Aram (Kural book)

Tamil philosophical work by Valluvar

The Book of Aṟam, in full Aṟattuppāl (Tamil: அறத்துப்பால், literally, "division of virtue"), also known as the Book of Virtue, the First Book or Book One in translated versions, is the first of the three books or parts of the Kural literature, a didactic work authored by the ancient Indian philosopher Valluvar. Written in High Tamil distich form, it has 38 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 380 couplets, all dealing with the fundamental virtues of an individual. Aṟam, the Tamil term that loosely corresponds to the English term 'virtue', correlates with the first of the four ancient Indian values of dharma, artha, kama and moksha. The Book of Aṟam exclusively deals with virtues independent of the surroundings, including the vital principles of non-violence, moral vegetarianism,[a] veracity, and righteousness.[1][2]

The Book of Aṟam is the most important and the most fundamental book of the Kural.[3] This is revealed in the very order of the book within the Kural literature. The public life of a person as described by the Book of Poruḷ and the love life of a person as described by the Book of Inbam are presented to him or her only after the person secures his or her inner, moral growth described by the Book of Aṟam. In other words, only a morally and spiritually ripe person, who is considered cultured and civilized as dictated by the Book of Aṟam, is fit to enter public or political life, and the subsequent life of love.[4]

## Etymology and meanings

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Aṟam is the Tamil word for what is known in Sanskrit as 'Dharma', and pāl means 'division'.[5][6] The concept of aṟam or dharma is of pivotal importance in Indian philosophy and religion. With a long and varied history, the word straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations, rendering it impossible to provide a single concise definition.[7] Thus, there is no equivalent single-word translation for aṟam in western languages.[8][9]

## The book and its chapters

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The Book of Aṟam is the most important of all the books of the Tirukkural and is considered the most fundamental.[3] The book exclusively deals with dharma, which is common to the entire work of the Tirukkural, thus providing the essence of the work as a whole.[10][11][12] An exemplification for this is found in verse 34 of Purananuru,[13][14] where its author Alathur Kilar refers to the entire work of the Tirukkural by simply calling it as 'Aṟam'.[14][15][16][17] In a practical sense, the Book of Aṟam deals with the essentials of the Yoga philosophy by expounding the household life that begins with compassion and ahimsa,[18][19] ultimately leading to the path to renunciation.[2][20]

The Book of Aṟam contains the first 38 chapters of the Kural text, all dealing with fundamental virtue. The first four chapters, known as the introductory chapters, include 40 couplets on God, rain, characteristics of a righteous person, and assertion of virtue. The remaining chapters with 340 couplets are addressed to the common man or a householder, which includes 200 couplets on domestic virtue and 140 couplets on higher yet most fundamental virtue based on grace, benevolence and compassion.[2][21] All the couplets in the book essentially mandate the ethics of ahimsa (non-violence), meatless diet, casteless human brotherhood, absence of desires, path of righteousness and truth, and so forth.[2]

Outline of the Book of Aṟam

Book One—Virtue (அறத்துப்பால் Aṟattuppāl)

