Arms industry

Industrial sector which manufactures weapons and military technology and equipment

Unimog truck at the International Defence Industry Fair (IDEF) in 2007Part of a series on

War
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Military

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* * *

* Specialties:
* Rifleman
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* * *

* Land units:
* Infantry
* Mechanized
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* * *

* Naval units:
* Frogman
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* * *

* Air units:
* Fighters
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* * *

* Combat systems:
* Fire-control system
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* Sonar
* Radar

* * *

* Historical:
* Ship gun fire-control
* Gun data computer
* Torpedo data computer

* * *

* Development:
* Basic training
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Battlespace

* Aerospace
* Aerial
* Airborne
* Space

* * *

* Land
* Cold-region
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* Urban
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* Tunnel

* * *

* Sea
* Amphibious
* Blue
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* Surface
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* Seabed

* * *

* Cyber
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Weapons

* Air defence
* Armor
* Artillery
* Barrage
* Biological
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* Cavalry
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* Chemical
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* Conventional
* Cyber
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* Drone / Robot
* Electromagnetic
* Infantry
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* Missile
* Music
* Nuclear
* Psychological
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* Submarine
* Unconventional

Tactics

List of military tactics

* Aerial
* Airlift
* Air assault
* Airbridge
* Airdrop
* Anti-aircraft
* Anti-sub
* Anti-tank
* Battle
* Cavalry
* Charge
* Counterattack
* Counterinsurgency
* Convoy
* Defeat in detail
* Foxhole
* Drone
* Envelopment
* Formation
* Guerrilla
* Naval
* Rapid dominance
* Encirclement
* Investment
* Siege
* Swarm
* Screen
* Tactical objective
* Target saturation
* Trench
* Withdrawal

Operational

* Military operation
* Special
* Operations research
* Blitzkrieg
* Expeditionary
* Deep operation
* Maneuver
* Operational manoeuvre group
* Raid
* Covert

Strategy

List of military strategies and concepts

* Military campaign
* Anti-access
* Attrition
* Commerce raiding
* Counter-offensive
* Culminating
* Defence in depth
* Fabian
* Empty fort
* Mosaic
* Deception
* Defensive
* Depth
* Goal
* Nuclear
* Naval
* Offensive
* Scorched earth

Grand strategy

* Asymmetric
* Blockade
* Broken-backed
* Class
* Cold war
* Colonial
* Conquest
* Containment
* Divide and conquer
* Economic
* Endemic
* Fleet in being
* Irregular
* Liberation
* Limited
* Network-centric
* New generation
* Perpetual
* Political
* Princely
* Proxy
* Religious
* Resource
* Strategic
* Succession
* Technology
* Theater
* Total war
* World war

Administrative

* Branch
* Policy
* Staff
* Training
* Service
* Sociology

Organization

* Area of responsibility
* Chain of command
* Command and control
* Doctrine
* Principles of war
* Economy of force
* Medicine
* Engineers
* Intelligence
* Ranks
* Technology and equipment

Personnel

* Recruitment
* counter
* Conscription
* Mobilization
* Training
* Specialism
* Morale
* Women
* Children
* Transgender
* Harassment
* Conscientious objector
* Volunteer
* foreign
* Mercenary
* Soldier / Warrior

Logistics

* History
* War economy
* Military–industrial complex
* Arms industry
* Materiel
* Supply-chain management
* Base
* MOB
* FOB
* Outpost

Science

* Power projection
* Loss-of-strength gradient
* Lanchester's laws
* Force multiplication

Law

* Occupation
* Armistice
* Ceasefire
* Conscription / Volunteer
* Court-martial
* Desertion
* Geneva Conventions
* Geneva Protocol
* Islamic rules
* Justice
* Lawful / Unlawful combatant
* Letter of marque
* Perfidy
* Private military
* Foreign expatriate
* Mercenary
* Privateer
* Jewish laws on war
* Right of conquest
* Rules of engagement
* Martial law
* War crime
* Penal military unit

Theory

* Air supremacy
* Appeasement
* Command of the sea
* Deterrence theory
* Full-spectrum dominance
* Overmatch
* Unrestricted Warfare
* Just war theory
* Principles of war
* Philosophy of war
* Security dilemma
* Tripwire force
* Wargaming
* Simulation
* Exercises

