Armed factions in the Syrian civil war

Local, regional and international actors involved in the Syrian civil war prior to the fall of Damascus and the Assad regime

A number of states and armed groups have involved themselves in the Syrian civil war (2011–2024) as belligerents. The main groups were Ba'athist Syria and allies, the Syrian opposition and allies, Al-Qaeda and affiliates, Islamic State, and the Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces.

## Syrian government (Ba'athist) and allies

[edit]

Main article: Ba'athist Syria

See also: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region

A number of sources have emphasized that as of at least late-2015/early-2016 the Assad regime was dependent on a mix of volunteers and militias, rather than the Syrian Armed Forces.[1][2] Between 2016 and 2020, with the help of Russia and Iran, the Syrian Arab Armed Forces were rebuilt and united most of the armed militias.[3]

### Syrian Armed Forces

[edit]

Main article: Syrian Arab Armed Forces

The funeral procession of Syrian General Mohammed al-Awwad who was assassinated in Damascus in 2012 Syrian Army soldiers after the 2016 Palmyra offensive.

The Syrian Armed Forces were made up of the Syrian Arab Army (includes Republican Guard), Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, the Syrian Air Defense Force and the paramilitary National Defence Forces.[4] Before the uprising and war broke out, the Syrian Armed Forces were estimated at 295,000 regular troops and 314,000 reservists.[5] While the higher positions in the army were mostly occupied by Alawites, the ground troops were mostly made up of Sunnis, and once the uprisings began, the Syrian regime hesitated to employ these troops against the Sunni rebels.[6] Therefore, the army relied on loyal elite units and Alawite militias such as the Shabiha.[6] Due to defections following the uprisings, by the end of 2013 the number of regular troops had decreased to around 110,000.[7] As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops.[8] Most of the divisions in the army were under-strength, but Russia had been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions until the Fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, whereupon the Syrian Arab Armed Forces surrendered and were de facto dissolved by the Syrian Opposition groups.[9]

As of 2024, the Syrian Army was estimated at 169,000 active troops.[10] Most of the divisions in the army were under-strength, but Russia had been assisting in the reconstruction and re-equipment of some divisions until the fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, whereupon the Syrian Arab Armed Forces surrendered and were de facto dissolved by the Syrian Opposition groups.

In the aftermath, various former government-held regions came under the control of different opposition factions. Some former SAA personnel were absorbed into new regional defense forces. Efforts to form a centralized transitional military command were ongoing as of early 2025.[11]

### National Defense Forces

[edit]

Main article: National Defence Forces

The Syrian NDF (Arabic: قوات الدفاع الوطني Quwāt ad-Difāʿ al-Watanī) was formed out of pro-government militias in 2013.[12] The forces acted in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in coordination with the army, who provided them with logistical and artillery support. Many of the fighters were trained in Iran,[13] and they received their salaries and military equipment from the Syrian government.[14] As of 2024, the NDF numbered around 50,000 troops.[9] The forces had a 500-strong women's wing called "Lionesses of National Defense" which operated checkpoints.[15] The NDF were mostly made up of Alawites,[12] but many of the Syrian Christian militias (such as Sootoro in Al-Hasakah) also fought on the Syrian government's side to defend their ancient towns, villages and farmsteads from ISIL (see also Christian Militias in Syria).[16]

### Shabiha

[edit]

Main article: Shabiha

The Shabiha (Levantine Arabic: شَبِّيحَة Šabbīḥa, pronounced [ʃabˈbiːħa]; also romanized Shabeeha or Shabbiha; lit. 'ghosts') are unofficial pro-government militias drawn largely from Syria's Alawite minority group. Since the uprising, the Baathist Syrian government has been accused of using Shabiha to break up protests and enforce laws in restive neighborhoods.[17] As the protests escalated into an armed conflict, the opposition started using the term Shabiha to describe civilians they suspected of supporting Bashar al-Assad and the Syrian government and clashing with pro-opposition demonstrators.[18] The opposition blames the Shabiha for the many violent excesses committed against anti-government protesters and opposition sympathizers,[18] as well as looting and destruction.[19]

The Shabiha phenomenon started in the 1980s, not as one specific group but as a number of criminal and semi-criminal groups affiliated with the Assad clan.[6] Bassel al-Assad attempted to curtail their activities in the 1990s but did not fully succeed.[6] The Shabiha have been described as "a notorious Alawite paramilitary, who are accused of acting as unofficial enforcers for Assad's government";[20] "gunmen loyal to Assad",[21] and, according to the Qatar-based Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, "semi-criminal gangs comprised of thugs close to the government".[21] Despite the group's image as an Alawite militia, some Shabiha operating in Aleppo have been reported to be Sunnis.[22]

By the late 2010s, many Shabiha groups were integrated into formal pro-government militias such as the National Defence Forces (NDF).[23] Despite this integration, independent Shabiha networks continued to operate in some regions into the early 2020s, often engaging in smuggling, extortion, and looting.[24] Human rights organizations have continued to document allegations of abuses by former Shabiha elements now active within other paramilitary structures.[25]

### Hezbollah

[edit]

Main article: Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war

Hezbollah is an Iran-backed Shia armed group and political force based in Lebanon. On 25 May 2013, its leader Hassan Nasrallah confirmed that Hezbollah troops were fighting with the Syrian army against Islamic extremists and pledged that "his group will not allow Syrian militants to control areas that border Lebanon".[26] In the televised address, he said, "If Syria falls in the hands of America, Israel and the takfiris, the people of our region will go into a dark period."[27] He also called on Shiites and Hezbollah to protect the shrine of Sayida Zeinab.[28] President Bashar al-Assad had denied earlier that May that there were foreign fighters, Arab or otherwise, fighting for the government in Syria.[29]

Hezbollah's decision to aid the Syrian government is most likely due to the fact that they enjoy the protection of the government when it comes to the group's arms procurement and storage in Syria.[7] Syria forms an important access corridor between Hezbollah in Lebanon and their supporter, Iran, and the survival of a regime that was friendly to Hezbollah was in the group's best interest.[6]

In 2012 and 2013, Hezbollah was active in gaining control of territory in the Homs Governorate in Syria.[30][28] By May 2013 the group was publicly collaborating with the Syrian Army[31][27] and helping them to gain control of 60 percent of Al-Qusayr by May 14.[31] In Lebanon, an increase in the funerals of Hezbollah fighters was reported, as well as the shelling of Hezbollah-controlled areas by Syrian rebels.[31]

According to independent analysts, by the beginning of 2014, approximately 500 Hezbollah fighters had died in the Syrian conflict.[32] In 2014, Nasrallah claimed the Hezbollah fighters had helped Assad take back control over the country, and that the Syrian regime was no longer in danger of being toppled.[33] The current number of Hezbollah troops in Syria is estimated to be around 7000-8000.[9]

After 2014, Hezbollah's involvement in Syria continued to grow, with the group playing a significant role in major military offensives, such as the Battle of Aleppo (2016) and the Syrian government's recapture of eastern Ghouta (2018).[34] The group also became increasingly involved in securing areas near the Syrian-Lebanese border.[35] By 2020, Hezbollah's forces were reported to be involved in the defense of strategic military positions and continued to provide military assistance to Syrian forces, despite growing opposition from Syrian rebel groups.[36]

### Iran

[edit]

Main article: Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war

Bodies of Iranian casualties return to Kermanshah, August 2016.

Since the civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war, Iran has provided the Syrian Arab Republic with financial, technical, and military support, including the training and sending of combat troops.[37][38][39] Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, as Iran sees the survival of the Assad government as being crucial to its regional interests.[39][40] Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, was reported to be vocally in favor of the Baathist government.[38]

By December 2013, Iran was thought to have approximately 10,000 operatives in Syria.[40] But according to Jubin Goodarzi, assistant professor and researcher at Webster University, Iran aided Baathist Syria with a limited number of deployed units and personnel, "at most in the hundreds ... and not in the thousands as opposition sources claimed".[41] Lebanese Hezbollah fighters backed by Tehran have taken direct combat roles since 2012.[40][42] In the summer of 2013, Iran and Hezbollah provided important battlefield support for Syrian forces, allowing them to make advances on the opposition.[42] In 2014, coinciding with the peace talks at Geneva II, Iran has stepped up support for Syrian President Assad.[40][42] The Syrian Minister of Finance and Economy stated more than 15 billion dollars had come from the Iranian government.[43] Prior to his assassination, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps's Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani was in charge of Syrian President Assad's security portfolio and oversaw the arming and training of thousands of pro-government Shi'ite fighters.[44]

By 2015, 328 IRGC troops, including several commanders, had reportedly been killed in the Syrian civil war since it began.[45] As of 2024, the estimated number of Iranian troops in Syria is 1500.[9]

### Foreign Shia militias

[edit]

Liwa Fatemiyoun fighters during the Palmyra offensive in December 2016

Besides training and sending troops, Iran has also recruited Shia fighters from Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan to fight on behalf of the Syrian Arab Republic.[46] The number of Afghans fighting in Syria has been estimated at "between 10,000 and 18,000" at its height, but is currently estimated between 500 and 1500.[47] The main force composed of Afghan fighters is the liwa' fatimiyun (Fatemiyoun Brigade), which was found in late 2012.[48][49] The number of Pakistani fighters is much lower, between 800 and 2500, and concentrated in the liwa' zaynabiyun (Zaynabiyun Brigade) formed in November 2015.[46][50] Many or most of the fighters were refugees living in Iran, and survivors and defectors of the Fatemiyoun reported being coerced or bribed into joining the militia, and being sent to the most dangerous front lines with little to no training.[51]

After 2015, the number of foreign Shia fighters in Syria continued to fluctuate. The Liwa Fatemiyoun, composed mostly of Afghan fighters, remained one of the largest foreign Shia militias in Syria, playing key roles in offensives such as the recapture of Aleppo and the battle for Deir ez-Zor.[52] The Liwa Zaynabiyun, primarily consisting of Pakistani fighters, also participated in key battles, with estimates of their numbers ranging between 800 and 2500 fighters as of 2020.[53] Reports indicate that some fighters, particularly from the Fatemiyoun Brigade, continued to be recruited under coercion or financial incentives, facing high casualty rates in combat.[54]

### Russia

[edit]

Main articles: Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war and Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

See also: Russian naval facility in Tartus and Khmeimim Air Base

Russian troops in Aleppo in December 2016

On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria (at the request of Bashar Al-Assad) to support the government of Bashar al-Assad in its fight against the rebels and Islamic State (IS).[55][56] The Russian forces proved to be a deciding factor in the war, helping the Assad regime to stay in power.[57] The Syrian war became an important testing ground and boost for Russian army and Russian-based military group, such as the Wagner Group.[58] In 2022, Russia withdrew most of their troops from Syria, to reinforce their army at the front in Ukraine.[59] As of 2024, the estimated number of Russian troops in Syria is 4000.[9] The Russian government and the Syrian government have long been allies, and the fall of the regime would have meant the loss of an important Russian ally in the region.[58]

In a March 2023 interview with Russian media, Assad stated that he would welcome more Russian troops and military bases in Syrian territory.[60]

### Post-Assad

[edit]

See also: Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present), March 2025 Western Syria clashes, and 2025 massacres of Syrian Alawites

Following the collapse of the Assad regime in December 2024, pro-Assad armed groups formed and have participated in an insurgency against the Syrian transitional government.[61]

* Syrian Popular Resistance[62] \- Formed in December 2024 and allegedly relies on direct support from the Iranian Revolutionary Guard[63]
* Coastal Shield Brigade[64] \- Formed in February 2025, it is led by Miqdad Fatiha and operates in the Latakia Governorate[65]
* Islamic Resistance Front in Syria[66][67] \- Formed in December 2024 in opposition to both the transitional government and the Israel Defense Forces during their ongoing invasion
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria[68] \- Formed in March 2025 and led by former SAA Brigadier General Ghiath Dalla

### Druze groups

[edit]

See also: 2025 Jaramana clashes, Southern Syria clashes (April 2025–present), and 2025 massacres of Syrian Druze

Following the fall of the Assad regime, clashes erupted between Druze militias in Suwayda Governorate in Southern Syria.[69]

* Suwayda Military Council \- armed coalition established in February 2025 in the Druze-majority Suwayda Governorate in southern Syria.[70]
* Jaramana Shield Brigade \- Druze militia based in Jaramana, a suburb of Damascus, Syria.
* Men of Dignity \- Druze militia operating primarily in the Suwayda Governorate of southern Syria.

## Syrian opposition and allies

[edit]

Main article: Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad

### Syrian National Coalition and Interim Government

[edit]

#### Syrian National Council

[edit]

Main article: Syrian National Council

Formed on 23 August 2011, the National Council is a coalition of anti-government groups, based in Turkey. The group includes signatories of the 2005 Damascus Declaration, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood, Kurdish and Assyrian factions, representatives of Alawi communities and Local Coordination Committees.[71] The National Council seeks the end of Bashar al-Assad's rule and the establishment of a modern, civil, democratic state. SNC has links with the Free Syrian Army. The Kurdish parties eventually left the Council, after it resisted their demands for political decentralisation.[71]

#### Syrian National Coalition

[edit]

Main article: National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces

Syrian National Coalition members in Doha, 11 November 2012. In center, president al-Khatib, along with VPs Seif and Atassi, as well as all SNC chairmen Ghalioun, Sieda and Sabra.

On 11 November 2012 in Doha, the National Council and other opposition groups united as the National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.[72] The Syrian National Council has 22 out of 60 seats of the Syrian National Coalition.[73] The following day, it was recognised as the legitimate government of Syria by numerous Arab Gulf states, and later by the US, France, Turkey, Spain and the UK as well.[74]

Delegates to the Coalition's leadership council are to include women and representatives of religious and ethnic minorities, including Alawites. The military council will reportedly include the Free Syrian Army.[75] The main aims of the National Coalition are replacing the Bashar al-Assad government and "its symbols and pillars of support", "dismantling the security services", unifying and supporting the Free Syrian Army, refusing dialogue and negotiation with the al-Assad government, and "holding accountable those responsible for killing Syrians, destroying [Syria], and displacing [Syrians]."[76]

The NC was criticised for their weak political and organisational dynamics, caused by internal power conflicts.[71] The NC's main function was to coordinate the humanitarian assistance, instead of forming a real political leadership.[71]

#### Interim Government

[edit]

Main article: Syrian Interim Government

In 2013, after pressure from France, Turkey and Qatar, the Syrian National Coalition formed the Syrian Interim Government (SIG), in order to rule the territories which had been liberated from the regime.[77][71] The SIG was created to give the opposition movement more legitimacy 'on the ground', by offering humanitarian assistance and governance.[71] The minister of defence was to be chosen by the Free Syrian Army.[78] The interim government's headquarters in Syria are located in the city of Azaz in Aleppo Governorate.[79][80] As of June 2019 its prime minister is Abdurrahman Mustafa and as of July 2021 its president is Salem al-Meslet.[81]

On 30 January 2025, the SIG officially "placed itself at the disposal" of the first Syrian transitional government,[82][83] which began deploying its forces across former SIG territory in early February 2025.[84]

### Free Syrian Army and affiliate groups

[edit]

Main article: Free Syrian Army

Free Syrian Army fighters being transported by pickup truck Flag of the Free Syrian Army

The formation of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) was announced on 29 July 2011 by a group of defecting Syrian Army officers, encouraging others to defect to defend civilian protesters from violence by the state and effect government change.[85] By December 2011, estimates of the number of defectors to the FSA ranged from 1,000 to over 25,000.[86] The group received weaponry, provisions and money from regional states such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey, and from the US.[87] The FSA, initially "headquartered" in Turkey, moved its headquarters to northern Syria in September 2012, and currently functions more as an umbrella organisation than a traditional military chain of command.[88][87]

The group started out with guerilla-style raids and ambushes, but as they gathered more members more complex assault tactics were used.[87]

FSA soldiers plan during the Battle of Aleppo (October 2012).

The designation of the FSA by the West as a moderate opposition faction has allowed it, under the CIA-run programmes,[89][90] to receive sophisticated weaponry and other military support from the U.S., Turkey and some Gulf countries.[91] However, the aid which was coming in from other countries did not flow through a centralised command but in a fragmented way, based on personal contacts, which led to internal rivalries within the FSA.[87]

Syrian opposition campaign in support of Syria in 2012

Abu Yusaf, a commander of the Islamic State (IS), claimed in August 2014 that many of the FSA members who had been trained by United States' and Turkish and Arab military officers ended up joining IS.[92] However, by September 2014 the Free Syrian Army was joining an alliance and common front with Kurdish militias including the YPG to fight IS.[93]

In December 2015, according to the American Institute for the Study of War, groups identifying as FSA were still present around Aleppo and Hama and in southern Syria, and the FSA was still "the biggest and most secular of the rebel groups."[94] However, the group continued to suffer losses from fighters who joined the Syrian Democratic Forces or IS.[95]

After the Turkish military intervention in Syria in 2016, and as other countries began to scale back their involvement, the FSA became more dependent on Turkish help.[96] For the FSA, Turkey was a sanctuary and a source of supplies. From late August 2016, the Turkish government assembled a new coalition of Syrian rebel groups, including many that were in the FSA. Often referred to as the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army (TFSA), this force would adopt the name Syrian National Army in 2017.[97][98]

By March 2017, the FSA together with Kurdish militias finished clearing the Islamic State from the north of Syria.[99]

The FSA currently works in the 55 km area, alongside the border with Iraq and Jordan to prevent drug trafficking and IS activity in the region.[100][101]

In December 2024, after the fall of the Assad regime, the founding leader of FSA, Riad al-Asaad, returned to Syrian capital Damascus. He told that FSA had been working closely with Islamist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which led the overthrown of the Assad regime.[102]

### Syrian National Army

[edit]

Main article: Syrian National Army

On 30 December 2017, at least 30 factions operating under the banner of the Syrian Interim Government merged in a unified armed group after four months of preparations. Jawad Abu Hatab, the Prime Minister and the Defence Minister, announced the forming of the Syrian National Army after meeting with rebel commanders in the town of Azaz. The newly formed body claimed to have 22,000 fighters, many of them trained and equipped by Turkey.[103] Though concentrated in Turkish-occupied areas, originally as a part of Operation Euphrates Shield,[104] the SNA also established a presence in the Idlib Governorate during the 2019 northwestern Syria offensive,[105][106][104] and consolidated its presence when the National Front for Liberation joined the SNA on 4 October 2019.

The official aims of the group are to assist the Republic of Turkey in creating a "safe zone" in Syria, and to establish a National Army.[107] They are strong opponents of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF),[108][109] and have also fought the Islamic State (ISIL) and, to a lesser extent, the Baathist Syrian government's Syrian Arab Army.[104] The SNA has a law enforcement equivalent, the Free Police, which is also backed by Turkey. The SNA currently controls the Afrin area, and nearby areas of Syria bordering Turkey, including the town of Jarabalus.[110] They are currently estimated to have around 70,000 fighters, and have been involved in clashes with the group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham since 2022.[9][110]

### National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

[edit]

Main article: National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change

Formed in 2011 and based in Damascus, the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change is an opposition bloc consisting of 13 left-wing and Arab nationalist political parties and "independent political and youth activists".[111][71] It has been defined by Reuters as the internal opposition's main umbrella group.[112] In 2011, the group organised its first conference, opposing militarisation, internationalisation and sectarianisation of the uprising.[71] Initially, the NCC had several Kurdish political parties as members, but all except for the Democratic Union Party left in October 2011 to join the Kurdish National Council.[113]

Relations with other Syrian political opposition groups are generally poor. In 2011, the on-the-ground protest movement rejected the NCC in favour of the Syrian National Council (SNC).[71] The Syrian Revolution General Commission, the Local Coordination Committees of Syria and the Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution oppose the NCC' calls to dialogue with the Baathist government.[114] Some of the organisations have accused the NCC of being a "front organisation" for Bashar al-Assad's government and some of its members of being ex-government insiders.[115] In September 2012, the SNC reaffirmed that despite broadening its membership, it would not join with "currents close to [the] NCC".[116] Despite the NCC recognising the Free Syrian Army on 23 September 2012,[117] the FSA has dismissed the NCC as an extension of the government, stating that "this opposition is just the other face of the same coin".[112]

In June 2023, the NCC came to an agreement with the Syrian Democratic Council and the two groups published a "consensus document" in which they stated their shared goals and visions for the future of Syria.[118] These goals include the drafting of a new constitution, the rejection of separatist and divisive groups and the establishment of one united national democratic front.[118]

### Hayat Tahrir al-Sham

[edit]

Main articles: Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and Syrian Salvation Government

In January 2017, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) was formed when al-Nusra Front joined with other Salafi factions Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement and Liwa al-Haqq. (The Ansar al-Din Front and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement have since split off).[119][120] The newly-formed HTS went on to gain more followers from defectors from Ahrar al-Sham. HTS fighters went after IS militants who fled to Idlib after their defeat and cracked down on Hurras al-Din, another militant group with ties to al-Qaeda.[121]

Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government

In November 2017, HTS created the Syrian Salvation government (HTS), an alternative government of the Syrian Opposition which governs parts of the Idlib Governorate. It is seen as illegitimate by the opposition's main SIG.[122] Initially, the Salvation government harshly enforced a strict interpretation of Islamic law, but in recent years the group has become more tolerant.[121] The religious police has been disbanded and the HTS leader is advocating against the US designation of the group as a terrorist organisation, calling it "unfair".[121] Contrary to al-Qaeda, HTS does not strive to create a global caliphate but is more locally oriented, with its primary objective being the establishment of Islamic rule in Syria through “toppling the criminal [Assad] regime and expelling the Iranian militias."[123] The group gains money through spoils captured from the regime and opposition factions, prisoner exchange deals, the plunder of historical sites and the selling of artifacts, the claiming of private property from Christians and government supporters, and through taxes.[124]

The leader of HTS was Ahmed al-Sharaa, popularly known as "Abu Mohammad al-Jolani". The group had an estimated 10,000 members in 2024.[9] HTS has denied being part of al-Qaeda and said in a statement that it is "an independent entity and not an extension of previous organisations or factions".[125] The group has been involved in fierce clashes with the Syrian National Army in the north of Syria since 2022.[110] In the beginning of 2024, protests broke out across Idlib province against HTS, their mismanagement of the local economy, and the detention and torture of political prisoners.[126]

In November 2024, the HTS launched the Syrian opposition offensives, which it called Deterrence of Aggression reportedly capturing 11 towns and villages in western Aleppo Governorate, capturing the eponymous governorate's capital of Aleppo four days into the offensive.[127][128] By 4 December, HTS had captured most of Aleppo Governorate and Idlib Governorate and began to advance on Hama.[128] On 7–8 December, Damascus fell to Syrian opposition forces, including HTS, the Southern Operations Room, and the US-backed Syrian Free Army,[129] and Assad fled to Russia.[130] On 30 December, HTS leader and the de facto leader of Syria al-Sharaa announced that the organisation would be dissolved by 4–5 January 2025.[131][132] After the fall of Damascus in December 2024, the SSG was replaced by the Syrian transitional government. On 29 January 2025, at the Syrian Revolution Victory Conference held in Damascus, Hassan Abdul Ghani, spokesperson for the Military Operations Command, announced the dissolution of HTS and declared that they would become part of "state institutions".[133][134] On the same day, al-Sharaa was appointed President of Syria by the Syrian General Command for the transitional period.[135]

## Al-Qaeda and affiliates

[edit]

See also: Al-Qaeda

The scene of the October 2012 Aleppo bombings, for which al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility[136] Flag of Hurras al-Din

Al-Qaeda is a jihadist militant group that was found in 1988 in Pakistan by Osama Bin Laden.[137] Several groups aligned with Al-Qaeda have become armed actors in the Syrian Civil War.