* Chapter 1. The Praise of God (கடவுள் வாழ்த்து kaṭavuḷ vāḻttu): Couplets 1–10
* Chapter 2. The Excellence of Rain (வான் சிறப்பு vāṉ ciṟappu): 11–20
* Chapter 3. The Greatness of Ascetics (நீத்தார் பெருமை nīttār perumai): 21–30
* Chapter 4. Assertion of the Strength of Virtue (அறன் வலியுறுத்தல் aṟaṉ valiyuṟuttal): 31–40
* Chapter 5. Domestic Life (இல்வாழ்க்கை ilvāḻkkai): 41–50
* Chapter 6. Domestic Health (வாழ்க்கைத்துணை நலம் vāḻkkaittuṇai nalam): 51–60
* Chapter 7. Biological Productivity (புதல்வரைப் பெறுதல் putalvaraip peṟutal): 61–70
* Chapter 8. The Possession of Love (அன்புடைமை aṉpuṭaimai): 71–80
* Chapter 9. Cherishing Guests (விருந்தோம்பல் viruntōmpal): 81–90
* Chapter 10. Charming Utterance (இனியவை கூறல் iṉiyavai kūṟal): 91–100
* Chapter 11. Gratitude Recognition (செய்ந்நன்றி அறிதல் ceynnaṉṟi aṟital): 101–110
* Chapter 12. Impartiality (நடுவு நிலைமை naṭuvu nilaimai): 111–120
* Chapter 13. The Possession of Self-restraint (அடக்கமுடைமை aṭakkamuṭaimai): 121–130
* Chapter 14. The Possession of Decorum (ஒழுக்கமுடைமை oḻukkamuṭaimai): 131–140
* Chapter 15. Not Coveting Another's Wife (பிறனில் விழையாமை piṟaṉil viḻaiyāmai): 141–150
* Chapter 16. The Possession of Patience, Forbearance (பொறையுடைமை poṟaiyuṭaimai): 151–160
* Chapter 17. Anti-envy (அழுக்காறாமை aḻukkāṟāmai): 161–170
* Chapter 18. Anti-covet action (வெஃகாமை veḵkāmai): 171–180
* Chapter 19. Slander Avoidance (புறங்கூறாமை puṟaṅkūṟāmai): 181–190
* Chapter 20. The Not Speaking Profitless Words (பயனில சொல்லாமை payaṉila collāmai): 191–200
* Chapter 21. Dread of Evil Deeds (தீவினையச்சம் tīviṉaiyaccam): 201–210
* Chapter 22. The Knowledge of What Is Befitting a Man's Position (ஒப்புரவறிதல் oppuravaṟital): 211–220
* Chapter 23. Philanthropy (ஈகை īkai): 221–230
* Chapter 24. Renown (புகழ் pukaḻ): 231–240
* Chapter 25. Benevolence (அருளுடைமை aruḷuṭaimai): 241–250
* Chapter 26. Flesh Renunciation (புலான் மறுத்தல் pulāṉmaṟuttal): 251–260
* Chapter 27. Penance (தவம் tavam): 261–270
* Chapter 28. Inconsistent Conduct (கூடாவொழுக்கம் kūṭāvoḻukkam): 271–280
* Chapter 29. The Absence of Fraud (கள்ளாமை kaḷḷāmai): 281–290
* Chapter 30. Veracity (வாய்மை vāymai): 291–300
* Chapter 31. The Not Being Angry (வெகுளாமை vekuḷāmai): 301–310
* Chapter 32. Not Doing Evil (இன்னா செய்யாமை iṉṉāceyyāmai): 311–320
* Chapter 33. Not Killing (கொல்லாமை kollāmai): 321–330
* Chapter 34. Impermanence (நிலையாமை nilaiyāmai): 331–340
* Chapter 35. Renunciation (துறவு tuṟavu): 341–350
* Chapter 36. Knowledge of the True (மெய்யுணர்தல் meyyuṇartal): 351–360
* Chapter 37. The Extirpation of Desire (அவாவறுத்தல் avāvaṟuttal): 361–370
* Chapter 38. Fate (ஊழ் ūḻ): 371–380

## Grouping of chapters

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See also: Ten Medieval Commentators § Chapter order variations

The Book of Aṟam has historically been subdivided variously by different scholars.[22] In fact, the chapters in this book have been categorized in more varied order than the two other books of the Kural text.[22] Although the author did not group the chapters under any subdivisions as with the other two books of the Kural text,[23][24] the Sangam poet Sirumedhaviyar first suggested grouping of the chapters under subdivisions in verse 20 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.[25] Accordingly, he divided the Book of Aṟam into three Iyals, or divisions, namely, pāyiram (the first 4 chapters), aṟam (the next 33 chapters), and ūḻ (the final chapter).[26] Following this, the ten medieval commentators, who were the first to write commentaries about the Tirukkural, divided the Book of Aṟam variously between two and four portions, grouping the original chapters diversely under these divisions and thus changing the order of the chapters widely.[12][27][28] For example, while Parimelalhagar divided the Book of Aṟam into two parts, namely, domestic virtue and ascetic virtue, besides keeping the first four chapters under "Introduction", other medieval commentators have divided the Book of Aṟam into four portions, namely, introduction, domestic virtue, ascetic virtue, and fate.[24] Modern commentators such as V. O. Chidambaram Pillai have even gone up to six divisions.[12]

