Argentine Declaration of Independence

1816 proclamation of independence of the United Provinces of South America from Spain

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Argentine
Declaration of Independence

Congreso de Tucumán (Congress of Tucumán), made by Francisco Fortuny

Ratified| July 9, 1816; 208 years ago (1816-07-09)
Location| Original Act of Independence lost: A copy is preserved in the General Archive of the Argentine Nation.
Author(s)| Juan José Paso
Signatories| 29 delegates of the Congress of Tucumán
Purpose| To announce and explain the independence from Spanish Empire and all other foreign domination.

Part of a series on the

History of Argentina

Pre-Columbian

* Indigenous peoples in Argentina
* Inca Empire

Colonial Argentina

* Governorate of New Andalusia
(1534-1542)
* Governorate of the Río de la Plata
(1549-1776)
* Calchaquí Wars
* Battle of Mbororé
* Siege of Colonia del Sacramento (1807)
* Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
* Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires
(1661-1671), (1759-1788)
* Guaraní War
* First Cevallos expedition
* Capture of Port Egmont
* Bourbon Reforms in Buenos Aires
* Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
(1776–1814)
* Second Cevallos expedition
* War of the Oranges
* British invasions of the River Plate
* Chuquisaca Revolution

Independence

* May Revolution
* Primera Junta
* War of Independence
* Assembly of the Year XIII
* Crossing of the Andes
* Congress of Tucumán
* United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

Civil Wars

* Federal League
* Bernardino Rivadavia
* Confederation
* Juan Manuel de Rosas
* Guerra Grande (Great War)
* Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
* Battle of Caseros
* State of Buenos Aires
* Argentine Unification War
* Revolution of 1880

Rise of Argentine Republic

* 1853 Constitution
* British investment in Argentina
* Paraguayan War
* Conquest of the Desert
* Generation of '80
* Revolution of the Park
* Great European immigration
* Argentine Antarctica
* South American dreadnought race
* Radical Phase (1916–30)
* Patagonia Rebelde
* Nacionalismo
* The Infamous Decade
* World War II
* United Officers' Group
* 1943 Argentine Revolution

Peronist Era

* Juan Perón and Eva Perón
* General Confederation of Labour
* Five-Year Plans
* Railway nationalisation in Argentina
* 1949 Constitution reform
* Bombing of Plaza de Mayo

Argentina in Cold War

* Revolución Libertadora
* Arturo Frondizi
* 1963 Argentine Navy revolt
* Arturo Umberto Illia
* Laguna del Desierto incident
* Operativo Cóndor
* Argentine Revolution
* Montoneros and ERP
* Return of Peron
* Ezeiza massacre
* Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
* Rodrigazo
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état

National Reorganization Process

* Dirty War
* Operation Independence
* Operation Charly
* Operation Soberanía
* Falklands War
(Guerra de las Malvinas)

Return to democracy

*     * Raúl Alfonsín
* Trial of the Juntas
* Carapintadas uprisings
* 1989 hyperinflation
* Carlos Menem
* Israeli embassy and AMIA bombings
* 1994 Constitution reform
* Argentine great depression
* December 2001 riots
* Kirchnerism
* Javier Milei

Topics

* Corruption
* Economy
* Etymology
* LGBT
* Jewish Argentines
* Military
* Nationality
* Postal
* Rail transport
* Folkloric music
* Science and technology

See also

* Timeline
* Years in Argentina

Argentina portal

* v
* t
* e

Allegory of the Declaration of Independence, by Luis de Servi

The Independence of the Argentine Republic (or La Independencia de Argentina in spanish) was declared on July 9, 1816, by the Congress of Tucumán. In reality, the congressmen who were assembled in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America, which is one of the official names of the Argentine Republic. The Federal League Provinces,[1] at war with the United Provinces, were not allowed into the Congress. At the same time, several provinces from the Upper Peru that would later become part of present-day Bolivia, were represented at the Congress.

## Causes

[edit]

The 1810 May Revolution followed the deposition of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII by the Napoleonic French. The revolution ended the authority of the Viceroy Cisneros and replaced it with the Primera Junta.

When the Spanish monarchy resumed its functions in 1814, Spain was determined to recover control over its colonies in the Americas. Moreover, the royalists from Peru had been victorious at the battles of Sipe-Sipe, Huaqui, Vilcapugio and Ayohuma, in Upper Peru, and seriously threatened the United Provinces from the north.