### Al-Nusra Front / Jabhat Fateh al-Sham

[edit]

Main article: Al-Nusra Front

Prior to the expansion of ISIL, al-Qaeda's Syrian affiliate,[138] the al-Nusra Front was often considered to be the most aggressive and violent part of the opposition.[139] Being responsible for over 50 suicide bombings, including several deadly explosions in Damascus in 2011 and 2012, it was recognized as a terrorist organization by the Syrian Arab Republic and was designated as such by United States in December 2012.[140] In April 2013, the leader of the Islamic State of Iraq released an audio statement announcing that al-Nusra Front is its branch in Syria.[141] The leader of al-Nusra, Abu Mohammad al-Julani, said that the group would not merge with the Islamic State of Iraq but would still maintain allegiance to Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda.[142] From 2012 to 2016, the estimated manpower of al-Nusra Front was approximately 6,000–10,000 people, including many foreign fighters.[143][144][145]

The relationship between the al-Nusra Front and the indigenous Syrian opposition was tense, even though al-Nusra has fought alongside the FSA in several battles and some FSA fighters defected to the al-Nusra Front.[146] The Mujahideen's strict religious views and willingness to impose sharia law disturbed many Syrians.[147] Some rebel commanders have accused foreign jihadists of "stealing the revolution", robbing Syrian factories and displaying religious intolerance.[148]

The al-Nusra Front renamed itself Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) in June 2016. In 2017, the group merged with other groups into Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.

### Hurras al-Din

[edit]

Main article: Hurras al-Din

Tanzim Hurras al-Din is a Salafi Jihadist group that was formed as a merger between several al-Qaeda aligned factions in February 2018.[149] The head of the group, Abu Humam al-Shami, is a Syrian who fought with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan during the 1990s and previously with the al-Nusra Front, but who left when the group broke official ties with al-Qaeda.[150][151] Since 2020, Hurras al-Din has not been officially endorsed by al-Qaeda.[149] The group is currently estimated to have around 2500 fighters, an estimated half of whom are foreign fighters, a much higher percentage than in HTS.[9][150]

## Islamic State

[edit]

Main article: Islamic State

Flag of ISIS Much of Raqqa suffered extensive damage during the battle of Raqqa in June–October 2017.

The group called Dā'ash or the Islamic State (abbrv. IS, ISIL or ISIS), began to make rapid military gains in Northern Syria starting in April 2013 and as of mid-2014 controlled large parts of that region, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described it as "the strongest group".[152] The group strives to establish a global caliphate, by waging war on the "disbelievers".[153] It has imposed strict Sharia law over land that it controls. The group was found by the Iraqi fighter Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and had an estimated 7,000 fighters in Syria, including many non-Syrians, by the end of 2013.[154] IS was originally affiliated with al-Qaeda, until al-Qaeda officially severed ties with the group in early 2014.[154]

The group gathered international attention for its gruesome abuses of human rights and for not tolerating non-Islamist militia groups, foreign journalists or aid workers, whose members it has expelled, imprisoned, or executed.[155][156] Just across the border from Syria in Iraq, IS has carried out a genocide of the Yazidi people, killing hundreds of men, enslaving thousands of women and children and expelling the Yazidis from their homeland.[157]

By summer 2014, ISIL controlled a third of Syria.[158] It established itself as the dominant force of Syrian opposition, defeating Jabhat al-Nusra in Deir Ezzor Governorate and claiming control over most of Syria's oil and gas production.[158] Mostly, the group was engaging in offensives against the Syrian Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army, but they also targeted the Syrian Democratic Forces.[159] ISIL have planted bombs in the ancient city area of Palmyra, which is counted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as it is home to some of the most extensive and best-preserved ancient Roman ruins in the world.[160] Having lost nearly half of their territory in Iraq between 2014 and 2016, some Islamic State leaders in Iraq moved into Syria, further destabilising the region.[161]

Starting in 2014, an international coalition of states intervened against ISIL. A number of countries, including some individual NATO members, participated in air operations in Syria that came to be overseen by the Combined Joint Task Force, set up by the US Central Command to coordinate military efforts against ISIL pursuant to their collectively undertaken commitments, including those of 3 December 2014.[162] Those who have conducted airstrikes in Syria include the United States, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Jordan, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[163] Some members are involved in the conflict beyond combating ISIL; Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria and Iraq, including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases.[164] As of December 2017, Russia declared ISIL to be totally defeated within Syria.[165] At the end of 2018, the US declared it defeated, although its UK and German allies disagreed.[166][167] On 23 March 2019 the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces declared ISIS Defeated, after seizing their last enclave of territory.[168] In October 2019, the US assassinated IS leader al-Baghdadi.[169][170] ISIL named Abu Ibrahim al Hashimi al-Qurayshi as Baghdadi's successor.[171] As of 2024, ISIL continues to be active militarily in Northeast Syria, although it has lost almost all of its territory.[172] Instead, most of the group's activity nowadays is carried out by affiliate branches in Afghanistan, Pakistan and various countries in Africa.[173] Some international forces have remained in Syria to carry out missions against IS members and to prevent a resurgence of the movement.[174]

## Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

[edit]

Main article: Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

The Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Rojava, or DAANES is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria.[175][176] It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij, and Deir Ez-Zor.[175][177] The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian civil war, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part.[178][179] The Syrian Democratic Council is the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces and serves as the legislative government of the AANES.

### Syrian Democratic Council

[edit]

Main article: Syrian Democratic Council

The Syrian Democratic Council was established on 10 December 2015 in al-Malikiyah.[180] It was co-founded by prominent human rights activist Haytham Manna and was intended as the political wing of the Syrian Democratic Forces. The council includes more than a dozen blocs and coalitions that support federalism in Syria, including the Movement for a Democratic Society, the Kurdish National Alliance in Syria, the Law–Citizenship–Rights Movement, and since September 2016, the Syria's Tomorrow Movement. In March 2016 the Council declared the creation of an autonomous federation in Northeast Syria and in August that year they opened a public office in al-Hasakah.[181][182]

The Syrian Democratic Council was excluded from the international Geneva III peace talks on Syria in March 2016, as well as other talks since, because of opposition from the Turkish state.

### Syrian Democratic Forces

[edit]

Main articles: Syrian Democratic Forces and Rojava conflict

Kurds showing their support for the PYD in Afrin during the conflict

The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) are an alliance of mainly Kurdish but also Arab, Assyrian, and Turkmen militias with mainly left-wing and democratic confederalist political leanings. They are opposed to the Assad government, but have directed most of their efforts against Al-Nusra Front and ISIL.

The group formed in December 2015, led primarily by the predominantly Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG). Estimates of its size range from 55,000[183] to 80,000 fighters.[184] While largely Kurdish, it is estimated that about 40% of the fighters are non-Kurdish.[185] Kurds – mostly Sunni Muslims, with a small minority of Yezidis – represented 10% of Syria's population at the start of the uprising in 2011. They had suffered from decades of discrimination and neglect, being deprived of basic civil, cultural, economic, and social rights.[186]: 7 When protests began, Assad's government finally granted citizenship to an estimated 200,000 stateless Kurds, in an effort to try and neutralize potential Kurdish opposition.[187] Despite this concession, most Kurds remain opposed to the government, hoping instead for a more decentralized Syria based on federalism.[188] The Syriac Military Council, like many Assyrian militias (such as Khabour Guards, Nattoreh, and Sutoro), originally formed to defend Assyrian villages, but joined the Kurdish forces to retake Hasakah from ISIS in late 2015[189] The Female Protection Forces of the Land Between the Two Rivers is an all-female force of Assyrian fighters in north east Syria fighting ISIS alongside other Assyrian and Kurdish units.[190]

The Syrian Democratic Forces have received military and economic support from the US, which regards the group as an important ally in their fight against IS.[191]

## Other external forces

[edit]

An American M-ATV and Turkish BMC Kirpi conduct joint patrols on the outskirts of Manbij, 8 November 2018

### Turkey

[edit]

The Turkish Air Force force has launched multiple airstrikes into Syria against multiple factions such as the SDF,[192] SAAF, and ISIS. Turkey has also occupied multiple regions in northern Syria.[193]

### US

[edit]

The US has launched multiple targeted air raids against both ISIS and pro government forces. The United States Army has also manned the al-Tanf base and at least four other sites to support the SDF and combat ISIS.[194]

### Israel

[edit]

Israel has attacked multiple Iranian militias in Syria and Axis of Resistance member Hezbollah. In April 2024 Israel launched an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus. After the fall of the Assad regime, the Syrian army abandoned its positions along the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) buffer area. Subsequently, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that this had voided the 1974 border agreement with Syria, and ordered an invasion of Syria.

## Opposing forces

[edit]

### 2011–2024

[edit]

Syrian Arab Republic
and allies
Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition (until 8 Dec 2024)  |  Syrian opposition/Syrian caretaker government and allies  |  Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and allies  |  Salafi Jihadist groups  |  Israel

|
|
|
|

Syrian government forces

* Syrian Arab Armed Forces
* Syrian Army
* Republican Guard
* 100th Artillery Regiment
* 101st Security Regiment
* 102nd Security Regiment
* 103rd Commando Brigade
* Syrian Marines
* 104th Airborne Brigade
* 105th Mechanized Brigade
* 107th Artillery Regiment
* 108th Armoured Regiment
* 109th Armoured Regiment
* 124th Special Forces Brigade
* 151th Mechanized Regiment
* 152nd Mechanized Regiment
* 800th Regiment
* Lionesses of Defence Armoured Brigade
* Popular Security and Support Forces
* 30th Division[195]
* Quwat al-Ghadab volunteers
* 4th Armoured Division
* 38th Armoured Brigade
* 40th Armoured Brigade
* 41st Armoured Brigade
* 42nd Armoured Brigade
* 138th Mechanized Brigade
* 154th Artillery Regiment
* 333rd Infantry Regiment
* 550th SF Regiment
* 555th SF (airborne) Regiment
* 666th Infantry Regiment
* Al-Imam Hussein Brigade
* Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Syrian-wing[196]
* Protective Lions
* Special Forces Command
* Tiger Forces
* Panther Forces Brigade
* Cheetah Forces Brigade
* Cheetah Forces Team 3
* Cheetah Forces Team 6
* Leopard Forces Brigade
* Termah (or Tarmeh) Group/Regiment
* Taha Group
* Yarrob Group/Regiment
* Shaheen Group/Regiment[197]
* Shabaat Group/Regiment
* Al Hawarith Group/Regiment (Navaris Group)[198][better source needed]
* Zaydar Group/Regiment
* Al Shabbour Group/Regiment
* Al-Komeet Group/Regiment[199]
* Al-Luyouth Group/Regiment (Shadi Group)[198][better source needed]
* Hayder Group/Regiment
* Raqqa Hawks Brigade[200][201]
* 629th Battalion
* Desert Hawks Brigade
* 1st Corps
* 5th Mechanized Division
* 15th Mechanized Brigade
* 112th Mechanized Brigade
* 12th Armoured Brigade
* 38th Infantry Brigade
* 59th Commando Battalion
* 175th Artillery Regiment
* 6th Armoured Division
* 55th Mechanized Brigade
* 45th Special Forces Regiment
* 7th Mechanized Division
* 78th Armoured Brigade
* 70th Artillery Brigade
* 9th Armoured Division
* 52nd Mechanized Brigade
* 89th Artillery Brigade
* 15th Special Forces Division
* 2nd Corps
* 1st Armoured Division
* 171st Infantry Brigade
* 141st Artillery Regiment
* 167th Anti Tank Regiment
* 2nd Armoured Division
* 73rd Infantry Brigade
* 826th Coastal Regiment
* 10th Mechanized Division
* 122nd Artillery Regiment
* 14th Special Forces Division
* 3rd Corps
* 3rd Armoured Division
* 21st Mechanized Brigade
* 155th Missile Brigade
* Qalamoun Shield Forces
* Storming Battalions
* Rocket Battalion
* 8th Armoured Division
* 45th Artillery Regiment
* 45th Mechanized Brigade
* 11th Armoured Division
* 87th Mechanized Brigade
* 89th Artillery Regiment
* 17th Division
* 137th Mechanized Brigade
* 93rd Armored Brigade
* 54th Special Forces Regiment
* 18th Armoured Division
* 120th Mechanized Brigade
* 64th Artillery Regiment
* Syrian Border Guard Forces
* Infantry Border Guard Brigade
* 99th Army Regiment
* 111th Army Regiment
* 5th Regiment
* 6th Regiment
* 8th Regiment
* 10th Regiment
* 11th Regiment
* 12th Regiment
* Lion Shield Forces
* ISIS Hunters[202][203]
* Martyr or Victory
* Ba'ath Legion, formed from Ba'ath Brigades volunteers
* Homeland Shield Forces
* Elite Light Infantry Brigade
* 5th Assault Corps
* 1st Assault Brigade
* 2nd Assault Brigade
* 3rd Assault Brigade
* 4th Assault Brigade
* Ba'ath Brigades
* 5th Assault Brigade
* 6th Assault Brigade
* 7th Assault Brigade
* 8th Assault Brigade
* Liwa al-Quds[204]
* Lions of al-Quds Battalion[204]
* Defenders of Aleppo Battalion
* Deterrence Battalion
* Lions of al-Shahba Battalion[205]
* 103rd and 148th Artillery Brigades
* Syrian Air Force
* 12th Attack Squadron (MiG-21MF/UM)[206]
* 24th Helicopter Brigade (Mi-8)[206]
* 4th Flying Training Squadron
* Syrian Air Defense Force
* Syrian Arab Navy
* National Defence Forces
* Lijan Militias[207]
* Shabiha
* Golan Regiment
* First Battalion
* Second Battalion
* Third Battalion
* National Shield of the Patriotic Forces[208]
* Quneitra Hawks Brigade
* Al-Quneitra Hawks Brigade
* Ta'ie Tribal Militias
* Abu Jabal Brigade
* Free Patriots Brigade
* Saidnaya NDF Militias
* Taybat al-Imam unit
* Hama City unit
* Units from Suqaylabia
* Units from Muhrada
* Units from Masyaf
* As-Suwayda NDF volunteers
* Palmyrene NDF Garrison
* Hermon Regiment
* Loyalist Tribal Militias[209]
* Quwat Dir' al-Watan[210]
* Local Defence Forces
* Fawj Shuhada Nubl wa al-Zahraa
* Qamr Bani Hashim Division
* 313 Force
* Special Assignments Battalion
* Baqir Brigade
* Lions of Hussein[211]
* Tribes of Manbij Regiment
* Safira Regiment
* Nayrab Battalion – Special Operations
* Militias from Nubl and al-Zahraa[212]
* Military Intelligence Directorate
* Military Security Shield Forces
* Military Security Falcons
* Southern Shield Brigade
* al-Assad Shield Forces
* Desert Commandos Regiment
* Lions of Hamidiya
* Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes
* Falcons of the Euphrates
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* Syrian Resistance[213]
* Falcons of the Jazira and Euphrates[214]
* Air Force Intelligence Directorate
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Lions of the Cherubim
* Earthquake of Jobar
* Ararat Group
* Lions of the Valley
* Intervention Regiment
* Lions of Dwel’a
* Khaybar Brigade[215]
* Nusur Homs Regiment[216]
* Unit 333
* Sahabat Group

Police forces

* Ministry of Interior
* Syrian Police
* Political Security Directorate
* General Intelligence Directorate
* Criminal Security Directorate
* Syrian Special Mission Forces

Allied armed groups:

* Popular Resistance in Hasakah
* Popular Resistance in Manbij
* SSNP[217][218]
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* Al-Suqaylabiyah Unit[citation needed]
* Mahardah Unit[citation needed]
* Arab Nationalist Guard[219][220]
* Army of Monotheists[217]
* Rijal al-Karama[221]
* Forces of Abu Ibrahim[222]
* Bayraq al-Suwayda[223]
* Mountain Brigade
* Rocks of Urman Battalion[224]
* Druze Militias
* Sootoro
* People's Army[225]
* Loyalist Army[226]
* al-Jabal Brigade[227]
* Jalamid Urman Brigade
* al-Zaghaba
* Ammar bin Yasir
* al-Suqur
* al-Basha
* Arab Socialist Movement[citation needed]
* Al-Awda (Allegedly)
* Homeland Protection Forces[228]
* Saladin Brigade[229]
* Jaafariyah Force[230]
* Sayyida al Raqqia Brigade[230]
* al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi Brigade[230]
* Shield of the Coast[231]
* Shield of the Lion's Lair[231]
* Brigades of the Den[232][233]
* al-Hosn[231]
* al-Berri tribe militias[234][235]
* Tayy tribe militias[236]
* Raqqawi Tribe Militias
* al-Jihesh Tribe Militias[237]
* al-Jabalawi Battalion
* Liwa Sayf al-Mahdi
* Saraya al-Areen
* Kata’ib Humat al-Diyar[238]
* Harakat Abna al-Jazeera wal Furat
* Palestinian Militias
* as-Sa'iqa[239]
* PFLP–GC[240]
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Popular Committee-Yarmouk Refugee Camp
* Galilee Forces[241]
* Fatah al-Intifada[242]
* Palestine Liberation Army[243]
* Free Palestine Movement[244]
* PPSF[245]
* Palestinian People's Party[246]
* Liwa Fatemiyoun[247]
* Hazrat-e Abolfazl Brigade[248]
* Liwa Zainebiyoun[249]
* Mukhtar Army
* Return Forces
* Baqir Brigade
* Al-Mukhtar Brigades
* Syrian National Resistance[250][251]
* Kafr Saghir Martyrs Brigade (unclear)
* Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas[252]
* Far-Right Volunteers[253]
* Russian Imperial Movement[254]
* Imperial Legion
* Falanga volunteers[255]
* Third Way
* Nordic Resistance Movement
* Cercle Proudhon
* Greek nationalists[256]
* Golden Dawn
* Mavros Krinos[257]
* Slavonic Corps[258][259]
* ENOT Corp[260]
* 12th Peacekeeping Brigade
* LAAG[261]
* Fulfilled Legion[262]
* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region[263]
* Arab Unification Party[264]
* Amal Movement[265] (denied by Amal)[266][267]
* Hezbollah
* Redwan Force[268]
* Unit 910[269]
* Hezbollah Rocket Division[citation needed]
* 45th independent SF Regiment
* 47th independent SF Regiment
* 53rd independent SF Regiment
* 54th independent SF Regiment[270]
* Lebanese Resistance Brigades
* Liwa Dhu al-Fiqar
* Homeland Shield Brigade
* Leopards of Homs
* Liwa al-Imam al-Hussein
* Syrian Hezbollah
* Quwat al-Ridha[271][272]
* Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi[273]
* National Ideological Resistance[274][275][272]
* Imam al Hujja Regiment[272]
* Soldiers of the Mahdi[272]
* Al-Ghalibun[276]
* Saryat al-Shaheed Abu Yasir[277]
* Saryat al-'Ishq[277]
* Kashafat al-Wilaya[277]
* Imam al-Mahdi Scouts[277][272]
* Fatima al-Zahara Regiment[277]
* Nakhsa[278]

Iran[279][280][281] (2013–Dec 6, 2024)