The original grouping and numbering of the chapters, too, were changed considerably by the medieval commentators.[12] For instance, chapters 10, 13, 17, 18, and 19 in the present-day ordering (which follows Parimelalhagar's ordering) under subsection "domestic virtue" are originally chapters 26, 27, 30, 31, and 32, respectively, under subsection "ascetic virtue" in Manakkudavar's ordering. Similarly, the modern chapters 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33, appearing under subsection "ascetic virtue" originally appear as chapters 19, 20, 10, 16, 17, and 18, respectively, under subsection "domestic virtue" in Manakkudavar's ordering. However, being the earliest of all the available commentaries on the Tirukkural, Manakkudavar's commentary is believed to be the closest to the original Kural text as written by Valluvar.[29][30] Nevertheless, given these subdivisions of domestic and ascetic virtues are later addition,[31][32] both the domestic and ascetic virtues in the Book of Aṟam are addressed to the householder or commoner.[33] Ascetic virtues in the Kural, according to A. Gopalakrishnann, does not mean renunciation of household life or pursuing of the conventional ascetic life, but only refers to giving up greedy desires and maintaining self-control that is expected of every individual.[33]

## Valluvar's position on aṟam or virtue

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While religious scriptures generally consider aṟam as a divine virtue, Valluvar describes it as a way of life rather than any spiritual observance, a way of harmonious living that leads to universal happiness.[34] Contrary to what other contemporary works say, Valluvar holds that aṟam is common for all, irrespective of whether the person is a bearer of palanquin or the rider in it.[35][36] For this reason, Valluvar keeps aṟam as the cornerstone throughout the writing of the Kural literature.[15]

Valluvar considered justice as a facet of aṟam. While ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and their descendants opined that justice cannot be defined and that it was a divine mystery, Valluvar positively suggested that a divine origin is not required to define the concept of justice. In the words of V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, justice according to Valluvar "dwells in the minds of those who have knowledge of the standard of right and wrong; so too deceit dwells in the minds which breed fraud."[34]

The greatest of virtues or aṟam according to Valluvar is non-killing,[37] followed by veracity,[38] both of which are indicated in the same couplet (Kural 323),[39] and the greatest sins that Valluvar feels very strongly are ingratitude and meat-eating.[38][40] In the words of P. S. Sundaram, while "all other sins may be redeemed, but never ingratitude," Valluvar could not understand "how anyone could wish to fatten himself by feeding on the fat of others."[40]

## Influence

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Of the three books of the Kural text, the Book of Aṟam remains the most translated one by scholars and writers and also the most widely interpreted one.[41] Serving as a manual of precepts to exclusively teach dharma for millennia,[2] the Book of Aṟam has influenced many of its readers to pursue the path of non-violence. This became more evident after the translation of the Kural into several European languages beginning in the early 18th century. For instance, Russian pacifist Leo Tolstoy was inspired by the concept of ahimsa and non-killing found in the Book of Aṟam after reading a German translation of the Kural, which bolstered his thoughts on pacifism.[42] Tolstoy, in turn, instilled the virtue of non-violence in Mohandas Gandhi through his A Letter to a Hindu when young Gandhi sought his advice on the struggle for Indian Independence.[43] Referring to the Kural literature as 'the Hindu Kural' in his correspondence, Tolstoy cited six couplets from the chapter on non-violence.[44] Taking this advice, Gandhi then took to studying the Kural while in prison,[2] later employing various non-violent movements to liberate the nation.[42][45] The South Indian philosopher Ramalinga Swamigal was inspired by the Kural at a young age and spent his whole life promoting compassion and non-violence, emphasizing on a meatless way of life.[46][47]

## See also

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* India portal
* Literature portal
* Poetry portal

* Inbam (Kural book)
* Porul (Kural book)
* Tao Te Ching

## Notes

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a. ^ The Kural insists strictly on "moral vegetarianism",[48][49] the doctrine that humans are morally obligated to refrain from eating meat or harming sentient beings.[50][51] The concept of ahimsa or இன்னா செய்யாமை, which remains the moral foundation of vegetarianism and veganism,[52] is described in the chapter on non-violence (Chapter 32).[53]

