Army Foundation College

British Army training unit in Yorkshire, England

Army Foundation College Harrogate

Active| 1947 – 1996 (as the Army Apprentices School, Harrogate)
3 August 1998 – Present
Country|  United Kingdom
Branch|  British Army
Role| Phase 1 Training establishment
Size| ~1,300 soldiers under training
~500 permanent staff
Part of| Initial Training Group (ITG)
Location| Uniacke Barracks, Penny Pot Lane, Harrogate HG3 2SE
Motto(s)| Trust, Courage, Team Spirit
Colours| Red, Yellow, Blue, Black & Green
Commanders
Commanding Officer| Lt Col Mike Butler ETS
Honorary Colonel| Col Bear Grylls OBE

Military unit

Army Foundation College gates

The Army Foundation College (AFC) in Harrogate, England, is the sole initial military training unit for British Army recruits who enlist aged between 16 and 17.5 years.[1]

AFC delivers two 'Phase 1' initial training courses: the 'long course' of 49 weeks, mainly for recruits in combat roles, and the 23-week 'short course' for recruits in most other roles.[1] In addition to their military training, recruits are enrolled onto basic Functional Skills courses in English, maths, and ICT.[2]

Approximately 1,200 boys and 100 girls begin training at AFC annually, of whom approximately 500 are enrolled for the infantry.[3] On average, 70% of recruits complete their course, then moving to other army units for their 'Phase 2' role-specific training.[4]

AFC is graded 'outstanding' for welfare by Ofsted but has also attracted criticism for the physical and sexual abuse of recruits,[5][6][7][8] and high running costs,[9] and racist abuse against black staff.[10][11]

## History

[edit]

The Royal Signals Apprentices School was established in Harrogate to provide military and vocational training for the Royal Corps of Signals, Royal Artillery (RA) and Royal Engineers (RE) in 1947.[12] It was renamed the Army Apprentices College in 1961 when the RA and RE were relocated, providing Royal Signals training until it closed in 1998.[12] In September 1998, the site reopened as the Army Foundation College to provide initial military training to the army's youngest other ranks trainees, aged between 16 years and 17 years, 5 months, for a range of combat arms and services.[1][13] It was rebuilt by Jarvis under a private finance initiative contract worth £526.6 million between 2000 and 2002.[14]

Tom Moore was appointed as the first honorary colonel of the college on his 100th birthday, in recognition of his fundraising success during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.[15][16] When acting in that capacity, he was addressed as 'Colonel Tom'.[17] In July 2024, Bear Grylls was appointed Honorary Colonel of the college.[18]

## Training

[edit]

Welcoming board to the Army Apprentices School, Harrogate in March 1965 The Army Foundation College in August 2006

AFC delivers two Phase 1 (initial military training) courses:[1]

* Junior Soldiers enlisted for roles in combat arms (the Infantry, Royal Artillery, Household Cavalry and Royal Armoured Corps) are enrolled on a 49-week course. Junior Soldiers enlisted for roles in the Parachute Regiment are also enrolled on the Operation Achilles pathway during their last 12 weeks of phase 1 training.[19][20]
* Junior Soldiers enlisted for other army trades complete a shorter, 23-week course.

Despite the differing course lengths, all recruits are trained to the same standard of the Common Military Syllabus (see Selection and Training in the British Army).

## Intake and retention

[edit]

There are two entry points annually, in September and March; and two graduations, in August and February.[1]

Each year, approximately 1,200 boys and 100 girls begin their army training at AFC, of whom approximately 500 are training for infantry roles.[3]

Official figures for the period from 2017–18 to 2020–21 show that, on average, 70% of recruits on the 49-week course complete their year at the college.[4]

The British Army's policy of enlisting from age 16 has been criticised for leading to lower trainee retention than is found among adult recruits.[21]

## Education

[edit]

In addition to initial military training, Junior Soldiers can study Functional Skills courses in maths, English and IT at Levels 1 and 2, provided by Pearson TQ.[2] Those who already have qualifications in mathematics and English have the option to study two units of a BTEC Certificate in Public Services at Level 3, however not the full qualification.[22]

## Graduation and retention

[edit]

AFC's biannual passing out parades, attended by friends, family and VIPs,[23] are second only in size to Trooping the Colour.[24] Each event is usually celebrated with a flypast from the Royal Air Force,[25] a musical performance from a Royal Corps of Army Music band, and a parachute display from one of the Army's parachute display teams.[26][27]

## Running costs

[edit]

As of 2023[update], it cost £85.5 million per annum to operate AFC;[28] the cost of training an infantry soldier through AFC for Phase 1 and then at the Infantry Training Centre for Phase 2 was £170,000.[29]