* Iranian Armed Forces
* IRGC[282]
* Quds Force[283]
* Basij[284][285][286]
* 17th Ali ibn Abi Taleb Division[248]
* IRGC Aerospace Force
* IRGC Ground Forces
* Saberin Unit[287]
* 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade[288]
* 25th Karbala Division[289]
* Imam Sajjad Takavar Brigade of Kazerun[290]
* Isfahan division
* 102nd Imam Hossein Battalion
* Syrian auxiliaries
* 313 Battalion[291]
* Ali Sultan Battalion[292]
* Liwa al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi[293]
* Ruhollah Formations
* Alborz Division
* Iranian Army
* Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
* NOHED Brigade[294]
* Iranian Air Force[citation needed]

Russia[295] (2015–2024)

* Russian Armed Forces
* Russian Air Force
* Russian Navy
* Russian Naval Infantry[296]
* Black Sea Fleet
* Caspian Flotilla[297]
* Russian Aerospace Forces
* General Staff
* GRU
* Spetsnaz GRU[298]
* 431st Naval Reconnaissance Spetsnaz Point[298]
* Special Operations Command
* Special Operations Forces[298][299][300]
* Russian Ground Forces
* 29th Combined Arms Army
* 200th Artillery Brigade[301]
* Military Police
* 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division[302]
* 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade[citation needed]
* Russian Engineer Troops
* Russian Airborne Forces
* 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade[303]
* 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade[304]
* 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment[citation needed]
* Federal Security Service
* Spetsgruppa "K" advisors[305]
* Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR)
* Kadyrovites
* Wagner Group[306]
* 5 Storm unit[307]
* DShRG Rusich
* ISIS Hunters
* Interbrigades[308]
* "Thorbrandr" (Scandinavian volunteers)[309]

Popular Mobilization Forces

* Kataib Sayyid al-Shuhada
* Badr Organization[310]
* Forces of Martyr Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr[311]
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Kafeel Zainab Brigade[312]
* Haidar al-Karar Brigades[310]
* Kata'ib Hezbollah[313]
* Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
* Golan Liberation Brigade[314]
* Ammar ibn Yasir Brigade[315]
* Peace Companies[316]
* Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
* Iraqi Liberation Movement[317][318]
* Harakat al-Abdal[317]
* Force 313[318]
* Promised Day Brigade
* Zulfiqar Brigade[319][320]
* Saraya al-Khorasani[321]
* Saraya al-Jihad[322]
* Dir’ al Wilaya Brigades[317]
* Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda[323]
* Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya[324]
* Jihad Companies[324]
* Liwa'a Zulfiqar[325]
* Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces[326]
* Jaysh al-Mu'ammal[327]

Armament support:

* Russia[328][329] (until 2024)
* Iran (until Dec 6, 2024)[330][331]
* China[332]

Facility support:

* Iraq (2013)[333]

* * *

Iraq (limited airstrikes on IS in eastern Syria, 2017)

* Iraqi Armed Forces
* Iraqi Air Force

|  Free Syrian Army (decentralized from 2015)

* Syrian National Army (from 2017)
* 1st Legion
* Hazzm Movement
* Muntasir Billah Brigade[citation needed]
* Ahrar al-Sharqiya[334]
* Arab Ahwaz Brigade
* Brigade 123
* Badr Martyrs' Battalion
* Jaysh al-Nukhba
* Anwar al-Hak Brigade[335]
* Mimati battalion[336]
* Army of the East[citation needed]
* Samarkand Brigade
* Sultan Suleyman Shah Brigade
* Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade
* Sham Legion[337]
* Martyrs of Islam Brigade
* Central Division[338]
* Suyuf al-Shahba Brigade
* 20th Division
* Commandos of Islam Brigade
* 2nd Legion
* Sultan Murad Division
* Alparslan Special Forces
* Al-Moutasem Brigade[citation needed]
* Elite Division
* Men of War Brigade
* 3rd Legion
* Conquest Brigade
* Muthanna ibn Haritha Battalion
* Ghuraba al-Sham Battalion
* Dir al-Wafa Battalion[citation needed]
* Jund al-Islam Brigade[citation needed]
* Suyuf al-Sham[citation needed]
* Sajidun[citation needed]
* Levant Front
* Ahrar al-Sham
* 19th Division
* 32nd Division[339]
* Revolutionaries of Atarib
* Levant Revolutionaries Battalions
* Northern Storm Brigade[340]
* Jaysh al-Shamal[341]
* Brigade of Conquest
* Al-hamza Battalion
* Sword of the Levant Brigade
* Northern Army
* Soldiers of Islam Brigade
* Soldiers of Levant Brigade
* Mount Turkmen Brigade
* Thuwar al Sham Battalion
* Joint Defence Alliance[342]
* Dawn of Freedom Operations Room[citation needed]
* Liberation and Construction Movement[citation needed]
* Glory Corps[343]
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement[344]
* Banners of Islam Movement
* Ahl al Diyar
* Qamishli Shield
* Afrin Shield
* Tajama a-Thuwar al-Kurd
* Mustafa Brigade
* Northern Hawks Brigade
* Vakkas Brigade
* Conqueror Lions Brigade
* Resolute Storm Brigade
* Sultan Othman Brigade
* 5th Regiment
* Second Army
* Justice Union
* Hawar Kilis Operations Room
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Unification Army[345]
* The White Shroud
* Liwa al-Mujahid Omar al-Mukhtar
* Liwa al-Qadisiya al-Islamiyya
* Army of Tawhid[346]
* Tajamuu Alwiyat al-Iman Billah
* Liwa Hamah al-Aqidah
* Lions of Islam Brigade
* Talbisah Brigade
* Falcons of Talbisah Brigade
* Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan Brigade
* Sword of Islam Battalion
* Tajamuu Alwiyat wa Kataib Suyuf al-Haq
* Jaysh Ahl as-Sunna wa-l-Jama’a
* Liwa al-Athar
* Liwa Usud as-Sunna
* Liwa Ahl al-Raya
* Kataib Abd al-Rahman
* 9th Special Forces Division
* 112th Brigade
* Regiment 111[347]
* Hasakah Shield Brigade
* Tajamu Saraya Darayya[348]
* Salvation Front[347]
* 40th Brigade[349]
* Descendants of Saladin Brigade[citation needed]
* National Front for Liberation
* Free Idlib Army[350][better source needed]
* 13th Division
* Jabhat Thuwar Saraqib[351][352]
* Northern Division
* Knights of Justice Brigade
* Mountain Hawks Brigade
* Free Men of the East Brigade[353]
* 1st Coastal Division
* 2nd Army[354][self-published source?]
* 46th Division
* 312th Division
* 314th Company
* Lightning Battalion[citation needed]
* 2nd Coastal Division
* Jaysh al-Ahrar[355]
* Jaysh al-Nasr[356]
* al-Adiyat brigade[357]
* Ahrar Darayya[358]
* Suqour al-Sham Brigades
* Islamic Freedom Brigade[359]
* Damascus Gathering
* Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib Battalions[360]
* Brigades and Battalions to Unite the Capital
* Miqdad ibn Amr Brigade
* Unit 82 SWAT Forces
* Free Hayan Brigade
* Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Battalion
* 23rd Division[361]
* Syrian Liberation Front
* Katibat al-'Iqaab[362]
* Sheikh Fadel al-Akel
* Katibat al-Bayia Lillah
* Katibat Usud al-Tawheed
* Liwa al-Adiyat
* Martyr Abu Omar Battalion
* Syrian Front for Liberation
* Sultan Suleiman Shah Division[363]
* Jaysh al-Izza
* Syrian Turkmen Brigades
* Sultan Malik-Shah Brigade[364]
* Muntasar Billah Brigade[365]
* Southern Operations Room[366]
* Southern Front
* Revolutionary Army[citation needed]
* Yarmouk Army
* Mu'tazz Billah Brigade
* Alliance of Southern Forces[367]
* Omari Brigades
* 18 March Division
* Engineering and Rocket Battalion
* 46th infantry division
* Southern Alliance[368]
* Syrian Revolutionaries Front[369]
* Idlib Military Council
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Brigade
* Syrian Martyrs' Brigades[citation needed]
* Idlib Martyrs' Brigade[370]
* 406th Infantry Division[371]
* Lions of Sunna Brigade
* First Corps
* Youth of Sunna Forces
* Army of the South[372][better source needed]
* Jaysh al-Ababil[373][better source needed]
* Alawiyat al Qasioun
* Alawiyat jidor horan
* Revolutionary Army of the Jidor Area
* Holding Fast Operations Room
* al-Hara Military Council
* Tasil Military Council
* Swords of Truth Room
* Liwa Ahrar Qita
* Manifest Victory Operations Room
* Aligned Factions of the Eastern Region
* First Army
* Hawks of the South[374]
* Daraa Military Council
* Quneitra Military Council
* Tawhid Kata’ib Horan[375]
* Hamza Division
* Al-Jabal Brigade[376]
* Sheikh al-Karama Forces
* Damascus Military Council
* Revolutionary Commando Army[377]
* Lions of the East Army
* Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo
* Army of Free Tribes
* Ahrar al-Jazeera[citation needed]
* Ahfad al-Rasul Brigades
* Ummah Brigade[citation needed]
* Syrian Salvation Front[citation needed]
* Free Zawiya Union
* Liwa Sham al-Rasul
* Liwa al-Asifa
* Gathering of Revolutionaries of Mahajah[378]
* Liwa Omar al-Mukhtar
* Liwa Muhammad ibn Abdullah
* Liwa al-Fatah
* 404 Lions of Golan Division[379]
* Brigades and Battalions of the Unification Army
* Martyrs of Dignity Brigade
* Free Men of Deir Makar Brigade
* Norsur Artuz Brigade
* Strangers of the Countryside Brigade
* Aisha, Mother of Believers, Battalion
* Neighbourhoods of Jihad Battalion
* Al-Jazeera–Euphrates Liberation Front (FAEL)[380]
* Al-Tawhid Brigade
* Free North Brigade[citation needed]
* Qabda al-Shamal Battalion
* Imam Ali Battalion[381]
* Darat Izza Brigade[citation needed]
* Fursan al Jabal Brigade[citation needed]
* Martyr Ibraheem Afesh Battalion
* Alwiya al-Furqan
* Islamic Unity and Liberation Front
* Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman Brigade
* Victory of Saladin Battalions
* Nasr Saladin Brigade
* Katibat Mohammed bin Abdullah
* Katibat Musaib bin Umair
* Katibat Abu Dujana
* Katibat Shuhada al-Jamaa Jund al-Rahman
* Katibat Ahrar al-Badiyah
* Farouq Brigades
* Regiment 777
* Omar al-Farouq Brigade
* Saladin Ayubi Brigade
* Jabhat Ghuraba al-Sham[382]
* Ansar al-Aqida
* Victory Brigade[383]
* Liwa Ahrar Souriya [citation needed]
* Syrian Revolutionary Command Council[citation needed]
* 5th Corps (Syrian rebel group)
* 21st Combined Force
* Fastaqim Union
* Army of Mujahideen[384][better source needed]
* Azadî Battalion[385]
* Atarib Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Front
* Jaysh al-Islam
* Military Council of Damascus and its Suburbs[citation needed]
* Kurdish Islamic Front[citation needed]
* Liwa al-Haqq
* National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (from 2012)
* Syrian National Council (allied with National Coalition until 2014)
* Syrian Interim Government (from 2013)
* 3rd Infantry Division
* 4th Infantry Division
* 5th Commando Division
* 7th Division
* 11th Division
* Liwa Jund al-Rahman
* Liwa Chouhada' Deïr ez-Zor
* Liwa al-Khadra'
* Liwa al-Abbas
* Liwa al-Qadisiya
* Liwa al-Muhajirin ila Allah
* Lions of Al Jazeera
* Harakat Abna' al-Islam
* Jaysh Al-Tawhid
* Kata'ib al-Sa’iqa
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* 313th Brigade
* Syrian Islamic Front
* Ansar al-Sham[386]
* Fatah Halab[387]
* Falcons of al-Ghab[388]
* Liwa al-Haqq
* Katibat al-Bara'[citation needed]
* Katibat Saraya al-Furat[citation needed]
* Free Officers Movement
* Aleppo Revolutionary Council
* Jaysh Halab
* Abu Amara Battalions
* Ashida'a Mujahideen Brigade
* Al-Fauj al-Awwal[389]
* Al-Safwa Islamic Battalions
* Jaysh al-Ummah
* Syrian Islamic Liberation Front
* Unified Military Command of Eastern Ghouta
* Ajnad al-Sham Islamic Union
* Al-Habib al-Mustafa Brigade
* al-Rahman Legion
* Al-Bara Brigade
* Glory Brigades
* Abu Musa al-Shari Brigade
* Liwa Homs al-Adiya
* Mashaal Tammo Brigade
* Ayad al-Fahri Battalion
* Mare' Operations Room[390]
* Repel the Invaders Operations Room
* al-Bunyan al-Marsous Operations Room
* Close Ranks Operations Room
* Triangle of Death Operations Room
* Repel the Aggressors Operations Room
* Itihad Quwat Jabal al-Sheikh
* Omar bin al-Khattab Brigade[210]
* al-Ezz Brigade[210]
* National Front for the Liberation of Syria[391]
* Jabhat Ansar al-Islam
* Northern Homs Countryside Operation Room
* Homs Legion
* Ajnad al-Homs
* 313 Badr Brigade
* National Liberation Movement[338][354]
* Men of God Brigade[392][393]
* Leon Sedov Brigade[394][395]
* Harakat al-Qiyam
* Sham Liberation Army
* Western Qalamoun Union
* Levant Liberation Army
* Martyr Mohammed Qassem Brigade[396]
* Jaysh al-Sham
* Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front
* Ansar al-Sharia
* Ansar al-Khilafah[397]
* Ansar al-Khilafah of Aleppo[citation needed]
* Ansar al-Khilafah of al-Hasakah[citation needed]
* Fursan al-Joulan
* Abdal al-Sham[396]
* Al Zabadani Hawks Brigade[398]

Joint Operations Rooms

* Unified Military Council (Idlib)
* Azm Unified Command Room[399]
* Akhtarin Military Council[400]
* Al-Bab Military Council
* Tal Rifaat Military Council[401]
* Qabasin Military Council
* Mare Military Council

Police forces

* Free Police[402]
* Special Forces[403]
* Ex-Free East Ghouta Police forces[404]

Allied armed groups:

* Grey Wolves[405][406]
* Muslim Brotherhood
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria[407]
* Shields of the Revolution Council
* Hamas (2012–22)[408][409][410][411]
* Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis
* Free Iraqi Army[412][413][414]
* Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)[415]

Turkey (from 2016)

* Turkish Armed Forces
* Turkish Land Forces
* First Army
* 7th Commando Brigade
* Second Army
* 1st Commando Brigade
* 3rd Commando Brigade
* 4th Commando Brigade[416]
* 11th Commando Brigade[417]
* Third Army
* 57th Commando Battalion[418]
* Gendarmerie General Command[419]
* Gendarmerie Special Public Security Command
* Gendarmerie Special Operations (JÖH)
* Village Guards System[420]
* Turkish Air Force
* Turkish Naval Forces[421]
* SAT
* SAS
* Marines
* General Staff
* Special Forces Command
* General Directorate of Security[422]
* Police Special Operation Department (PÖH)
* National Intelligence Organization (MİT)[423][424]

United States (against IS, 2014–2017, and limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)

* US Armed Forces
* US Army
* US Air Force[425]
* US Navy
* US Army Special Forces

United Kingdom (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)[426]

* British Armed Forces
* Royal Air Force

France (limited strikes against pro-government forces, 2017–2018)[426]

* French Air Force
* French Navy

Armament support:

* Qatar[427][428]
* Turkey[429]
* Saudi Arabia (2012–17)[427][430][431]
* France (2011–18)[432]
* Netherlands (2014–18)
* Norway (2016–18)[433]
* United States (2011–17)[434][435]
* Central Intelligence Agency[436]
* United Kingdom (2011–18)[437]
* Secret Intelligence Service (unconfirmed)[438]
* Bahrain (2012–16)
* Jordan (2012–17)[439]
* United Arab Emirates (2012–16)[440]
* Libya[441]
* Egypt (2012–13)
* Israel[442][443]

Support:

* Canada (2012–18)[444]
* Germany (2012–18)[445]

* * *

Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024)

* Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (from 2017)
* Jaysh al-Usra
* Movement of Mujahideen of the Sunnis of Iran
* Army of Umar Ibn Khattab
* Army of Abu Bakr as-Sadiq
* Army of Uthman ibn Affan
* Tawhid and Jihad Battalion
* Popular Resistance Companies
* Aleppo City Battalion
* Red Bands
* Al hujra brigade
* Dawn of Islam brigade
* Liwa Moaawiyah Bin Abi Sofyan
* Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas Brigades
* Bin Al-Walid battalions
* Military Operations Command
* Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan[446]
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz[447][448]
* Jamaat Jund al-Qawqaz[citation needed]
* Jama'at Ansar al-Haq[449]
* Junud al-Makhdi[450][451]
* Jamaat Bulgar
* Jaish al-Shomal al-Islami
* Abu Amara Battalions Covert Special Tasks Force[354][452][453]
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria[454]
* Islamic Jihad Union[455]
* Ansar ut-Turkistan[456]
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam[457]
* Malhama Tactical
* Junud al-Sham
* Liwa Usud al-Idlam
* Movement of Salah al-Din the Kurd[458]

Support:

* Turkey[459][460][461][462]
* Qatar (until 2017)[463][464][465]
* United States (after December 8, 2024)[466]

* * *

Ukraine

* Special forces (against Russia only)[467][468][469]
* Main Directorate of Intelligence[470][471]

|  Syrian Democratic Forces

* People's Protection Units (YPG)
* YPG International[472]
* Western leftist/anarchist YPG volunteers
* Martyr Abid Battalion
* Martyr Erdal Brigade
* Free Men of the Homeland
* American, British and German fighters[citation needed]
* 4th Division of Girê Spî[citation needed]
* Women's Protection Units (YPJ)
* Rukan Battalion
* Martyr Avesta Xabur Battalion[473]
* Anti-Terror Units (part of YPG & YPJ)
* Kurdish Supreme Committee
* Democratic Union Party
* Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM)
* Kurdish National Council
* Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party[474]
* Special Forces Regiment[475]
* Euphrates Region
* Sapper unit[476]
* Shammer tribe militias[477]
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Hêzên Komandos
* Syria's Tomorrow Movement[478]
* Elite Forces (unclear)[479][480][481]
* Saadallah al-Jabiri Battalion[482]
* Army of Revolutionaries
* Kurdish Front
* Tel Rifaat Revolutionaries Battalion[483]
* Shahba Women's Protection Front[484][485]
* Liwa Ahfad Othman
* Harakat al-Fedayeen
* Brigade 313 – Free Men of Aqrab
* Gathering Homs Revolutionaries
* Martyr Qasim Areef Battalion[486]
* Martyr Yusuf al-Quzhul Company
* Division 30 remnants[487]
* Seljuk Brigade
* Hammam Turkmen Martyrs Brigade[488]
* al Qa'qa Brigade[489]
* Homs Commandos Brigade
* 99th Infantry Brigade
* 455th Special Tasks Brigade
* Tribal Forces[490][491]
* Southern Storm Company
* Eagles of the Sunnah Company
* Truthful Promise Company
* Fighters for Justice Company
* Revolutionary Shield Brigade[492]
* Northern Democratic Brigade[493]
* Shahba Forces[494]
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Free Women of Raqqa Battalion[495][better source needed]
* Brigade Groups of Al-Jazira[citation needed]
* Raqqa Hawks Brigade
* Ghanim group[496]
* Northern Union[497]
* Martyr Tasleem Jimmo Brigade[498][499]
* Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade
* Liwa Jund al-Haramain[500]
* Raqqa Martyrs Brigade[501]
* Raqqa Regiment[502]
* Jazeera Knights[503]
* Liwa Owais al-Qorani[504]
* Free Officers Union (unclear)[505][506][507]
* Jaysh al-Salam
* Liberation Brigade
* Tell Abyad Revolutionaries Brigade
* Free Raqqa Brigade
* Free Tabqa Brigade[508]
* Liwa Umana al-Raqqa
* Harun al-Rashid Brigade
* Euphrates Volcano
* Dawn of Freedom Brigades[509]
* Retribution Army
* Jarabulus Company[510]
* Jihad in the Path of God Brigade
* Northern Brigade faction[511]
* Al-Bab Revolutionary Front
* Qebasîn Martyrs Brigade
* Al-Bab Countryside Martyrs Battalion
* Free Arima Battalion
* Martyr Silo al-Rai Brigade
* Kieba Martyrs Brigade
* Sireen Military Council
* Ashrafieh Liberation Forces
* Sheikh maqsoud Liberation Forces
* Syriac Union Party
* Syriac-Assyrian Military Council[512][513]
* Syriac Military Council (MFS)
* Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces[514][515][516]
* Special Forces unit[517]
* International volunteers[518]
* Ashur Forces
* Khabour Guards
* Martyr Joel Hanna
* Nattoreh
* Martyr Amara Arab Women's Battalion[519]
* Jazira Region Young Women's Union volunteers[520]
* Euphrates Region Young Women Union volunteers[521]
* Battalion of Karachok Martyrs[522]
* al-Shaitat tribe militias[523]
* Badia Hawks Brigade[524]
* Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade
* Revolutionary Forces[525]
* Brigade for the Liberation of Idlib and Afrin[526]
* Idlib Revolutionaries Brigade[527]
* Wrath of Olives[528]
* Afrin Liberation Forces[529]
* Afrin Falcons
* Harabiyya tribe militias[530]
* Ajeel tribe militias[531]
* Al-Baggara tribe militias
* Zubayd tribe militias[532]