## Citations

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1. ^ Natarajan 2008, pp. 1–6.
2. ^ a b c d e f Lal 1992, pp. 4333–4334.
3. ^ a b Desikar 1969, p. 47.
4. ^ Zvelebil 1973, p. 165.
5. ^ Lal 1992, pp. 4333–4334, 4341–4342.
6. ^ Kandasamy 2017, pp. 9–10.
7. ^ Van Buitenen 1957, p. 36.
8. ^ Widgery 1930, pp. 232–245.
9. ^ Rocher 2003.
10. ^ Desikar 1969, p. 42.
11. ^ Kandasamy 2017, pp. 10–12.
12. ^ a b c d Kumaravelan 2008, pp. 4–17.
13. ^ Alathur Kilar, Verse 34.
14. ^ a b Kandasamy 2017, p. 12.
15. ^ a b Velusamy & Faraday 2017, p. 55.
16. ^ Kowmareeshwari 2012, pp. 46–47.
17. ^ Sundaramoorthi 2000, pp. 146–147.
18. ^ Bharti 2001, pp. 672–691.
19. ^ Varenne & Derek 1977, pp. 197–202.
20. ^ Mukherjee 1999, pp. 392–393.
21. ^ Vanmeegar 2012, pp. vii–xvi.
22. ^ a b Pillai 1972, p. 12–16.
23. ^ Pillai 1972, p. 12.
24. ^ a b Zvelebil 1973, p. 158.
25. ^ Sirumedhaviyar, pp. Verse 20.
26. ^ Jagannathan 1963, pp. 32–33.
27. ^ Aravindan 2018, p. 105.
28. ^ Desikar 1969, p. 73.
29. ^ Aravindan 2018, pp. 346–347.
30. ^ Ramasubramania Raja 2017, pp. 5–10.
31. ^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 158–160.
32. ^ Aravindan 2018, pp. 346–348.
33. ^ a b Gopalakrishnan 2012, p. 144.
34. ^ a b Sanjeevi 1973, pp. xxiii–xxvii.
35. ^ Valluvar, pp. Verse 37.
36. ^ Visveswaran 2016, pp. ix–xi.
37. ^ Lal 1992, pp. 4341–4342.
38. ^ a b Sethupillai 1956, pp. 34–36.
39. ^ Valluvar, pp. Verse 323.
40. ^ a b Sundaram 1990, pp. 7–16.
41. ^ Sanjeevi 1973.
42. ^ a b Rajaram 2009, pp. xviii–xxi.
43. ^ Parel 2002, pp. 96–112.
44. ^ Tolstoy 1908.
45. ^ Velusamy & Faraday 2017, p. 61.
46. ^ Subbaraman 2015, pp. 39–42.
47. ^ Sivagnanam 1974, p. 96.
48. ^ Zvelebil 1973, pp. 156–171.
49. ^ Sundaram 1990, p. 13.
50. ^ Parimelalhagar 2009, pp. 256–266, 314–336.
51. ^ Engel 2000, pp. 856–889.
52. ^ Dinshah 2010.
53. ^ Parimelalhagar 2009, pp. 314–324.

## References

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### Primary sources (Tamil)

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* Alathur Kilar. "Kḻuvāi Illai! (Verse 34)". புறநானூறு [Puranānuru]. Tamil Virtual University.
* Avvaiyar. [[s:|]] திருவள்ளுவமாலை. Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar (commentator) - via Wikisource.
* Ilango Adigal, சிலப்பதிகாரம் [Silappathigāram], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
* Kambar, கம்பராமாயணம் [Kambarāmāyanam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
* Manakkudavar (2003). Meiyyappan, C. (ed.). திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை. Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam. 370 pp.
* Parimelalhagar (2009). திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும்.. V. M. Gopalakrishnamachariyar (compiler). Chennai: Uma Padhippagam. 1456 pp.
* Seethalai Sāthanār, மணிமேகலை [Manimekalai], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
* Sekkiḻar, பெரிய‌ புராண‌ம் [Periya Puranam], See original text in Tamil Virtual University.
* Sirumedhaviyar. ta:திருவள்ளுவமாலை . Tirutthanigai Saravana Perumal Iyer (commentator) - via Wikisource. (Verse 20)
* Valluvar. [[s:|]] திருக்குறள். Translated by George Uglow Pope - via Wikisource. See original text in Project Madurai.