Non-warfare

* Arms control
* Counter-insurgency
* deterrence
* Disaster response
* Grey-zone
* Gunboat diplomacy
* Humanitarian aid
* Law enforcement
* Low-intensity conflict
* Military engineering
* Multilateralism
* Peacekeeping
* Peacebuilding
* Peace through strength
* Show of force

Culture

* Awards and decorations
* Battle cry
* Warrior caste
* War film
* Military science fiction
* War novel
* Anti-war movement
* Foot drill
* War song
* Uniform
* Wargame

Related

* Women in war
* War resister
* War studies
* Horses in warfare
* Wartime sexual violence
* Fifth column

Lists

* Battles
* Military occupations
* Military terms
* Operations
* Sieges
* War crimes
* Wars
* Weapons
* Writers

* v
* t
* e

The arms industry, also known as the  defense (or defence) industry, military industry, or the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and other military technology to a variety of customers, including the armed forces of states and civilian individuals and organizations. Products of the arms industry include weapons, munitions, weapons platforms, communications systems, and other electronics, and related equipment. The arms industry also provides defense-related services, such as logistical and operational support. As a matter of policy, many governments of industrialized countries maintain or support a network of organizations, facilities, and resources to produce weapons and equipment for their military forces (and sometimes those of other countries). This is often referred to as a defense industrial base. Entities involved in arms production for military purposes vary widely, and include private sector commercial firms, state-owned enterprises and public sector organizations, and scientific and academic institutions.[1] Such entities perform a wide variety of functions, including research and development, engineering, production, and servicing of military material, equipment, and facilities. The weapons they produce are often made, maintained, and stored in arsenals.

In 2024, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated global military expenditure at $2.443 trillion, the highest level ever recorded by SIPRI and the steepest year-on-year increase since 2009.[2] SIPRI further found that the combined revenues of the top 100 largest defense companies totaled $597 billion in 2022, with the five largest companies by revenue being Lockheed Martin, RTX, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, and General Dynamics.[3] SIPRI's data also showed that, between 2019 and 2023, the five largest arms exporting nations were the United States, France, Russia, China and Germany (taken together, they supplied approximately 75% of the world's arms exports during this period).[4] In some regions of the world, there is a substantial trade in firearms for use by individuals (where such trade is legal, commonly cited purposes include self-defense and hunting/sporting). Trade in small arms, both legal and illegal, may be associated with violent crime and political instability. In 2017, the Small Arms Survey estimated that approximately one billion firearms were in global circulation; of those, 857 million (85%) were possessed by civilians, 133 million (13%) were possessed by national militaries, and 23 million (2%) belonged to law enforcement agencies. The Small Arms Survey also found that the number of firearms in circulation had increased significantly between 2006 and 2017, primarily due to increases in civilian possession.[5]

## History

[edit]

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|

During the early modern period, England, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands became self-sufficient in arms production, with diffusion and migration of skilled workers to more peripheral countries such as Portugal and Russia.[citation needed]

The modern arms industry emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as a product of the creation and expansion of the first large military–industrial companies. As smaller countries and even newly industrializing countries like Russia and Japan could no longer produce cutting-edge military equipment with their Indigenous capacity-based resources, they increasingly began to contract the manufacturers of military equipment, such as battleships, artillery pieces and rifles to foreign government military entities.[citation needed] In 1854, the British government awarded a contract to the Elswick Ordnance Company to supply the latest loading artillery pieces. This galvanized the private sector into weapons production, with the surplus increasingly exported to foreign countries. William Armstrong became one of the first international arms dealers, selling his systems to governments across the world from Brazil to Japan.[6][non-primary source needed] In 1884, he opened a shipyard at Elswick to specialize in warship production – at the time, it was the only factory in the world that could build a battleship and arm it completely.[7] The factory produced warships for foreign naval forces, including the Imperial Japanese Navy. Several Armstrong cruisers played an important role in defeating the Russian fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905.[citation needed] In the American Civil War in 1861 the North had about ten times the manufacturing capacity of the economy of the Confederate States of America. This advantage over the South included the ability to produce (in relatively small numbers) breech-loading rifles for use against the muzzle-loading rifled muskets of the South. This began the transition to industrially produced mechanized weapons such as the Gatling gun.[8]

This industrial innovation in the defense industry was adopted by Prussia in its 1864, 1866, and 1870–71 defeats of Denmark, Austria, and, France respectively. By this time the machine gun had begun entering arsenals. The first examples of its effectiveness were in 1899 during the Boer War and in 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War. However, Germany led the innovation of weapons and this advantage in the weapons of World War I nearly defeated the allies. [citation needed]

Stacks of shells in a shell filling factory during World War I.