SDF Military Councils

* Manbij Military Council
* Northern Sun Battalion
* Euphrates Brigades
* Soldiers of the Two Holy Mosques Brigade
* Euphrates Martyrs Brigade
* Dam Martyrs Brigade
* Al-Qusais Brigade
* Manbij Turkmen Brigade
* Euphrates Liberation Brigade[533]
* Manbij Hawks Brigade
* Manbij Revolutionaries Battalion
* Martyr Adnan Abu Amjad Regiment
* Martyr Abdo Dushka Regiment
* al-Bab Military Council
* Female Battalion[534]
* Jarabulus Military Council[535]
* Euphrates Jarabulus Brigades[citation needed]
* Martyr Yusuf al-Jader Battalion
* Euphrates Shield Battalion
* Jarabulus Knights Battalion
* Martyr Zaki Jader Brigade
* Instructor Jader Brigade
* Juma al-Jader Brigade
* Gwadar Martyrs Brigade
* Jarabulus Armoured Battalion
* Jarabulus Hawks Battalion[citation needed]
* Free Jarabulus Battalion[citation needed]
* Deir ez-Zor Military Council[536]
* Gathering of al-Baggara Youth
* Khabat al-Sha'iti Battalion[537]
* Hajin battalion[537]
* DZMC military units[538]
* Local tribal forces
* Serê Kaniyê Military Council[539]
* Ayn Issa Military Council[540]
* Martyr Ilan Kobanê Brigade
* Martyr Adel Manbij Brigade
* Thuwar Tal Abyad
* Annaba Clan Volunteers
* Tal Abyad Military Council[541]
* Qamishli Military Council[542]
* Raqqa Military Council[543]
* Hasakah Military Council[544]
* Al-Shaddadi Military Council[545][546]

Police forces

* Northern Syria Internal Security Forces
* Asayish[547]
* Anti-Terror Forces (HAT SWAT units)[548]
* Manbij Internal Security Forces
* Quick Reaction Force unit[549]
* Raqqa Internal Security Forces[550]
* Quick Reaction Force unit[551]
* Deir ez-Zor Internal Security Forces[552]
* Quick Reaction Force unit
* Sutoro[553]
* Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces police branch

Civilian defence units

* Self-Defense Forces (HXP)[554]
* Military Discipline Units
* Special Forces[555][self-published source?]
* Civilian Defense Force (HPC)[556]
* Syrian Border Security Force (BSF)[557][558]

Allied armed groups:

* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* People's Defence Forces
* Free Women's Units
* People's Liberation Faction
* International Freedom Battalion[559]
* MLKP[560][561]
* Martyr Serkan Battalion
* TKP/TIKKO
* Turkey Workers and Peasants Liberation Army
* MKP
* United Freedom Forces
* THKP-C/MLSPB[562]
* DKP/BOG[563]
* Türkiye Devrim Partisi
* Sosyal İsyan[564][565]
* Kadın Özgürlük Gücü
* Devrimci Karargâh
* Aziz Güler Özgürlük Gücü Milis Örgütü[citation needed]
* Kader Ortakaya Timi[citation needed]
* Kızılbaş Timi[citation needed]
* Mahir Arpaçay Devrimci Savaş Okulu[citation needed]
* Necdet Adalı Müfrezesi[citation needed]
* Spartaküs Timi[citation needed]
* Şehit Bedreddin Taburu[citation needed]
* Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi[566][567]
* Martyr Mahir Arpaçay Battalion[568]
* PML (RC)[569]
* TKEP/L
* Revolutionary Communard Party/Birlik[563]
* RUIS[570]
* IRPGF
* TQILA[571][572]
* Michael Israel Brigade[573]
* Anarchist Struggle[574][575]
* Henri Krasucki Brigade[576]
* Bob Crow Brigade
* Revolutionary Anarchist Action (DAF)
* No Surrender Motorcycle Club[577]
* Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement[578]
* Anti-Turkish insurgents in Afrin District
* Sinjar Alliance
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units
* Kurdistan Freedom Party[579]

Iraqi Kurdistan

* Peshmerga
* KDP Peshmerga
* PUK Peshmerga
* Counterterrorism Group[580]
* Kurdistan Region[581][582]

Iraq (until 20 November 2018)

* Iraqi Armed Forces ( – 20 May November 2018)
* Iraqi Ground Forces ( – 20 June November 2018)[583]
* Counter Terrorism Service
* Iraqi Security Forces

Armament support:

* Iraqi Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Democratic Party[584]
* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* France[585]
* United States[586]
* Russia (sometimes)[587][588]
* United Arab Emirates[589]
* Saudi Arabia (from 2018)[590][591]
* Italy[592]
* Syria (sometimes; until 2024)[593][594][595][596][597][598]

* * *

CJTF-OIR (against IS)

* United States[599] (also supported SDF in clashes with pro-government forces, 2017–present)
* US Armed Forces
* US Army
* US Army Special Forces
* Delta Force[600]
* XVIII Airborne Corps
* 82nd Airborne Division
* 101st Airborne Division
* US Air Force
* United States Air Force Tactical Air Control Party[601]
* United States Air Force Combat Control Team[602]
* 9th Bomb Squadron[603]
* 432nd Wing[604]
* US Navy[605]
* US Marine Corps
* 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit
* 1st Battalion, 4th Marines[606]
* United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command
* Marine Raiders
* US SOF[607]
* 75th Ranger Regiment[608]
* 5th Special Forces Group[602]
* Central Intelligence Agency
* Timber Sycamore
* United Kingdom[609]
* British Armed Forces
* British Army
* Royal Air Force[610]
* United Kingdom Special Forces
* Special Air Service[611]
* France[612]
* French Armed Forces
* French Army
* 68e Régiment d'Artillerie d'Afrique[613]
* French Air Force
* French SOF[614]
* Task Force Wagram (heavy artillery)
* Germany[445]
* German Air Force
* German KSK[citation needed] (denied by Germany)[citation needed]
* Netherlands[615]
* Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force[616]
* Norway[617]
* Jordan[618]
* Saudi Arabia[619]
* United Arab Emirates[590][620][621][622]

Iraq (limited airstrikes and border operations against IS in northern Syria, June – Nov 2018)

* Iraqi Air Force (until 20 November 2018)[623]
* Iraqi Ground Forces (until 20 November 2018)

Former:

* Canada (2014–16)[624]
* Denmark (2014–16)[625][626]
* Belgium (2014–17)[627]
* Australia (2015–17)[628][629]
* Morocco (2014–16)
* Bahrain (2014–16)
* Qatar (2014–16)
* Turkey

* * *

Russia[630][631][632][633][634][635]
(against IS and Turkish-backed rebels, 2015–17)

* Russian Air Force

|  Al-Qaeda (from 2012)

* Army of Conquest (until 2017)
* Tahaluf Fatah al-sham
* Liwa al-Jihad
* Tajamu al-Mujahideen Nawa
* Liwa Ansar al-Haq
* Liwa al-Umawayn al-Islami
* Ansar Abu Bakr al-Siddiq
* Al-Nusra Front/Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (until 2017)
* Khorasan group
* Suqour al-Ezz
* Two al-Nusra battalions
* Inghimasi shock troops[citation needed]
* Nusra Brigades
* Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Mujahideen Shura Council (2014–15)
* Katibat Usud al-Sunna
* Army of Ahl al-Sunni wall Jamaa
* Jabhat al-Jihad wal-Bina
* Bayarq al Shaaitat
* Liwa al-Qadisiya
* Army of Maoata al-Islami
* Army of-Ikhlas
* al-Qa'qa
* Alliance to Support Islam[636]
* Jaysh al-Haramoun[637] (2015)
* Sword of al-Sham Brigades
* Ezz Brigade
* Liwa Fursan al-Sunna
* Liwa Jabal al-Sheikh
* Liwa Osama bin Zaid
* Liwa Omar ibn al-Khattab
* Liwa Sayad al-Usud
* Harakat Shuhada al-Sham
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room/So Be Steadfast Operations Room (from 2018)
* Ansar al-Tawhid[638] (left RtB in 2020)
* Ansar al-Din Front
* Firqat al-Ghuraba
* Harakat Sham al-Islam[citation needed]
* Harakat Fajr ash-Sham al-Islamiyya
* Hurras al-Din
* Jama'at Ansar al-Islam (until 2021)
* Jihad Coordination
* Ansar Fighters Brigade
* al-Muqatileen al-Ansar Brigade
* al-Jihad Coordination Group[639][640]
* Katiba Abd Ar-Rahman[641]
* Jaysh al-Sunna[642] (2015–17)
* Xhemati Alban[643]
* Caucasus Emirate[644] (until 2016)
* Tarkhan's Jamaat
* Ajnad al-Sham (until 2017)
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar
* Green Battalion (2013–14)
* Jamaat Bayt al-Maqdis al-Islamiya
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad[645]
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham (2017)
* Ghuraba al-Sham[646] (until 2013)
* Jundallah
* Taliban[647]
* Pakistani Taliban[648]
* Imam Bukhari Jamaat[645]
* Fatah al-Islam[649][650][651]
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan[642]
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance[652] (2014–15)
* Liwaa al-Umma (2012–15)
* Jabhat al-Jihad wal-Bina' al-Islamiyya
* Liwa Jaf’ar al-Tayyar
* Liwa la Ilaha illa Allah
* Liwa al-Hawaz
* Liwa Ibn Qiam
* Liwa al-Risalla
* Liwa al-Tawhid al-Islami
* Liwa Othman bin Afan
* Liwa Ahfad Mohammad
* Liwa Sarayat al-Rasoul
* Liwa Sadiq al-Amin
* Tajamm’u al-Rachidin
* Brigade of al-Qaka[653]
* Tawhid and Punishment Battalions and Brigades[654]
* Sadqa Wa'dah Movement[655]
* Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

Support:

* Islamic State of Iraq (until 2013)

* * *

Islamic State (from 2013)

* Military of the Islamic State
* Aleppo branch
* al-Barakah Province
* Tayy tribal forces[citation needed]
* Jibur tribal forces[citation needed]
* "Army of the Caliphate" elite units
* Unit 335[656]
* Wilayat al-Khair
* Wilayat al-Sham
* al-Khayr district[657]
* al-Furat district[657]
* Wilayat Deir ez Zor
* Garrison of Deir ez-Zor Province
* Wilayat Dimashq
* Wilayat Halab
* pro-IS local tribes[citation needed]
* Badr Katiba
* Wilayat Homs
* Garrison of Homs Province
* Wilayat Raqqa
* Majority of al-Breij tribe[citation needed]
* Elements of al-Ajeel tribe[citation needed]
* Elements of al-Na'im tribe[citation needed]
* Ahlul Sunnah wal Jama’a[658]
* Assoud al-Islam Brigade
* Bayada Martyr's Brigade
* Insurgent forces
* Army of the Security Forces[659]
* Hisba police[citation needed]
* Khorasan Battalion[citation needed]
* Bayt al-Maqdis
* Army of Aleppo
* Inghimasi units[660]
* Russian-speaking battalion[661]
* Army of Hasakah
* Knights Battalion[662]
* Caliphate Army
* Katibah Nusantara elements[663]
* Rapid Response Battalion[664]
* Caliphate Cubs[665][666]
* Tell Abyad sleeper cells[665]
* Abu Ubada al-Shami
* Committee for Military Manufacturing and Development
* Aviation sector
* Al Bara’ bin Malik Brigade
* Badr Battalion[667]
* Sabri Battalion[667]
* Kurdish units[citation needed]
* Sharia police
* Field army[668]
* Defences of Al-Thawrah[669]
* Defences of Raqqa city[670]
* Large number of foreign mujahideen[671]
* Defences of al-Fakhikha
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army[672] (2016–19)
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade[673][674][675] (2012–16)
* Islamic Muthanna Movement[676] (2012–16)
* Jaysh al-Jihad[677] (2015–16)
* Dokumacılar[678][679] (2013–17)
* Jund al-Aqsa[680] (2014–17)
* Liwa Dawud[681] (2012–14)
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami (until 2014)
* Group of the One and Only (until 2016)
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade

|  Israel Defense Forces

* Israeli Ground Forces
* 36th Division
* 7th Brigade[682]
* 98th Division
* 35th Brigade[683]
* Oz Brigade[683]
* 210th Division[683]
* 474th Brigade[683]
* 810th Brigade[683]
* Israeli Air Force
* 7th Wing
* Unit 5101[684]
* Unit 669[685]
* Israeli Navy[686]

### 2024–present

[edit]

Syrian transitional government and allies  |  Opposition groups  |  Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and allies  |  Salafi Jihadist groups  |  Israel

|
|
|
|

Syrian government forces

* Syrian Armed Forces
* Syrian Army[687]
* Military Operations Command[687]
* Sham Legion[688]
* Jaysh al-Izza[citation needed]
* 40th Division[689]
* 56th Division[690]
* 12th Brigade[691]
* 107th Brigade[692]
* 62nd Division[693]
* 76th Division[694]
* 118th Division[695]
* Syrian Air Force[696]
* General Security Service[687]
* Syrian National Army
* Hamza Division[697]
* Sultan Suleiman Shah Division[697]
* First Corps
* Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Brigade[695]
* Sultan Murad Division[698]
* Burkan al-Furat[699]

Turkey (against SDF only)

* Turkish Armed Forces
* Turkish Land Forces
* Turkish Air Force

Free Hasakah Forces (against SDF only)[700]
Ahrar al-Jazeera (against SDF only)[700]
Martyr Muhammad al-Deif Brigades[701][702]

* * *

Bedouin Tribes (Partially Aligned with Government)

* Shammar[703]
* Anizah[703]
* Bani Khalid[703]
* Al-Uqaydat[703]
* Al-Shaitat[703]
* Al-Busraya[703]
* Mawali[703]
* Al-Bu Nasir[703]
* Nu'aym[704]
* Tribes of Lajat[705]
* Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans[706]
* Southern Tribes Gathering[707]

|  Ba'athist Groups

* Coastal Shield Brigade[64]
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria[708]
* Islamic Resistance Front in Syria[709][710]
* Syrian Popular Resistance[62][711]
* Coastal Shield Brigade defectors[711]
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region[711]
* Popular Resistance in Daraa[711]
* Popular Resistance in Quneitra[711]
* Saraya al-Areen (Abu Shuaib)[711]
* Baqiyat Allah Brigades
* Syrian Resistance[712]
* Front for the Liberation of the Golan[712]
* Haymed's Group

Supported by:

* Hezbollah[713][714][715]
* East Lebanese tribes

* * *

Druze groups

* Jaramana Shield Brigade[716]
* Men of Dignity[717]
* Suwayda Military Council[70]
* National Guard Forces[718]

Supported by:
Israel (airstrikes & medical support only)[719][720]

|  Syrian Democratic Forces

* Manbij Military Council
* Tabqa Military Council[721]
* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units[722]
* Al-Bab Military Council[723]
* Martyr Haroun Units[724]
* Sireen Military Council[725]
* Asayish[726]
* Self-Defense Forces[727]

|  Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah[728]

* * *

Islamic State[729]

* Military of the Islamic State

|  Israel Defense Forces

* Israeli Ground Forces
* 36th Division
* 7th Brigade[682]
* 98th Division
* 35th Brigade[683]
* Oz Brigade[683]
* 210th Division[683]
* 474th Brigade[683]
* 810th Brigade[683]
* Israeli Air Force
* 7th Wing
* Unit 5101[684]
* Unit 669[730]
* Israeli Navy[686]

## Notes

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2018)

|

Military situation in the Syrian Civil War as of March 2025.

Controlled by SAA Remnants

Controlled by Syrian Interim Government (SNA) and Turkish Armed Forces

Controlled by Syrian Salvation Government (HTS)

Controlled by Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (SDF)

Controlled by Revolutionary Commando Army and United States Armed Forces

Controlled by the Islamic State (IS)

(For a more detailed, interactive map, see Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map.)

* The United States alleged that Belarus and Cuba have provided or attempted to provide direct military support to the Syrian government. Both countries have denied this.[731][732][733] There are also unconfirmed reports that Algeria is providing military support to the Syrian government.[734][735]
* There was regular conflict between the different rebel groups[736] in the inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War.[652]
* Jund al-Aqsa was allied with al-Nusra Front and other rebels as part of the Army of Conquest, which the group left in October 2015 and subsequently was accused of being allied with IS, taking part in IS-led offensives such as the 2016 Khanasir offensive. However, Jund al-Aqsa again worked with the Army of Conquest and other rebels during the 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign. Eventually most of Jund al-Aqsa joined al-Nusra. Conflict between the two broke out in 2017.
* The Kurdish National Council has joined the Syrian National Coalition—though without officially committing any military forces to the opposition—while simultaneously retaining its membership in the Kurdish Supreme Committee, alongside the PYD.[737]
* Canada withdrew jet fighters from the US-led coalition against IS on 15 February 2016.[738]
* The Syriac Military Council (including Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces), Sutoro, Ashur Forces (Khabour Guards and Nattoreh) all represent the Assyrian people of Syria.
* Turkey is part of the CJTF–OIR against IS, but is also fighting against the SDF, which is supported by CJTF–OIR.[739][740]
* Russia provides air support to the Syrian Ba'athist government. Previously, it also provided air support to Turkey and the Syrian Democratic Forces against IS and some Syrian rebel groups, respectively, but not against one another.[741][742][743]
* Serbia, a traditional ally of Russia who supports the Assad government, has assisted Russian troops in humanitarian missions on multiple occasions.[744]
* Armenia, Egypt, Venezuela, Algeria, and China send non-lethal support to the Syrian Government.[citation needed]

## See also

[edit]

* Asia portal

* Combatants of the Iraq War
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq
* List of armed groups in the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* List of armed groups in the Second Libyan Civil War
* List of armed groups in the Yemeni Civil War
* List of armed groups in the Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
* Spillover of the Syrian civil war
* 2024 Israeli invasion of Syria