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* Subbaraman, N. V. (2015). வள்ளுவம் வாழ்ந்த வள்ளலார் [Vallalar: Living the Valluvam Way]. Chennai: Unique Media Integrators. ISBN 978-93-83051-95-3.
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* Sundaram, P. S. (1990). Tiruvalluvar Kural (1st ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-01-44000-09-8.
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* Velusamy, N.; Faraday, Moses Michael, eds. (February 2017). Why Should Thirukkural Be Declared the National Book of India?. Unique Media Integrators. p. 152\. ISBN 978-93-85471-70-4.
* Visveswaran, H. V. (2016). தமிழனின் தத்துவம் திருக்குறள் அறம் [Tamilan's Philosophy is Tirukkural Virtue] (1 ed.). Chennai: Notion Press. ISBN 978-93-86073-74-7.
* Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245\. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. S2CID 170183611.232-245&rft.date=1930-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170183611#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Widgery&rft.aufirst=Alban+G.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aram+(Kural+book)" class="Z3988">
* Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-03591-1. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* Tirukkural: Work by Tiruvalluvar from Encyclopaedia Britannica

* v
* t
* e

Tirukkural

History|

* Valluvar (author)
* Elelasingan (disciple)
* Vasuki (wife)
* Dating the work
* Other names

Parts|

* Book of Aram
* Book of Porul
* Book of Inbam

Grammar|

* Kural Venba

Concepts and teachings|

* Ahimsa (Inna seyyaamai)
* Artha (Porul)
* Compassion (Arul)
* Dharma (Aram)
* Discipline (Olukkam)
* Giving (Eegai)
* Gratitude (Nandri)
* Hospitality (Virundhombal)
* Impartiality (Naduvu nilaimai)
* Kama (Inbam)
* Karma/Destiny (Uul)
* Love/Kindness (Anbu)
* Nishkama Karma (Ava arutthal)
* Non-killing (Kollaamai)
* Patience (Porai)
* Penance (Thavam)
* Selflessness (Thuravu)
* Self-restraint (Adakkam)
* Truthfulness (Vaaimai)
* Vegetarianism/Veganism (Pulaal marutthal)

Commentaries|

| Medieval|

* Dharumar
* Manakkudavar
* Dhamatthar
* Nacchar
* Paridhi
* Thirumalaiyar
* Mallar
* Pari Perumal
* Kaalingar
* Parimelalhagar

|

Modern|

* Vedagiri Mudaliar
* Saravanaperumal Aiyar
* K. Vadivelu Chettiar
* Kaviraja Pandithar
* Thirumeni Rathna Kavirayar
* Ramanuja Kavirayar
* V. O. Chidambaram Pillai
* Thiru Vi Ka
* Bharathidasan
* M. Varadarajan
* Namakkal Kavignar
* V. Munusamy
* V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
* Devaneya Pavanar
* Karunanidhi
* Solomon Pappaiah

Translations|

| Indian
languages|

* Gujarati: Kantilal L. Kalani
* P. C. Kokila
* Kannada: L. Gundappa
* B. M. Srikanthaiah
* S. Srinivasan
* Konkani: Narayana Purushothama Mallaya
* Suresh Gundu Amonkar
* Malayalam: G. Balakrishnan Nair
* Tiruvallam Bhaskaran Nair
* Marathi: Pandurang Sadashiv Sane
* Meitei: Soibam Rebika Devi
* Odia: Chittaranjan Das
* Gananath Das
* Punjabi: Tarlochan Singh Bedi
* Sanskrit: S. N. Sriramadesikan
* Saurashtra: Sankhu Ram

|

English|

* V. V. S. Aiyar
* K. M. Balasubramaniam
* A. Chakravarti
* William Henry Drew
* Charles E. Gover
* N. E. Kindersley
* John Lazarus
* S. M. Michael
* George Uglow Pope
* H. A. Popley
* Edward Jewitt Robinson
* Sivaya Subramuniyaswami
* P. S. Sundaram
* G. Vanmikanathan
* Emmons E. White

