nobel laureate.

Although reaction to the treaty - which resulted in the return of Sinai to Egypt - was generally favorable among Egyptians,[6] it was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and the left, which felt Sadat had abandoned efforts to ensure a State of Palestine.[6] With the exception of Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior consultations with the Arab states.[6] His refusal to reconcile with them over the Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.[7][8][9] The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by Khalid Islambouli opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the 6 October parade in Cairo, killing him.

## Early life and revolutionary activities

[edit]

Sadat graduating from the military college in 1938

Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom, part of Monufia Governorate in what was then the Sultanate of Egypt, to a poor family, and he had 14 siblings.[10] One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War.[11] His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat, was an Upper Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was born to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father.[12][13]

He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo, the capital of what was then the Kingdom of Egypt, in 1938[14] and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (the Sudan being a condominium under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met Gamal Abdel Nasser, and along with several other junior officers they formed the Free Officers, an organization committed to overthrowing British rule in Egypt and eliminating state corruption.[15]

Sadat with Mohamed Naguib, 1952

During World War II, Sadat, a member of the fascist and ultranationalist Young Egypt Party, collaborated with spies of Nazi Germany in Egypt as part of Operation Salam. Once this was discovered by the British, he was arrested and imprisoned for much of the war. By the end of the conflict, he had already met with the secret society that decided to assassinate Amin Osman, Minister of Finance in the Wafd Party government, and the head of the Egyptian-British Friendship Society, due to his strong sympathies towards the British. Osman was assassinated in January 1946. Following the assassination of Amin Osman, Sadat returned again and finally to prison.[16][17][18]

In Qarmidan prison, he faced the most difficult ordeals of imprisonment by being held in solitary confinement, but the first accused in the Hussein Tawfiq case, escaped, and after there is no criminality evidence all the charges fall and the suspected went free. Salah Zulfikar, then young police officer, at that time was the officer in charge in the prison. He believed in his heart of Sadat's heroism and that he played a patriotic role towards his country and that he was convicted and imprisoned because of his love for his country. Zulfikar brought with him food, newspapers and cigarettes and helped his family a lot in obtaining visitor permits to check on him. Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including the Muslim Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt Party, the pro-Axis and pro-Royalist Iron Guard of Egypt, and the secret military group called the Free Officers.[19] Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, which overthrew King Farouk I on 23 July of that year. Sadat gave the first statement of the revolution over the radio to the Egyptian people.[20]

## During Nasser's presidency

[edit]

With Nasser in the National Assembly, May 1964 Top Egyptian leaders of the Arab Socialist Union in Alexandria. From left to right: President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat, ASU head Ali Sabri, and Vice President Hussein el-Shafei, August 1968

During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily Al Gomhuria.[21] In 1959, he assumed the position of secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the president of the National Assembly (1960–1968) and then Vice President of Egypt and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.

## Presidency

[edit]

Further information: History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat

Sadat addressing the Arab Socialist Union in 1971

Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his "Corrective Revolution" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David Accords and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the "opening up" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his assassination in 1981.

Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970.[22] Sadat's presidency was widely expected to be short-lived.[23] Viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nasser's supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat surprised everyone with a series of astute political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right.[24]

Sadat (sitting on the left side), Hafez al-Assad (sitting on the right side) and Muammar Gaddafi (sitting in the centre) signing the Federation of Arab Republics in Benghazi, Libya, on April 18, 1971

On 15 May 1971,[25] Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution, purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent Nasserists. Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them "considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political support.[26]

In 1971, as part of the Jarring Mission, three years into the War of Attrition in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring, which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.[27][28]

### Corrective Revolution

[edit]

Main article: Corrective Revolution (Egypt)

1972 Echo newsreel about the early Sadat years

Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali Sabri, who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawi Gomaa, the Interior Minister, who controlled the secret police.[23]

Sadat's rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police,[23] expelled Soviet military from the country[29] and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with Israel.[23]

### Yom Kippur War

[edit]

Main article: Yom Kippur War

Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on October 7, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War

On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched the October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula,[30] and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement (Operation Badr, also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line. This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain.

