Arandic languages

Arandic

Geographic
distribution| Northern Territory, northern South Australia
Linguistic classification| Pama–Nyungan

* Arandic–Thura-Yura
* Arandic

Subdivisions|

* Arrernte group
* Lower Arrernte
* Pertame
* Kaytetye

Language codes
Glottolog| `aran1267`

Arandic languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)

Arandic is a family of Australian Aboriginal languages consisting of several languages or dialect clusters, including the Arrernte (Upper Arrernte) group, Lower Arrernte (also known as Lower Southern Arrernte), Pertame language (also known as Southern Arrernte) and Kaytetye.

## Languages

[edit]

* Upper Arrernte (or just Arrernte) dialect cluster, with five or six main dialects, with the most dominant being Central or Eastern Arrernte, which is spoken in and around Alice Springs (Mparntwe) itself.
* Lower Arrernte, also known as Alenjerrntarpe and Lower Southern Arrernte, was spoken by the people around the Finke River area, but it is now extinct. The last speaker was Brownie Doolan, from whom Gavan Breen managed to write up a dictionary of roughly 1000 words.[1] According to AIATSIS, this was a clearly distinct language.
* Pertame, also known as Southern Arrernte, is from the country south of Alice Springs, along the Finke River, north and north-west of the location of speakers of Lower Arrernte.[2] With only 20 fluent speakers left by 2018,[3] the Pertame Project is seeking to retain and revive the language, headed by Pertame elder Christobel Swan.[4] Renowned artist Erlikilyika (Jim Kite) was a Pertame speaker. Ethnologue classes Pertame as a variant name for Lower Southern, but other sources vary in their classifications and descriptions of this language.
* Kaytetye, spoken near Barrow Creek and Tennant Creek by the Kaytetye people,[5] had only 120 speakers in the 2016 census, and the number has been decreasing.[6]

## Differing classifications

[edit]

There are differing opinions as to which are dialects and which separate languages, among linguists and among the Arrernte people themselves.

* Koch (2004) only distinguished two dialects, Upper Arrernte and Katetye.
* Glottolog defines the Arandic group as comprising five Aranda (also known as Arrernte)[7] dialects, plus two distinct languages, Kaytetye (Koch, 2006) and Lower Southern (or just Lower) Aranda, an extinct language.[8]
* Ethnologue defines eight Arandic languages and classifies them slightly differently.[9]

## Proto-language

[edit]

Proto-Arandic

Reconstruction of| Arandic languages

Reconstructed
ancestor

Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Proto-Arandic and Pre-Arandic reconstructions from Koch (2004):[10]

gloss | Proto-Arandic | Pre-Arandic

|
|

armpit | *ilhenpe | *CilhVnpV
blood | *arrknge | *CVrrngV
brain | *ake+urrnge | *kaka+CurrngV
breast | *atye | *CatyV
egg | *ukarte | *muka+artV
face | *inngerre | *NinngVrrV
fat | *antere | *NantOrV
hand, finger | *iltye | *miltyV “claw”
nasal mucus | *yungkel | *CYungkVl
sweat | *anytyeye | *CantyVyV
tendon | *alurrnge | *CalO+CurrngV
thigh | *uylepere | *warli+pVrV
throat | *ahentye | *CaakVntyV
man | *urte | *CurtO
person, woman? | *arelhe | *CarVlhV
female | *amarle | *ngama+arlV
dreaming | *altyerre | *CaltyVrrV
camp | *apmere | *TamVrV
single men's camp | *arnkentye | *CarnkVntyV
single women's camp | *arlwekere ? | *CurlVkVrV/*wa-
father's father | *arrenge | *CarrVngV
father-in-law | *ahenterre | *CaakVntVrrV
mother's father | *atye, itye | *CEtyV
cousin (female) | *altyele | *CaltyVlV
cousin (male) | *a(t)nkele | *CankOlV
sister-in-law (of f?) | *arntenge | *NarntOngV
axe | *ilepe | *CilOpV
digging stick | *atneme | *kana+m(p)V
spindle | *ante *unte | *CuntO
rabbit bandicoot tail-tip | *alpiyte? | *CalpV+CV(r)ti
ant bed | *ungkepeye | *mungka+pVyV
burrow | *ulhenge | *ngulha+ngV
cave | *inteye | *CintVyV
cliff | *arnke | *CarnkV
coals | *(a)perrke | *CapVrrkV
delicacy, honey | *ungkarle | *NungkaarlV
flame | *inthe | *CinthV
gap | *utatye | *CutaatyV/*wa-
ground | *ahe- | *CaakV-
rainbow | *umperlarre | *CumpVrlV-
road | *iyteye | *Ci(r)tiyV
rock hole | *arnerre | *NarnOrrV
sun | *aherrke | *CaakVrrkV
east | *Vkngerre | *kangarra !
west | *alte- | *CaltO-
far | *arlenge | *CarlOngV
down, under, inside | *ukene | *CukVnV/*wa-
blind | *upenge | *CupVngV /*wa-
dangerous | *ahe+ | *CaakV-
dried out, desiccated | *aynterrke | *Ca(r)ntirrkV
empty | *urlte | *CurltV
frightened | *atere | *CatOrV
knowing | *akaltye | *kaka+CaltyV
point | *arriylpe | *Rirra+Ci(r)lpi
raw | *arletye | *CarlOtyV
sick, be in pain | *arnte- | *CarntO-
sleep | *u(t)nke | *CunkO /*wa-
smooth | *alyelke | *CalyVlkV