Other
languages|

* Czech: Kamil V. Zvelebil
* Fijian: Paul Geraghty
* Finnish: Pentti Aalto
* French: E. S. Ariel
* Alain Daniélou
* Gnanou Diagou
* Pierre-Eugène Lamairesse
* German: August Friedrich Caemmerer
* Karl Graul
* Friedrich Rückert
* Albert Schweitzer
* Irish: Gabriel Rosenstock
* Japanese: Shuzo Matsunaga
* Takanobu Takahashi
* Latin: Constanzo Beschi
* Karl Graul
* Mandarin: Yu Hsi

Culture|

* Valluvar Year
* Kural Peedam Award
* Thiruvalluvar Award

Memorials|

* Valluvar Kottam
* Mylapore Thiruvalluvar Temple
* Tiruchuli Thiruvalluvar Temple
* Thiruvalluvar Statue
* Sarvajna and Tiruvalluvar statues installation

Legacy|

* Tiruvalluva Maalai
* A Letter to a Hindu
* Impact of Tirukkural
* Thiruvalluvar University
* Thiruvalluvar Twin Bridge

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Tamil language

History|

* Old Tamil
* Middle Tamil
* Modern Tamil
* Manipravalam
* Proto-Dravidian
* Proto-South Dravidian
* Tamil Sangams
* First Sangam
* Second Sangam
* Third Sangam

Dialects|

| Indian|

* Bangalore Tamil dialects
* Central Tamil dialect
* Kongu Tamil
* Madras Bashai
* Madurai Tamil
* Nellai Tamil

|

Sri Lankan|

* Negombo
* Batticaloa
* Jaffna

Southeast Asian|

* Malaysian Tamil

Sociolects|

* Arwi
* Brahmin Tamil

Literature|

| Constructs and
themes|

* Akam
* Iraichchi
* Kural
* Puram
* Thinai
* Ullurai
* Ula
* Venpa

|

Classics|

* Athichudi
* Five Great Epics
* Five Minor Epics
* Ponniyin Selvan
* Sangam literature
* Eighteen Lesser Texts
* Ettuthokai
* Pathupattu
* Poets
* Tamil books of Law
* Thirukkural

Devotional|

* Cirappuranam
* Ganapthi texts
* Vinayagar Agaval
* Kanda Puranam
* Naalayira Divya Prabhandham
* Ramavataram
* Thembavani
* Tirumurai
* Tirumurukarruppatai
* Thiruppugal
* Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
* Tirumurai

Grammar and
dictionaries|

* Agattiyam
* Caturakarati
* Nannul
* Purapporul Venbamaalai
* Tamil Lexicon
* Tolkappiyam

Science|

* Asthana Kolahalam
* Kaṇakkatikāram
* Kaṇita Tīpikai
* Yerambam

Others|

* Commentaries
* Yalpana Vaipava Malai

Scripts|

* Kolezhuthu
* Megalithic graffiti symbols
* Modern script
* Pallava grantha
* Simplified Tamil script
* Standardisation of Tamil script
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tamil Braille
* Vatteluttu

Lexis and grammar|

* Tamil grammar
* Tamil honorifics
* Tamil numerals

Phonology|

* Tamil phonology
* Tamil onomatopoeia
* Tamil prosody

Tamil and other languages|

* Dravido-Korean
* Words of Tamil origin
* English
* Sinhala
* Loanwords
* Indo-Aryan
* Malay

Transliteration|

* ISO
* Mozhi

Institutions|

* Central Institute of Classical Tamil
* Tamil Heritage Foundation
* Tamil Virtual University

Projects and events|

* Tanittamil Iyakkam
* Project Madurai
* World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
* World Tamil Conference

* v
* t
* e

Veganism and vegetarianism

Perspectives|

| Veganism|

* Animal-free agriculture
* Black veganism
* Fruitarianism
* History
* Raw veganism
* Straight edge
* Hardline
* Nutrition
* Vegan organic agriculture
* Vegan school meal
* Vegan studies

|

Vegetarianism|

* Economic vegetarianism
* Environmental vegetarianism
* History (Romantic Era)
* Orthopathy
* Lacto vegetarianism
* Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
* Ovo vegetarianism
* Cuisine
* Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
* Ecofeminism
* Nutrition
* By country

