Apollonius of Tyre

This article is about the fictional character. For the Stoic philosopher of the same name, see Apollonius of Tyre (philosopher).

Apollonius of Tyre is the hero of a short ancient novel, popular in the Middle Ages. Existing in numerous forms in many languages, all are thought to derive from an ancient Greek version now lost.

## Plot summary

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In most versions, the eponymous hero is hunted and persecuted after he reveals Antiochus of Antioch's incestuous relationship with his daughter. After many travels and adventures, in which Apollonius loses both his wife and his daughter and thinks them both dead, he is eventually reunited with his family through unlikely circumstances or intercession by gods. In some English versions Apollonius is shipwrecked and becomes a tutor to a princess who falls in love with him, and the good king gradually discovers his daughter's wishes. The major themes are the punishment of inappropriate lust--the incestuous king invariably comes to a bad end--and the ultimate rewards of love and fidelity.

## Origins (Latin and Greek?)

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The story is first mentioned in Latin by Venantius Fortunatus in his Carmina (Bk. vi. 8, 11. 5–6) during the late 6th century;[1] it is conjectured, based on similarities with the Ephesian Tale of Xenophon of Ephesus and the presence of idioms awkward in Latin but typical in Greek, that the original was a Greek romance of the third century.[2] Some fragments of Greek romance, however, point to the possibility of an even older date.[3] The earliest manuscripts of the tale, in a Latin version, date from the 9th or 10th century but are from late antiquity. Thus they show an intersection of Greek and Roman as well as pre-Christian and Christian influences.[4] Overall, the work is classed with other ancient Greek romance novels.[5]

Some scholars hold that the riddles with which the king tests the hero in many versions may be a later addition:[6] ten derive from the c. fourth-century Latin riddle-collection attributed to Symphosius.[7] Other scholars believe the incest story to have been a later addition as well, though others, including Elizabeth Archibald, see it as an integral thematic element of the tale.[8]

The most widespread Latin versions are those of Godfrey of Viterbo, who incorporated it into his Pantheon of 1185 as if it were actual history, Historia Apollonii regis Tyri and a version in the Gesta Romanorum.[9]

## Translations

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'Fifty to a hundred versions' of the story are known from antiquity into the early modern period, mostly European, including texts in English, Dutch, German, Danish, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Russian, Hungarian, Greek, and Latin.[10]

The earliest vernacular translation is an incomplete Old English prose text from the 11th century, sometimes called the first English novel. The existence of this unique text is unusual, as secular prose fiction from that time is extremely rare. The manuscript copy may only have survived because it was bound into a book together with Archbishop Wulfstan's homilies.[11] Various versions of the tale were later written in most European languages.

A notable English version is in the eighth book of John Gower's Confessio Amantis (1390), which uses it as an exemplum against lust.[1] It is described as being based on Pantheon, but it contains many details that work does not but the old Historia does.[12]

Its numerous vernacular versions, along with the Latin ones, attest to its popularity throughout the Middle Ages.[13] It appears in an old Danish ballad collected in Danmarks gamle Folkeviser.[14]

Robert Copland translated from the French the romance of Kynge Appolyne of Thyre (W. de Worde, 1510).[15]

## Later versions and influence

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The story was retold in thirteenth-century Castilian as Libro de Apolonio. It is also a major inspiration of the chanson de geste Jordain de Blaivies.

William Shakespeare and George Wilkins's play Pericles, Prince of Tyre was based in part on Gower's version, with the change of name probably inspired by Philip Sidney's Arcadia. Apollonius of Tyre was also a source for his plays Twelfth Night and The Comedy of Errors.

