Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor

"DDCI" redirects here. For the software company, see DDC-I. For the Deputy Director of the CIA, see Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.

Peripheral inhibitors of DOPA decarboxylase (AADC) block one of two ways levodopa can be inactivated before it reaches the central nervous system and is activated to dopamine. (Dopamine in the periphery only causes side effects, no antiparkinson effect.) COMT inhibitors block the second way.[1]

An aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor, DDCI and AAADI) is a medication of type enzyme inhibitor which inhibits the synthesis of dopamine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC, AAAD, or DOPA decarboxylase). It is used to inhibit the decarboxylation of L-DOPA to dopamine outside the brain, i.e. in the blood. This is primarily co-administered with L-DOPA to combat Parkinson's disease. Administration can prevent common side-effects, such as nausea and vomiting, as a result of interaction with D2 receptors in the vomiting center (or cheomoreceptor trigger zone) located outside the blood–brain barrier.[2]

Examples of extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitors include carbidopa and benserazide.

## Indications

[edit]

Peripherally selective DDCIs incapable of crossing the protective blood–brain barrier (BBB) are used in augmentation of L-DOPA (levodopa) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) to block the conversion of L-DOPA into dopamine outside the brain, for the purpose of reducing adverse side effects.[3] Combined L-DOPA and DDCI therapy does not inherently decrease peripheral cardiovascular side effects of L-DOPA administration; however, combined therapy potentiates the central effects of L-DOPA by decreasing the dose-dependency 4-5 fold, therein allowing for effective Parkinson's disease treatment without cardiovascular risk associated with high peripheral dopamine.[4][5]

## List of DDCIs

[edit]

* Benserazide (Madopar, Prolopa, Modopar, Madopark, Neodopasol, EC-Doparyl, etc.)
* Carbidopa (Lodosyn, Sinemet, Pharmacopa, Atamet, Stalevo, etc.)
* Methyldopa (Aldomet, Aldoril, Dopamet, Dopegyt, etc.)
* alpha-Difluoromethyl-DOPA (DFMD)
* 3',4',5,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxyisoflavone [58262-89-8]
* Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
* Epigallocatechin (EGC)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Mutschler, Ernst; Schäfer-Korting, Monika (2001). Arzneimittelwirkungen (in German) (8 ed.). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 313–316\. ISBN 3-8047-1763-2.313-316&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-8047-1763-2&rft.aulast=Mutschler&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Schäfer-Korting,+Monika&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aromatic+L-amino+acid+decarboxylase+inhibitor" class="Z3988">
2. ^ Calne, D. B.; Reid, J. L.; Vakil, S. D.; Rao, S.; Petrie, A.; Pallis, C. A.; Gawler, J.; Thomas, P. K.; Hilson, A. (1971). "Idiopathic Parkinsonism treated with an extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor in combination with levodopa". British Medical Journal. 3 (5777): 729–732\. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5777.729. PMC 1798919. PMID 4938431.729-732&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798919#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/4938431&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136/bmj.3.5777.729&rft.aulast=Calne&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Reid,+J.+L.&rft.au=Vakil,+S.+D.&rft.au=Rao,+S.&rft.au=Petrie,+A.&rft.au=Pallis,+C.+A.&rft.au=Gawler,+J.&rft.au=Thomas,+P.+K.&rft.au=Hilson,+A.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798919&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aromatic+L-amino+acid+decarboxylase+inhibitor" class="Z3988">
3. ^ "Editorial: Dopa decarboxylase inhibitors". British Medical Journal. 4 (5939): 250–1\. November 1974. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5939.250. PMC 1612227. PMID 4425849.250-1&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1612227#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/4425849&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136/bmj.4.5939.250&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1612227&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Aromatic+L-amino+acid+decarboxylase+inhibitor" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Cotzias, G. C., Papavasiliou, P. S., and Gellene, R., New England Journal of Medicine, 1969, 280, 337.
5. ^ Yahr, M. D., in Advances in Neurology, ed. M. D. Yahr, p. vi, vol. 2. New York, Raven Press, 1973.