Lists|

* Vegetarians
* Vegans
* Fictional characters
* Festivals
* Organizations
* Vegan media

Locations|

* Cheremshanka, Altai Republic
* Palitana
* Pushkar
* The Farm (Tennessee)

Ethics|

| Secular|

* Animal rights
* Animal welfare
* Carnism
* Deep ecology
* Environmental vegetarianism
* Ethics of eating meat
* Meat paradox
* Nonviolence
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Tirukkuṟaḷ

|

Religious|

* Buddhism
* Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church)
* Hinduism
* Sattvic
* Ahimsa
* Islam
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Pythagoreanism
* Rastafari
* Sikhism
* Taoism

Food
and drink|

* List of vegetarian and vegan companies
* Dairy alternatives
* Coconut milk
* Plant cream
* Plant milk
* Soy yogurt
* Cheese
* Meat alternatives
* List of meat substitutes
* Bacon
* Burgers
* Duck
* Hot dogs
* Jambon
* Quorn
* Sausage roll
* Seitan
* Tempeh
* Tofu
* Tofurkey
* Gelatin substitutes
* Vegetarian mark
* Beer
* Wine

Groups
and events|

| Vegan|

* American Vegan Society
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* China Vegan Society
* Food Empowerment Project
* Go Vegan
* Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
* Our Hen House
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Plamil Foods
* Vegan Awareness Foundation
* Vegan flag
* Vegan Outreach
* Vegan Prisoners Support Group
* The Vegan Society
* Veganmania
* Vegetarian Resource Group
* Veganuary
* Veganz
* World Vegan Day

|

Vegetarian|

* Alcott House
* Bible Christian Church
* Boston Vegetarian Society
* Christian Vegetarian Association
* Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung
* European Vegetarian Union
* French Vegetarian Society
* Hare Krishna Food for Life
* International Vegetarian Union
* Jewish Veg
* Meat-free days
* Meatless Monday
* Friday fast
* North American Vegetarian Society
* Order of the Golden Age
* ProVeg Deutschland
* ProVeg International
* ProVeg Nederland
* Scottish Vegetarian Society
* Swissveg
* Toronto Vegetarian Association
* Vegetarian Federal Union
* Vegetarian Society
* Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
* Veggie Pride
* Viva! Health
* World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
* World Vegetarian Day

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* A Sacred Duty (2007)
* Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
* Planeat (2010)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* Live and Let Live (2013)
* Cowspiracy (2014)
* PlantPure Nation (2015)
* What the Health (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Eating You Alive (2018)
* The Game Changers (2018)
* Maa Ka Doodh (2023)
* You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)

Magazines
and journals|

* The Animals' Agenda
* Naked Food
* The Pleasure Boat
* Satya
* Vegan Journal
* The Vegetarian Magazine
* Vegetarian Times
* VegNews

Books
and reports|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets (1699)
* Primitive Cookery (1767)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Vegetable Cookery (1812)
* A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
* Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* Nature's Own Book (1835)
* Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
* Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
* Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
* Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
* Figs or Pigs? (1896)
* Fifty Years of Food Reform (1898)
* Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
* The Meat Fetish (1904)
* The Apsley Cookery Book
* The New Ethics (1907)
* A Fleshless Diet (1910)
* The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
* Living the Good Life (1954)
* Ten Talents (1968)
* Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
* The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
* Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
* The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
* Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
* Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
* Fit for Life (1985)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
* Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
* The China Study (2005)
* Skinny Bitch (2005)
* Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
* The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
* Eating Animals (2009)
* Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
* The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* The End of Animal Farming (2018)
* Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Meat Atlas (annual)

Restaurants|

| Active|

* Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
* Cinnaholic
* Crossroads Kitchen
* Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
* Greens Restaurant
* Elizabeth's Gone Raw
* Hiltl Restaurant
* Little Pine
* Moosewood Restaurant
* Purezza
* Slutty Vegan
* Souley Vegan
* The Sound Lounge
* Veggie Galaxy
* Veggie Grill

|

Former|

* Cranks
* Food for Thought
* InSpiral Lounge
* Lentil as Anything
* Minerva Café
* New Riverside Cafe
* Nix
* Penny Cafeteria
* Pink Peacock
* The Hollow Reed
* The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Related|