### Verbs

[edit]

gloss | Proto-Arandic | Pre-Arandic

|
|

bite | *utnhe- | *TunhV-
chase | *ule(rne)- | *CulO-
copulate with | *Vnte(rne)- | *CVntV-
cut off | *urnte(rne)- | *CurntO-
get stuck in | *ume(rne)- | *NumO-
go about (in search of) | *u(t)nthe- | *CunthV-
insert | *uke(rne)- | *CukV-/*wakV-
make, fix | *umpare - | *CumpV+CarV-
manipulate in coolamon? | *aynpe- / *arnpe- | *Ca(r)npi-
pluck, clear of feathers | *althe- | *CalthV-
put (down) | *arre(rne)- | *CVrrV-
put foot down, move off | *arnpe- | *CarnpO-
put high | *utye(rne)- | *CYutyV-?
return | *alpe- | *CalpO-?
see | *are- | *miira-?
shine (on) | *arrtye- | *CVrrtyV-
sing | *ayle- | *Ca(r)li-
swallow | *uke(rne)- | *CukV-/*wakV-
tie | *irrtye- | *CVrrtyV-

### Plants

[edit]

Scientific name | Common name | Proto-Arandic | Pre-Arandic

|
|
|

Eucalyptus opaca | desert bloodwood | *arrke | *CarrkV
Eucalyptus coolabah |  | *ankerre | *CankOrrV
green grass |  | *atherrke | *CathVrrkV
Acacia aneura | mulga | *artetye | *CartOtyV
Ventilago viminalis | supplejack | *atnyere | *TanyVrV
Ficus platypoda | wild fig | *wityerrke/*yu- | *wityVrrkV /*CYu-
Canthium latifolium | native currant | *ahakeye | *CaakaakVyV
Acacia kempeana | witchetty bush | *atnyeme | *TanyVmV
Acacia ligulata | umbrella bush | *arterrke | *CartOrrkV
Acacia tetragonophylla | dead finish | *arlketyerre | *CarlkOtyVrrV
Acacia victoriae | acacia bush | *urlepe?, *arlepe | *COrlOpV
Atalaya hemiglauca | whitewood | *arlperre | *CarlpOrrV
Boerhavia spp. | tar vine | *ayepe | *CayVpV
Grevillea striata | beefwood | *iyltentye | *Ci(r)ltintyV
Hakea chordophylla | northern corkwood | *untyeye | *CuntyVyV /*wa-

### Animals

[edit]

gloss | Proto-Arandic | Pre-Arandic

|
|

dingo | *urtnere | *TurnOrV
Jew lizard | *ankerte | *CankOrtV
kangaroo | *aherre | *CaakVrrV
crested pigeon | *apelkere /-ure? | *CapVlkVrV
honey ant | *yerr+ampe? | *CVyVrrV+
termites, white ants | *interrke | *CintOrrkV