In 1885, France decided to capitalize on this increasingly lucrative trade and repealed its ban on weapon exports. The regulatory framework for the period up to the First World War was characterized by a laissez-faire policy that placed little obstruction in the way of weapons exports. Due to the carnage of World War I, arms traders began to be regarded with odium as "merchants of death" and were accused of having instigated and perpetuated the war for earning their profits from weapons sales. An inquiry into these allegations in Britain failed to find evidence to support them. However, the sea change in attitude about war more generally meant that governments began to control and regulate the trade themselves. [citation needed] The volume of the arms trade greatly increased during the 20th century, and it began to be used as a political tool, especially during the Cold War when the United States and the USSR supplied weapons to their proxies across the world, particularly third world countries (see Nixon Doctrine).[9]

## Sectors

[edit]

### Land-based weapons

[edit]

British Mark V tank

This category includes everything from light arms to heavy artillery, and the majority of producers are small. Many are located in third-world countries. International trade in handguns, machine guns, tanks, armored personnel carriers, and other relatively inexpensive weapons is substantial. There is relatively little regulation at the international level, and as a result, many weapons fall into the hands of organized crime, rebel forces, terrorists, or regimes under sanctions.[10]

#### Small arms

[edit]

The AK series of weapons have been produced in greater numbers than any other firearm and have been used in conflicts all over the world.

Main articles: Small arms trade, Small arms and light weapons, and List of most-produced firearms

The Control Arms Campaign, founded by Amnesty International, Oxfam, and the International Action Network on Small Arms, estimated in 2003 that there are over 639 million small arms in circulation and that over 1,135 companies based in more than 98 countries manufacture small arms as well as their various components and ammunition.[11]

### Aerospace systems

[edit]

Main article: Aerospace manufacturer

Encompassing military aircraft (both land-based and naval aviation), conventional missiles, and military satellites, this is the most technologically advanced sector of the market. It is also the least competitive from an economic standpoint, with a handful of companies dominating the entire market. The top clients and major producers are virtually all located in the western world and Russia, with the United States easily in the first place. Prominent aerospace firms include Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems, Saab AB, Dassault Aviation, Sukhoi, Mikoyan, EADS, Leonardo, Thales Group, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, RTX Corporation, and Boeing. There are also several multinational consortia mostly involved in the manufacturing of fighter jets, such as the Eurofighter. The largest military contract in history, signed in October 2001, involved the development of the Joint Strike Fighter.[10]

### Naval systems

[edit]

Several of the world's great powers maintain substantial naval forces to provide a global presence, with the largest nations possessing aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines and advanced anti-air defense systems. The vast majority of military ships are conventionally powered, but some are nuclear-powered. There is also a large global market in second-hand naval vessels, generally purchased by developing countries from Western governments.[10]

### Cybersecurity

[edit]

Main articles: Cyber-arms industry, Computer security, and Cyberwarfare

The cybersecurity industry is expected to be of increasing importance to defense, intelligence, and homeland security agencies.[12][13][better source needed]

## International arms transfers

[edit]

### Over time

[edit]

#### 2010–2014

[edit]

Share of arms sales by country in 2013. Source is provided by SIPRI.[14]

According to research institute SIPRI, the volume of international transfers of major weapons in 2010–14 was 16 percent higher than in 2005–2009. The five biggest exporters in 2010–2014 were the United States, Russia, China, Germany, and France, and the five biggest importers were India, Saudi Arabia, China, the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan. The flow of arms to the Middle East increased by 87 percent between 2009–13 and 2014–18, while there was a decrease in flows to all other regions: Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania, and Europe.[15]

#### 2014–2018

[edit]

SIPRI has identified 67 countries as exporters of major weapons in 2014–18. The top 5 exporters during the period were responsible for 75 percent of all arms exports. The composition of the five largest exporters of arms changed between 2014 and 2018 and remained unchanged compared to 2009–13, although their combined total exports of major arms were 10 percent higher. In 2014–18, significant increases in arms exports from the US, France and Germany were seen, while Chinese exports rose marginally and Russian exports decreased.[15]

In 2014–18, 155 countries (about three-quarters of all countries) imported major weapons. The top 5 recipients accounted for 33 percent of the total arms imports during the period. The top five arms importers – Saudi Arabia, India, Egypt, Australia, and Algeria – accounted for 35 percent of total arms imports in 2014–18. Of these, Saudi Arabia and India were among the top five importers in both 2009–13 and 2014–18.