## Notes

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1. ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Apollonius of Tyre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–189.
2. ^ Stuart Gillespie, Shakespeare's Books (2001) p. 204.
3. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England, New York Burt Franklin, 1963, p. 170–171.
4. ^ Stelios Panayotakis, "Figuring the Body in The Story of Apollonius, King of Tyre." Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ B. P. Reardon, editor, Collected Ancient Greek Novels, 2008.
6. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, op. cit., p. 171.
7. ^ Chauncey E. Finch, 'Codex Vat. Barb. Lat. 721 as a Source for the Riddles of Symphosius', Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, 98 (1967), 173-79 (p. 173); DOI: 10.2307/2935872; https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935872.
8. ^ Elizabeth Archibald, Apollonius of Tyre: Medieval and Renaissance Themes and Variations, 1991.
9. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, op. cit., p. 164.
10. ^ Christine Goldberg, Turandot's Sisters: A Study of the Folktale AT 851, Garland Folklore Library, 7 (New York: Garland, 1993), p. 18.
11. ^ Goolden, Peter The Old English Apollonius of Tyre Oxford University Press 1958 xxxii-xxxiv
12. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p165–6 New York Burt Franklin,1963
13. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p165 New York Burt Franklin,1963
14. ^ Laura A. Hibbard, Medieval Romance in England p168 New York Burt Franklin,1963
15. ^ Classen, Albrecht (2020). "Review, 'Stephen Morrison and Jean-Jacques Vincensini, The Middle English Kynge Appolyn of Thyre.'". Mediaevistik. 33: 563. doi:10.3726/med.2020.01.168.

## External links

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* Works related to Of temporal Tribulation (Apollonius of Tyre) at Wikisource, from Gesta Romanorum
* Plot summary
* Marcus Welser's 1595 Latin edition, "Narratio eorum quae contigerunt Apollonio Tyrio"
* The 1682 reprint of Marcus Welser's 1595 Latin edition, "Narratio eorum quae contigerunt Apollonio Tyrio"
* The Anglo-Saxon version in the 1834 Benjamin Thorpe English translation
* The Latin Library edition of the Latin text
* The Librivox audio edition of the Latin text
* Elizabeth Archibald (1991). Apollonius of Tyre: Medieval and Renaissance Themes and Variations. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0859913164. includes Latin text&translation of Historia Apollonii regis Tyri

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Ancient Greek novels and novelists

Surviving romances|

* Aethiopica by Heliodorus of Emesa
* Chaereas and Callirhoe by Chariton
* Daphnis and Chloe by Longus
* Ephesian Tale by Xenophon of Ephesus
* Leucippe and Clitophon by Achilles Tatius

Other prose fiction|

* Alexander Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes
* Babyloniaca by Iamblichus
* Metiochus and Parthenope
* A True Story by Lucian
* The Wonders Beyond Thule by Antonius Diogenes

Related topics|

* Apollonius of Tyre
* Milesian tale

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William Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors

Characters|

* Antipholus of Syracuse
* Antipholus of Ephesus
* Dromio of Syracuse
* Dromio of Ephesus
* Adriana
* Luciana
* Egeon
* Emilia
* Solinus

Sources|

* Menaechmi
* Amphitryon
* Apollonius of Tyre

Opera and musicals|

* Gli equivoci (1786)
* The Boys from Syracuse (1938)
* Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943)
* The Comedy of Errors (1976)
* The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000)

Film/TV|

* The Boys from Syracuse (1940)
* Bhranti Bilas (1963)
* Do Dooni Char (1968)
* Angoor (1982)
* The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV)
* Big Business (1988)
* Ulta Palta (1997)
* Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998)
* Dam Dama Dam (1998)
* Ulta Palta (1998)
* Heeralal Pannalal (1999)
* Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005)
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* Double Di Trouble (2014)
* Local Kung Fu 2 (2017)
* Cirkus (2022)

Related|

* Classical unities
* Gesta Grayorum (1688)
* The Flying Karamazov Brothers

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William Shakespeare's Pericles, Prince of Tyre

Characters|

* John Gower
* Diana

Sources|

* Confessio Amantis (1390)
* The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576)

Adaptations|

* Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV)

Related|

* George Wilkins
* Shakespeare's late romances
* Shakespeare apocrypha
* Apollonius of Tyre
* The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio)
* First water
* The Porpoise

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

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* Norway
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Other|

* IdRef

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