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kearney 2007.
2. ^ Lower Arrernte.
3. ^ To save a dying language 2018.
4. ^ Pertame Project.
5. ^ Breen, Gavan (2001). "Chapter 4: The wonders of Arandic phonology". In Simpson, Jane; Nash, David; Laughren, Mary; Austin, Peter; Alpher, Barry (eds.). Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages (pdf). Pacific Linguistics 512. ANU. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. (Pacific Linguistics). pp. 45–69. ISBN 085883524X.
6. ^ "Kaytetye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
7. ^ Note:"Aranda" is a simplified, Australian English approximation of the traditional pronunciation of the name of Arrernte [ˈarəɳ͡ɖa].(Turpin, Myfany (August 2004). "Have you ever wondered why Arrernte is spelt the way it is?". Central Land Council. Retrieved 15 June 2019.)
8. ^ "Arandic". Glottolog. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
9. ^ "Arandic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
10. ^ Koch, Harold (2004). "The Arandic subgroup of Australian languages". In Claire Bowern & Harold Koch, eds., Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/cilt.249.10koc

### Sources

[edit]

* Kearney, Simon (20 September 2007). "Another language faces sunset in dead centre". The Australian. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011.
* "Lower Arrernte". Mobile Language Team. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
* "To save a dying language". Alice Springs News Online. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
* "Pertame Project". Call for Australian languages and linguistics. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.

## Bibliography

[edit]

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Arandic reconstructions

* Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press.

* v
* t
* e

Pama–Nyungan languages

Paman languages

| North|

* Adithinngithigh
* Andjingith
* Anguthimri
* Arritinngithigh
* Awngthim
* Luthigh
* Mbiywom
* Ndrangith
* Ngkoth
* Uradhi

|

Northeast|

* Umpila

Wik|

* Ayabadhu
* Kugu-Muminh
* Pakanha
* Wik-Me'nh
* Wik-Mungkan
* Wik-Ngathan
* Wik-Ompom

Lamalamic|

* Lamalama
* Morrobolam

Yalanjic|

* Barrow Point
* Gugu Yalandyi
* Guugu Yimidhirr

Southwest|

* Koko-Bera
* Kok Thawa
* Kunjen
* Ogh-Undjan
* Kuuk Thaayorre
* Kuuk Yak
* Yir-Yoront

Norman|

* Kurtjar
* Kuthant

Thaypan|

* Alungul
* Angkula
* Aghu Tharrnggala
* Ikarranggal
* Takalak
* Thaypan

Southern|

* Agwamin
* Mbara-Yanga
* Mbabaram
* Walangama

Other|

* Djabugay
* Flinders Island
* Gugadj
* Kok Narr
* Mbariman-Gudhinma
* Umbindhamu

Eastern Pama–Nyungan

| Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Nyawaygi
* Warrgamay
* Wulguru

|

Maric|

* Bidjara
* Biri
* Kingkel
* Warrongo

Waka–Kabic|

* Barunggam
* Dappil
* Gabi-Gabi
* Gureng Gureng
* Wakawaka
* Wuliwuli

Durubalic|

* Guwar
* Janday
* Nunukul
* Turrbal

Gumbaynggiric|

* Kumbainggar
* Yaygir

Wiradhuric|

* Gamilaraay
* Ngiyambaa
* Wiradjuri

Yuin–Kuric|

* Awabakal
* Darkinjung
* Dharug
* Dhanggati
* Ngarigo
* Ngunnawal
* Tharawal
* Wormi

Gippsland|

* Dhudhuroa
* Gunaikurnai
* Pallanganmiddang

Other|

* Anewan
* Bandjalang
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya
* Yidiny

Southern Pama–Nyungan

| Yotayotic|

* Yabula-Yabula
* Yotayota

|

Kulinic|

Kolakngat

| Kulin|

* Bunurong
* Dja Dja Wurrung
* Ledji-Ledji
* Madhi-Madhi
* Wadi-Wadi
* Wathaurong
* Wemba Wemba
* Woiwurrung–Taungurung

|

Drual|

* Bungandidj
* Dhauwurd Wurrung
* Kuurn Kopan Noot

Lower Murray|

* Keramin
* Ngayawung
* Yaralde
* Yitha-Yitha
* Yuyu

Thura-Yura|

* Adnyamathanha
* Barngarla
* Kaurna
* Kuyani
* Narungga
* Nauo
* Ngadjuri
* Nukunu
* Wirangu

Mirniny|

* Mirning
* Ngadjunmaya

Nyungic|

* Galaagu
* Kalaamaya
* Natingero
* Nyungar

Western Pama–Nyungan

| Kartu|

* Badimaya
* Malgana
* Nhanda
* Wajarri
* Yinggarda

|

Kanyara–Mantharta|

* Kanyara
* Mantharta

Ngayarta|

* Jurruru
* Kurrama
* Martuthunira
* Ngarla
* Ngarluma-Kariyarra
* Nhuwala
* Nyamal
* Nyiyaparli
* Panyjima
* Yindjibarndi
* Yinhawangka