In 2014–18, the volume of major arms international transfers was 7.8 percent higher than in 2009–13 and 23 percent higher than that in 2004–08. The largest arms importer was Saudi Arabia, importing arms primarily from the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Between 2009–13 and 2014–18, the flow of arms to the Middle East increased by 87 percent. Also including India, Egypt, Australia, and Algeria, the top five importers received 35 percent of the total arms imports, during 2014–18. The five largest exporters were the United States, Russia, France, Germany and China.[15]

#### Post-2018

[edit]

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine changed the National Shooting Sports Foundation members' ability to obtain an export license from taking a month to taking just four days.[16] This was due to the United States Department of Commerce and agencies associated with ITAR expediting weapons shipments to Ukraine.[17] In addition, the time it took to obtain a permit to buy a firearm in Ukraine also decreased from a few months to a few days.[18]

### World's largest arms exporters

[edit]

Top arms exporters by country in Trend-Indicator Values (TIV) U.S. arms exports by year. The U.S. exported $238 billion in arms in 2023[19]

Figures are SIPRI Trend Indicator Values (TIVs) expressed in millions. These numbers may not represent real financial flows as prices for the underlying arms can be as low as zero in the case of military aid. The following are estimates from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.[20]

2022
Rank  | Supplier  | Arms Exp
(in million TIV)

|
|

1 |  United States | 14,515
2 |  France | 3,021
3 |  Russia | 2,820
4 |  China | 2,017
5 |  India | 1,900
6 |  Italy | 1,825
7 |  Germany | 1,510
8 |  United Kingdom | 1,504
9 |  Spain | 950
10 |  Israel | 831
Sgraffito at the Lambert Sevart weapons factory, in Liege (Belgium) (early 20th century).

Overall global arms exports rose of about 6 per-cent in the last 5 years compared to the period 2010-2014 and increased by 20 per-cent since 2005–2009.[21]

Rankings for exporters below a billion dollars are less meaningful, as they can be swayed by single contracts. A much more accurate picture of export volume, free from yearly fluctuations, is presented by 5-year moving averages.

Next to SIPRI, there are several other sources that provide data on international transfers of arms. These include national reports by national governments about arms exports, the UN register on conventional arms, and an annual publication by the U.S. Congressional Research Service that includes data on arms exports to developing countries as compiled by U.S. intelligence agencies. Due to the different methodologies and definitions used different sources often provide significantly different data.

### World's largest arms exporters since 1950

[edit]

SIPRI uses the "trend-indicator values" (TIV). These are based on the known unit production costs of weapons and represent the transfer of military resources rather than the financial value of the transfer.[22]

1950–2022
Rank  | Supplier  | Arms Exp
(in billion TIV)

|
|

1 |  United States | 729,161
2 |  Soviet Union (1950-1991) | 450,786
3 |  Russia (1992-present) | 155,926
4 |  United Kingdom | 144,569
5 |  France | 136,347
6 |  Germany | 90,701
7 |  China | 61,283
8 |  Italy | 37,328
9 |  Czechoslovakia (1950-1992) | 31,066
10 |  Netherlands | 25,632

### World's largest arms importers

[edit]

Units are in Trend Indicator Values expressed as millions of U.S. dollars at 1990s prices. These numbers may not represent real financial flows as prices for the underlying arms can be as low as zero in the case of military aid.[23]

2022
Rank  | Recipient  | Arms Imp
(in million TIV)

|
|

1 |  India | 3,342
2 |  Qatar | 2,846
3 |  Ukraine | 2,644
4 |  Saudi Arabia | 2,272
5 |  Kuwait | 2,249
6 |  Pakistan | 1,565
7 |  Japan | 1,291
8 |  Norway | 848
9 |  United States | 837
10 |  Israel | 829

Arms import rankings fluctuate heavily as countries enter and exit wars. Export data tend to be less volatile as exporters tend to be more technologically advanced and have stable production flows. 5-year moving averages present a much more accurate picture of import volume, free from yearly fluctuations.

### List of major weapon manufacturers

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of modern armament manufacturers and List of defense contractors.

