Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

Austrian archduke and military commander

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Archduke

Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, by Pieter Thijs

Born| 5 January 1614
Wiener Neustadt
Died| 20 November 1662 (aged 48)
Vienna
Allegiance|  Holy Roman Empire
Years of service| 1640 to 1656
Commands held| Governor, Spanish Netherlands 1647-1656
Battles/wars| Thirty Years' War
Second Breitenfeld
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
Gravelines Lens
Relations| Emperor Ferdinand III brother
Leopold I nephew
Other work| Prince-bishop
Halberstadt Passau Breslau Olmütz Strasbourg
Grand Master, Teutonic Order 1641–1662

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (5 January 1614 – 20 November 1662), younger brother of Emperor Ferdinand III, was an Austrian soldier, administrator and patron of the arts.

He held a number of military commands, with limited success, and served as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, before returning to Vienna in 1656. Despite being nominated as Holy Roman Emperor after Ferdinand's death in 1657, he stood aside in favour of his nephew Leopold I.

His main interest was in art, and he patronised artists including David Teniers the Younger, Frans Snyders, Peter Snayers, Daniel Seghers, Peter Franchoys, Frans Wouters, Jan van den Hoecke and Pieter Thijs. His collection of 17th century Venetian and Dutch paintings are now held by the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

## Life[edit]

Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, ca 1650s by David Teniers the Younger

Born at Wiener Neustadt on 5 January, 1614, he was the sixth of seven children born to Emperor Ferdinand II (1578-1637) and his first wife, Maria Anna of Bavaria (1574–1616). His elder brother became Emperor Ferdinand III (1608–1657).

## Career[edit]

As a younger son, Leopold was educated for the church but was never ordained. Despite not being a member of the clergy, he held various Prince-Bishoprics within the Holy Roman Empire to provide him an income: Halberstadt (1628–1648), Passau (1625–1662), Breslau (1656–1662), Olmütz (1637–1662) and Strasbourg (1626–1662).

He was also appointed to the Bishopric of Halberstadt in 1627, Magdeburg in 1629 and Bremen in 1635. All three were in the Protestant north, where the infrastructure of the Catholic church had long since disappeared; he never exercised power and all three were secularised in 1648.[1] He became the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1641.

During his lifetime, the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire faced the 1568 to 1648 Dutch Revolt, the 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years War and other conflicts, including the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). Despite his reluctance, Ferdinand made him Imperial commander in 1639, largely due to lack of reliable subordinates; he resigned following a disastrous defeat at Second Breitenfeld in 1642, a battle fought against the advice of his generals.

He was re-appointed after another Imperial defeat at the 1645 Battle of Jankau, then Governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1647. In that role, he lost the Battle of Lens against Condé and then he helped negotiate an end to the war in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia; the Franco-Spanish War continued, obliging him to remain in Brussels until 1656.[2]

## Art collection[edit]

While in Brussels, he employed David Teniers the Younger as keeper of his collection, spending immense sums on works by Frans Snyders, Peter Snayers, Daniel Seghers, Peter Franchoys, Frans Wouters, Jan van den Hoecke, Pieter Thijs, Jan van de Venne and others. He also acquired a number of Italian masters, purchased from the sale of collections owned by Bartolomeo della Nave and Charles I. His most prized pieces engraved in the book Theatrum Pictorium, which is often called the first "art catalogue".

When the tomb of Childeric I, an early Merovingian king, was discovered in 1653 by a mason doing repairs in the church of Saint-Brice in Tournai, it was Leopold Wilhelm who had the find published in Latin. On his return to Vienna in 1656, his collection relocated to the Hofburg Palace, where Jan Anton van der Baren, a Flemish priest and artist, served as director. The collection was bequeathed to his nephew Leopold I, and is now part of the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.