Marrngu|

* Karajarri
* Mangala
* Nyangumarta

Northern Pama–Nyungan

| Ngumpin–Yapa|

* Ngarrga
* Ngumbin

|

Warumungu|

* Warumungu

Warluwaric|

* Wagaya
* Bularnu
* Yindjilandji
* Warluwarra
* Yanyuwa

Kalkatungic|

* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga

Mayi|

* Mayi-Kulan
* Mayi-Kutuna
* Ngawun

Central Pama–Nyungan

| Wati|

* Ngardi
* Wanman
* Western Desert

|

Arandic|

* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Lower Arrernte

Karnic|

* Arabana
* Diyari
* Mithaka
* Ngamini
* Yarluyandi
* Ngura
* Pitta Pitta
* Wanggamala
* Wangka-Yutjurru
* Wilson River
* Bundhamara
* new Wangkumara/Garlali
* Yandruwandha

Other|

* Baagandji
* Bulloo River
* old Wangkumara/Garlali
* Muruwari
* Barranbinja
* Yardli

Other Pama–Nyungan

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu
* Dhuwal
* Djaŋu
* Djinba
* Djinaŋ
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu

|

Other|

* Lower Burdekin
* Bindal

Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

| Macro-Gunwinyguan|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Ndjébbana
* Gurr-goni
* Nakkara

|

Mangarrayi-Marran|

* Alawa
* Mangarrayi
* Marra
* Warndarrang
* Yugul

Gunwinyguan|

* Jawoyn
* Uwinymil
* Waray
* Kunwinjku
* Dalabon
* Kunbarlang
* Ngalakgan
* Rembarrnga
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu
* Anindilyakwa

Other|

* Gaagudju
* Kungarakany
* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Tangkic|

* Kayardild
* Lardil
* Minkin
* Gangalidda (Yukulta)

Garrwan|

* Garrwa
* Gunindiri
* Waanyi

* v
* t
* e

Australian Aboriginal and Tasmanian languages

Pama–Nyungan
subgroups|

| Southeastern|

| Victorian P–N|

* Lower Murray
* Yotayotic
* Gippsland
* Kulin
* Bungandidj

|

New South Wales P–N|

* Yuin–Kuric
* Dhanggati ?
* Anewan (Nganyaywana) ?
* Central New South Wales
* Wiradhuric
* Barranbinja
* Muruwari

North Coast|

* Durubalic
* Bandjalangic
* Gumbaynggiric
* Waka–Kabic

Northern|

* Western Torres Strait
* Kalaw Lagaw Ya

Paman|

* Northern Paman
* Uradhi
* Wik
* Middle Paman
* Umpilaic
* Umbindhamuic
* Lamalamic
* Umbuygamu
* Mbarrumbathama
* Southwest Paman
* Kuuk Thayorre
* Southern Paman
* Mbabaram
* Flinders Island

Maric|

* Northern
* Warrongo
* Eastern
* Biri
* Southern
* Bidyara–Gungabula
* Margany–Gunya
* Bindal ?
* Guwa–Yanda ?
* Guwa
* Yanda
* Kingkel ?
* Dharumbal ?
* Bayali ?
* Lower Burdekin ?

Dyirbalic|

* Dyirbal
* Warrgamay
* Nyawaygi
* Lower Burdekin ?

Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic|

* Guugu Yimidihirr
* Kuku Yalanji
* Yidiny

Gulf|

* Kalkatungic
* Kalkatungu
* Yalarnnga
* Mayi

Central|

| Arandic–Thura–Yura|

* Arandic
* Arrernte
* Kaytetye
* Thura–Yura
* Wirangu
* Kaurna
* Adnyamathanha

|

Karnic|

* Northern (Palku)
* Pitta-Pitta
* Western
* Arabana–Wangkangurru
* Central
* Diyari
* Yandruwandha
* Eastern
* Wilson River (Wangkumara)
* Bulloo River (Galali) ?