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Dulmers, Robert; Voeten, Teun (22 February 2015). "Dateline Damascus: fighting on all fronts". Open Security. "In 12 days travelling some 1,200 km, except for special forces in Aleppo we hardly saw any anything of the regular army."
2. ^ Worth, Robert F. (2016). A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. Pan Macmillan. p. 228\. ISBN 9780374710712. Retrieved 31 July 2016. "Assad was still in charge but he was utterly dependent on a diverse and toxic mix of volunteer warriors and `popular` militias, some of them manned by criminals. Not all of them were Syrian. A whole Shiite counter-jihad had formed – with fighters coming from Lebanon, Bahrain, even Afghanistan – under the supervision of Iran, Assad's patron."
3. ^ "Syria Rearms: Russian deliveries of BMP-2s and 2S9s arrive". Oryx blog. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
4. ^ "Syria", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 April 2024, retrieved 9 April 2024
5. ^ "Chapter Ten: Country comparisons – commitments, force levels and economics". The Military Balance. 111 (1): 451–482\. 7 March 2011. doi:10.1080/04597222.2011.559843. ISSN 0459-7222.
6. ^ a b c d e Rabinovich, Itamar; Valensi, Carmit (2021). Syrian requiem: the civil war and its aftermath. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19331-1.
7. ^ a b Kerr, Robert M., ed. (2020). Syrian Civil War: the essential reference guide. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4408-5921-2.
8. ^ "International Comparisons of Defence Expenditure and Military Personnel". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 542–547\. 12 February 2024. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298600. ISSN 0459-7222.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Chapter Six: Middle East and North Africa". The Military Balance. 124 (1): 328–395\. 12 February 2024. doi:10.1080/04597222.2024.2298594. ISSN 0459-7222.
10. ^ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The Military Balance 2024. SIPRI. Retrieved April 2024.
11. ^ "Syria's opposition seeks unified security force after Assad's fall". Reuters. 15 January 2025. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
12. ^ a b "National Defence Force (NDF)". BBC Monitoring. 28 September 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
13. ^ "Syrian government guerrilla fighters being sent to Iran for training". Reuters. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
14. ^ "Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement". Reuters. 21 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
15. ^ Adam Heffez (28 November 2013). "Using Women to Win in Syria". Al-Monitor (Eylül). Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
16. ^ Christian militias lend muscle to Syrian regime in ongoing battle against rebels. The Irish Times. 9 June 2014.
17. ^ Asher, Berman. "Criminalization of the Syrian Conflict". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
18. ^ a b Yassin al-Haj Salih (3 March 2014). "The Syrian Shabiha and Their State – Statehood & Participation". Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
19. ^ Adorno, Esther (8 June 2011). "The Two Homs". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
20. ^ Holmes, Oliver (15 August 2011). "Assad's Devious, Cruel Plan to Stay in Power By Dividing Syria—And Why It's Working". TNR.
21. ^ a b "Analysis: Assad retrenches into Alawite power base". Reuters. 4 May 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
22. ^ Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (3 February 2012). "Uprising finally hits Syria's "Silk Road" city". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
23. ^ Phillips, Christopher (2016). The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. Yale University Press. p. 120.
24. ^ "Inside Syria's war economy". BBC News. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
25. ^ Syria: State of Torture (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2023.
26. ^ Mroue, Bassem (25 May 2013). "Hezbollah chief commits to victory in Syria". AP News. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
27. ^ a b Bassem Mroue (25 May 2013). "Hezbollah chief says group is fighting in Syria". Associated Press. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
28. ^ a b Anne Barnard; Hania Mourtada (30 April 2013). "Leader of Hezbollah Warns It Is Ready to Come to Syria's Aid". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
29. ^ "Syrian offensive on Qusayr deepens". Al Jazeera.
30. ^ "Hezbollah fighters, Syrian rebels killed in border fighting" Archived 18 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Al Arabiya, 17 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
31. ^ a b c Barnard, Anne; Saad, Hwaida (19 May 2013). "Hezbollah Aids Syrian Military in a Key Battle". The New York Times.
32. ^ Stay informed today & every day (4 January 2014). "Lebanon: Will it hold together?". The Economist. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
33. ^ Agence France-Presse (7 April 2014). "Hezbollah claims it has helped Assad win Syria conflict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
34. ^ "Hezbollah's role in Aleppo battle". Al Jazeera. 25 December 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
35. ^ "Hezbollah's role in border security". The Guardian. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
36. ^ Hezbollah's continuing presence in Syria (Report). International Crisis Group. 2020.
37. ^ "The long road to Damascus". The Economist. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
38. ^ a b "How Iran Keeps Assad in Power in Syria". Inside Iran. 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
39. ^ a b Iranian Strategy in Syria Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Institute for the Study of War, Executive Summary + Full report, May 2013
40. ^ a b c d Iran boosts support to Syria, The Daily Telegraph, 21 February 2014
41. ^ Goodarzi, Jubin (August 2013). "Iran and Syria at the Crossroads: The Fall of the Tehran-Damascus Axis?" (PDF). Viewpoints. Wilson Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
42. ^ a b c Iran boosts military support in Syria to bolster Assad Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters, 21, Feb 2014
43. ^ The Interim Finance Minister: 15 Billion Dollars Iranian Support to Assad[usurped]; syrianef; 24, January 2014
44. ^ Weiss, Michael (23 June 2014). "Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Filkins, Dexter (30 September 2013). "The Shadow Commander". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
45. ^ Sam Wilkin (13 June 2015). "Iran brings home body of top general killed in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
46. ^ a b Saban, Navvar (5 November 2020). "Factbox: Iranian influence and presence in Syria". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
47. ^ Latifi, Ali M (26 September 2020). "'Phantom force': Young Afghans fighting in Syria face uncertain future". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
48. ^ Heistein, Ari; West, James (20 November 2015). "Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries". National Interest. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
49. ^ Majidyar, Ahmad (18 January 2017). "Iran Recruits and Trains Large Numbers of Afghan and Pakistani Shiites". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
50. ^ Wigger, Leo (26 September 2019). "Why Pakistan holds a key in the Iranian-Saudi confrontation". Zenith. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
51. ^ Schneider, Tobias (15 October 2018). "The Fatemiyoun Division: Afghan fighters in the Syrian civil war". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
52. ^ "Fatemiyoun's role in Syria's Deir ez-Zor". Reuters. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
53. ^ "Zaynabiyun's role in Syria". BBC News. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2025.
54. ^ Fatemiyoun's deployment and challenges (Report). Human Rights Watch. 2019.
55. ^ McDonnell, Patrick J.; Hennigan, W.J.; Bulos, Nabih (30 September 2015). "Russia launches airstrikes in Syria amid U.S. concern about targets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
56. ^ "Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria". Al Jazeera. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
57. ^ Yacoubian, Mona (16 February 2021). "What is Russia's Endgame in Syria?". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
58. ^ a b Petkova, Mariya (1 October 2020). "What has Russia gained from five years of fighting in Syria?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
59. ^ Times, Русская служба The Moscow (16 September 2022). "Россия выводит последние резервы из Сирии для переброски в Украину". Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). Retrieved 2 May 2024.
60. ^ Faulconbridge, Guy; Davis, Caleb (16 March 2023). "Syria's Assad would like more Russian bases and troops". Reuters. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
61. ^ Mohamed.dibo. "تنظيمات جهادية على التليغرام". العربي الجديد (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 6 March 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
62. ^ a b "Iran Update, December 31, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
63. ^ "من أدوات قمع إلى "مقاومة شعبية".. ما مصير شبيحة الأسد بعد سقوط نظا". موقع الرأي (in Arabic). 7 February 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
64. ^ a b ""لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة |فيديو" "لواء درع الساحل".. ميليشيا بقيادة مقداد فتيحة ضد الدولة |فيديو ["Coastal Shield Brigade"... a militia led by Miqdad Fatiha against the state | Video]. Syria TV. 6 February 2025. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
65. ^ "الإعلان عن تشكيل "لواء درع الساحل" لمحاربة الهيئة.. من هو متزعم التنظ". أخبار سورية والعالم - worldnews (in Arabic). 9 February 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
66. ^ Al-Tahami, Ashraf (16 January 2025). "تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني" تقرير عبرى يزعم وجود تهديد محتمل جديد فى سوريا بدعم إيراني [Hebrew report claims a new potential threat in Syria with Iranian support]. Bayan (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 January 2025.
67. ^ Sela, Hadar (17 January 2025). "Weekend long read". Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
68. ^ Samir, Mohamed (7 March 2025). "Syrian security forces clash with former regime loyalists in Latakia countryside". Dailynewsegypt. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
69. ^ AFP and ToI Staff. "Some Druze in Syria begin to take up arms, as sectarian violence hits home". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
70. ^ a b "المجلس العسكري في السويداء يعلن انطلاق عمله: هل يعد نواة لتشكيل إقليم الدروز؟". elmanshar.com (in Arabic). 24 February 2025. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
71. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gani, J. K.; Hinnebusch, Raymond A., eds. (2022). Actors and dynamics in the Syrian conflict's middle phase: between contentious politics, militarization and regime resilience. Routledge/St. Andrews Syrian studies. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 140–158\. ISBN 978-1-032-18502-6.
72. ^ "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". USA Today. 11 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
73. ^ "Syrian opposition groups reach unity deal". USA Today. 11 November 2012.
74. ^ "National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
75. ^ Jim Muir (12 November 2012). "Syria crisis: Gulf states recognise Syria opposition". BBC. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
76. ^ "The National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces". Local Coordination Committees of Syria. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
77. ^ "Challenges await new interim government". The Daily Star. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
78. ^ "Syrian rebels to choose interim defence minister". World Bulletin. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
79. ^ Lister, Charles (31 October 2017). "Turkey's Idlib incursion and the HTS question: Understanding the long game in Syria". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
80. ^ "Russia and Turkey Have Agreed to Create 'Safe Zones' in Syria, But Rebels Are Unimpressed". Time. Associated Press. 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
81. ^ "Syrian coalition calls for 'comprehensive, non-sectarian' transitional government". Middle East Monitor. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2024.
82. ^ ""المؤقتة" تضع كوادرها تحت تصرف حكومة دمشق" (in Arabic). Enab Baladi. 4 February 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
83. ^ "Mustafa Places Interim Government at the Disposal of the Syrian State". Syrian Observer. 5 February 2025.
84. ^ "Iran Update, February 6, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
85. ^ "Defecting troops form 'Free Syrian Army', target Assad security forces". The World Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
86. ^ Blomfield, Adam (21 November 2011). "Syrian rebels strike heart of Damascus". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
87. ^ a b c d Lister, Charles (2016). "The Free Syrian Army: A decentralized insurgent brand" (PDF). The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World (26).
88. ^ "FSA moves headquarters from Turkey to Syria". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 22 September 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
89. ^ "U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia". The New York Times. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
90. ^ "US axes $500m scheme to train Syrian rebels, says NYT". The Guardian. 9 October 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
"Secret CIA effort in Syria faces large funding cut". The Washington Post. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
91. ^ Nabih Bulos (22 September 2015). "US-trained Division 30 rebels 'betray US and hand weapons over to al-Qaeda's affiliate in Syria'". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
92. ^ Mekhennet, Souad (18 August 2014). "The terrorists fighting us now? We just finished training them". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
93. ^ "Syrian Kurds Ally With Rebel Groups To Fight The Islamic State". VICE News. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
94. ^ Alami, Mona (31 December 2015). "Can FSA get back on its feet after Russian intervention?". Al-Monitor (Institute for the Study of War). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
95. ^ "15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces". Syria: Direct. 25 September 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
96. ^ "Who are Turkish-backed forces in latest Syria incursion? - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East.
97. ^ "Factsheet: Factions in Turkish-backed "Free Syrian Army"" (PDF). Rojava Information Center.
98. ^ "Turkey deploys more tanks in Syria, warns Kurdish YPG".
99. ^ Loveluck, Louisa; Sly, Liz (23 February 2017). "Turkey-backed rebels seize Islamic State's al-Bab stronghold in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
100. ^ "جيش سورية الحرة". www.facebook.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
101. ^ Salim, Wissam (29 February 2024). "من هو سالم تركي العنتري قائد "جيش سورية الحرة"؟". The New Arab (in Arabic). Retrieved 7 May 2024.
102. ^ "Back in Damascus, rebel leader confident of post-Assad unity". France 24. 15 December 2024.
103. ^ "30 rebel groups merge under Interim Govt's banner, form 'The National Army'". Zaman al-Wasl. 31 December 2017.
104. ^ a b c Kajjo, Sirwan (25 August 2016). "Who are the Turkey backed Syrian Rebels?". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
105. ^ Ömer Özkizilcik (1 July 2019). "A way out for Russia and Turkey from Idlib's spiral of violence". Middle East Institute.
106. ^ Suleiman Al-Khalidi (26 May 2019). "Turkey sends weapons to Syrian rebels facing Russian-backed assault: Syrian sources". Reuters.
107. ^ Coskun, Orhan; Sezer, Seda (19 September 2016). "Turkey-backed rebels could push further south in Syria, Erdogan says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
108. ^ "Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive?". VOA News. 9 October 2019.
109. ^ "Money, hatred for the Kurds drives Turkey's Syrian fighters". Associated Press. 15 October 2019.
110. ^ a b c Ajjoub, Orwa (26 October 2022). "HTS, Turkey, and the future of Syria's north". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
111. ^ "Guide to the Syrian opposition". BBC News. 25 July 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
112. ^ a b "Damascus meeting calls for peaceful change in Syria". Reuters UK. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
113. ^ "National Coordination Body for Democratic Change". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
114. ^ "Meet Syria's Opposition". Foreign Policy. 1 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
115. ^ "Syria opposition groups fail to reach accord". Financial Times. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
116. ^ "Syria's opposition SNC to expand, reform". Agence France-Presse. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
117. ^ Nichols, Hans; Burton, F. BRrinley (26 October 2016). "Raqqa Offensive Against ISIS to Begin Within Weeks: Ash Carter". NBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
118. ^ a b "SDC-National Coordination Committee declare "Consensus Document" for solving Syrian crisis". ANHA. 24 June 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
119. ^ "New component split from "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham"". Syria Call. 9 February 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
120. ^ Schwab, Regine (19 May 2023). "Escalate or Negotiate? Constraint and Rebel Strategic Choices Towards Rivals in the Syrian Civil War". Terrorism and Political Violence. 35 (4): 1007–1026\. doi:10.1080/09546553.2021.1998007. ISSN 0954-6553.
121. ^ a b c Alsayed, Ghaith; Mroue, Bassem (14 May 2023). "Syria's main insurgent group seeks to distance itself from past al-Qaida ties". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
122. ^ "HTS-backed civil authority moves against rivals in latest power grab in northwest Syria". Syria Direct. 13 December 2017. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
123. ^ Newlee, Danika (4 October 2018). "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS)". Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved 13 May 2024.
124. ^ Al-Zaraee, Nisreen; Shaar, Karam (21 June 2021). "The Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
125. ^ Joscelyn, Thomas (10 February 2017). "Hay'at Tahrir al Sham leader calls for 'unity' in Syrian insurgency". Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
126. ^ McLoughlin, Paul (12 March 2024). "Syria Insight: HTS's litany of errors pile pressure on Idlib". The New Arab. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
127. ^ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (27 November 2024). "Syrian rebels launch attack against army in Aleppo province". Reuters.
128. ^ a b "HTS Takes Over Aleppo While Making Advances Towards Hama (Open access)". Syria Report. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
129. ^ Gritten, David. "What just happened in Syria?". BBC. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
130. ^ Tarasova, Darya (8 December 2024). "Assad and his family arrive in Moscow and have been granted asylum, Russian state media reports". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
131. ^ "Syria's interim leader announces the dissolution of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham". Aaj English TV. 30 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
132. ^ "Al-Sharaa: We will announce the dissolution of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham at the national dialogue conference". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
133. ^ "General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria". Enab Baladi. 29 January 2025.
134. ^ "Syria's Baath party dissolved: What happens next?". Al Jazeera. 30 January 2025. Archived from the original on 1 February 2025.
135. ^ "General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria". Enab Baladi. 29 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
136. ^ "With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks". The Times of Israel. 25 October 2012.
137. ^ "Al-Qaeda". BBC Monitoring. 30 April 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
138. ^ "Russia launches media offensive on Syria bombing". BBC News. 1 October 2015.
139. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (2 December 2012). "Inside Jabhat al Nusra – the most extreme wing of Syria's struggle". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
140. ^ "Al Nusrah Front claims 3 more suicide attacks in Daraa". 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012.
141. ^ "Qaeda in Iraq confirms Syria's Nusra is part of network". Agence France-Presse. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
142. ^ "Al-Nusra Commits to al-Qaida, Deny Iraq Branch 'Merger'". Agence France-Presse. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
143. ^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (23 September 2012). "Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
144. ^ "Syria crisis: Spooked by rebel gains, Jordan doubles down on Islamic State". Christian Science Monitor. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
145. ^ "Al Qaeda Turns to Syria, With a Plan to Challenge ISIS". The New York Times. 15 May 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
146. ^ "Free Syrian Army rebels defect to Islamist group Jabhat al-Nusra". The Guardian. London. 8 May 2013.
147. ^ "With wary eye, Syrian rebels welcome Islamists into their ranks". 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
148. ^ Chulov, Martin (17 January 2013). "Syria crisis: al-Qaida fighters revealing their true colours, rebels say". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
149. ^ a b "Hurras al-Din". BBC Monitoring. 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
150. ^ a b Schmitt, Eric (30 September 2019). "U.S. Sees Rising Threat in the West From Qaeda Branch in Syria". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
151. ^ "Rewards for Justice - Reward Offer for Information on Senior Leaders of Hurras al-Din". United States Department of State. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
152. ^ Gul Tuysuz; Raja Razek; Nick Paton Walsh (6 November 2013). "Al Qaeda-linked group strengthens hold in northern Syria". CNN. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
153. ^ Lister, Tim (11 December 2015). "What does ISIS really want?". CNN. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
154. ^ a b "Islamic State (IS)". BBC Monitoring. 17 April 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
155. ^ Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). "How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War". New York Review of Books.
156. ^ "Syria: Harrowing torture, summary killings in secret ISIS detention centres". Amnesty International. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
157. ^ Allison, Christine (25 January 2017), "The Yazidis", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.254, ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8, retrieved 14 May 2024
158. ^ a b "ISIS Consolidates". London Review of Books. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
159. ^ "Study Shows Islamic State's Primary Opponent in Syria Is Government Forces, IHS Markit Says". IHS Markit. 19 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
160. ^ Karouny, Mariam (21 June 2015). "Islamic State militants plant mines and bombs in Palmyra: monitoring group". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
161. ^ "Many Islamic State leaders trying to flee to Syria: Iraqi minister". Reuters. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
162. ^ ‘Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting’. United States Department of State, 3 December 2014.
163. ^ "Airstrikes Hit ISIL Terrorists in Syria, Iraq". U.S. Department of Defense. 30 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
164. ^ Zaman, Amberin (10 June 2014). "Syrian Kurds continue to blame Turkey for backing ISIS militants". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016.
Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (6 August 2014). "Kurdish security chief: Turkey must end support for jihadists". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015.
165. ^ Mann, Sebastian (21 November 2017). "Putin claims victory over Isis in Syria during surprise visit from Assad". The Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
166. ^ "Allies React With Alarm to Trump Pull-out Tweet, Kurds Fear Turkish Attack". VOA. 19 December 2018.
167. ^ "US allies in Syria say IS group not yet defeated". France 24. 20 December 2018.
168. ^ "ISIL defeated in final Syria victory: SDF". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
169. ^ "US targeted ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: US officials". Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera Media Network. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
170. ^ Browne, Ryan; Mattingly, Phil (27 October 2019). Zeleny, Jeff; Liptak, Kevin; Diamond, Jeremy (eds.). "ISIS leader al-Baghdadi believed to have been killed in a US military raid, sources say". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
171. ^ "Islamic State names its new leader". BBC News Online. BBC Online. BBC. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
172. ^ "Fighting ongoing in Syria's Hassakeh as SDF raids ISIL hideouts - Syria's War News". Al Jazeera. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
173. ^ Pfeiffer, Sacha; Al-Lami, Mina (4 August 2023). "Where is ISIS today?". NPR. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
174. ^ Keller, Jared (2 February 2023). "The US military is ramping up operations against ISIS in Iraq and Syria". Task & Purpose. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
175. ^ a b Allsopp, Harriet; Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria: governance, diversity and conflicts. Governing diversity. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-83860-445-5.
176. ^ Zabad, Ibrahim (2019). Middle Eastern minorities: the impact of the Arab Spring (First issued in paperback ed.). London New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-7441-4.
177. ^ "Electoral Commission publish video of elections 2nd stage". ANHA. 1 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
178. ^ "Turkey's Syria offensive explained in four maps". BBC. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
179. ^ "Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region". The New Arab. 31 December 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
180. ^ "Syrian Democratic Council". Retrieved 14 May 2024.
181. ^ Bulos, Nabih; McDonnell, Patrick J. (17 March 2016). "Kurdish-led group declares autonomous zone in northern Syria". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
182. ^ "Inauguration of the 1st MSD office". Hawar News Agency. 1 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
183. ^ Perry, Tom (15 August 2015). "Syrian Kurds now say they now control territory the size of Qatar and Kuwait combined". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
184. ^ "U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces emerges as force against ISIS". Associated Press. 2 December 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
185. ^ "Syrian-Kurdish SDF successfully absorbing non-Kurdish groups, says US". Rudaw. 9 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
186. ^ "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Syrian Arab Republic" (PDF). UN Human Rights Council. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
187. ^ Muscati, Samer (14 May 2012). "Syrian Kurds Fleeing to Iraqi Safe Haven". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
188. ^ Blair, Edmund; Saleh, Yasmine (4 July 2012). "Syria opposition rifts give world excuse not to act". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
189. ^ Allott, "Jordan Kurds and Christians Fight Back against ISIS in Syria" National Review, 19 November 2015
190. ^ Bishop, Rachel. "Female-fighters-form-fierce-Christian Militia" The Mirror, 13 December 2015
191. ^ Ahmad, Elham; Tabler, Andrew J.; Pollock, David (21 September 2021). "Affirming U.S. Commitments Abroad: The View from Syria's Democratic Council". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
192. ^ "Turkey's operation against Kurds in Syria risks reviving IS group". www.france24.com. 2 December 2022.
193. ^ "Turkey-Syria offensive: Assad's army 'enters Manbij'". www.bbc.com. 14 October 2019.
194. ^ "US forces in Syria are able to keep their fight separate, for now".
195. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (22 January 2017). "New Syrian Arab Army Division established in preparation of new offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
196. ^ "Harakat al-Nujaba': Interview". 5 September 2018.
197. ^ "Syrian special forces leave west Palmyra for east Aleppo". al-Masdar. 11 February 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
198. ^ a b "Watch". www.facebook.com.
199. ^ "Large number of Syrian Army reinforcements sent to Idlib". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 16 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
200. ^ "السويداء: "فاطميون" و"النمر" و"حزب الله" لقيادة معركة درعا" [As-Suwayda: Fatimion, Al-Nimr and Hezbollah to lead the battle of Daraa]. Almodon (in Arabic). 26 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
201. ^ وعالم, المدن - عرب (17 May 2019). "ريف حماة: مليشيات النظام مشغولة بالتعفيش!" [Hama countryside: the regime's militias are busy with Altafish!]. Almodon (in Arabic). Retrieved 11 August 2018.
202. ^ "Did U.S. and Russian Troops Fight Their Bloodiest Battle Since World War I in February?". National Interest. 16 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
203. ^ "U.S. Military Bombs Russian Tank in Video From Syria Attack on Assad Supporters". News Week. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
204. ^ a b Al-Jabassini, Abdullah (2019). From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria. Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria. European University Institute. ISBN 978-92-9084-767-0.
205. ^ "The Palestinian al-Quds Brigade has a new Iran-backed militia for fighting in Aleppo". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
206. ^ a b List of Syrian Air Force bases
207. ^ "Insight: Minority militias stir fears of sectarian war in Damascus". Reuters. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
208. ^ الحمدان, ينال (22 December 2017). ""فوج الجولان" و"صقور القنيطرة" صراع خلفه "جمعية البستان"؟" ["The Golan Regiment" and "Hawks of Quneitra" conflict behind the "Bustan Society"]. Almodon. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
209. ^ Kheder Khaddour (5 November 2018). "Syria's Troublesome Militias". Carnegie. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
210. ^ a b c Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (2 January 2018). "Beit Jann: Myths and Reality". Syria Comment. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
211. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa Usud al-Hussein: A New Pro-Assad Militia in Latakia".
212. ^ "Turkey shells Assad loyalists trying to cross into Syria's Afrin". Middle East Eye. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
213. ^ "A Case Study of "The Syrian Resistance," a Pro-Assad Militia Force". Syria Comment. 22 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
214. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (10 August 2017). "Suqur al-Furat: A Pro-Assad Sha'itat Tribal Militia".
215. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (3 January 2016). "The Syrian National Resistance: Liwa Khaybar". Syria Comment. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
216. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (24 December 2016). "The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force". Syria Comment. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
217. ^ a b Aymenn Al-Tamimi (13 November 2013). "The Druze Militias of Southern Syria". Retrieved 18 November 2013.
218. ^ Nour Samaha (28 March 2016). "The Eagles of the Whirlwind". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
219. ^ "فيديو: الجيش النظامي السوري يعزز سيطرته على دمشق ومحيطها – فرانس 24". 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
220. ^ "Another ISIS village captured as the Syrian Arab Army marches towards Raqqa". Al-Masdar News. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
221. ^ Aymenn Al-Tamimi (14 October 2016). "Labawat al-Jabal: A Druze Female Militia in Suwayda' Province". Syria Comment. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
222. ^ "Jabhat al-Nusra and the Druze of Idlib Province". Aymen Jawad. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
223. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence".
224. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (27 July 2018). "The Suwayda' Attacks: Interview". Retrieved 4 August 2018.
225. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Al-Nusrah Front Leaders, Militia Groups in Syria". usembassy.gov. Retrieved 11 January 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
226. ^ "New militia battles Islamist rebels near Damascus". Associated Press. 8 February 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
227. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa Al-Jabal: A New Loyalist Militia Unity Initiative In Suwayda'".
228. ^ "Quwat Dir' Al-Qalamoun: Shifting Militia Links". 17 January 2017.
229. ^ "The Dir' al-Watan Brand: Liwa Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi". 26 February 2016.
230. ^ a b c Phillip Smyth (12 April 2018). "Iran Is Outpacing Assad for Control of Syria's Shia Militias". Washington Institute. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
231. ^ a b c "Pro-regime militias in Syria". Agence France-Presse. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
232. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Saraya al-Areen: An Alawite Militia in Latakia".
233. ^ website), Alsouria Net (opposition (28 April 2017). "Areen 313 Brigades: The Assad Family Militia Tyrannizing Coastal Residents". The Syrian Observer.
234. ^ Kat, Iskander (1 August 2012). "Syria rebels to target intel, as Assad hails army". The Daily Star. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
235. ^ "Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
236. ^ Heras, Nicholas (14 July 2013). "The tribal factor in Syria's rebellion". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
237. ^ Muhammad, Bishwa. "Pro-Assad militants storm houses of Kurdish activists in Hasakah". ARA News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
238. ^ Aymenn Al-Tamimi (26 November 2016). "Kata'ib Humat al-Diyar: A Prominent Loyalist Militia in Suwayda'". Syria Comment. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
239. ^ "Analysis: A revolution is taking place in Syria's Palestinian camps". politics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