Sadat and Ahmad Ismail Ali attending the re-opening ceremony of Suez Canal after Yom Kippur war, June 5, 1975

As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, trying to encircle first the Egyptian Second Army. Although this failed, prompted by an agreement between the United States of America and the Soviet Union, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973, calling for an immediate ceasefire.[31] Although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken.[32] Alexei Kosygin, the chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, cancelled an official meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen to travel to Egypt where he tried to persuade Sadat to sign a peace treaty. During Kosygin's two-day long stay it is unknown if he and Sadat ever met in person.[33]

The Israeli military then continued their drive to encircle the Egyptian army. The encirclement was completed on 24 October, three days after the ceasefire was broken. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Damascus and 101 kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo.[34]

### Peace with Israel

[edit]

Main articles: Egypt–Israel peace treaty and Anwar Sadat's visit to Israel, 1977

External audio

National Press Club Luncheon Speakers Anwar Sadat, 6 February 1978, National Press Club. Speech begins at 7:31[35]
President Jimmy Carter shaking hands with Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin at the signing of the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty on the grounds of the White House, 1979

The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and the second on 4 September 1975.

One major aspect of Sadat's peace policy was to gain some religious support for his efforts. Already during his visit to the US in October–November 1975, he invited Evangelical pastor Billy Graham for an official visit, which was held a few days after Sadat's visit.[36] In addition to cultivating relations with Evangelical Christians in the US, he also built some cooperation with the Vatican. On 8 April 1976, he visited the Vatican for the first time, and got a message of support from Pope Paul VI regarding achieving peace with Israel, to include a just solution to the Palestinian issue.[37] Sadat, on his part, extended to the Pope a public invitation to visit Cairo.[38][failed verification]

Sadat also used the media to promote his purposes. In an interview he gave to the Lebanese magazine Al Hawadeth in early February 1976, he claimed he had secret commitment from the US government to put pressure on the Israeli government for a major withdrawal in Sinai and the Golan Heights.[39] This statement caused some concern to the Israeli government, but Secretary of State Henry Kissinger denied such a promise was ever made.[40]

In January 1977, a series of 'Bread Riots' protested Sadat's economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread. The riots lasted for two days and included hundreds of thousands in Cairo. 120 buses and hundreds of buildings were destroyed in Cairo alone.[41] The riots ended with the deployment of the army and the re-institution of the subsidies/price controls.[42][43] During this time, Sadat was also taking a new approach towards improving relations with the West.[23]

The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East.[23] Syria continued to resist such a conference.[23] Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.[23]

The 1977 visit by Anwar Sadat to Israel was the first time an Arab leader officially visited Israel. Sadat met with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which included the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338.[44][45][46]

The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the Camp David Accords, a series of meetings between Egypt and Israel facilitated by US president Jimmy Carter. Both Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech, Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis.[47]

The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War.

The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab country to officially recognize Israel. The peace agreement between Egypt and Israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed.

Sadat in 1978

The treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider Muslim World.[48] His predecessor Nasser had made Egypt an icon of Arab nationalism, an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an Egyptian orientation following the 1973 war (see National identity of Egyptians). The neighboring Arab countries believed that in signing the accords, Sadat had put Egypt's interests ahead of Arab unity, betraying Nasser's pan-Arabism, and destroyed the vision of a united "Arab front" for the support of the Palestinians against the "Zionist Entity". However, Sadat decided early on that peace was the solution.[23][49] Sadat's shift towards a strategic relationship with the US was also seen as a betrayal by many Arabs. In the United States his peace moves gained him popularity among some Evangelical circles. He was awarded the Prince of Peace Award by Pat Robertson.[50]

In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt in the wake of the Egyptian–Israel peace agreement, and the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Arab League member states believed in the elimination of the "Zionist Entity" and Israel at that time. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in phases, completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the town of Taba by 25 April 1982 (withdrawal from which did not occur until 1989).[23] The improved relations Egypt gained with the West through the Camp David Accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth.[23] By 1980, however, Egypt's strained relations with the Arab World would result in a period of rapid inflation.[23]

### Relationship with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran

[edit]

Queen Farah Diba, President Anwar Sadat and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in Tehran in 1975

The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal Abdel Nasser's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship.[51]