* Yarli
* Paakantyi

Western|

| Yolŋu|

* Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
* Ritharrŋu
* Nhaŋu
* Dhuwal–Dhuwala
* Djambarrpuyŋu
* Gupapuyŋu
* Djinaŋ
* Djinba
* Ganhalpuyŋu

|

Ngarna/Warluwarric|

* Yanyuwa
* Southern
* Ngarru
* Thawa

Desert Nyungic|

* Marrngu
* Ngumpin–Yapa
* Ngumpin
* Yapa
* Warumungu ?
* Wati

South-West P–N|

* Pilbara
* Ngayarda
* Kanyara–Mantharta
* Kartu–Nhanda
* Yinggarda ?
* Mirning
* Nyunga

* Proto-Pama–Nyungan

Tangkic|

* Lardil (register: Damin)
* Kayardild
* Yukulta (Ganggalida, Nyangga)
* Mingginda (Minkin)

Garrwan|

* Garawa (Garrwa, north)
* Waanyi (Wanji, south)
* Gunindiri (Kurnindirri, southwest)

Macro-Gunwinyguan ?|

| Maningrida|

* Burarra
* Gurr-goni
* Ndjébbana
* Nakkara

|

Marran|

* Marra
* Warndarang
* Yugul ?
* Alawa ?
* Mangarrayi ?

Gunwinyguan proper|

| Western|

* Jawoyn (Djauan)
* Waray
* Uwinymil

|

Central|

* Bininj Kunwok (Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
* Kunbarlang
* Dalabon (Ngalkbun)

Eastern|

* Rembarrnga
* Ngalakgan
* Ngandi
* Nunggubuyu (Wubuy)
* Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)

Yangmanic–Wagiman?|

* Wardaman
* Wagiman

Other isolates|

* Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ) ?
* Gaagudju

Iwaidjan|

| Central (Warrkbi)|

* Iwaidja
* Garig–Ilgar
* Garig
* Ilgar

|

Eastern (Goulburn Island)|

* Maung
* Manangkari

Southern|

* Amurdag

Marrku–Wurrugu ?|

* Wurrugu
* Marrgu

Darwin Region ?|

* Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)

Limilngan–Wulna?|

* Limilngan
* Wulna

Umbugarlic|

* Umbugarla
* Ngurmbur
* Bugurnidja

Daly River Sprachbund|

| Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)|

* Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
* Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)

|

Northern Daly|

* Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
* Tyerraty

Western Daly|

* Marri Ngarr
* Merranunggu
* Marrithiyel
* Marramaninjsji

Eastern Daly|

* Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
* Kamu

Southern Daly|

* Murrinh-patha
* Ngan’gityemerri

Mirndi|

* Jingulu

| Yirram|

* Nungali
* Jaminjung

|

Ngurlun|

* Ngarnka
* Wambaya

Jarrakan|

* Kija
* Miriwoong
* Gajirrawoong

Bunuban|

* Bunuba
* Gooniyandi

Worrorran|

* Wunambal (Northern)
* Ngarinyin (Eastern)
* Worrorra (Western)

Nyulnyulan|

| Western (Nyulnyulic)|

* Nyulnyul
* Bardi
* Jawi
* Djabirr-Djabirr
* Nimanburru

|

Eastern (Dyukun)|

* Yawuru
* Dyugun
* Warrwa
* Nyigina
* Ngumbarl

isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Tiwi

Tasmanian
family-level groups|

| Western|

* Northwestern Tasmanian (Peerapper)
* Southwestern Tasmanian (Toogee) ?

|

Northern|

* Northern Tasmanian (Tommeginne)
* Port Sorell

Northeastern|

* Pyemmairre (Northeastern)
* Tyerrernotepanner (North Midland)
* Lhotsky/Blackhouse
* Norman

Eastern|

* Oyster Bay (Paredarerme)
* Little Swanport
* Southeast Tasmanian (Nuenonne)
* Bruny Island

New Indigenous
languages and
Aboriginal Englishes|

| Creoles|

| Australian Kriol|

* Roper River Kriol (Ngukurr)
* Bamyili Kriol (Barunga)
* Kimberley Kriol (Fitzroy Valley)
* Daly River Kriol
* Westside Kriol (Victoria River)
* Barkly Kriol
* Mornington Island Creole
* Kowanyama Creole

|

Northeastern
creoles|

* Torres Strait Creole (Yumplatok)
* Cape York Creole
* Lockhart River Creole
* Napranum Creole

Pidgins|

* Port Jackson Pidgin English
* Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
* South Australian Pidgin English
* Pidgin Ngarluma

Mixed languages|

* Light Warlpiri
* Gurindji Kriol
* Modern Tiwi
* Wumpurrarni English (Tennant Creek)
* Alyawarr English

Others|

* Neo-Nyungar
* Nunga English
* Yarrie Lingo
* Palm Talk
* Woorie Talk
* Cherbourg Talk
* Murdi Language

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