240. ^ "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
241. ^ "Quwat al-Jalil: A Pro-Assad Palestinian Syrian Militia". 23 December 2015.
242. ^ Racha Abi Haidar (12 February 2014). "The Deal in Yarmouk: End of the Tragedy or Empty Words?". Al Akhbar. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
243. ^ "Palestinians in Syria Are Reluctantly Drawn Into Vortex of Uprising". The New York Times. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
244. ^ "Bombardment hits a vehicle transporting members of ISIS in Yarmouk camp". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
245. ^ Al-Thawra (14 April 2014). "Popular Struggle Front Condemns PLO Backtrack on Yarmouk". The Syrian Observer. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
246. ^ "Syrian War Daily – 21st of March 2018". 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
247. ^ "Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally". The Daily Star Newspaper - Lebanon. Daily Star Lebanon. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
248. ^ a b "IRGC officers killed in Palmyra | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 15 December 2016.
249. ^ "The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
250. ^ Szakola, Albin. "New Syria group vows to "resist" Turkish military incursion". Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
251. ^ Tomson, Chris (29 November 2016). "Syrian Army captures first village from Turkish-backed rebels on the outskirts of al-Bab". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
252. ^ "Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines". The Guardian. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
253. ^ "Serb Nationalist Dies in Syria as Russian Volunteer Fighter".
254. ^ "Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach". VOA. 9 May 2020.
255. ^ "Narodowcy z Falangi pojechali do Syrii. Spotkali się z premierem oraz przesłuchiwali więźniów".
256. ^ "Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?". October 2013.
257. ^ "Are Greek Neo-Nazis Fighting for Assad in Syria?". 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
258. ^ "The Last Battle of the 'Slavonic Corps'". Interpreter Mag (Translation of 'Fontanka'). "'Who we are fighting for – This was never understood. "When they spoke to us in Russia, they explained that we were going on a contract with the Syrian Ba'athist government, they convinced us that everything was legal and in order. Like, our government and the FSB were on board and involved in the project. When we arrived there, it turned out that we were sent as gladiators, under a contract with some Syrian or other, who may or may not have a relationship with the government… That meant that we were the private army of a local kingpin".'"
259. ^ "The last battle of the Slavic Corps". Fontanka. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
260. ^ "Russian Private Military Companies as Licensed Tool of Terror". 24 November 2015.
261. ^ Phillip Smyth (8 March 2016). "How Iran Is Building Its Syrian Hezbollah". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
262. ^ Phillip Smyth (13 January 2014). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Faylak Wa'ad al-Sadiq: The Repackaging of an Iraqi "Special Group" for Syria".
263. ^ "مقتل عنصرين من حزب الله ومرتزق من حزب البعث اللبناني في معارك درعا". أورينت نت.
264. ^ "Five Arab Tawhid Party members killed in Syria clashes". NOW. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
265. ^ "News Update 5-11-15: Reports of Amal Movement sending fighters to Syria". Syria Direct. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
266. ^ "بعد نفي مشاركتها بمعركة القلمون.. تساؤلات حول توريط 'حركة أمل' في المستنقع السوري!". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
267. ^ "حركة أمل تنفي اشتراكها مع حزب الله في الحرب السورية". 5 June 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
268. ^ "Hezbollah deploying elite force to Aleppo: Iran media". NOW. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
269. ^ "Iran's Hizbullah sends more troops to help Assad storm Aleppo, fight Sunnis". World Tribune. 29 July 2012. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
270. ^ Holliday, Joseph (March 2013). "Middle East Security Report 8: The Assad Regime, From Counterinsurgency to Civil War" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. p. 15.
271. ^ Syrian Shiites Take Up Arms in Support of Assad's Army usnews.com
272. ^ a b c d e Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Syrian Hezbollah Militias of Nubl and Zahara'".
273. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (23 July 2016). "Liwa al-Imam al-Mahdi: A Syrian Hezbollah Formation". Retrieved 25 July 2016.
274. ^ "The National Ideological Resistance in Syria: A 'Syrian Hezbollah' Brand". 11 October 2014.
275. ^ "Interview with Sayyid Hashim Muhammad Ali: Commander of the National Ideological Resistance in Syria". 15 October 2014.
276. ^ "The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force". 24 December 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
277. ^ a b c d e "The Situation in al-Fu'a and Kafariya". 18 December 2016.
278. ^ "Syrian Civil War factions". Google News.
279. ^ Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012.
280. ^ Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News Channel.
281. ^ "State Dept. official: Iranian soldiers are fighting for Assad in Syria". The Washington Post. 21 May 2013.
282. ^ "Al-Nusra Front claims responsibility for Hezbollah fighters' death". Middle East Monitor. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
283. ^ "Iran: Three IRGC members killed in Syria fighting for Assad regime". Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. 11 August 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
284. ^ Neriah, Jacques (29 May 2013). "Iranian forces on the Golan?". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
285. ^ Gold, Dore (9 June 2013). "The Arab world fears the 'Safavid'". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
286. ^ Gordon, Michael R. & Myers, Steven Lee (21 May 2013). "Iran and Hezbollah support for Syria complicates peace-talk strategy". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
287. ^ "IRGC Special Forces officer's death highlights involvement in Syria – FDD's Long War Journal". October 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
288. ^ "شهادت دو رزمنده جوان زاهدانی در سوریه+ عکس" [Martyrdom of two young ascetic fighters in Syria + photo]. مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 15 April 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
289. ^ "Studies: Iranian-backed militias' loses in #Aleppo for six months". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 9 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
290. ^ "(IRGC) Loses more Generals in #Aleppo 's battles". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 30 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
291. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (30 March 2017). "The 313 Battalion: A Syrian 'Islamic Resistance' Formation". Retrieved 9 October 2017.
292. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 October 2017). "Katibat Ali Sultan: Syrian IRGC Group". Retrieved 9 October 2017.
293. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Liwa al-Mukhtar al-Thiqfi: Syrian IRGC Militia". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
294. ^ "Iranian commandos deployed to Syria as advisers: officer". Reuters. Reuters Editorial. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
295. ^ "Vladimir Putin confirms Russian military involvement in Syria's civil war". The Daily Telegraph. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
296. ^ Fadel, Leith (29 August 2016). "Russian troops head to Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
297. ^ "Russia turns to backwater navy for Syria missile strikes". Reuters. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
298. ^ a b c "The Three Faces of Russian Spetsnaz in Syria". War on the Rocks. 21 March 2016.
299. ^ "Russia's special forces officer killed in Syria: Interfax". Reuters. Reuters Editorial. 24 March 2016.
300. ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (29 March 2016). "How Russian special forces are shaping the fight in Syria". The Washington Post.
301. ^ "И снова ЧВК Вагнера. Как Россия воюет в Сирии".
302. ^ "Участник боевых действий в Сирии понес посильное наказание". 19 May 2017. p. 6 - via Kommersant.
303. ^ Fadel, Leith (21 May 2017). "Russian forces arrive in southern Syria". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
304. ^ Sergei Shirokov (23 February 2023). "Знаете, каким он парнем был…". Oryol-region. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
305. ^ Four FSB special forces officers reportedly killed in Syria, Meduza
306. ^ "Russia underplayed losses in recapture of Syria's Palmyra". Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
307. ^ "Relatives and friends of Wagner mercenaries we named earlier confirm to @ru_rbc they indeed had been killed in Syria". 12 February 2018.
308. ^ ""Казак Владимир Логинов и член партии "Другая Россия" Кирилл Ананьев погибли в Сирии"" [Cossack Vladimir Loginov and member of the Other Russia party Kirill Ananyev died in Syria]. www.interfax.ru.
309. ^ Kjetil Stormark (11 May 2018). "Nordmenn kjempet på russisk side i Syria" [Norwegians fought in Syria on the Russian side]. AldriMer.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
310. ^ a b Omar al-Jaffal (29 October 2013). "Iraqi Shiites Join Syria War". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
311. ^ "Quwet al-Shahid Muhammed Baqir al-Sadr". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
312. ^ "Der Syrische Bürgerkrieg – Update 06 12 2017 – Truppendienst". truppendienst.com. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
313. ^ Smyth, Phillip (11 May 2013). "Hizballah Cavalcade: Roundup of Iraqis Killed in Syria, Part 1". Hizballah Cavalcade. Jihadology. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
314. ^ "IRGC-controlled Iraqi militia forms 'Golan Liberation Brigade' | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 12 March 2017.
315. ^ "Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 9 December 2016.
316. ^ al-Salhy, Suadad (10 April 2013). "Iraqi Shi'ite militants start to acknowledge role in Syria". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
317. ^ a b c "Array of pro-Syrian government forces advances in Aleppo – FDD's Long War Journal". 9 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
318. ^ a b "Assad regime bringing in new Iraqi militias". en.eldorar.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
319. ^ Bahaa, Jafra. "Shiite militia massacre in Nabek... Rape, killing and burning". العربية نت. Al Arabiya. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
320. ^ "Hizballah cavalcade: Liwa'a Zulfiqar; Birth of a new Shia militia in Syria?". Jihadology. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
321. ^ Kohnavard, Nafiseh (3 March 2015). "Tikrit: Iran key in fight to wrest city from IS". BBC. Beirut.
322. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (10 June 2017). "The U.S.-Iranian confrontation on the Syria-Iraq Borders: Interview with an Iraqi Militia Official". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
323. ^ "Is the Battle for Fallujah a Battle Against Fallujah?". Journal of Middle Eastern Politics and Policy. 1 (1). 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
324. ^ a b Amir Toumaj (14 June 2017). "Qassem Soleimani allegedly spotted in Syria near the Iraqi border". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
325. ^ Mostapha Hassan (13 June 2017). "Who leads, operates Iran militias in al-Tanf?". Baghdad Post. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
326. ^ "SHI'I MILITIAS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA". rubincenter.org. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
327. ^ "Jaysh al-Mu'ammal". Jihad Intel. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
328. ^ Richard Galpin (10 January 2012). "Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
329. ^ "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention". The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
330. ^ "Assad: Iran is sending arms to Syria". Al Arabiya News. 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
331. ^ Fassihi, Farnaz; Bergman, Ronen (6 December 2024). "Iran Begins to Evacuate Military Officials and Personnel From Syria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
332. ^ "China enters fray in Syria on Bashar al-Assad's side". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
333. ^ "It looks like Iraq has joined Assad's side in the Syrian war". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
334. ^ Tom Perry; Ellen Francis (20 December 2018). "Syria's Kurds reel from U.S. move, Assad seen planning next step". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
335. ^ "Militäroffensive der Türkei: Deutsche Waffenexporte auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren" [Turkey's military offensive: German weapons exports at the highest level since 14 years]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
336. ^ Ammar Hamou (27 October 2019). "Civilians the only innocent party in 'Operation Peace Spring'". Syria:Direct. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
337. ^ "The Sham Legion: Syria's Moderate Islamists". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
338. ^ a b hasanmustafas (8 May 2015). "The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles". Hasan Mustafa. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
339. ^ "Seven dead as clashes erupt in northern Syria". The New Arab. 19 June 2022.
340. ^ van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (27 March 2014). "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
341. ^ Hassan Ridha [@sayed_ridha] (27 January 2017). "جيش الشمال بريف حلب الشمالي يعلن فك ارتباطه بحركة نور الدين الزنكي" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
342. ^ ""Joint defense alliance" in defense of the Barada valley and a rejection of the processes of displacement and violation of truces". Enab Baladi. 26 December 2016.
343. ^ "المعارضة تستهدف مجموعة لقوات الأسد بصاروخ موجه على جبهة الساحل (فيديو)". STEP News Agency. 3 July 2019.
344. ^ "Nour e-Din a-Zinki defects from HTS, citing unwillingness to end rebel infighting". Syria Direct. 20 July 2017.
345. ^ "Northern Homs based rebel group joins Authenticity and Development Front". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
346. ^ "Syrian Opposition Factions in the Syrian Civil War". bellingcat. 13 August 2016.
347. ^ a b "خلافات داخلية تفضي إلى انشقاقات في "جيش النصر" – عنب بلدي". 9 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
348. ^ Tomasz Rolbiecki (20 June 2018). "Saraya Darayya – A Group Motivated By Revenge". Syrian War Daily. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
349. ^ "Syrian Opposition Forms A New Military Operation To Stop Syrian Regime East Idlib – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
350. ^ "New rebel group formed in Idlib". Al-Masdar News. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
351. ^ "Islamic State not attacking Hama Christians, activists says". Now.mmedia.me. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
352. ^ "Syria: Unlawful attacks by government forces hit civilians and medical facilities in Idlib". www.amnesty.org. 28 March 2019.
353. ^ "Ahrar Al-Sharqya Withdraw From Euphrates Shield As They Refuse The US Forces Interfere To Rai (Video) – Qasion News Agency". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
354. ^ a b c "Syrian Civil War factions". Google Docs.
355. ^ "Jaish al-Ahrar leaves Tahrir al-Sham alliance: statement". Zaman al-Wasl. 14 September 2017.
356. ^ "Idleb, Hama Rebels Unite Under 'Army of Victory' Operations Room". The Syrian Observer. 5 August 2015.
357. ^ "Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - 5 fighters killed in clashes against the regime forces in Latakia Mountains". Facebook. 10 July 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
358. ^ Fadel, Leith (28 September 2016). "Former Darayya rebels now fighting Syrian Army in northern Hama". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
359. ^ "Sham Legion: The Brigade of Freedom is trying to trade the blood of the elements". Qasioun News Agency. 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
360. ^ http://stepagency-sy.net/archives/181604/wp-admin/install.php [dead link]
361. ^ "Analysis: Insurgents launch major offensive against Assad regime in Hama province – FDD's Long War Journal". FDD's Long War Journal. 24 March 2017.
362. ^ @badly_xeroxed (18 February 2018). "Liwa al-Adiyat of the Badia Sector..." (Tweet) - via Twitter.
363. ^ "After Al-Sham Legion opened road for HTS, HTS takes control over Jinderes in Afrin with the support of Al-Amshat". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 12 October 2022.
364. ^ "Cerablus'taki Durumu, Suriye Türkmen Meclisi Bşk. Anlatıyor – Detay 13 – TRT Avaz". YouTube. 7 September 2016.
365. ^ [1] Türkmen Tugayı, Türkmenlere Fırat Kalkanı'na katılın çağrısında bulundu
366. ^ "Conflict in Syria: Live Tactical Analysis". Grey Dynamics. 7 December 2024.
367. ^ "Coalition "forces of the South" includes eight factions and brigades ... and a preliminary step for integration". Sham News Network. 9 February 2017.
368. ^ "A new military alliance in the Syrian south, what does it consist of?". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
369. ^ "Syria dissident groups still not united". Al Monitor. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
370. ^ "Syrian Rebels Plot Their Next Moves: A Time Exclusive". Time. 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013.
371. ^ abo baker (8 September 2017). "الجيش السوري الحر-الجبهة الجنوبية- الفرقة/406/مشاة" - via YouTube.
372. ^ "Rebels in Daraa form new army to fight Syrian forces". Al-Masdar. 8 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
373. ^ "Timeline Photos - The Syrian Rebellion Observatory - Observatoire de la rébellion Syrienne - Facebook". Facebook. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
374. ^ "Syria dissident groups still not united". Al Monitor. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
375. ^ "The Moderate Rebels: A Complete and Growing List of Vetted Groups". الثورة الديمقراطية، الطراز السوري Democratic Revolution, Syrian Style. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
376. ^ "المعارضة المسلحة تصل السويداء وتسيطر على مقرات أمنية (فيديو)". Erem news. 6 December 2024.
377. ^ Shaam.org. ""جيش سوريا الجديد " بحلة جديدة .. "مغاوير الثورة" تشكيل بدعم أمريكي لمحاربة تنظيم الدولة في حمص".
378. ^ "Military factions announced the formation of a 'gathering of revolutionaries Mahja' Badra". SMART News Agency. 19 June 2018. [permanent dead link]
379. ^ "YouTube". Retrieved 24 February 2018 - via YouTube.
380. ^ Azizi, Bradost (6 February 2013). "Islamists Fighting Kurds in Syria Admit to Turkish Military Support". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
381. ^ كودي (27 August 2018). "The Imam Ali Battalion led by Waled Shagal joined the ranks of #FSA National Liberation Frontpic.twitter.com/5jFwZRWpjS". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
382. ^ "Warring Syrian rebel groups abduct each other's members". Times of Israel. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
383. ^ "Commander of the Victory Brigade: we will change the balance of forces in northern Aleppo". Baladi News. 1 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
384. ^ Fadel, Leith (18 July 2016). "Jihadist rebels mourn the loss of 16 fighters as government forces advance in Aleppo City". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
385. ^ NUR ÖZKAN ERBAY; MUSTAFA KIRIKÇIOĞLU (13 October 2019). "Syrian Kurds look to end YPG-rule in Syria". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
386. ^ "New statement from Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām: "Katā'ib Anṣār al-Shām Joins Hayy'at Taḥrīr al-Shām"". Jihadology. 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
387. ^ "Infographic: 'Fatah Halab' Military Operations Room – Coalition of 31 Rebel factions". Archicivilians. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
388. ^ Gutman, Roy; Alhamadee, Mousab (3 May 2015). "Rebel worry: How to control Islamists if Assad is pushed from northern Syria". The McClatchy Company. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
389. ^ Cite error: The named reference `Jaysh Halab groups` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
390. ^ "Factions involved in North Aleppo's Opposition/SDF Conflict". Archicivilians. 1 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
391. ^ "Free army factions in the south announce the formation of the 'National Front for the Liberation of Syria'". El-Dorar al-Shamia. 22 July 2017.
392. ^ "#Syria, Homs – Div Liwa Rijal Allah joins Harakat Tahrir Homs". 9 April 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
393. ^ "The Moderate Rebels: A Growing List of Vetted Groups Fielding BGM-71 TOW Anti-Tank Guided Missiles". Hasan Mustafa. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
394. ^ Cody Roche (5 December 2017). "The Trotskyist León Sedov Brigade in the Syrian Revolution". Medium. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
395. ^ Salvia, Mattia (24 July 2018). "Revolutionaries for Hire". The Baffler. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
396. ^ a b "Territorial Control Map - Wadi Barada Pocket" (PDF). Omran Dirasat. 4 January 2016.
397. ^ "Al Nusrah Front and Ansar al Khilafah seize town near Aleppo, execute Syrian soldiers - FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org. 27 July 2013.
398. ^ "Hezbollah and the SAA Capture Most of Wadi Barada". Al-Masdar News. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
399. ^ "Hours after imposing American sanctions on a Turkish-backed faction | National Army factions integrate into the unified leadership room "Azm" • the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights". 28 July 2021.
400. ^ "بيان تشكيل المجلس العسكري لمدينة أخترين و ريفها". YouTube. 3 September 2016.
401. ^ [2] Tal Rifaat formation of a Unified Military Council and Political office are formed
402. ^ "Syria's new national security force pledges loyalty to Turkey". 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
403. ^ "Hundreds of police trained by Turkey start work in northern Syria". Reuters. 24 January 2017.
404. ^ Bahira al-Zarier; Justin Clark; Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim; Ammar Hamou (14 May 2018). "Hidden explosives stunt movement, frighten Afrin residents two months into pro-Turkish rule". SYRIA:direct. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
405. ^ "Grey Wolves take on black flag in Syria". Intelligence Online. 2 December 2015.
406. ^ "Greek Defense Ministry confirms Russian Su-24M bomber was downed in Syrian airspace". TASS. 2 December 2015.
407. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (3 August 2012). "Muslim Brotherhood establishes militia inside Syria". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
408. ^ "Military wing of Hamas training Syrian rebels". The Jerusalem Post. 5 April 2013.
409. ^ "Assad: Syria Has 'No Relation at All' with Hamas". Palestine Chronicle. 19 April 2015.
410. ^ "Terrorist confesses to Hamas's involvement in terror activities in Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 2 October 2015.
411. ^ "Hamas to restore Syria ties after 10 years of dispute, sources say". Reuters. 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
412. ^ "INSIGHT: Iraq's Tensions Heightened by Syria Conflict". Middle East Voices (VOA). 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012.
413. ^ "Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 10 November 2012.
414. ^ "Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives". BBC News. 21 November 2012.
415. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (25 January 2019). "Jaysh al-Islam in Gaza: Exclusive Interview". Retrieved 13 February 2019.
416. ^ "SBarış Pınarı Harekatı". Timeturk.com.
417. ^ "Suriye sınırına askeri sevkiyat". Timeturk.com.
418. ^ TSK El Bab'a 57. Komando Taburu'nu göndermeye hazırlanıyor tgrthaber.com.tr
419. ^ "Son dakika: Hendek avcısı PÖH'ler ve JÖH'ler emir bekliyor!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 31 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
420. ^ Gazetesi, Aydınlık (2 December 2018). "İntikal başladı! Afrin merkezde onlar da çatışmaya girecek! – Aydınlık".
421. ^ sabah, daily (1 March 2017). "Turkey deploys elite commando units in Syria". Daily Sabah.
422. ^ Özel Harekat böyle uğurlandı http://www.hurriyet.com.tr
423. ^ "Intelligence agency MİT playing active role in Turkey's Afrin operation". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
424. ^ Fehim Tastekin (26 January 2018). "Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria". al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
425. ^ "Obama Authorizes Airstrikes to Defend Syrian Rebels If Attacked". Bloomberg. 3 August 2015.
426. ^ a b "US, UK and France launch Syria strikes targeting Assad's chemical weapons". CNN. 14 April 2018.
427. ^ a b Schmitt, Eric (21 June 2012). "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times.
428. ^ Risen, James; Mazzetti, Mark; Schmidt, Michael S. (5 December 2012). "U.S. approved arms for Libya rebels fell into Jihadis' hands". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
429. ^ "C.I.A. Said to Aid in Steering Arms to Syrian Opposition". The New York Times. 21 June 2012. "The weapons, including automatic rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, ammunition and some antitank weapons, are being funneled mostly across the Turkish border by way of a shadowy network of intermediaries including Syria's Muslim Brotherhood and paid for by Turkey"
430. ^ El Deeb, Sarah (20 June 2013). "Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
431. ^ "Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria". The Guardian. 31 August 2017. "Returning from a summit in the Saudi capital last week, opposition leaders say they were told directly by the foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir, that Riyadh was disengaging."
432. ^ "Hollande confirms French delivery of arms to Syrian rebels". eNCA. 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
433. ^ "Iran tests the US in southeastern Syria – FDD's Long War Journal". longwarjournal.org. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
434. ^ Hosenball, Mark (1 August 2012). "Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for rebels". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
435. ^ Londono, Ernesto & Miller, Greg (12 September 2013). "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
436. ^ "Trump ends covert CIA program to arm anti-Assad rebels in Syria, a move sought by Moscow". The Washington Post. 19 July 2017.
437. ^ "Britain withdraws last of troops training Syrian rebels as world powers distance themselves from opposition". The Daily Telegraph. 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
438. ^ "The Red Line and the Rat Line". London Review of Books. 17 April 2014. ""A highly classified annex to the report, not made public [as described by one source, said that] the CIA, with the support of MI6, was responsible for getting arms from Gaddafi's arsenals into Syria...A spokesperson for Petraeus denied the operation ever took place."
439. ^ "Jordan ponders a change of course on Syria". The National. 5 February 2017.
440. ^ "The Southern Front". Stanford University. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
441. ^ Sherlock, Ruth (25 November 2011). "Libya's new rulers offer weapons to Syrian rebels". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
442. ^ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
443. ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
444. ^ "Canada sent millions to Syrian rebels". Toronto Sun. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
445. ^ a b "Germany helping Syria rebels with spy ship intel: paper". Reuters. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
446. ^ Caleb Weiss (18 January 2018). "New Uighur jihadist group emerges in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
447. ^ "Ajnad Kavkaz – From Chechnya To Syria". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
448. ^ "Abu Bakr Shishani Now Fighting Alongside Ajnad al-Kavkaz In Latakia". 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
449. ^ Jama'at Ansar al-Haq's Separation from Hurras al-Din: Translation and Analysis aymennjawad.org
450. ^ "More Detailed Information & Interview With Newly-Formed Tatar Group Junud Al-Makhdi Whose Amir Trained In North Caucasus With Khattab". 3 July 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
451. ^ "Foreign jihadists advertise role in Latakia fighting – The Long War Journal". 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
452. ^ Saeed Jawdat (21 May 2017). "With the exception of its leader ... Ajafalh Brigades (Abu Amara) announces its entry for (edit Sham)". All4Syria.
453. ^ Mudiq, Qalaat Al (18 August 2018). "#Syria: Abu Amara Special Task Brigade announces the killing of Ahmed Habib, an officer of Military Intelligence in #Masyaf (W. #Hama).pic.twitter.com/urQ39HBUjl". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
454. ^ Weiss, Caleb (23 April 2015). "Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria involved in new Idlib offensive". Long War Journal.
455. ^ "UN: Islamic Jihad Union operates in Syria". Long War Journal. 31 July 2019.
456. ^ "ضمانات أمريكية لتركيا بالتوقف عن تسليح أكراد سوريا". جريدة الدستور الاردنية.
457. ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "The Factions of North Latakia". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
458. ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (6 August 2019). "Kurdish Rebels in Northwest Syria: Interview with Harakat Salah al-Din al-Kurdi". Retrieved 12 August 2019.
459. ^ "Turkey sends in jets as Syria's agony spills over every border". The Guardian. 26 July 2015.
460. ^ "Turkey forces clash with Tahrir al-Sham in Syria". Al Jazeera. 8 October 2017.
461. ^ "Turkey designates Syria's Tahrir al-Sham as terrorist group ahead of Idlib regime assault". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 31 August 2018.
462. ^ "Turkey's Erdogan Has Grand Plans for al Qaeda's Syrian Spin-Off". The Daily Beast. 8 October 2018.
463. ^ Khalaf, Roula (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". FT Magazine.
464. ^ Sengupta, Kim (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.
465. ^ Porter, Gareth (23 May 2015). "Obama's failure on Saudi-Qatari aid to al-Qaeda affiliate". Middle East Eye.
466. ^ Strobel, Warren (24 January 2015). "U.S. shared secret intelligence with Syria's new leaders". Washington Post.
467. ^ Thibault Spirlet (4 June 2024). "Ukraine sent special forces to Syria to attack Russians there, revealing a new front to the war". www.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
468. ^ "Did Ukraine special forces strike Russia forces at a Syrian airbase?". www.newarab.com. 1 August 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
469. ^ Zakharchenko, Kateryna (3 June 2024). "Ukrainian Special Forces and Syrian Rebels Decimate Russian Mercenaries in Syria". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
470. ^ Zakharchenko, Kateryna (31 July 2024). "Ukrainian HUR Special Forces Deliver Devastating Strike on Russian Base in Syria". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
471. ^ Molinari, Maurizio (4 May 2024). "The Russian Flag on Golan Hights". La Repubblica. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
472. ^ Seth, Harp (14 February 2017). "The Anarchists vs. the Islamic State". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
473. ^ "Women from Kobane form a battalion to support Afrin". ANF News. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
474. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 December 2013). "The Kurdish PUK's Syria Policy". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
475. ^ "Part of 1st military regiment of Special Forces in al-Tabqa – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
476. ^ "Syrian Democratic Forces Update". Retrieved 28 July 2018.
477. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld – Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Refworld.
478. ^ "3,000 Arab fighters to be deployed under SDF banner for Raqqa battle". Rudaw. 2 February 2017.
479. ^ "South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016". agathocledesyracuse.com. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
Szakola, Albin. "New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
480. ^ "South Hasakah/North Deir Ezzor situation on April 28, 2016". agathocledesyracuse.com. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016.
481. ^ Szakola, Albin. "New rebel force battling ISIS in northeast Syria". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
482. ^ مارديني, بهية (26 March 2017). "قوات النخبة السورية تدخل مدينة الكرامة معقل داعش". Elaph. Elaph Publishing.
483. ^ "Kurds Front: we will resist to the last gasp". Hawar News Agency. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
484. ^ "بيان إلى الرأي العام". Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
485. ^ "تشكيل أول كتيبة عسكرية لنساء مناطق الشهباء" (in Arabic). Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
486. ^ "SDF announces the launch of 'Great Battle' for Raqqa". ANF News.
487. ^ "15 opposition brigades in Idlib, Aleppo join SDF forces". Syria Direct. 18 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
488. ^ "SDF marching on Raqqa is mix of ethnicities, religions, genders". Rudaw. 7 November 2016.
489. ^ "Arab fighters: ready to fight until the liberation of all over Syria". Hawar News Agency. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
490. ^ "Jaysh al-Thuwar: Our operations against Daesh terror continues". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
491. ^ "Great War for the liberation of Raqqa begins". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
492. ^ "Revolutionary Shield declares readiness to respond to the attacks of the Turkish occupation". Firat News Agency. 27 January 2018.
493. ^ "Democratic Brigade North: Turkey impede our progress in coordination with Daesh". Hawar News Agency. 8 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
494. ^ "Shahba forces". RUMAF. 1 December 2016.
495. ^ Antonopoulos, Paul (20 October 2016). "Video: Thuwar Raqqa announce a women's battalion to fight ISIS". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
496. ^ "#Syria-Raqqa suspicious factions with the PYD". 7 September 2016.
497. ^ "Would Assad regime Go into on the battle of #Raqqa ?". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.[permanent dead link]
498. ^ "Wrath of Euphrates fighters head for al-Sokeri". Hawar News Agency. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
499. ^ "Fighters from all al-Raqqa clans participate in the liberation camiagn". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
500. ^ "Syrian Civil War factions". Google Docs.
501. ^ "Who is taking part in Ghadab al-Firat campaign?". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