* v
* t
* e

Pharmacology: enzyme inhibition

Class|

* Competitive inhibition
* Uncompetitive inhibition
* Non-competitive inhibition
* Suicide inhibition
* Mixed inhibition

Substrate|

| Oxidoreductase (EC 1)|

* 1.1 Aldose reductase
* HMG-CoA reductase

* 1.3 5α-Reductase

* 1.4 Monoamine oxidase

* 1.5 Dihydrofolate reductase

* 1.13 Lipoxygenase

* 1.14 Aromatase
* COX-2

* 1.17 Xanthine oxidase
* Ribonucleotide reductase

|

Transferase (EC 2)|

* 2.1 COMT
* Thymidylate synthase

* 2.4 PARP

* 2.5 Dihydropteroate synthetase
* Farnesyltransferase

* 2.6 GABA transaminase

* 2.7 Nucleotidyltransferase
* Integrase
* Reverse transcriptase
* Protein kinase
* Tyrosine kinase
* Janus kinase

Hydrolase (EC 3)|

* 3.1 Phosphodiesterase
* Acetylcholinesterase
* Ribonuclease

* 3.2 Polygalacturonase
* Neuraminidase
* Alpha-glucosidase

* 3.4 Protease: Exopeptidase
* DPP-4
* ACE
* Endopeptidase
* Trypsin
* Renin
* Mixed
* Enkephalinase
* Matrix metalloproteinase
* Oxytocinase

* 3.5 Histone deacetylase
* Beta-lactamase

Lyase (EC 4)|

* 4.1 Dopa decarboxylase

* 4.2 Carbonic anhydrase

Miscellaneous|

* Steroidogenesis inhibitor

* v
* t
* e

Antiparkinson agents (N04)

Dopaminergics|

| DA precursors|

* Levodopa# (+benserazide, +carbidopa, +carbidopa/entacapone)
* Foslevodopa (+foscarbodipa)
* Melevodopa (+carbidopa)

|

DA receptor agonists|

* Ergoline: Bromocriptine
* Cabergoline
* Dihydroergocryptine
* Lisuride
* Pergolide

* Non-ergoline: Apomorphine
* Piribedil
* Pramipexole
* Ropinirole
* Rotigotine
* Talipexole

MAO-B inhibitors|

* Rasagiline
* Safinamide
* Selegiline

COMT inhibitors|

* Entacapone
* Opicapone
* Tolcapone

AAAD inhibitors|

* Benserazide (+levodopa)
* Carbidopa# (+carbidopa, +melevodopa, +carbidopa/entacapone)
* Foscarbidopa (+foslevodopa)

Anticholinergics|

* Benzatropine
* Biperiden#
* Bornaprine
* Chlorphenoxamine
* Cycrimine
* Dexetimide
* Diphenhydramine
* Etanautine
* Etybenzatropine
* Mazaticol
* Metixene
* Orphenadrine
* Phenglutarimide
* Piroheptine
* Procyclidine
* Profenamine
* Tigloidine
* Trihexyphenidyl
* Tropatepine

Others|

* Adamantanes (e.g., amantadine, memantine, rimantadine)
* Adenosine receptor antagonists (e.g., caffeine, istradefylline)
* Budipine

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

* v
* t
* e

Adrenergic receptor modulators

α1|

| Agonists|

* 6-FNE
* Amidephrine
* Buspirone
* Cirazoline
* Corbadrine
* Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
* Desglymidodrine
* Dexisometheptene
* Dipivefrine
* Dopamine
* Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
* Epinephrine
* Etilefrine
* Etilevodopa
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* Ibopamine
* Indanidine
* Isometheptene
* L-DOPA (levodopa)
* L-Phenylalanine
* L-Tyrosine
* Melevodopa
* Metaraminol
* Methoxamine
* Methyldopa
* Midodrine
* Naphazoline
* Norepinephrine
* Octopamine
* Oxymetazoline
* Phenylephrine
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Synephrine
* Tetryzoline
* Tiamenidine
* XP21279
* Xylometazoline

|

Antagonists|

* Abanoquil
* Ajmalicine
* Alfuzosin
* Anisodamine
* Anisodine
* Atiprosin
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
* Benoxathian
* Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol)
* Buflomedil
* Bunazosin
* Corynanthine
* Dapiprazole
* Domesticine
* Doxazosin
* Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride)
* Etoperidone
* Fenspiride
* Hydroxyzine
* Indoramin
* Ketanserin
* L-765,314
* mCPP
* Mepiprazole
* Metazosin
* Monatepil
* Moxisylyte
* Naftopidil
* Nantenine
* Neldazosin
* Niaprazine
* Niguldipine
* Pardoprunox
* Pelanserin
* Perlapine
* Phendioxan
* Phenoxybenzamine
* Phentolamine
* Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
* Piperoxan
* Prazosin
* Quinazosin
* Quinidine
* Silodosin
* Spegatrine
* Spiperone
* Talipexole
* Tamsulosin
* Terazosin
* Tiodazosin
* Tolazoline
* Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
* Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
* Trimazosin
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
* Urapidil
* WB-4101
* Zolertine