This is a list of the world's largest arms manufacturers and other military service companies who profit the most from the war economy, their origin is shown as well. The information is based on a list published by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute for 2022.[24]

2022 Rank  | Company name  | Defense Revenue
(US$ billions)  | % of Total Revenue
from Defense

|
|
|

1  |  Lockheed Martin | 59.39  | 90
2  |  RTX Corporation | 39.57  | 59
3  |  Northrop Grumman | 32.30  | 88
4  |  Boeing | 29.30  | 44
5  |  General Dynamics | 28.32  | 72
6  |  BAE Systems | 26.90  | 97
7  |  Norinco | 22.06  | 27
8  |  Aviation Industry Corporation of China | 20.62  | 25
9  |  China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation | 19.56  | 44
10  |  Rostec | 16.81  | 55
11  |  China Electronics Technology Group Corporation | 15.08  | 27
12  |  L3Harris Technologies | 12.63  | 74
13  |  Leonardo | 12.47  | 83
14  |  Airbus | 12.09  | 20
15  |  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation | 11.77  | 32

## Arms control

[edit]

Main article: Arms control

Arms control refers to international restrictions upon the development, production, stockpiling, proliferation, and usage of small arms, conventional weapons, and weapons of mass destruction.[25] It is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy, which seeks to persuade governments to accept such limitations through agreements and treaties, although it may also be forced upon non-consenting governments.

### Notable international arms control treaties

[edit]

Global weapons sales from 1950 to 2006

* Geneva Protocol on biological and chemical weapons during 1925
* Outer Space Treaty, signed and entered into force during 1967
* Biological Weapons Convention, signed in 1972, entered into force during 1975
* Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), 1987
* Chemical Weapons Convention, signed in 1993, entered into force during 1997
* Ottawa Treaty on anti-personnel land mines, signed in 1997, entered into force during 1999
* New START Treaty, signed by Russia and the United States in April 2010, entered into force in February 2011
* Arms Trade Treaty, concluded in 2013, entered into force on 24 December 2014.[26]

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military industry.

* Arms deal (disambiguation)
* Arms embargo
* Arms race
* Arms trafficking
* Guns versus butter model
* History of military technology
* Military Keynesianism
* Offset agreement
* Peace and conflict studies
* Peace dividend
* Permanent war economy
* Private military company
* Productive capacity
* Torture trade

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Nicastro, Luke. The U.S. Defense Industrial Base: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service. October 12, 2023. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47751
2. ^ "Global military spending surges amid war, rising tensions and insecurity | SIPRI". www.sipri.org. April 22, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
3. ^ Liang, Xiao; Scarazzato, Lorenzo; Béraud-Sudreau, Lucie; Tian, Nan; Lopes Da Silva, Diego; Sild, Eero Kristjan (December 2023). "The SIPRI Top 100 Arms-producing and Military Services Companies, 2022". SIPRI. doi:10.55163/UJNP6171.
4. ^ Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023 (Report). SIPRI. March 2024.
5. ^ "Global Firearms Holdings". www.smallarmssurvey.org. Retrieved August 21, 2024.
6. ^ "William Armstrong | About the Man". williamarmstrong.info. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
7. ^ Dougan, David (1970). The Great Gun-Maker: The Story of Lord Armstrong. Sandhill Press Ltd. ISBN 0-946098-23-9.
8. ^ "Defense Industries – Military History". Oxford Bibliographies. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
9. ^ Stohl, Rachel; Grillot, Suzette (2013). The International Arms Trade. Wiley Press. ISBN 9780745654188. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
10. ^ a b c "International Defense Industry". Foreign Policy Association (Newsletter). Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
11. ^ Debbie Hillier; Brian Wood (2003). "Shattered Lives – the case for tough international arms control" (PDF). Control Arms Campaign. p. 19\. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
12. ^ "The defence industry – a changing game?". NATO Review. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
13. ^ "Cyber security for the defence industry". Cybersecurity Review. May 5, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
14. ^ Wezeman, Pieter D. (December 7, 2020). "Arms production". SIPRI. Archived from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
15. ^ a b c Fleurant, Aude; Wezeman, Pieter D.; Wezeman, Siemon T.; Tian, Nan; Kuimova, Alexandra (March 2019). "TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS, 2018" (PDF). sipri.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
16. ^ Goodman, Joshua (March 18, 2022). "American gunmakers ramp up efforts to help Ukrainians fight back against Putin". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022 - via Fortune.
17. ^ "U.S. Gunmakers' efforts to get weapons to Ukraine often stifled by red tape". Newsweek. March 18, 2022. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
18. ^ Marshall, Andrew R. c. (March 2022). "Ukrainians rush to buy rifles, shotguns as police relax rules". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
19. ^ "US Arms Exports Hit Record High in Fiscal 2023". Voice of America News. January 29, 2024.
20. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". SIPRI. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
21. ^ "The 5 major arms exporters in the world". International Insider. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
22. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". SIPRI. February 12, 2024.
23. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". SIPRI. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
24. ^ "The SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies in the world, 2022". SIPRI. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
25. ^ Kolodkin, Barry. "What Is Arms Control?". About. com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original (Article) on September 3, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2012.
26. ^ Delgado, Andrea (February 23, 2015). "Explainer: what is the Arms Trade Treaty?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