502. ^ John Davison (16 August 2017). "Arab fighters struggle to assert role in Raqqa assault". Reuters.
503. ^ "Fursan al-Jazîra Brigades join SDF ranks". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
504. ^ @Syria_Rebel_Obs (6 November 2016). "EXCLUSIVE SRO – Former leader of the main #Tabqa #FSA factions, Liwa Owais al-Qarni, entered Northern Federation days ago" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
505. ^ "بعد تبنيه خارطة "روج آفا".. حسام العواك يعلن استقالته من "قسد" – شبكة بلدي الإعلامية". Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
506. ^ "Hundreds of Syrian rebels join the pro-Kurdish SDF alliance". ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
507. ^ "Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". ANF. 13 October 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
508. ^ "What platoons are participating in freeing Raqqa campaign?". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
509. ^ "The Dawn of Freedom Brigades: Analysis and Interview". Syria Comment. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
510. ^ "The Factions of Kobani (Ayn al-Arab)". Syria Comment. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
511. ^ "Former Euphrates Shield group joined SDF". YPG. 4 September 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
512. ^ MFS Media Center (7 July 2019). "بيان تأسيس المجلس العسكري السرياني الاشوري ، إتحاد MFS و MNK". Retrieved 10 July 2019 - via YouTube.
513. ^ "Süryani Askeri Meclisi Sözcüsü: Güçlerimiz halkının büyük desteği ile kuruldu - Hawarnews Türkçe Sayfası". www.hawarnews.com.
514. ^ "Bethnahrin Women Protection Forces Founded against ISIS". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
515. ^ "Assyrian Female Fighters Joined Battlefronts Against ISIS in Northeastern Syria". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
516. ^ "The revolutionaries of Bethnahrin: cooperation between Christians and Kurds – Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal". Retrieved 19 June 2016.
517. ^ SyriacMilitaryMFS (29 October 2018). "#Syriac Military Council, MFS also is sending special forces as reinforcements with the SDF amid ongoing hard battle against ISIS in the various fronts in the Deir ez Zor region for the total liberation of the area and safety of the population with @coalition & @CENTCOM.pic.twitter.com/qbQlPVeZnZ". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
518. ^ Agence France-Presse (29 June 2017). "Rosaries and rifles: Syria Christians take on IS in Raqa". al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
519. ^ "SDF creates female Arab battalion in eastern Syria to fight patriarchy and ISIS". ARA News. 11 July 2017. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
520. ^ "Members of Jazira Young Women's Union join resistance in Ain Issa". ANF News. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
521. ^ "Young women join the SDF to defend their land". ANF News. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
522. ^ "First YCR battalion formed in Efrîn". ANF News.
523. ^ "400 Sheitat tribesmen joined U.S.-backed alliance to fight ISIS: sources". Syria News. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
524. ^ "Kurdish-led SDF attracts more Arab fighters in Syria's Deir ez-Zor amid growing anti-ISIS campaign". ARA News. 24 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
525. ^ "Objectives of New SDF-Led militias in the city of Afrin". Al-Dorar al-Shamia. 15 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
526. ^ "بعد "لواء ثوار إدلب" "قسد" تشكل "لواء تحرير إدلب وعفرين" ...!!". shaam.org.
527. ^ Admin (2 June 2018). "A leader in the 'Idlib revolutionaries' to Kurd Street network: the problems of tenderness behind Turkey .. The arrival of the Arab delegation to Kobani is to support border guards". Kurd Street.
528. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (22 August 2018). "YPG rejects involvement in attacks by mysterious groups in Afrin". Kurdistan 24. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
529. ^ "Afrin Liberation Forces carried out 2 operations in Afrin – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
530. ^ "The Battle for Syria's Al-Hasakah Province – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
531. ^ "The Ajeel tribe in Raqqa announces its support for the SDF, sends hundreds of fighters to join SDF ranks, and denies allegations that it is opposed to the SDF". Hawar News Agency. 31 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
532. ^ Heras, Nicholas (24 October 2013). "The battle for Syria's al-Hasakah province". Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
533. ^ "Join the banner of liberalization of the Euphrates to the Military Council in Aleppo Manbej". ARA News. 2 October 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016.
534. ^ "Inspired by Kurdish units, al-Bab Military Council creates all-female battalion". ARA News. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
535. ^ "ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
536. ^ "Next phase of SDF Raqqa operation sees alliance with Deir ez-Zur Military Council". Rudaw. 17 February 2017.
537. ^ a b Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (28 September 2018). "Hajin in Deir az-Zor: Interview". Retrieved 20 February 2019.
538. ^ Hassan, Mohammed (9 September 2023). "Deir ez-Zor torn between Arab tribes' struggle for independence and the SDF's efforts to subdue them". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023.
539. ^ ÇAKSU, ERSİN (11 October 2019). "Not a single house captured by the enemy in Serekaniye". ANF News. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
540. ^ "Russia Propositions SDF in Ayn Issa". ASHARQ AL-AWSAT. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
541. ^ "Tal Abyad Military Council: It is our duty to protect our people if Turkey violates the agreement". Hawar News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
542. ^ "Qamishlo bid farewell to its four martyrs". ANF News. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
543. ^ "SDF fighter Ismail Hisên laid to rest". ANF News. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
544. ^ "Six SDF martyrs laid to rest in Heseke". ANF News. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
545. ^ "Emotional farewell ceremony for 8 SDF martyrs in Şedadê". ANF News. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
546. ^ "300 fighters join to al-Shadadi Military Council after declaring general alarm by clans' notables". Hawar News. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
547. ^ Glioti, Andrea (7 May 2013). "Kurdish group gaining autonomy in northern Syria". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
548. ^ "Second HAT course members graduate". Hawar News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
549. ^ Force-OIR (Iraq/Syria), Special Ops Joint Task (15 October 2018). "A Manbij Military Council Quick Reaction Force member role plays as a casualty treated during a medical skills assessment in #Manbij, #Syria. The #MMC-QRF works with @Coalition advisors to enhance their medical skills. @shervanderwish @cjtfoirpic.twitter.com/fJ4Ijjo5xY". Retrieved 6 January 2019.
550. ^ "Anti-IS coalition trains policemen for Syria's Raqqa". Middle East Eye.
551. ^ O. I. R. Spokesman. "Raqqah Internal Security Force troops help one other adjust protective vests & fit helmets during the 2nd week of Quick Reaction Force training. The 3K-strong RISF are responsible for securing Raqqah, Tabqah & surrounding areas from any ISIS resurgence #defeatDaeshpic.twitter.com/xL2YyPDx0E". Retrieved 24 February 2018 - via Twitter.
552. ^ "Internal Security Forces in Deir ez-Zor graduated new course – ANHA – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Hawar". hawarnews.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
553. ^ "Die Welt: Die Christen in Syrien ziehen in die Schlacht". Die Welt (in German). 23 October 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
554. ^ Rudaw (6 April 2015). "Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits". Rudaw. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
555. ^ "Third batch of Special Forces consisting of 60 fighters graduate in the Self Defence Forces of Rojava, Efrîn canton.@Liveuamappic.twitter.com/OXxQuMrT4x". Rojava News. 23 May 2017 - via Twitter.
556. ^ "Rojava Dispatch Six: Innovations, the Formation of the Hêza Parastina Cewherî (HPC)". Modern Slavery. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
557. ^ "Coalition and SDF are training a 30,000-strong Syrian border force". The Defense Post. 13 January 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
558. ^ Baldor, Lolita C. (22 December 2017). "US Ups Border Training In Syria To Prevent IS Resurgence". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
559. ^ "Two Spaniards arrested on return from fighting ISIS in Syria". EL PAÍS. 7 July 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
560. ^ Demir, Arzu (28 January 2015). "Preparations for international brigade in Rojava". Firat News Agency. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
561. ^ "MLKP fighter: We will be at the front until Sinjar is liberated". Firat News Agency. 29 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
562. ^ "Alper Çakas Enternasyonalist Özgürlük Taburu kuruldu" (in Turkish). Hawar News Agency. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
563. ^ a b "The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria". Morning Star. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
564. ^ "Anarquistas en Rojava". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
565. ^ "Anarquistas ecologistas en Rojava" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
566. ^ "EÖC - Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi / Avrupa İnisiyatifi". EÖC - EMEK VE ÖZGÜRLÜK CEPHESİ/AVRUPA İNİSİYATİFİ (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
567. ^ "Emek ve Özgürlük Cephesi/Avrupa İnisiyatifi". Official Facebook page of EÖC. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
568. ^ "BÖG savaşçısı Eylem Ataş Minbic'te şehit düştü". Etkin Haber Ajansı. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
569. ^ Rodríguez, Jorge A. (7 July 2015). "Detenidos dos comunistas españoles que lucharon contra el Estado Islámico". El País.
570. ^ sabah, daily (29 May 2017). "Greek anarchists vow to implement warfare methods they learned from PYD terrorists in Syria". Daily Sabah.
571. ^ Moore, Jack (25 July 2017). "FIRST LGBT UNIT CREATED TO FIGHT ISIS IN SYRIA. ITS NAME? THE QUEER INSURRECTION". Newsweek. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
572. ^ Kentish, Ben (25 July 2017). "'The Queer Insurrection': Coalition forces fighting Isis in Syria form first LGBT unit". The Independent. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
573. ^ Puxton, Matteo (16 May 2018). "Syrie - Brigade Michael Israel: des volontaires antifascistes contre l'armée turque". France-Soir. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
574. ^ "Collective Announced in Rojava: Tekoşîna Anarşîst". AMW English. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
575. ^ Anarşîst, Tekoşîna (11 January 2019). "We have been active in the final push against ISIS. TA has been attaching to a local YPG unit and doing rotations with them to the front. Tomorrow another group of our hevals will again go to DeirZor. We wish them the best of luck! Serkeftin!pic.twitter.com/BaClx5PpgQ". Retrieved 18 March 2019.
576. ^ "Depuis la Syrie, le soutien de la "brigade Krasucki" aux salariés d'Air France". Libération.
577. ^ "Badass Dutch Biker Gang Fighting ISIS in Iraq". Intelligencer. 14 October 2014.
578. ^ "HBDH announces revolutionaries who lost their lives in Afrin". ANF News. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
579. ^ "Martyr Mam Hejar is the slogan of unity for Kurdish people". YPG Rojava. 26 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
580. ^ "Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria? – SOFREP". 23 March 2017.
581. ^ "First unit of Peshmerga enters Kobane". ARA News. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
582. ^ Vijay Prashad. "Siege of Kobane". Frontline.
583. ^ "SDF, Iraqis Defend Syrian Border Town from IS". Voice of America. 29 June 2018.
584. ^ Irish, John (13 November 2013). "Syrian Kurdish leader claims military gains against Islamists". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
585. ^ "France will keep delivering arms to Kurdish Syrian rebels to fight Islamic State group". Fox News Channel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014.
586. ^ "US to arm Syrian Kurds, rebel groups fighting IS – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
587. ^ "Rusya YPG'ye silah indirdi". Sabah. 30 November 2015.
588. ^ "Russia resumes dropping ammunition to PYD". Yeni Safak. 2 December 2015. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
589. ^ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018. "the forces will be stationed with US-led coalition troops and will support its tasks with ... heavy and light weapons."
590. ^ a b "U.S. Seeks Arab Force and Funding for Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 16 April 2018. "Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E. helped pay the stipends for the Syrian fighters the U.S. is supporting"
591. ^ "Saudi Arabia in talks with YPG to form new force". Daily Sabah. 30 May 2018.
592. ^ "Soldati italiani in Siria? Arriva la smentita, ma..." (in Italian). Retrieved 11 June 2018.
593. ^ Coleman, Luke (5 March 2015). "Assad: We Armed Kurds Before International Coalition". basnews.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
594. ^ "Syrian President Bashar al-Assad accused of arming Kurdish separatists for attacks against Turkish government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012.
595. ^ "Assad regime says it will continue to provide weaponry, money to Kurds". DailySabah. 20 April 2015.
596. ^ "Syria regime, Kurds join to fight IS in Hasakeh". Yahoo News. 20 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
597. ^ "Esad yönetimi ve Kürtler birbirine nasıl bakıyor?". BBC Türkçe. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
598. ^ "Rojava: PYD-Führer für Bündnis mit Assad". 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
599. ^ "Airstrikes 'Successful' Against ISIS Targets in Syria, US Military Says". American Broadcasting Company.
600. ^ "US special forces carry out secret ground raid against Isil in Syria, 'killing at least 25 jihadists'". The Daily Telegraph. 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
601. ^ "A breakdown of some of the gear U.S. Special Operations forces are using in Syria". The Washington Post. 25 April 2016.
602. ^ a b John Sjoholm (8 February 2017). "Trump's Middle Eastern War, A Bay of Pigs in the making". Lima Charlie. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
603. ^ Barnes, Julian E. (18 February 2015). "B-1 Pilots Describe Bombing Campaign Against ISIS in Kobani". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
604. ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (11 April 2017). "US Air Force: 40% of strikes on Syria's Manbij carried out by drones". ARA News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
605. ^ Oriana Pawlyk (18 May 2017). "US F/A-18E Shoots Down Syrian Su-22 in Air-to-Air Kill". Military.com. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
606. ^ Dan Lamothe; Thomas Gibbons-Neff (8 March 2017). "Marines have arrived in Syria to fire artillery in the fight for Raqqa". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
607. ^ "More US special forces for Raqqa than Manbij: monitor". NOW. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
608. ^ "The 75th Ranger Regiment hits the ground in Syria for Raqqa offensive". SOFREP. 6 March 2017.
609. ^ "UK launches first Syria air strikes". BBC News.
610. ^ "First RAF Typhoon use of Brimstone missile destroys ISIS boat in Syria". The Defense Post. 22 February 2019.
611. ^ "British SAS soldier killed by IS in Syria named as Sergeant Matt Tonroe". Sky News.
612. ^ "France launches new wave of air strikes on IS group targets in Syria's Raqqa". France 24. 22 August 2016.
613. ^ "French army on the front line of 'final battle' against IS group". France 24. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
614. ^ "France admits special forces are advising Syrian rebels – France – Radio France Internationale". 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
615. ^ "Netherlands to Extend Airstrikes Against Islamic State Into Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 29 January 2016.
616. ^ "Militaire bijdrage Nederland in Irak en Oost-Syrië". Netherlands Ministry of Defence. 20 October 2020.
617. ^ "Coalition: Special forces train, equip two opposition groups in southern Syria". nrttv.com. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
618. ^ "Jordan hits ISIL targets in southern Syria". Al Jazeera. 5 February 2017.
619. ^ "Saudi Arabia, UAE send troops to support Kurds in Syria". Middle East Monitor. 22 November 2018.
620. ^ "The UAE has it in for the Muslim Brotherhood". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 22 February 2017. "Along with their American counterparts, Emirati special forces are said to be training elements of the opposition. They constitute a kind of Arab guarantee among the Syrian Democratic Forces – an umbrella group dominated by the Kurds of the PYD, on whom the US are relying to fight IS on the ground."
621. ^ "UAE, Kurds Standing against US, Turkey in Syria". Farsnews. 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
622. ^ "The U.S. bombing of Syria implicates many of Trump's business interests". Vox. 16 April 2018.
623. ^ Omar Sattar (11 May 2018). "Iraqi air force targets IS sites in Syria ahead of elections". Al-Monitor.
624. ^ "ISIS mission: Canadian air strikes in Syria expected in 'short order'". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2 April 2015.
625. ^ "Denmark tells U.N. it has trained radar on Syria". Reuters. 18 January 2016.
626. ^ "Denmark to expand military mission against Islamic State into Syria". Reuters. 4 March 2016.
627. ^ "Belgium's Anti-ISIS Airstrikes Expand From Iraq Into Syria". The New York Times. 13 May 2016.
628. ^ Coorey, Phillip. "Australia to take 12,000 refugees, boost aid and bomb Syria". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
629. ^ "Australia to end air strikes in Iraq and Syria, bring Super Hornets home". Reuters. 21 December 2017.
630. ^ "Activists and a rebel commander say Kurdish fighters have launched an attack in northern Syria under the cover of Russian airstrikes to try and capture a military air base held by insurgents". US News. 10 February 2016.
631. ^ "Russia cooperates with PYD against ISIL". Today's Zaman. 9 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015.
632. ^ "Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD". Anadolu Agency.
633. ^ "Kurds attack Turkish-backed Syrian opposition forces with Russian help". i24 News. 28 November 2015.
634. ^ "YPG advances near Turkey's border". Rudaw Media Network. 28 November 2015. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
635. ^ Wood, L. Todd (8 February 2016). "Russia supporting Kurdish groups in Syria to Turkey's detriment". The Washington Times.
636. ^ Joško Barić (29 April 2018). "Syrian War Daily – 29th of April 2018". Syrian War Daily. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
637. ^ Leith Fadel (7 July 2015). "Syrian Armed Forces and Hezbollah Close-in on Al-Zabadani". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
638. ^ "منشقون عن "جند الأقصى" يشكلون "أنصار التوحيد" بإدلب". baladi-news.com.[permanent dead link]
639. ^ "Jihadists in Syria's Idlib Form New 'Operations Room'". Voice of America. 15 June 2020.
640. ^ "Clashes broke out between Tahrir Al-Sham and "Stand Firm" factions west of Idlib city". Call Syria. 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
641. ^ "Tarkhan's Jamaat (Katiba İbad ar-Rahman) Fighting In Hama Alongside Muslim Shishani". 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
642. ^ a b Thomas Joscelyn (7 August 2016). "Jihadists and other rebels claim to have broken through siege of Aleppo". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
643. ^ "Bataille d'Idlib: les snipers albanais des djihadistes d'Hayat Tahrir al-Cham". FranceSoir (in French). Retrieved 20 December 2022.
644. ^ "Caucasus Emirate in Syria fighting in Aleppo – The Long War Journal". 17 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
645. ^ a b Paraszczuk, Joanna; Anvar, Barno (23 September 2015). "Taliban-Aligned Uzbek Suicide Bomber Attacks Shi'ite Village In Syria". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
646. ^ AFP (18 January 2013). "Raging clashes pit Syrian Kurds against jihadists". NOW. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
647. ^ Caleb Weiss (12 June 2019). "Foreign jihadists involved in Hama fighting". Long War Journal. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
648. ^ "Pakistan Taliban set up camps in Syria, join anti-Assad war". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 July 2013.
649. ^ O'Bagy, Elizabeth (September 2012). "Jihad in Syria" (PDF). Institute for the Study Of War. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
650. ^ Lund, Aron (15 October 2012). "Holy Warriors". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
651. ^ Baker, Aryn & Aysha, Rami (23 April 2013). "Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
652. ^ a b Aron Lund (27 January 2014). "The Other Syrian Peace Process". Carnegie Endowment for Peace. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
653. ^ "Rebels fighting against al-Assad rule fragmented, disorganized in Syria" (PDF). Hürriyet Daily News. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
654. ^ "The Rebel Brigades deny the control of the "Kurdistan" on the "Al Yaroubiya" crossing in Hasakah". El-Dorar al-Shamia. 26 October 2013.
655. ^ "(Graphic +18) Group of jihadists killed in Golan Heights after attacking Tal Taranjeh". Al-Masdar News. 15 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
656. ^ "What We Learned While Embedded With Kurdish Forces Clearing the Islamic State From Hasakah". VICE News. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
657. ^ a b BBC Monitoring (11 October 2018). "Explainer: IS redraws boundaries of its local Syrian 'branches'". BBC. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
658. ^ "Abdel Basset Sarout on ISIS and Revolution: Translation of Interview Excerpts". 6 May 2016.
659. ^ Assad Al Mohammad (November 2019). "The Islamic State's effort to co-opt Tanzim Hurras ad-Din" (PDF). Program on Extremism: The George Washington University.
660. ^ Zen Adra (14 August 2016). "ISIS reportedly attacked U.S. base in northern Syria". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
661. ^ Joanna Paraszczuk (7 August 2016). "Notes from Manbij - A poem". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
662. ^ "IS members arrested in Kuwait, warrants issued for others – Suspects accused of funding, promoting, fighting with radical group". Kuwait Times. 17 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
663. ^ Amy Chew. "Three Malaysian ISIS jihadists killed in Raqqa airstrike". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
664. ^ @DanieleRaineri (1 January 2017). "Abu Muhammad al Adnani named the..." (Tweet). Retrieved 9 February 2017 - via Twitter.
665. ^ a b "By "Caliphate Cubs and the costume of Self-Defense", "Islamic State" carry out Tal Abyad military operations". SOHR. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
666. ^ "ROJAVA UPDATE 190: AS "CEASEFIRE" TAKES EFFECT ACROSS SYRIA, ISLAMIC STATE LAUNCH MASSIVE ATTACK AGAINST THE KURDS". Peter Clifford Online. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
667. ^ a b Joanna Paraszczuk (9 April 2019). "Badr in Palmyra, May 2015: Fighter account reveals IS's military strategy and tactics". From Chechnya to Syria. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
668. ^ Alessandria Masi (3 March 2015). "Inside 'The Caliphate Army': ISIS's Special Forces Military Unit Of Foreign Fighters". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
669. ^ Haytham Mustafa (31 December 2016). "Islamic State replaces Syrian officials by foreign jihadists in Raqqa". ARA News. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
670. ^ Dilber Issa (12 June 2017). "Top ISIS military official killed by SDF fire in Raqqa city". ARA News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
671. ^ "Dissident assured on IS' collapse, mass fleeing situations". Hawar News Agency. 17 June 1017.
672. ^ "Far from Raqqa and Fallujah, Syria rebels open new front against ISIL in the south". The National. 29 May 2016.
673. ^ "Jabhat al-Nusra, IS clash in Daraa". Al Monitor. 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
674. ^ "Al-Nusra overtakes Hazm in Aleppo countryside". Al Monitor. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
675. ^ "ISIS and Syria's Southern Front". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
676. ^ "Islamic State raises flags over towns in Daraa after fierce battles". Middle East Eye.
677. ^ ""جيش الجهاد".. هل هو خلايا نائمة لـ"داعش" في درعا والقنيطرة؟". Retrieved 9 May 2015.
678. ^ "Dokumacılar grubu nedir?". medya365.com. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
679. ^ "Suruç'u Kana Bulayan Bombacının da Emniyette Kaydı Varmış!". Haberler.com. 23 July 2015.
680. ^ "Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa". Syria Direct. 22 February 2017.
681. ^ Weiss, Michael; Hassan, Hassan (29 March 2016). ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror (Updated ed.). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781682450208 - via Google Books.
682. ^ a b Zitun, Yoav (15 December 2024). "IDF officers hold first talks with Syrian leaders in Golan". www.ynetnews.com.
683. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "מבט מבפנים - כך פועלים 4 צוותי הקרב החטיבתיים בסוריה" [A look from the inside - this is how the 4 brigade combat teams operate in Syria]. IDF. Israel Defense Forces. 11 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
684. ^ a b "IDF Temporarily Seizes Control of Syrian Side of Mount Hermon As Regime Falls". Crown Heights. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
685. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF troops in Syria find part of Israeli helicopter that crashed in 1974". www.timesofisrael.com.
686. ^ a b Fabian, Emanuel (10 December 2024). "350 strikes, targeting most arms stockpiles in Syria: IDF airs clip of its bombing spree". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
687. ^ a b c "Armed clashes. 14 members of the General Security Forces killed in Tartous countryside". SOHR. 25 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
688. ^ "في حادثة هي الأعنف في محافظة طرطوس.. إحراق سيارة وقتلى وجرحى باشتباكات بين مسلحين وقوى الأمن العام | المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان" (in Arabic). 25 December 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2024.
689. ^ "Iran Update, March 11, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. 11 March 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
690. ^ "Iran Update, May 9, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. 9 May 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
691. ^ "تصعيد إسرائيلي في الجنوب السوري.. غارتان جويتان تستهدفان مواقع قرب اللواء 12 في ريف درعا" [Israeli escalation in southern Syria.. Two airstrikes target sites near the 12th Brigade in Daraa countryside]. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (in Arabic). 15 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2025.
692. ^ "قصف إسرائيلي عنيف على مقر «اللواء 107» في ريف جبلة السورية" [Intense Israeli bombing targets headquarters of the "107th Brigade" in countryside of Jableh, Syria]. Alwasat (in Arabic). 17 July 2025. Archived from the original on 17 July 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
693. ^ "Iran Update, March 7, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. 7 March 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
694. ^ "Iran Update, May 28, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 30 May 2025.
695. ^ a b "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
696. ^ "New Syrian Government Deploys Air Force In Combat For the First Time". Militarnyi. 7 March 2025. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
697. ^ a b "Syrians describe the violence targeting Alawite minority: 'Tomorrow, there won't be a man left alive in my village'". Le Monde. 9 March 2025. Retrieved 10 March 2025.
698. ^ Drewello, Marc (20 January 2018). "Türkische Rechtsextreme: Für Allah und Vaterland" [Turkish right-wing extremists: For Allah and the fatherland]. Erasmus-Monitor (in German). Archived from the original on 17 June 2018.
699. ^ "Iran Update, May 23, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 1 June 2025.
700. ^ a b "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
701. ^ https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/06/04/sharaa-responsible-for-every-threat-terrorists-in-syria-launch-rockets-into-israel/ [bare URL]
702. ^ https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-856457 [bare URL]
703. ^ a b c d e f g h نيوز, إرم. "50 ألف مقاتل.. 40 عشيرة تحشد قواتها لـ "نصرة" بدو السويداء". Erem News (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 July 2025.
704. ^ "إنفوغراف 24| بعد إعلانها النفير.. ماذا نعرف عن عشائر سوريا؟". 24.ae (in Arabic). Retrieved 19 July 2025.
705. ^ "Sweida clashes: 110 dead and wounded amid mass displacement and calls for calm". Zaman Alwsl. 13 July 2025. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
706. ^ "Syrian tribes council commits to ceasefire in Suwayda". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
707. ^ "Iran Update, July 19, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 July 2025.
708. ^ Samir, Mohamed (7 March 2025). "Syrian security forces clash with former regime loyalists in Latakia countryside". Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
709. ^ "Islamic Resistance Front in Syria declares its existence". GünAz TV. 17 January 2025. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
710. ^ "IDF opens fire on armed group in Syrian Golan". The Jerusalem Post. 31 January 2025.
711. ^ a b c d e f Ali, Abdullah Suleiman (12 May 2025). "أوّل ظهور لقائد "المقاومة الإسلامية في سوريا"... أبو جهاد رضا لـ"النهار": هدفنا مواجهة الاحتلالات وسنتصدى للشرع سياسياً". An-Nahar (in Arabic). Retrieved 13 May 2025.
712. ^ a b "قائد "أولي البأس" يطل بالصوت والصورة للمرة الأولى".
713. ^ "Safeguarding the Frontiers: Damascus' Efforts to Control the Borders". Levant24. 10 February 2025. Archived from the original on 12 February 2025.
714. ^ Guliyev, Aghakazim (7 February 2025). "Heavy clashes erupt along Syria-Lebanon border as Hezbollah, military forces battle for control". caliber. Archived from the original on 12 February 2025.
715. ^ "Syria forces accuse Hezbollah of attacks, sponsoring smuggling at border". Al Arabiya English. 17 January 2025. Retrieved 11 February 2025.
716. ^ Halabi, Einav; Eichner, Itamar; Ben Ari, Lior; Zitun, Yoav (1 March 2025). "Israel warns Syria against attacking Druze as tensions simmer near Damascus". Ynet. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
717. ^ Muhammad, Malin (30 April 2025). "Clashes continue in Damascus suburbs amid widening security tensions". North Press Agency. Archived from the original on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 11 July 2025.
718. ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 23 May 2025.
719. ^ Shotter, James; Dadouch, Sarah (30 April 2025). "Israel launches air strike in Syria as sectarian clashes erupt". Financial Times. Retrieved 3 May 2025.
720. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "5 Druze apparently hurt in Syria clashes taken by IDF to Israeli hospital". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 3 May 2025.
721. ^ "Tabqa Military Council Forces Countering the Turkish Occupation Attacks in Maskana". SDF Press. 7 December 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
722. ^ "YPJ: We will hold the Turkish state and its mercenaries accountable on the frontlines of resistance". Firat News Agency. 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
723. ^ "Al-Bab Military Council repels Turkish infiltration attempts". Hawar News Agency. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
724. ^ Braverman, Alexandra; Reddy, Ria; Moorman, Carolyn; Moore, Johanna; Rezaei, Ben; Borens, Avery; Carl, Nicholas (31 January 2025). "Iran Update, January 31, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
725. ^ "Sireen Military Council forces blow up 5 vehicles of Turkish occupation mercenaries". Hawar News Agency. 9 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
726. ^ amar (12 March 2025). "IS*IS resurgence | Three members of Internal Security Forces kil*led and injured in Al-Raqqa - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". Retrieved 28 July 2025.
727. ^ user8 (6 December 2024). "Military escalation | member of "National Defence" killed and others injured under Turkish shelling on Manbij - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". Retrieved 20 June 2025. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
728. ^ "Iran Update, February 14, 2025". Institute for the Study of War. 14 February 2025.
729. ^ "IS*IS resurgence | Gunmen ki*ll a member of "SDF" eastern of Deir Ezzor - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 10 March 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
730. ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF troops in Syria find part of Israeli helicopter that crashed in 1974". The Times Of Israel.
731. ^ "Top Cuban general, key forces in Syria to aid Assad, Russia, sources say". Fox News Channel. 14 October 2015.
732. ^ "Cuba denies it has sent troops to Syria to help Assad". Reuters. 18 October 2018.
733. ^ "Belarus denies US allegations on selling arms to Syria". Breaking News Network. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
734. ^ Rajan, V.G. Julie (2015). Al Qaeda's Global Crisis. Routledge.
735. ^ Hussain, Ghaffar. "After the Arab Spring: Algeria's standing in a new world". The Commentator. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
736. ^ "Syrian Kurds, rebels find common enemy in ISIS". Al Monitor. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
737. ^ "PYD Leader Skeptical of Kurdish Agreement With Syrian Opposition". Rudaw.net. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
738. ^ "Canadian Armed Forces cease airstrike operations in Iraq and Syria". Government of Canada. 17 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
739. ^ "Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for 2nd day". 14 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
740. ^ "Turkish forces shell Syrian air base captured by Kurds". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
741. ^ "Russian and Turkish jets 'carry out joint raid on ISIL'". www.aljazeera.com.
742. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (15 November 2016). "Aleppo airstrikes restart as Russia announces major Syria offensive". The Guardian.
743. ^ "Syrian Kurds use Russian and US support to make rapid advances". Middle East Eye.
744. ^ Serbia to Help Russian Aid Operation in Syria – Balkan Insight. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