He played an active role in court politics and was close to his stepmother, Eleonora of Mantua (1598-1655), who shared his interest in Italian art and was a prominent supporter of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Although suggested as a candidate to replace Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor in 1657, he ensured his nephew Leopold I was elected when he reached 18 in July 1658. [3]

* Bust of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, by Francois Dieussart (1656). Kunsthistorisches Museum

* Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Gallery in Brussels, by David Teniers the Younger, c. 1650

* Gallery of the Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in Brussels; by David Teniers the Younger, 1651

## Ancestors[edit]

Ancestors of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16\. Philip I of Castile[10][11]

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| 8\. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[6] (= 22, 26)|

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| 17\. Joanna of Castile[11]

| 4\. Charles II, Archduke of Austria[4]|

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| 18\. Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary[12]

| 9\. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary[6] (= 23, 27)|

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| 19\. Anna of Foix-Candale[12]

| 2\. Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|

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| 20\. William IV, Duke of Bavaria[13] (= 24)

| 10\. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[7] (= 12)|

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| 21\. Marie of Baden-Sponheim[13] (= 25)

| 5\. Maria Anna of Bavaria[4] (≠ 3)|

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| 22\. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[14] (= 8, 26)

| 11\. Anna of Austria[7] (= 13)|

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| 23\. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary[14] (= 9, 27)

| 1\. Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 24\. William IV, Duke of Bavaria (= 20)

| 12\. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[8] (= 10)|

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| 25\. Marie of Baden-Sponheim (= 21)

| 6\. William V, Duke of Bavaria[5]|

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| 26\. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (= 8, 22)

| 13\. Anna of Austria[8] (= 11)|

|  |  |
| 27\. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (= 9, 23)

| 3\. Maria Anna of Bavaria (≠ 5)|

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| 28\. Antoine, Duke of Lorraine[9]

| 14\. Francis I, Duke of Lorraine[9]|

|  |  |
| 29\. Renée of Bourbon-Montpensier[9]

| 7\. Renata of Lorraine[5]|

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| 30\. Christian II of Denmark[9]

| 15\. Christina of Denmark[9]|

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| 31\. Isabella of Austria[9]

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## Male-line family tree[edit]

Habsburg

[n 1]
Original line /  Albertinian line /  Leopoldian line

Max and Philip line /  Spanish / Iberian line /  Austrian / HRE line

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert
Count of Habsburg
(c. 1188–1239)

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Germany
(c. 1218–1291)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert I
of Germany
(1255–1308)| | | | | Hartmann
(1263–1281)| | | | Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
(1270–1290)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf I
of Bohemia
(1281–1307)| | Frederick
the Fair
(c. 1289–1330)| | Leopold I
Duke of Austria
(1290–1326)| | | Albert II
Duke of Austria
(1298–1358)| | | Henry
the Friendly
(1299–1327)| | Otto
Duke of Austria
(1301–1339)| | John
Parricida
(c. 1290–1312/13)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
(1339–1365)| | Frederick III
Duke of Austria
(1347–1362)| | | Albert III
Duke of Austria
(1349–1395)| | | | | | | | | | | Leopold III
Duke of Austria
(1351–1386)| | | | | Frederick II
Duke of Austria
(1327–1344)| | Leopold II
Duke of Austria
(1328–1344)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert IV
Duke of Austria
(1377–1404)| | William
Duke of Austria
(c. 1370–1406)| | Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
(1371–1411)| | | Ernest
Duke of Austria
(1377–1424)| | | | | | | Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
(1382–1439)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Albert II
of Germany
(1397–1439)| | | | | | | | | | | Frederick III
HRE
(1415–1493)| | | Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
(1418–1463)| | Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
(1427–1496)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ladislaus
the Posthumous
(1440–1457)| | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian I
HRE
(1459–1519)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Philip I
of Castile
(1478–1506)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Charles V
HRE
(1500–1558)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand I
HRE
(1503–1564)| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Philip II
of Spain
(1527–1598)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maximilian II
HRE
(1527–1576)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
(1529–1595)| | | | Charles II
Archduke of Austria
(1540–1590)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Carlos
Prince of Asturias
(1545–1568)| | Philip III
of Spain
(1578–1621)| | | | Rudolf II
HRE
(1552–1612)| | Ernest
of Austria
(1553–1595)| | Matthias
HRE
(1557–1619)| | Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
(1558–1618)| | Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
(1559–1621)| | Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
(1561–1578)| | Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
(1558–1600)| | Charles
Margrave of Burgau
(1560–1618)| | Ferdinand II
HRE
(1578–1637)| | Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
(1583–1616)| | | | Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
(1586–1632)| | Charles
of Austria
(1590–1624)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | Philip IV
of Spain
(1605–1665)| | Charles
of Austria
(1607–1632)| | Ferdinand
of Austria
(1609–1641)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John-Charles
of Austria
(1605–1619)| | Ferdinand III
HRE
(1608–1657)| | Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
(1614–1662)| | Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
(1628–1662)| | Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
(1630–1665)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
(1629–1646)| | Charles II
of Spain
(1661–1700)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
(1633–1654)| | Leopold I
HRE
(1640–1705)| | Charles Joseph
of Austria
(1649–1664)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Joseph I
HRE
(1678–1711)| | Charles VI
HRE
(1685–1740)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Notes:

1. ^ "Habsburg family tree". Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.

## References[edit]

1. ^ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Archduke Leopold Wilhelm: a Baroque prince of the Church par excellence". Habsburger.net. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
2. ^ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Leopold Wilhelm: the prince of the Church in armour". Habsburger.net. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
3. ^ González Cuerva, Tercero Casado 2017, p. 164.
4. ^ a b Eder, Karl (1961), "Ferdinand II.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 5, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 83–85; (full text online)
5. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria Anna von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 23 - via Wikisource.
6. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 352 - via Wikisource.
7. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861). "Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7\. p. 20 - via Wikisource.
8. ^ a b Sigmund Ritter von Riezler (1897), "Wilhelm V. (Herzog von Bayern)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 42, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 717–723
9. ^ a b c d e f Cartwright, Julia Mary (1913). Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine, 1522-1590. New York: E. P. Dutton. pp. 536–539.
10. ^ Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
11. ^ a b Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at the Encyclopædia Britannica
12. ^ a b Obermayer-Marnach, Eva (1953), "Anna Jagjello", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 299; (full text online)
13. ^ a b Goetz, Walter (1953), "Albrecht V.", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 158–160; (full text online)
14. ^ a b Wurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860). "Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6\. p. 151 - via Wikisource.

## Sources[edit]

* González Cuerva, Rubén; Tercero Casado, Luis (2017). "The Imperial Court during the Thirty Years War". In Caesar, Mathieu (ed.). Factional Struggles: Divided Elites in European Cities & Courts (1400-1750). BRILL. ISBN 978-9004344150.
* Schreiber, Renate (2004). "Ein Galeria nach meinem Humor": Erzherzog Leopold Wilhelm. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. ISBN 3854970854.
* Liedtke , Walter A. (1984). Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870993569. (See index, v. 1, for more information on Leopold Wilhelm's patronage)

## External links[edit]

* Mutschlechner, Martin. "Archduke Leopold Wilhelm: a Baroque prince of the Church par excellence". Habsburger.net. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
* Mutschlechner, Martin. "Leopold Wilhelm: the prince of the Church in armour". Habsburger.net. Retrieved 27 January 2020.

Leopold William of Austria

House of Habsburg

Born: 5 January 1614 in Wiener Neustadt Died: 20 November 1662 in Vienna

Catholic Church titles
Regnal titles
Preceded by

Christian William of Brandenburg

as Lutheran Administrator |  Prince-Archbishop of Magdeburg1
1631–1638  | Succeeded by

Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels

as Lutheran Administrator
Prince-Bishop of Halberstadt1
1628–1648  | Secularised to the
Principality of Halberstadt
Preceded by

Frederick II, Crown Prince of Denmark

as Lutheran Administrator |  Prince-Archbishop of Bremen2
1635–1645  | Succeeded by

Franz Wilhelm, Count of Wartenberg

as Vicar Apostolic
Preceded by

Leopold V, Archduke of Austria

|  Prince-Bishop of Strasbourg1
1626–1662  | Succeeded by

Franz Egon of Fürstenberg

Prince-Bishop of Passau1
1625–1662  | Succeeded by

Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria

Preceded by

John Ernest Plateis of Plattenstein

|  Prince-Bishop of Olmütz1
1637–1662
Preceded by

Karol Ferdynand Vasa

|  Prince-Bishop of Breslau1
1656–1662
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by

John Caspar I,
Lord of Stadion

|  Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
1641–1662  | Succeeded by

Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria

Government offices
Preceded by

Manuel de Moura,
Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo

|  Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
1647–1656  | Succeeded by

John of Austria, the Younger

Notes and references
1\. Catholic Administrator, due to lack of canonical qualification
2\. De jure only; de facto he was barred by the Swedish occupants

* v
* t
* e

Austrian archdukes

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

1st generation|

* Frederick V
* Albert VI
* Sigismund

2nd generation|

* Maximilian I

3rd generation|

* Philip I of Castile

4th generation|

* Charles I
* Ferdinand I

5th generation|

* Philip II of SpainS
* Maximilian II
* Ferdinand II
* Charles II

6th generation|

* Charles, Prince of AsturiasS
* Ferdinand, Prince of AsturiasS
* Diego, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip III of SpainSP
* Rudolf V
* Ernest
* Matthias
* Maximilian III
* Albert VII
* Wenceslaus
* Ferdinand III
* Maximilian Ernest
* Leopold V
* Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw

7th generation|

* Philip IV of SpainSP
* CharlesSP
* FerdinandSP
* AlonsoSP
* Ferdinand IV
* Leopold Wilhelm
* Ferdinand Charles
* Sigismund Francis

8th generation|

* Balthasar Charles, Prince of AsturiasSP
* Philip Prospero, Prince of AsturiasS
* Charles II of SpainS
* Ferdinand IV of Hungary
* Leopold VI
* Charles Joseph

9th generation|

* Joseph I
* Leopold Joseph
* Charles III

11th generation|

* Joseph IIT
* Charles JosephT
* Leopold VIIT
* FerdinandT
* Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of CologneT

12th generation|

* Emperor Francis IT
* Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* CharlesT
* Alexander LeopoldT
* JosephT
* Anton VictorT
* JohnT
* Rainer JosephT
* LouisT
* Cardinal RudolfT
* Francis IV, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl JosephM
* MaximilianM
* Karl Ambrosius, Primate of HungaryM

13th generation|

* Emperor Ferdinand I
* Joseph Franz
* Franz Karl
* Leopold II, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Albrecht
* Karl Ferdinand
* Frederick Ferdinand
* Wilhelm Franz
* Stephen
* Joseph Karl
* Leopold Ludwig
* Ernest
* Sigismund
* Rainer Ferdinand
* Heinrich Anton
* Francis V, Duke of ModenaM
* Ferdinand Karl ViktorM

14th generation|

* Emperor Franz Joseph I
* Maximilian I of Mexico
* Karl Ludwig
* Ludwig Viktor
* Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of TuscanyT
* Karl SalvatorT
* Ludwig SalvatorT
* John SalvatorT
* Friedrich
* Charles Stephen
* Eugen
* Joseph August
* Archduke Ladislaus Philipp

15th generation|

* Crown Prince Rudolf
* Franz Ferdinand
* Otto
* Ferdinand Karl
* Leopold FerdinandT
* Josef FerdinandT
* Peter FerdinandT
* Leopold SalvatorT
* Franz SalvatorT
* Albrecht Franz
* Karl Albrecht
* Leo Karl
* Wilhelm
* Joseph Francis

16th generation|

* Emperor Charles I
* Maximilian

Habsburg
Tuscany|

* GottfriedT
* RainerT
* Leopold MariaT
* AntonT
* Franz JosephT
* Karl PiusT
* Franz Karl SalvatorT
* Hubert SalvatorT

Palatines
of Hungary|

* Joseph Árpád
* Géza

17th generation|

| Descent of
Charles I|

* Crown Prince Otto
* Robert
* Felix
* Carl Ludwig
* Rudolf

|

Tuscany|

* DominicT

Palatines|

* Eduard

18th generation|

| Charles|

* Karl
* Georg
* LorenzB
* Karl Philipp
* Simeon

|

19th generation|

| Charles|

* Ferdinand Zvonimir
* Károly
* AmedeoB

|

* S: also an infante of Spain
* P: also an infante of Portugal
* T: also a prince of Tuscany
* M: also a prince of Modena
* B: also a prince of Belgium

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Germany
* Israel
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Vatican

Artists|

* MusicBrainz
* RKD Artists
* ULAN

People|

* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* RISM
* SNAC
* IdRef

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