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Military industries of the world

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* Military industry by country
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* v
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Major industries

Natural sector

| Biotic|

| Agriculture|

* Arable farming
* Cereals
* Legumes
* Vegetables
* Fiber crops
* Oilseeds
* Sugar
* Tobacco
* Permanent crops
* Apples et al.
* Berries
* Citrus
* Stone fruits
* Tropical fruit
* Viticulture
* Cocoa
* Coffee
* Tea
* Nuts
* Olives
* Medicinal plants
* Spices
* Horticulture
* Flowers
* Seeds
* Animal husbandry
* Beef cattle
* Dairy farming
* Fur farming
* Horses
* Other livestock
* Pig
* Wool
* Poultry
* Beekeeping
* Cochineal
* Shellac
* Silk
* Hunting
* Fur trapping

|

Forestry|

* Silviculture
* Bamboo
* Logging
* Firewood
* Rattan
* Tree tapping
* Frankincense
* Gum arabic
* Gutta-percha
* Maple syrup
* Mastic
* Natural rubber
* Palm sugar, syrup, & wine
* Pine resin
* Wild mushrooms
* Fungiculture
* Truffles

Aquatic|

* Fishing
* Anchovies
* Herring
* Sardines
* Cod
* Haddock
* Pollock
* Mackerel
* Shark
* Swordfish
* Tuna
* Crabs
* Lobsters
* Sea urchins
* Squid
* Whaling
* Aquaculture
* Carp
* Catfish
* Tilapia
* Abalone
* Mussels
* Oysters
* Pearls
* Microalgae
* Seaweed
* Both
* Clams
* Sea cucumbers
* Scallops
* Salmon
* Shrimp

Geological|

* Fossil fuels
* Coal
* Peat
* Natural gas
* Oil shale
* Petroleum
* Tar sands
* Mining of ores
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Iron
* Gold
* Silver
* Palladium
* Platinum
* Lithium
* Rare-earth metals
* Uranium
* Other minerals
* Gemstones
* Phosphorus
* Potash
* Salt
* Sulfur
* Quarrying
* Gravel
* Sand
* Chalk
* Clay
* Gypsum
* Limestone
* Dimension stone
* Granite
* Marble

Industrial sector

| Manufacturing|

| Light industry|

* Food
* Animal feed
* Baking
* Canning
* Dairy products
* Flour
* Meat
* Prepared
* Preserved
* Sweets
* Vegetable oils
* Beverages
* Beer
* Bottled water
* Liquor
* Soft drinks
* Wine
* Textiles
* Carding
* Dyeing
* Prints
* Spinning
* Weaving
* Carpets
* Lace
* Linens
* Rope
* Clothing
* Accessories
* Dressmaking
* Furs
* Hatmaking
* Sewing
* Shoemaking
* Tailoring
* Printing
* Bookbinding
* Embossing
* Engraving
* Secure
* Typesetting
* Media reproduction
* Cassette tapes
* Phonographs
* Optical discs
* Metal fabrication
* Boilermaking
* Builders' & household hardware
* Cutlery
* Gunsmithing
* Locksmithing
* Machining
* Other smithing
* Powder metallurgy
* Prefabrication
* Surface finishing
* Other fabrication
* 3D printing
* Blow molding
* Drawing
* Extrusion
* Glassblowing
* Injection moulding
* Pottery
* Sintering
* Stonemasonry
* Woodworking
* Furniture
* Other goods
* Baggage
* Bicycles
* Jewellery
* Medical supplies
* Musical instruments
* Office supplies
* Outdoors & sports equipment
* Personal protective equipment
* Toys

|

Electrical
& optical|

* Electronics
* Components
* Circuit boards
* Semiconductors
* Computers
* Computer systems
* Parts & peripherals
* Blank storage media
* Communications equipment
* Mobile phones
* Network infrastructure
* Consumer electronics
* Televisions
* Video game consoles
* Instrumentation
* Clocks and watches
* GPS devices
* Scientific instruments
* Medical imaging systems
* Optical instruments
* Cameras
* Gun & spotting scopes
* Laser construction
* Lens grinding
* Microscopes
* Telescopes
* Electrical equipment
* Batteries
* Electrical & fiber optic cables
* Electric lighting
* Electric motors
* Home appliances
* Transformers