In 1971, Sadat addressed the Iranian parliament in Tehran in fluent Persian, describing the 2,500-year-old historic connection between the two lands.[51]

Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, called Sadat his "dear brother".[51]

After the 1973 war with Israel, Iran assumed a leading role in cleaning up and reactivating the blocked Suez Canal with heavy investment. The country also facilitated the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Sinai Peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the Israelis with free Iranian oil if they withdrew from the Egyptian oil wells in western Sinai.[51]

All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and the Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was Princess Fawzia of Egypt. She was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I) and his second wife Nazli Sabri.)[51]

After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that he be given a state funeral and be interred at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, the resting place of Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha, his mother Khushyar Hanim, and numerous other members of the royal family of Egypt and Sudan.[52]

## Assassination

[edit]

Main article: Assassination of Anwar Sadat

The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising.[23] Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power.[23] Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures.[23] Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt,[23] it has been said that he was assassinated "at the peak" of his unpopularity.[53]

Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed under Nasser.[25] But Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad. According to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order" in Egypt. Chief strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose "plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing - he expected - a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country".[54]

In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1,500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes.[55] All non-government press was banned as well.[56] The roundup missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who would succeed in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October.[57]

According to Tala'at Qasim, ex-head of the Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report, it was not Islamic Jihad but his organization, known in English as the "Islamic Group", that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli). Members of the Group's 'Majlis el-Shura' ('Consultative Council') – headed by the famed 'blind shaykh' – were arrested two weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat.[58]

On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal.[59] Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA).[60][61] Twenty-eight were wounded, including Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.

The assassination squad was led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli after a fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman.[62] Islambouli was tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April 1982.

## Aftermath

[edit]

Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League - Oman, Somalia and Sudan - sent representatives at all.[63] Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral, walking throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath.[64] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.

Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including future al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rahman, and Abd al-Hamid Kishk. The trial was covered by the international press and Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in 1984. Abboud al-Zomor and Tareq al-Zomor, two Islamic Jihad leaders imprisoned in connection with the assassination, were released on 11 March 2011.[65]

Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy. On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved noting that no one from the special personal protection group of Sadat fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial.[66]

## Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat

[edit]

Yuri Gagarin with Sadat and Gamal Abdel Nasser in Cairo, 1962

In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries based on the life of Anwar Sadat, aired on US television with Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett Jr. in the title role. The film was promptly banned by the Egyptian government, as were all other movies produced and distributed by Columbia Pictures, over allegations of historical inaccuracies. A civil lawsuit was brought by Egypt's artists' and film unions against Columbia Pictures and the film's directors, producers and scriptwriters before a court in Cairo, but was dismissed, since the alleged slanders, having taken place outside the country, fell outside the Egyptian courts' jurisdiction.[67]

The film was critically acclaimed in North America, but was unpopular among Egyptians and in the Egyptian press. Western authors attributed the film's poor reception in Egypt to racism – Gossett being African-American – in the Egyptian government or Egypt in general.[68] Either way, one Western source wrote that Sadat's portrayal by Gossett "bothered race-conscious Egyptians and wouldn't have pleased [the deceased] Sadat," who identified as Egyptian and Northeast African, not black.[69] The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination in the United States.

He was portrayed by Robert Loggia in the 1982 television movie A Woman Called Golda, opposite Ingrid Bergman as Golda Meir.

The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayyam El Sadat (English: The Days of Sadat) was released in Egyptian cinemas. The movie was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance to date.[70]

Sadat was a recurring character on Saturday Night Live, played by Garrett Morris, who bore a resemblance to Sadat.