Junior soldiers graduation

## Controversy

[edit]

### Training and recruiting of child soldiers

[edit]

Main article: children in the military

Research in the United Kingdom has found that the enlistment and training of adolescent children, even when they are not sent to war, is often accompanied by a higher risk of suicide,[30][31] stress-related mental disorders,[32][33] alcohol abuse,[34][35] and violent behavior.[36][37][38] In view of developing children's rights standards and evidence showing a detrimental impact of military training and employment on younger recruits,[39][40][41][42][43][44] several bodies, including the Children's Commissioners for each of the four nations of the UK and the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, have also called on the armed forces to raise the minimum age of enlistment to 18.[40][45][46]

In response to these concerns, the Ministry of Defence (MOD) has defended the current policy, stating in 2016: 'The army needs to attract school and college leavers at the earliest opportunity.'[47] In the same year, the Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Nick Carter, added: '[T]he fact that our junior entry is always 100% manned is indicative of people finding that it is something that is really positive to do.'[48]

### Duty of care

[edit]

#### Ofsted grade

[edit]

In 2018 and 2021, the education inspectorate Ofsted awarded the college an 'outstanding' grade for its duty of care. The 2021 report noted: 'Recruits speak consistently of fair and respectful treatment from all staff...'[5]

#### Rape and sexual abuse of recruits

[edit]

In 2021, nine investigations were opened into sexual offences against 22 girls at AFC; in one investigation, three of the suspected perpetrators were members of staff.[49][50] The revelations were the subject of a Vice News report in July 2022.[51]

In 2023, another instructor was convicted of eight counts of disgraceful conduct of a cruel or indecent kind and one count of sexual assault, which took place over nine months between 2020 and 2021.[52]

Also in 2023, North Yorkshire Police revealed that 13 complaints of sexual assault AFC, including nine of rape, had been referred to them between July 2022 and August 2023.[8][53]

#### Abuse and assaults against recruits

[edit]

Between 2014 and 2022, recruits made 72 formal complaints of allegations of assault or other ill-treatment by staff at the college.[6][7] 13 of the allegations were proven following investigation, of which seven occurred since 2017.[54]

In 2021, an instructor was convicted for abusing recruits.[55][56]

#### 2014-2018 Recruit abuse investigation

[edit]

Main article: Army Foundation College recruit abuse investigation 2014–2018

In 2017, the MOD confirmed reports that 17 instructors at AFC would be standing trial at court martial for 40 counts of alleged physical abuse of recruits during battle camp at Kirkudbright, Scotland, in 2014.[57] ForcesTV, and the Guardian reported that the allegations included assault, holding trainees' heads under water, and forcing animal dung into their mouths.[58][59][60] The case was reported as the British Army's largest ever investigation of abuse.[61][62]

At a preliminary hearing in September 2017, the accused pleaded not guilty to all charges.[60] The trial in February 2018 collapsed after the judge ruled that the investigation by the Royal Military Police had been 'seriously flawed', and that a fair trial for the defendants would no longer be possible.[63]

An internal review confirmed multiple failings by the Royal Military Police. It noted that, in addition to recruits who had lodged formal complaints, 'a considerable number of JS [junior soldier recruits] who had been the subject of ill treatment / assaults' had not wished to do so.[64]

#### Racist abuse against Black people

[edit]

Main article: Kerry-Ann Knight

In 2024 Kerry-Ann Knight, a Black British woman and soldier with the rank of Corporal, won a settlement from the Ministry of Defence for racist and sexist abuse she suffered while in the British Army, much of which took place at the Army Foundation College.[65] Knight served in the British Army for 12 years and was once considered the "face of British army recruitment" because she appeared prominently in military recruitment advertisements across the UK.[10] In 2021 when she was the only Black British woman working in the college, fellow staff would shout "watermelon" when she approached, stack her desk with filthy crockery and boxes, loudly played Django Unchained, and post photographs of Adolf Hitler in the instructor's professional Whatsapp channel. Knight began to secretly record evidence of the abuse and captured audio of fellow staff members threatening to lynch her.[11]

## See also

[edit]

* United Kingdom portal

* Association of Harrogate Apprentices – includes a general history of Uniacke Barracks
* Selection and Training in the British Army
* Military recruitment
* Recruit training
* Military service
* Children in the military
* History of children in the military
* Army Foundation College recruit abuse investigation, 2014–18