On April 15, 1815, a revolution ended the mandate of Carlos María de Alvear as Supreme Director and demanded that a General Congress be summoned. Delegate deputies, each representing 14,000 inhabitants, were sent from all the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to the sessions, which started on March 24, 1816. However, the Federal League Provinces did not send delegates: the Argentine littoral Provinces (Santa Fé, Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Misiones), and the Eastern Province (modern-day Uruguay).

## Development

[edit]

The Congress was inaugurated in the city of Tucumán, with 33 deputies. The presidency of the Congress would be rotated monthly. Because the Congress had the freedom to choose topics to debate, endless discussions ensued.

During the declaration of independence, Pedro de Medrano served as the first president of the Congress of Tucumán. The voting finally ended on July 9 with a declaration of Independence. The Declaration pointed to the circumstances in Europe of the past six years—the removal of the King of Spain by Napoleon and the subsequent refusal of Ferdinand VII to accept constitutional rule both in the Peninsula and overseas. The Document claimed that Spanish America recovered its sovereignty from the Crown of Castile in 1808, when Ferdinand VII had been deposed, and therefore, any union between the overseas dominions of Spain and the Peninsula had been dissolved. This was a legal concept that was also invoked by the other Spanish American declarations of independence, such as Venezuela's (1811) and Mexico's (1810), which were responding to the same events. The president of the Congress at the time was Francisco Narciso de Laprida, delegate from San Juan Province. Subsequent discussions centered on what form of government the emerging state should adopt.

The congress continued its work in Buenos Aires in 1817, but it got stopped in 1820 after the Battle of Cepeda, which deepened the differences between the Unitarian Party, who favored a strong central government, and the Federales, who favored a weak central government.

The house where the declaration was adopted has been rebuilt and is now a museum and monument: the House of Tucumán.

## Signatories of the declaration

[edit]

* Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
* Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president
* José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary
* Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
* Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires
* Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires
* Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires
* Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires
* Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca
* Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta
* Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
* Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
* Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba
* Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza
* Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
* Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires
* Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
* Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
* Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day Bolivia)
* Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia)
* Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia)
* Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
* Lic. Gerónimo Salguero, Deputy for Córdoba
* Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca
* Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for Tucumán
* Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan
* José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
* Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza
* Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires

## Recognition of independence

[edit]

* Kingdom of Hawaiʻi: 1818
* Portugal: 1821
* Brazil, United States of America: 1822
* United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
* France: 1830
* Denmark: 1841

* United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
* Spain: April 29, 1857

## Translations

[edit]

The Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of South America was written in Spanish and then translated into Quechua and Aymara. The version in Aymara is attributed to Vicente Pazos Kanki (1779-1852).[2]

* Quechua version

* Aymara version

## See also

[edit]

* Argentine War of Independence
* Congress of Tucumán
* United Provinces of South America

## References

[edit]

* 9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia (in Spanish)
* Act of Independence – Spanish Wikisource

1. ^ The Argentine Littoral provinces Santa Fé, Entre Ríos and Corrientes, along with the Eastern Province (present-dayUruguay)
2. ^ Una Declaración de Independencia en aymara (in Spanish)

* v
* t
* e

Argentine War of Independence

Causes

| Political ideas|

* Age of Enlightenment
* Carlotism
* Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people

|
|

Economy|

* The Representation of the Landowners

Events|

* British invasions of the Río de la Plata
* Peninsular War
* Chuquisaca Revolution
* La Paz revolution
* Mutiny of Álzaga
* May Revolution

Last viceroys|

* Rafael de Sobremonte
* Santiago de Liniers
* Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
* Francisco Javier de Elío

Combatants

* Campaigns & Theaters
* Battles
* Events

| Argentine Combatants|

* Army of the Andes
* Army of the North
* Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers
* Regiment of Patricians

|
|

Campaigns & Theaters|

* Crossing of the Andes
* First Upper Peru campaign
* Second Upper Peru campaign
* Third Upper Peru campaign
* Liniers Counter-revolution
* Paraguay campaign
* Second Banda Oriental campaign

Major battles|

* Ayohuma
* Chacabuco
* Huaqui
* Maipú
* Martín García
* Salta
* San Lorenzo
* Suipacha
* Tacuarí
* Tucumán
* Vilcapugio

Other events|

* Argentine Declaration of Independence
* Arequito Revolt
* Cry of Asencio
* Jujuy Exodus
* Revolution of October 8, 1812
* Yatasto relay