## Honours awarded

[edit]

### National

[edit]

* Collar of the Order of the Republic
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile
* Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
* Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues

### Foreign

[edit]

* Albania: Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity
* Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
* Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
* Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great
* Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN (K)) with title Tun (1965)[71]
* Nepal:
* Member First Class of the Order of the Star of Nepal
* Member of the Order of the Benevolent Ruler
* Saudi Arabia: First Class of the Order of King Abdulaziz
* Syria: Member First Class of the Order of the Umayyads
* Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic
* United States:
* Recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1984)
* Recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal (2018, posthumous)[72]
* Yugoslavia
* Order of the Yugoslav Great Star (1977)[73]

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Sadat, Anwar (1954). قصة الثورة كاملة [The Full Story of the Revolution] (in Arabic). Cairo: Dar el-Hilal. OCLC 23485697.
* Sadat, Anwar (1955). صفحات مجهولة [Unknown Pages of the Revolution] (in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Taḥrīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr. OCLC 10739895.
* Sadat, Anwar (1957). Revolt on the Nile. New York: J. Day Co. OCLC 1226176.
* Sadat, Anwar (1958). Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat. Beirut: Maktabat al-ʻIrfān. OCLC 27919901.
* Sadat, Anwar (1978). In Search of Identity: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.

## See also

[edit]

* History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ /səˈdæt/ sə-DAT, UK also /sæˈdæt/ sa-DAT, US also /səˈdɑːt/ sə-DAHT;[3] (US) and [4][5] Arabic: محمد أنور السادات, romanized: Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt, Egyptian Arabic: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt].