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e British Army (n.d.). "Army Foundation College Harrogate". www.army.mod.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
2. ^ a b Pearson TQ (1 August 2019). "Army Foundation College, Harrogate". www.pearson.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
3. ^ a b Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons. "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 23 Jun 2014 (pt 0004)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. ^ a b British Army (23 March 2022). "Freedom of Information request ref. FOI2022/02428" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
5. ^ a b Ofsted (20 October 2021). "'Welfare and duty of care in Armed Forces initial training 2020 to 2021'". Gov.uk. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
6. ^ a b British Army (13 December 2021). "Freedom of Information request, ref. Army/PolSec/C/U/FOI2021/13445" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
7. ^ a b Ministry of Defence (23 March 2023). "Freedom of information request, ref. Army/Sec//U/A/FOI2023/02395" (PDF). WhatDoTheyKnow.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
8. ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (5 October 2023). "Nine rapes at Harrogate military college reported to civilian police in 13 months". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
9. ^ Westminster, Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons. "House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 23 Jun 2014 (pt 0003)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ^ a b Al-Othman, Hannah (2 August 2024). "Face of British army recruitment drive wins payout for racist and sexist abuse". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
11. ^ a b "British Army racism apology to black 'poster girl' soldier". BBC News. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
12. ^ a b "Home – The Harrogate Apprentice". The Harrogate Apprentice. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
13. ^ "Army Foundation College Harrogate – Regiment History, War & Military Records & Archives". www.forces-war-records.co.uk. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
14. ^ "PricewaterhouseCoopers advises MoD on £86.2m PFI deal for Army Foundation College – Accountancy Age". Accountancy Age. 9 February 2000. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
15. ^ Laycock, Mike. "Captain Tom made honorary colonel on his 100th birthday". York Press. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
16. ^ @DefenceHQ/ (30 April 2020). "In recognition of his incredible fundraising achievements for @NHSuk charities, @captaintommoore has been appointed as the first Honorary Colonel of the Army Foundation College, Harrogate. May we be one of the first to say, happy birthday Colonel Tom!" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
17. ^ Ministry of Defence (30 April 2020). "Honorary Colonels in the British Army". Medium.
18. ^ "Bear Grylls joins forces with British Army". army.mod.uk. British Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
19. ^ Coach Mike Chadwick (25 April 2020). "Individualise to Optimise". coachmikechadwick.com.
20. ^ Lt Col Mike Buttler (1 March 2020). "Op Achilles". Twitter.com.
21. ^ Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?". The RUSI Journal. 161 (6): 36–48. doi:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837. ISSN 0307-1847. S2CID 157986637.
22. ^ "Army Foundation College: Qualifications:Written question – 198354". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
23. ^ "Thousands watch biggest military graduation parade in Europe in Harrogate". The Northern Echo. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
24. ^ "UK hosts largest European military graduation parade". GOV.UK. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
25. ^ Hartle, Harry Adams Lisa (18 February 2022). "Flypast marks passing out of over 400 British Army Junior Soldiers". Forces Network. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
26. ^ Ministry of Defence (2023). "Army Parachute Display Teams | The British Army".
27. ^ Chambers, Kirstie (5 August 2021). "Special Day For Army's Graduating Junior Soldiers". Forces Network. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
28. ^ Murrison MP, Andrew (17 October 2023). "Army Foundation College: Question for Ministry of Defence". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
29. ^ Murrison MP, Andrew (13 October 2023). "Army: Training. Question for Ministry of Defence". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
30. ^ Ursano, Robert J.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Stein, Murray B.; Naifeh, James A.; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Fullerton, Carol S.; Wynn, Gary H.; Vegella, Patti L.; Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz (1 July 2016). "Risk Factors, Methods, and Timing of Suicide Attempts Among US Army Soldiers". JAMA Psychiatry. 73 (7): 741–749. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0600. ISSN 2168-622X. PMC 4937827. PMID 27224848.
31. ^ UK Ministry of Defence (27 March 2018). "UK armed forces suicide and open verdict deaths: 1984–2017". GOV.UK. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
32. ^ Goodwin, L.; Wessely, S.; Hotopf, M.; Jones, M.; Greenberg, N.; Rona, R. J.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T. (2015). "Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?". Psychological Medicine. 45 (9): 1881–1891. doi:10.1017/s0033291714002980. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 25602942. S2CID 3026974.
33. ^ Martin, Pamela Davis; Williamson, Donald A.; Alfonso, Anthony J.; Ryan, Donna H. (February 2006). "Psychological adjustment during Army basic training". Military Medicine. 171 (2): 157–160. doi:10.7205/milmed.171.2.157. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 16578988.