## External links

[edit]

* Syrian Civil War factions
* Syrian Civil War factions by Bellingcat

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017 – December 2024)
* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
* Fall of the Assad regime

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Transitional phase|

* Syrian caretaker government
* Syrian transitional government

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history
* Arab Spring

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani clashes
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Western Syria clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Alawites
* Hezbollah-Syria clashes
* Lebanon–Syria border clashes
* Rif Dimashq clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Druze
* Turkish offensive
* Israeli invasion

2025
Nov 2024
–present|

* Jaramana clashes
* Daraa clashes
* Southern clashes (April–May)
* Mar Elias Church attack
* Southern clashes (July–present)

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Ba'athist regime|

| Politics of Ba'athist Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Ba'ath Brigades
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party
* Syrian Communist Party (Unified)

|

Military and militias|

* Lions of Hussein
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Arab Nationalist Guard
* Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
* Sootoro
* Ba'ath Brigades
* National Defence Forces
* Popular Committees
* Golan Regiment
* Syrian Arab Armed Forces
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria
* Syrian Popular Resistance
* Syrian Resistance
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* PFLP-GC
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Galilee Forces
* Free Palestine Movement
* Palestinian People's Party
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* As-Sa'iqa
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves
* Syrian Council of Tribes and Clans

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Al-Barakah
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* Jaysh al-Jihad
* Jund al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Hadi al-Bahra
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Mass graves
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Negotiation Commission
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template