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Finklestone, Joseph (2013), Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-19565-6, "Significantly, Anwar Sadat did not mention aspects in his early life...It was in Mit Abul-Kum that Eqbal Afifi, the woman who was his wife for ten years and whom he left, was also born. Her family was of higher social standing than Anwar's, being of Turkish origin..."
2. ^ Serrieh, Joanne (9 July 2021). "Jehan Sadat, wife of late Anwar Sadat, dies after short battle with illness: Reports". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
3. ^ "Sadat". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
4. ^ "Sadat". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
5. ^ "Sādāt". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
6. ^ a b c "Peace with Israel". Country Studies.
7. ^ Graham, Nick (21 August 2010). "Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever". HuffPost.
8. ^ Vatikiotis, P. J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 443\. ISBN 978-0-8018-2339-8.
9. ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (26 March 1979). "Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role". The New York Times.
10. ^ "Profile: Anwar Sadat The former Egyptian president believed a peace deal with Israel was vital to end wars". Al Jazeera. 25 January 2010.
11. ^ "Sadat's Brother Reported Killed During October War". The New York Times. 6 January 1974. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
12. ^ C. J. De Wet (2006). Development-induced Displacement: Problems, Policies, and People. Berghahn Books. p. 198\. ISBN 978-1-84545-095-3. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
13. ^ "Sadat's Wife autobiography" (in Arabic).
14. ^ Alagna, Magdalena (2004). Anwar Sadat. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-4464-4.
15. ^ Wagner, Heather Lehr (2007). Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0440-9.
16. ^ Tripp 1993, p. 66"It is, therefore, significant that a number of the Free Officers who were to be responsible for the overthrow of the king in 1952 obtained their political 'initiation' within the army through Ali Mahir's secret Officers' Organisation. The most obvious examples are Yusuf Mansur Sadiq, Abd al-Wahhab Salim al-Bishri and Muhammad Rashad Mahanna. In addition, Muhammad Nagib and his brother Ali were members of the organisation. Indeed, it has been suggested that virtually all of the most prominent Free Officers were members of what became known later as King Faruq's 'Iron Guard'. This claim should be treated with caution. Nevertheless, one of its aspects receives unwitting corroboration by one of the Free Officers, Anwar al-Sadat."
17. ^ Benjamin, Milton R. (20 November 1977). "Sadat: The Man Who Admires A Bold Gamble". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
18. ^ Sādāt, Anwar as- (1978). In search of identity: an autobiography. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 33–42\. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.33-42&rft.pub=Harper+&+Row&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-06-013742-7&rft.aulast=Sādāt&rft.aufirst=Anwar+as-&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">
19. ^ Alterman, Jon B. (1 April 1998). "Sadat and His Legacy: Egypt and the World, 1977–1997". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
20. ^ "Egyptian Revolution of 1952". Egypt Today. 19 February 2017.
21. ^ Alterman, Jon B. (1 November 1998). "New Media New Politics?". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013.
22. ^ "Big 'yes' for Anwar Sadat". Ottawa Citizen. Cairo. Associated Press. 16 October 1970. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pace, Eric (7 October 1981). "Anwar el-Sadat, the Daring Arab Pioneer of Peace with Israel". The New York Times.
24. ^ "Egypt Corrective Revolution 1971". Onwar. 16 December 2000. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
25. ^ a b Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 74
26. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: Expansion et Déclin de l"Islamisme [Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam]. trans. Anthony F. Roberts. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 83\. ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
27. ^ Gazit, Mordechai (January 1997). "Egypt and Israel – Was There a Peace Opportunity Missed in 1971?". Journal of Contemporary History. 32 (1): 97–115\. doi:10.1177/002200949703200107. JSTOR 261078.97-115&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/002200949703200107&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/261078#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Gazit&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/261078&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">
28. ^ Podeh, Elie (2015). "Chapter ten. The Jarring Mission and the Sadat Initiative (1971)". Chances for Peace. University of Texas Press. pp. 102–121\. doi:10.7560/305607-015. ISBN 978-1-4773-0561-4 - via De Gruyter.102-121&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info:doi/10.7560/305607-015&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0561-4&rft.aulast=Podeh&rft.aufirst=Elie&rft_id=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/305607-015/pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">
29. ^ Hughes, Geraint (5 April 2020). "Courting Sadat: The Heath Government and Britain's Arms Sales to Egypt, 1970–1973". The International History Review. 43 (2): 317–332\. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1745256. ISSN 0707-5332. S2CID 216279788.317-332&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216279788#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/07075332.2020.1745256&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">
30. ^ Kordunsky, Anna; Lokesson, Michael (5 July 2013). "The Egyptian Military's Huge Historical Role". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013.
31. ^ Mary Ann Fay (December 1990). "A Country Study". The Library of Congress. pp. Chapter 1, Egypt: The Aftermath of War: October 1973 War. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
32. ^ "Situation report in the Middle East" (PDF). United States Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2003 - via George Washington University.
33. ^ Golan, Galia (1990). Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge University Press. p. 89\. doi:10.1177/004711789201100106. ISBN 978-0-521-35859-0.
34. ^ Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998. New York: 1999. ISBN 978-0-679-42120-7. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
35. ^ "National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Anwar Sadat, February 6, 1978". National Press Club via Library of Congress. 6 February 1978.
36. ^ "Text of diplomatic cable regarding Graham's visit to Egypt (US government website)". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
37. ^ "Text of Pope's message to Sadat". Vatican. 1976. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
38. ^ "John Anthony Volpe (US Ambassador to Italy), cable describing Sadat's visit to the Vatican". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
39. ^ "Sadat interview to El Hawadeth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
40. ^ "Telephone conversation between Kissinger and Rabin, February 5, 1976" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
41. ^ Mary Ann Weaver, Portrait of Egypt, p. 25
42. ^ Olivier, Roy (1994). Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-674-29140-9.
43. ^ Weaver, Mary Ann (1999). Portrait of Egypt. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-374-23542-0.
44. ^ Regev, Mark (24 November 2022). "Looking back at Egypt's Anwar Sadat's historic Jerusalem visit, 45 years ago – opinion". The Jerusalem Post.
45. ^ "Egyptian President Sadat's Speech in Jerusalem (1977)". Economic Cooperation Foundation.
46. ^ Berenji, Shahin (1 July 2020). "Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace". International Security. 45: 127–163\. doi:10.1162/isec_a_00381.127-163&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1162/isec_a_00381&rft.aulast=Berenji&rft.aufirst=Shahin&rft_id=https://direct.mit.edu/isec/article-abstract/45/1/127/95253/Sadat-and-the-Road-to-Jerusalem-Bold-Gestures-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">
47. ^ "Anwar Al-Sadat". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
48. ^ Vatikiotis, P.J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (Fourth ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-8018-4214-6.
49. ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 – Presentation Speech". Nobel prize. 1978. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
50. ^ "Teaching". Pat Robertson. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
51. ^ a b c d e Zephyr, Alexander (2014). Psalm 83: A New Discovery. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4917-5074-2.
52. ^ An Ideology of Martyrdom – Time
53. ^ Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 192
54. ^ Wright, 2006, p. 49
55. ^ 'Cracking Down', Time, 14 September 1981
56. ^ Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, pp. 103–104
57. ^ Wright, 2006, p. 50
58. ^ For an account that uses this version of events, look at Middle East Report's January–March 1996 issue, specifically Hisham Mubarak's interview with ? On pages 42–43 Qasim deals specifically with rumors of Jihad Group involvement in the assassination, and denies them entirely.
59. ^ "1981 Year in Review". United Press International. 1981.
60. ^ "Taher Helmi: Feats of circumstance". Al Ahram Weekly. 23 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
61. ^ Taher Helmy's Speech at the AUC Commencement Ceremony 2008. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021 - via YouTube.
62. ^ J. Tyler Dickovick (9 August 2012). Africa 2012. Stryker Post. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-61048-882-2. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
63. ^ Kirolos, W.G. (9 October 1981). "Sadat goes to hero's grave in pyramid". United Press International.
64. ^ Avner, Yehuda (2010). The Prime Ministers (p. 575). The Toby Press, LLC. Kindle Edition.
65. ^ Stack, Liam (17 March 2011). "Egypt Releases Brother of Al Qaeda's No. 2". The New York Times.
66. ^ "Sadat nephew in court appearance". BBC News. 18 October 2006.
67. ^ "Suit Over Film 'Sadat' Is Dismissed in Cairo". The New York Times. Reuters. 28 March 1984.
68. ^ Benjamin P. Bowser, Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective (Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations, Volume 13), (Sage Publications, Inc: 1995), p. 108
Upset by 'Sadat,' Egypt Bars Columbia Films
69. ^ Walter M. Ulloth, Dana Brasch, The Press and the State: Sociohistorical and Contemporary Studies, (University Press of America: 1987), p. 483
70. ^ Marie, Mustafa (25 December 2018). "ET presents most prominent works portraying late President Sadat". Egypt Today.
71. ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
72. ^ "Trump signs law honoring Anwar Sadat". 14 December 2018.
73. ^ "Одликувања" (PDF). Službeni list SFRJ (in Macedonian). XXXIII (45): 1764. 1764.