34. ^ Head, M.; Goodwin, L.; Debell, F.; Greenberg, N.; Wessely, S.; Fear, N. T. (1 August 2016). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse: comorbidity in UK military personnel". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 51 (8): 1171–1180. doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1177-8. ISSN 0933-7954. PMC 4977328. PMID 26864534.
35. ^ Mattiko, Mark J.; Olmsted, Kristine L. Rae; Brown, Janice M.; Bray, Robert M. (2011). "Alcohol use and negative consequences among active duty military personnel". Addictive Behaviors. 36 (6): 608–614. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.023. PMID 21376475.
36. ^ MacManus, Deirdre; Dean, Kimberlie; Jones, Margaret; Rona, Roberto J.; Greenberg, Neil; Hull, Lisa; Fahy, Tom; Wessely, Simon; Fear, Nicola T. (2013). "Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study". The Lancet. 381 (9870): 907–917. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60354-2. PMID 23499041. S2CID 606331.
37. ^ Bouffard, L. A. (2005). "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience". Armed Forces & Society. 31 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1177/0095327x0503100206. S2CID 144559516.
38. ^ Merrill, Lex L.; Crouch, Julie L.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Guimond, Jennifer; Milner, Joel S. (August 2005). "Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: premilitary and second year of service rates". Military Medicine. 170 (8): 705–709. doi:10.7205/milmed.170.8.705. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 16173214.
39. ^ UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. "General comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence". Retrieved 6 December 2017.
40. ^ a b Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016). "Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". tbinternet.ohchr.org. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
41. ^ Gee, D. (3 July 2017). "The First Ambush? Effects of military employment and training". Veterans For Peace UK. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
42. ^ Medact (8 March 2018). "Written evidence submitted by Medact". parliament.uk. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
43. ^ Medact (2016). "The recruitment of children by the UK armed forces" (PDF). Retrieved 15 June 2018.
44. ^ Child Soldiers International (2018). "Why 18 Matters: A rights-based analysis of child recruitment". Retrieved 15 June 2018.
45. ^ "Letter from UK Children's Commissioners and others to the Ministry of Defence". 2016. Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
46. ^ House of Commons and House of Lords Joint Committee on Human Rights (2009). "Children's Rights" (PDF). Retrieved 6 December 2017.
47. ^ Earl Howe. "Armed Forces Bill – Report: 27 Apr 2016: House of Lords debates – TheyWorkForYou". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
48. ^ "General N Carter, cited in Oral evidence – Armed Forces Bill 2015–16 – 18 Nov 2015". data.parliament.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
49. ^ Docherty, Leo (14 April 2022). "Armed Forces: Offences against Children". parliament.uk. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
50. ^ Docherty, Leo (16 May 2022). "Armed Forces: Offences against Children". parliament.uk. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
51. ^ "Teenage Girls Serving in British Army Report Record Levels of Sexual Assault". www.vice.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
52. ^ Robinson, Calvin (2 March 2023). "Former Harrogate Army Foundation College instructor sentenced for sex assault". The Stray Ferret. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
53. ^ "Rapes reported at Harrogate's Army Foundation College". BBC News. 6 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
54. ^ British Army (11 January 2022). "Freedom of information request, ref. Army/Sec/C/U/FOI2021/15645" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
55. ^ Shaw, Neil; Teale, Connor (9 November 2021). "Army instructor 'punched' teen recruits asking ' who thinks they're hardest?'". YorkshireLive. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
56. ^ Brown, Larisa. "Army recruits 'abused and humiliated' by college staff". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
57. ^ Ministry of Defence. "Defence in the media: Sunday 13 August 2017 (Court Martial of 17 Army instructors)". modmedia.blog.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
58. ^ "17 Ex-Army Instructors To Face Court Martial". Forces Network. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
59. ^ Perraudin, Frances (13 August 2017). "17 army instructors charged with assaulting teenage recruits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
60. ^ a b Morris, Steven; agency (21 September 2017). "UK army instructors in court over claims they physically abused teen recruits". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
61. ^ Farmer, Ben (13 August 2017). "Army instructors 'punched and kicked teenage recruits'". Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
62. ^ "British Army's 'largest ever abuse case' begins". iNews. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
63. ^ "R v Girault and Others Ruling on Abuse of Process" (PDF). 28 February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
64. ^ Guinness, Mark E. (June 2018). "A Review of the Royal Military Police investigations into allegations of the ill treatment of Junior Soldiers at the Army Foundation College (Harrogate) (AFC(H)) 2014/15" (PDF). whatdotheyknow.com. Retrieved 17 August 2008.
65. ^ "Army apologises to former poster girl for 'years of racist and sexist abuse'". www.shropshirestar.com. 2 August 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.

## External links

[edit]

* Army Foundation College, Harrogate – British Army website

53°59′38″N 1°35′51″W﻿ / ﻿53.9939°N 1.5974°W﻿ / 53.9939; -1.5974