Leaders

| Patriots|

| Military|

* Carlos María de Alvear
* Cornelio Saavedra
* José de San Martín
* José Gervasio Artigas
* Manuel Belgrano
* Martín Miguel de Güemes
* William Brown

|

Civilian|

* Bernardino Rivadavia
* Mariano Moreno

Royalists|

| Military|

* Santiago de Liniers
* Vicente Nieto

|

Civilian|

* Ferdinand VII of Spain
* Francisco Javier de Elío
* Martín de Álzaga

Governments

| Primera Junta|

* Cornelio Saavedra
* Manuel Alberti
* Miguel de Azcuénaga
* Manuel Belgrano
* Juan José Castelli
* Domingo Matheu
* Juan Larrea
* Mariano Moreno
* Juan José Paso

|
|

Junta Grande|

* Cornelio Saavedra
* Juan José Paso
* Miguel de Azcuénaga
* Domingo Matheu
* Juan Larrea
* Manuel Alberti
* José Simón García de Cossio
* Juan Francisco Tarragona
* Manuel Felipe Molina
* Gregorio Funes
* José Julián Pérez
* Francisco de Gurruchaga
* Juan Ignacio de Gorriti
* José Antonio Olmos de Aguilera
* Manuel Ignacio Molina
* Marcelino Poblet
* José Ignacio Fernández Maradona
* Hipólito Vieytes
* Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo
* Pedro Francisco de Uriarte
* Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
* Feliciano Antonio Chiclana
* Atanasio Gutiérrez
* Juan Alagón
* Joaquín Campana

First Triumvirate|

* Manuel de Sarratea
* Feliciano Chiclana
* Juan José Paso
* Juan Martín de Pueyrredón

Second Triumvirate|

* Juan José Paso
* Nicolás Rodríguez Peña
* Antonio Álvarez Jonte
* José Julián Pérez
* Gervasio Posadas
* Juan Larrea

Supreme Directors|

* Gervasio Antonio de Posadas
* Carlos María de Alvear
* Juan José Viamonte
* José Rondeau
* Ignacio Álvarez Thomas
* Antonio González de Balcarce
* Juan Martín de Pueyrredón
* José Rondeau
* Juan Pedro Aguirre

Congresses

| Assembly of Year XIII|

* Hipólito Vieytes
* Valentín Gómez
* Vicente López y Planes
* José Julián Pérez
* Pedro Agrelo
* José Moldes
* Juan Larrea
* Gervasio Posadas
* Carlos María de Alvear
* Tomás Antonio Valle
* Bernardo Monteagudo
* Mariano Perdriel
* José Fermín Sarmiento
* José Ugarteche
* Nicolás Laguna
* Juan Ramón Balcarce
* Agustín José Donado
* Pedro Vidal
* Ramón Eduardo Anchoris
* José Amenábar
* Francisco Argerich
* Antonio Suárez
* Cosme Damián Urtubey
* José Miguel de Cabrera
* Andrés Pardo de Figueroa
* José Mariano Serrano
* Ángel Mariano Toro
* Simón Díaz de Ramila
* Gregorio Ferreira
* Ramón Mariaca
* Pedro Ignacio de Rivera

|
|

Congress of Tucumán|

* Tomás de Anchorena
* Juan Agustín Maza
* José Antonio Cabrera
* Justo de Santa María de Oro
* José Ignacio Thames
* José Colombres
* Gerónimo Salguero
* Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros
* José Severo Malabia
* Mariano Sánchez de Loria
* Pedro Ignacio Rivera
* Pedro León Gallo
* Pedro Francisco de Uriarte
* Esteban Agustín Gazcón
* Pedro Miguel Aráoz
* Tomás Godoy Cruz
* Eduardo Pérez Bulnes
* Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante
* José Andrés Pacheco de Melo
* José Ignacio de Gorriti
* Manuel Antonio Acevedo
* Pedro Medrano
* Cayetano José Rodríguez
* José Darragueira
* Antonio Sáenz
* Juan José Paso
* José Mariano Serrano
* Mariano Boedo
* Francisco Narciso de Laprida

Related topics

| Related topics|

* Operations plan
* Flag of Macha
* Argentine Constitution of 1819

|
|

Legacy|

* Historiography

Celebrations|

* Argentina Centennial
* Exposición Internacional del Centenario
* Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo
* Argentina Bicentennial

National days|

* First National Government
* Flag day

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