## Sources

[edit]

* Tripp, Charles (1993). "Ali Mahir and the Politics of the Egyptian Army, 1936–1942". Contemporary Egypt: Through Egyptian eyes. Routledge. pp. 45–71\. ISBN 9780203413166.45-71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780203413166&rft.aulast=Tripp&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Anwar+Sadat" class="Z3988">

## Further reading

[edit]

* Avner, Yehuda (2010). The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.
* Berenji, Shahin. "Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace." International Security 45.1 (2020): 127–163.
* Eidelberg, Paul (1979). Sadat's Strategy. Dollard des Ormeaux: Dawn Books. ISBN 978-0-9690001-0-5.
* Finklestone, Joseph. Anwar Sadat: visionary who dared (Routledge, 2013). biography.
* Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn (1982). Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. Wm Collins & Sons & Co. ISBN 978-0-394-53136-6.
* Hurwitz, Harry; Medad, Yisrael (2010). Peace in the Making. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-456-2.
* Israeli, Raphael. "Sadat: The Calculus of War and Peace." The Diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 436–458. online
* Meital, Yoram (1997). Egypt's Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967–1971. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1533-0.
* Waterbury, John (1983). The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes (Limited ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07650-8.
* Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41486-2.

## External links

[edit]

Anwar Sadat at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Presidency biography
* Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Front Page
* Ben-Gurion on Anwar Sadat Wanting Peace, 1971 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland
* Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – March 26, 1984 via Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
* Anwar Sadat at IMDb
* Anwar Sadat collected news and commentary at The New York Times
* Free Egyptians Point of View About Sadat's Assassination (in Arabic and English) (Internet Archive)
* The short film Anwar Sadat (1976) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
* Sadat Movie (Produced in 1983) – Banned from the Middle East because of some historical mistakes.
* Anwar al-Sadat on Nobelprize.org