Chemicals|

* Coal & oil refining
* Bitumen
* Coke
* Diesel fuel
* Fuel oil
* Gasoline
* Jet fuel
* Kerosene
* Mineral oil
* Paraffin wax
* Petrochemicals
* Petroleum jelly
* Propane
* Synthetic oil
* Tar
* Commodity chemicals
* Fertilizers
* Industrial gases
* Pigments
* Pure elements
* Speciality chemicals
* Adhesives
* Agrochemicals
* Aroma compounds
* Cleaning products
* Cosmetics
* Explosives
* Fireworks
* Paints & inks
* Perfumes
* Soap
* Toiletries
* Fine chemicals
* Pharmaceuticals
* Antibiotics
* Blood products
* Chemical & hormonal contraceptives
* Generic drugs
* Illegal drugs
* Supplements
* Vaccines

Materials|

* Leather
* Liming & deliming
* Tanning
* Currying & oiling
* Wood
* Drying
* Sawmilling
* Engineered
* Lumber
* Composite
* Paper
* Sizing
* Cardboard
* Pulp
* Tissue
* Rubber
* Tires
* Vulcanized rubber
* Plastics
* Commodity
* Engineered
* Specialty
* Pellets
* Synthetic fibers
* Thermoplastics & thermosets
* Glass
* Borosilicate
* Fused quartz
* Soda-lime
* Float glass
* Glass fiber
* Glass wool & fiberglass
* Safety glass
* Ceramics
* Brick
* Earthenware
* Porcelain
* Refractory
* Tile
* Cement
* Mortar
* Plaster
* Ready-mix concrete
* Other mineral
* Abrasives
* Carbon fibers & advanced materials
* Mineral wool
* Synthetic gems
* Metal refining
* Iron
* Aluminum
* Copper
* Alloys
* Steel
* Formed metal
* Rolled
* Forged
* Cast metal

Heavy industry|

* Machinery
* Conveyors
* Heavy
* Hydraulic
* Machine tools
* Power & wind turbines
* Automobiles
* Other heavy vehicles
* Aerospace & space
* Rail vehicles
* Ships & offshore platforms
* Weapons

Utilities|

* Power
* Electric
* Gas distribution
* Renewable
* Water
* Sewage
* Waste management
* Collection
* Dumping
* Hazardous
* Recycling
* Remediation
* Telecom networks
* Cable TV
* Internet
* Mobile
* Satellite
* Telephone

Construction|

* Buildings
* Commercial
* Industrial
* Residential
* Civil engineering
* Bridges
* Railways
* Roads
* Tunnels
* Canals
* Dams
* Dredging
* Harbors
* Specialty trades
* Cabinetry
* Demolition
* Electrical wiring
* Elevators
* HVAC
* Painting and decorating
* Plumbing
* Site preparation

Service sector

| Sales|

* Retail
* Car dealership
* Consumer goods
* General store
* Grocery store
* Department store
* Mail order
* Online shopping
* Specialty store
* Wholesale
* Auction
* Brokerage
* Distribution

|

Transport
& Storage|

* Cargo
* Air cargo
* Intermodal
* Mail
* Moving company
* Rail
* Trucking
* Passenger transport
* Airlines
* Car rentals
* Passenger rail
* Ridesharing
* Taxis
* Warehousing
* Self storage

Hospitality|

* Foodservice
* Drink service
* Cafés
* Catering
* Fast food
* Food delivery
* Restaurants
* Teahouses
* Hotels

Asset management|

* Financial services
* Banking
* Credit
* Financial advice
* Holding company
* Money transfer
* Payment cards
* Risk management
* Securities
* Insurance
* Health
* Life
* Pension funding
* Property
* Reinsurance
* Real estate
* Brokerage
* Property management