* Cultured meat
* Juice fasting
* Low-carbon
* People
* Plant-based action plan
* Plant-based diet
* Planetary health
* Sustainable diet
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
* Vegetarian and vegan symbolism

* v
* t
* e

Ethics

Normative|

* Consequentialism
* Deontology
* Care
* Particularism
* Pragmatic
* Role
* Suffering-focused
* Utilitarianism
* Virtue

Applied|

* Animal
* Artificial intelligence
* Bio
* Business
* Computer
* Discourse
* Engineering
* Environmental
* Land
* Legal
* Machine
* Marketing
* Meat eating
* Media
* Medical
* Nursing
* Professional
* Programming
* Research
* Sexual
* Technology
* Terraforming
* Uncertain sentience

Meta|

* Absolutism
* Axiology
* Cognitivism
* Realism
* Naturalism
* Non-naturalism
* Subjectivism
* Ideal observer theory
* Divine command theory
* Constructivism
* Euthyphro dilemma
* Intuitionism
* Nihilism
* Non-cognitivism
* Emotivism
* Expressivism
* Quasi-realism
* Universal prescriptivism
* Rationalism
* Relativism
* Skepticism
* Universalism
* Value monism – Value pluralism

Schools|

* Buddhist
* Christian
* Confucian
* Epicurean
* Existentialist
* Feminist
* Islamic
* Jewish
* Kantian
* Rousseauian
* Stoic
* Tao

Concepts|

* Accountability
* Authority
* Autonomy
* Blame
* Common sense
* Compassion
* Conscience
* Consent
* Culture of life
* Desert
* Dignity
* Double standard
* Duty
* Equality
* Etiquette
* Eudaimonia
* Family values
* Fidelity
* Free will
* Good and evil
* Good
* Evil
* Problem of evil
* Greed
* Happiness
* Honour
* Ideal
* Immorality
* Importance
* Justice
* Liberty
* Loyalty
* Moral agency
* Moral courage
* Moral hierarchy
* Moral imperative
* Morality
* Norm
* Pacifism
* Political freedom
* Precept
* Punishment
* Rights
* Self-discipline
* Suffering
* Stewardship
* Sympathy
* Theodicy
* Torture
* Trust
* Utility
* Value
* Instrumental
* Intrinsic
* Japan
* Western
* Vice
* Virtue
* Vow
* Wrong

Ethicists

* Laozi
* Socrates
* Plato
* Aristotle
* Diogenes
* Valluvar
* Cicero
* Confucius
* Augustine
* Mencius
* Mozi
* Xunzi
* Aquinas
* Spinoza
* Butler
* Hume
* Smith
* Kant
* Hegel
* Schopenhauer
* Bentham
* Mill
* Kierkegaard
* Sidgwick
* Nietzsche
* Moore
* Barth
* Tillich
* Bonhoeffer
* Foot
* Rawls
* Dewey
* Williams
* Mackie
* Anscombe
* Frankena
* MacIntyre
* Hare
* Singer
* Parfit
* Nagel
* Adams
* Taylor
* Azurmendi
* Korsgaard
* Nussbaum

Works|

* Nicomachean Ethics (c. 322 BC)
* Ethics (Spinoza) (1677)
* Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726)
* A Treatise of Human Nature (1740)
* The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759)
* An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780)
* Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)
* Critique of Practical Reason (1788)
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
* Either/Or (1843)
* Utilitarianism (1861)
* The Methods of Ethics (1874)
* On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)
* Principia Ethica (1903)
* A Theory of Justice (1971)
* Practical Ethics (1979)
* After Virtue (1981)
* Reasons and Persons (1984)

Related|

* Axiology
* Casuistry
* Descriptive ethics
* Ethics in religion
* Evolutionary ethics
* History of ethics
* Human rights
* Ideology
* Moral psychology
* Philosophy of law
* Political philosophy
* Population ethics
* Rehabilitation
* Secular ethics
* Social philosophy
* Index

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