Political offices

Preceded by

Abdul Latif El-Bughadi

|  President of the People's Assembly of Egypt
1960–1968  | Succeeded by

Dr. Mohamed Labib Skokeir

Preceded by

Gamal Abdel Nasser

|  President of Egypt
1970–1981  | Succeeded by

Sufi Abu Taleb acting

Preceded by

Aziz Sedki

|  Prime Minister of Egypt
1973–1974  | Succeeded by

Abdelaziz Muhammad Hejazi

Preceded by

Mustafa Khalil

|  Prime Minister of Egypt
1980–1981  | Succeeded by

Hosni Mubarak

Party political offices
Preceded by

None

|  Chairman of the National Democratic Party
1978–1981  | Succeeded by

Hosni Mubarak

* v
* t
* e

Egyptian Revolutionary Command Council

* Mohamed Naguib
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Abdel Latif Boghdadi
* Abdel Hakim Amer
* Gamal Salem
* Salah Salem
* Zakaria Mohieddin
* Khaled Mohieddin
* Anwar Sadat
* Hussein el-Shafei
* Hassan Ibrahim
* Kamal el-Din Hussein
* Abdel Moneim Amin
* Youssef Seddik
* Ahmed Anwar
* Kamal Rifaat
* Ahmed Shawqi
* Lutfi Wahid

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of Egypt (list)

Coat of arms of Egypt

* Mohamed Naguib
* Gamal Abdel Nasser
* Anwar Sadat
* Sufi Abu Taleb
* Hosni Mubarak
* Muhammad Tantawi
* Mohamed Morsi
* Adly Mansour
* Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Italic: acting or interim president

* v
* t
* e

Prime ministers of Egypt (list)

Khedivate of Egypt
(1878–1914)|

* Nobar
* Isma'il1
* Tewfik
* Sherif
* Tewfik1
* Riaz
* Sherif
* Elbaroudi
* Raghib2
* Sherif
* Nobar
* Riaz
* Fahmi
* Fakhry
* Riaz
* Nobar
* Fahmi
* Ghaly
* Said
* Roshdy

Sultanate of Egypt
(1914–1922)|

* Roshdy
* Said
* Wahba
* Naseem
* Yakan

Kingdom of Egypt
(1922–1953)|

* Sarwat
* Naseem
* Y. Ibrahim
* Zaghloul
* Zeiwar
* Yakan
* Sarwat
* Nahas
* Mahmoud
* Yakan
* Nahas
* Sidky
* A. Yahya
* Naseem
* Aly Maher
* Nahas
* Mahmoud
* Aly Maher
* H. Sabry
* Sirri
* Nahas
* Ahmad Maher
* Nokrashy
* Sidky
* Nokrashy
* Hady
* Sirri
* Nahas
* Aly Maher
* Hilaly
* Sirri
* Hilaly
* Aly Maher
* Naguib3

Republic of Egypt
(1953–present)|

* Naguib3
* Nasser3
* Naguib3
* Nasser3,4
* A. Sabry4
* Z. Mohieddin4
* Sulayman4
* Nasser4
* Fawzi4
* A. Sedky
* Sadat
* Hegazy
* Salem
* Khalil
* Sadat
* Mubarak
* A. F. Mohieddin
* Aly
* Lotfy
* A. M. N. Sedky
* Ganzouri
* Ebeid
* Nazif
* Shafik
* Sharaf
* Ganzouri
* Qandil
* Beblawi1
* Mahlab
* Ismail
* Madbouly

Notes
^1 interim
^2 Urabi
^3 headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term
^4 UAR period

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* United States
* Soviet Union
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* METO
* SEATO
* NEATO
* Rio Pact
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
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* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
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* Turkish Straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
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* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
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* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo curtain
* McCarthyism
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Vietnam War
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Laotian Civil War
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split
* Night Frost Crisis

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* John F. Kennedy
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
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* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
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* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen civil war
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion
* Note Crisis

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1971 Bolivian coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* First Yemenite War
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* 15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* Siege of Dhaka (1975)
* Sipahi-Janata revolution
* Angolan Civil War
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Sino-Albanian split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Cambodian conflict
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Second Yemenite War
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen civil war
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation Denver
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid
* Finlandization

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Radio Moscow
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* M. E. Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Pax Atomica
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize

1901–1925|

* 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
* 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
* 1903: Randal Cremer
* 1904: Institut de Droit International
* 1905: Bertha von Suttner
* 1906: Theodore Roosevelt
* 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
* 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
* 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
* 1910: International Peace Bureau
* 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
* 1912: Elihu Root
* 1913: Henri La Fontaine
* 1914
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1918
* 1919: Woodrow Wilson
* 1920: Léon Bourgeois
* 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
* 1922: Fridtjof Nansen
* 1923
* 1924
* 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes

1926–1950|

* 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
* 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
* 1928
* 1929: Frank B. Kellogg
* 1930: Nathan Söderblom
* 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
* 1932
* 1933: Norman Angell
* 1934: Arthur Henderson
* 1935: Carl von Ossietzky
* 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
* 1937: Robert Cecil
* 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
* 1939
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1945: Cordell Hull
* 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
* 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
* 1948
* 1949: John Boyd Orr
* 1950: Ralph Bunche

1951–1975|

* 1951: Léon Jouhaux
* 1952: Albert Schweitzer
* 1953: George C. Marshall
* 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957: Lester B. Pearson
* 1958: Georges Pire
* 1959: Philip Noel-Baker
* 1960: Albert Luthuli
* 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
* 1962: Linus Pauling
* 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies
* 1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
* 1965: UNICEF
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968: René Cassin
* 1969: International Labour Organization
* 1970: Norman Borlaug
* 1971: Willy Brandt
* 1972
* 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
* 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
* 1975: Andrei Sakharov

1976–2000|

* 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
* 1977: Amnesty International
* 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
* 1979: Mother Teresa
* 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
* 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
* 1983: Lech Wałęsa
* 1984: Desmond Tutu
* 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
* 1986: Elie Wiesel
* 1987: Óscar Arias
* 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
* 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
* 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
* 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
* 1992: Rigoberta Menchú
* 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
* 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
* 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
* 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
* 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
* 1998: John Hume / David Trimble
* 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
* 2000: Kim Dae-jung

2001–present|

* 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
* 2002: Jimmy Carter
* 2003: Shirin Ebadi
* 2004: Wangari Maathai
* 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
* 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
* 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
* 2008: Martti Ahtisaari
* 2009: Barack Obama
* 2010: Liu Xiaobo
* 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
* 2012: European Union
* 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
* 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
* 2016: Juan Manuel Santos
* 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
* 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
* 2019: Abiy Ahmed
* 2020: World Food Programme
* 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
* 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
* 2023: Narges Mohammadi
* 2024: Nihon Hidankyo

* v
* t
* e

1978 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Peter D. Mitchell (United Kingdom)

Literature (1978)|

* Isaac Bashevis Singer (Poland/United States)

Peace|

* Anwar Sadat (Egypt)
* Menachem Begin (Israel)

Physics|

* Pyotr Kapitsa (Soviet Union)
* Arno Allan Penzias (United States)
* Robert Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Werner Arber (Switzerland)
* Daniel Nathans (United States)
* Hamilton O. Smith (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Herbert A. Simon (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
* Taylor Swift (2023)
* Donald Trump (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Speaker of Parliament of Egypt

* Abdel Latif Boghdadi
* (vacant)
* Anwar Sadat
* (vacant)
* Anwar Sadat
* (vacant)
* Mohamed Labib Skokeir
* Hafiz Badawi
* Sayed Marey
* Sufi Abu Taleb
* Mohamed Kamel Leilah
* Rifaat el-Mahgoub
* (vacant)
* Ahmad Fathi Sorour
* (vacant)
* Saad El-Katatni
* (vacant)
* Ali Abdel Aal
* Hanafi Ali Gibali

* v
* t
* e

Speakers of the Parliament of Syria since 1919

* al-Atassi*
* Rida*
* Muayyad
* al-Atassi
* al-Khoury
* al-Jabiri
* al-Khoury
* Kikhya
* al-Dawalibi
* al-Kudsi
* al-Kuzbari
* al-Kudsi
* al-Hawrani
* Sadat†
* al-Kuzbari
* Ghazzi
* al-Atrash
* al-Khatib
* al-Yusufi
* al-Halabi
* Hadid
* Zuabi
* Kaddoura
* al-Otari
* al-Abrash
* al-Laham
* Abbas
* Sabbagh

* *president of the Syrian National Congress
* †within the UAR

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Chile
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* 2
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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