Professional|

* Accounting
* Assurance
* Audit
* Bookkeeping
* Tax advice
* Architecture & engineering
* Inspection
* Surveying
* Physical, product, & system testing
* Design
* Fashion
* Interior
* Product
* Legal services
* Management
* Consulting
* Public relations
* Marketing
* Advertising
* Creative
* Language
* Research and development
* Basic research

Healthcare|

* Medicine
* Dentist offices
* Hospitals
* Nursing
* Residential care
* Veterinary medicine

Entertainment
& leisure|

* Audio-visual
* Film
* Music
* Video games
* Broadcasting
* News
* Radio
* Television
* Sport
* Travel
* Business travel
* Cruise lines
* Tourism
* Gambling
* Online
* Venues
* Arcades
* Amusement parks
* Fairgrounds
* Nightclubs
* Tabletop games

Publishing
& Mass media|

* Written
* Books
* Periodicals
* Software
* Internet
* Hosting
* Social networks
* Streaming
* Websites

Education|

* Primary
* Secondary
* Tertiary
* Vocational school
* University
* Testing
* Tutoring

Other|

* Administrative
* Customer service
* Leasing
* Renting
* Staffing
* Private investigation & security
* Maintenance
* Janitors
* Landscaping
* Repairs
* Personal services
* Beauty
* Dry cleaning
* Funeral
* Maid service
* Pet care
* Sex
* Poverty

Related

| Classification
standards|

* Production-based
* ANZSIC
* ISIC
* NACE
* NAICS
* SIC
* UKSIC
* Market-based
* GICS
* ICB
* TRBC

|

Inputs
& outputs|

* Externalities
* Community
* Crime
* Culture
* Pollution
* Well-being
* Funding
* Goods
* Commodities
* Final
* Intermediate
* Raw material
* Innovation
* Primary inputs
* Labor
* Natural resources
* Physical capital
* Services
* Technology

Organization|

* Centralization
* Cartel
* Conglomerate
* Horizontal integration
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Monopsony
* Vertical integration
* Decentralization
* Enforced breakup
* Freelancing
* Homesteading
* Outsourcing
* Putting-out system
* Spinning-off
* Temporary work
* Ownership
* Cooperative
* Joint-stock company
* Nationalization
* Nonprofit organization
* Partnership
* Privatization
* Sole proprietorship
* State-owned enterprise

* Category
* Commons
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Weapons

History|

| Premodern|

* African
* Chinese
* Medieval
* Japanese
* Early thermal weapons

|

Modern|

* Early Warfare
* Napoleonic Warfare
* American Indian Wars
* War of the Pacific
* Crimean War
* American Civil War
* War of the Triple Alliance
* Spanish–American War
* Mexican Revolution
* Antique
* Pre-20th century firearms

World War I|

* Chemical
* Australia
* Austria-Hungary
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* India
* Italy
* Japan
* Montenegro
* New Zealand
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Infantry

Interwar period|

* Chaco War
* Spanish Civil War (Nationalist/Republican)
* Second Sino-Japanese War (Japanese/National Revolutionary Army)

World War II|

* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Croatia
* Czechoslovakia
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Italy
* Japan
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Poland
* Romania
* Soviet Union
* Thailand
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Yugoslavia
* Infantry

Cold War|

* First Indochina War
* Korean War
* Vietnam War
* Six-Day War
* Araguaia Guerilla War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* South African Border War
* Cambodian Civil War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Iran–Iraq War
* Laotian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Dominican Civil War
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Gulf War

Post-Cold War|

* Yugoslav Wars
* Afghanistan War
* Iraq War
* Russo-Georgian War
* Syrian Civil War
* Russo-Ukrainian War

Types|

* Aircraft
* Amphibious
* Ancillary
* Anti-aircraft
* Anti-ballistic
* Anti-personnel
* Anti-tank
* Area denial
* Artillery
* Biological
* Blunt instrument
* Ceremonial
* Chemical
* Cold
* Conventional
* Crew-served
* Cyber
* Deadly
* Directed-energy
* Explosive
* Depth charge
* List
* Firearm
* Hunting
* Improvised
* Incendiary
* Insurgency
* Martial arts
* Mass destruction
* Non-lethal
* Nuclear
* Offensive
* Personal
* Pneumatic
* Practice
* Ranged
* Space
* Tectonic
* Torpedo
* Toy
* Vehicle
* Combat

Other|

* Arsenal
* Industry
* Mount
* Civilian gun ownership
* Science fiction

* Category

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Other|

* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

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