α2|

| Agonists|

* (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
* 4-NEMD
* 6-FNE
* Amitraz
* Apraclonidine
* Brimonidine
* Clonidine
* Corbadrine
* Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
* Detomidine
* Dexmedetomidine
* Dihydroergotamine
* Dipivefrine
* Dopamine
* Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
* Etilevodopa
* Ergotamine
* Epinephrine
* Etilefrine
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* Guanabenz
* Guanfacine
* Guanoxabenz
* L-DOPA (levodopa)
* L-Phenylalanine
* L-Tyrosine
* Ibopamine
* Lofexidine
* Medetomidine
* Melevodopa
* Methyldopa
* Mivazerol
* Moxonidine
* Naphazoline
* Norepinephrine
* Oxymetazoline
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Piperoxan
* PS75
* Rezatomidine
* Rilmenidine
* Romifidine
* Talipexole
* Tasipimidine
* Tetryzoline
* Tiamenidine
* Tizanidine
* Tolonidine
* Urapidil
* Vatinoxan
* XP21279
* Xylazine
* Xylometazoline

|

Antagonists|

* 1-PP
* Adimolol
* Amesergide
* Aptazapine
* Atipamezole
* Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
* Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone)
* BRL-44408
* Buflomedil
* Cirazoline
* Efaroxan
* Esmirtazapine
* Fenmetozole
* Fluparoxan
* Idazoxan
* Ketanserin
* Lisuride
* mCPP
* Mianserin
* Mirtazapine
* NAN-190
* Pardoprunox
* Phentolamine
* Phenoxybenzamine
* Piperoxan
* Piribedil
* Rauwolscine
* Rotigotine
* Setiptiline
* Spegatrine
* Spiroxatrine
* Sunepitron
* Terguride
* Tolazoline
* Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
* Yohimbine

| Agonists|

* Abediterol
* Alifedrine
* Amibegron
* Arbutamine
* Arformoterol
* Arotinolol
* BAAM
* Bambuterol
* Befunolol
* Bitolterol
* Broxaterol
* Buphenine
* Carbuterol
* Carmoterol
* Cimaterol
* Clenbuterol
* Colterol
* Corbadrine
* Denopamine
* Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
* Dipivefrine
* Dobutamine
* Dopamine
* Dopexamine
* Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
* Epinephrine
* Etafedrine
* Etilefrine
* Etilevodopa
* Ethylnorepinephrine
* Eugenodilol
* Fenoterol
* Formoterol
* Hexoprenaline
* Higenamine
* Ibopamine
* Indacaterol
* Isoetarine
* Isoprenaline
* Isoxsuprine
* L-DOPA (levodopa)
* L-Phenylalanine
* L-Tyrosine
* Levosalbutamol
* Lubabegron
* Mabuterol
* Melevodopa
* Methoxyphenamine
* Methyldopa
* Mirabegron
* Norepinephrine
* Orciprenaline
* Oxyfedrine
* PF-610355
* Phenylpropanolamine
* Pirbuterol
* Prenalterol
* Ractopamine
* Procaterol
* Reproterol
* Rimiterol
* Ritodrine
* Salbutamol
* Salmeterol
* Solabegron
* Terbutaline
* Tretoquinol
* Tulobuterol
* Vibegron
* Vilanterol
* Xamoterol
* XP21279
* Zilpaterol
* Zinterol

|

Antagonists|

* Acebutolol
* Adaprolol
* Adimolol
* Afurolol
* Alprenolol
* Alprenoxime
* Amosulalol
* Ancarolol
* Arnolol
* Arotinolol
* Atenolol
* Befunolol
* Betaxolol
* Bevantolol
* Bisoprolol
* Bopindolol
* Bornaprolol
* Brefonalol
* Bucindolol
* Bucumolol
* Bufetolol
* Bufuralol
* Bunitrolol
* Bunolol
* Bupranolol
* Butaxamine
* Butidrine
* Butofilolol
* Capsinolol
* Carazolol
* Carpindolol
* Carteolol
* Carvedilol
* Celiprolol
* Cetamolol
* Cicloprolol
* Cinamolol
* Cloranolol
* Cyanopindolol
* Dalbraminol
* Dexpropranolol
* Diacetolol
* Dichloroisoprenaline
* Dihydroalprenolol
* Dilevalol
* Diprafenone
* Draquinolol
* Ecastolol
* Epanolol
* Ericolol
* Ersentilide
* Esatenolol
* Esprolol
* Eugenodilol
* Exaprolol
* Falintolol
* Flestolol
* Flusoxolol
* Hydroxycarteolol
* Hydroxytertatolol
* ICI-118,551
* Idropranolol
* Indenolol
* Indopanolol
* Iodocyanopindolol
* Iprocrolol
* Isoxaprolol
* Isamoltane
* Labetalol
* Landiolol
* Levobetaxolol
* Levobunolol
* Levomoprolol
* Medroxalol
* Mepindolol
* Metipranolol
* Metoprolol
* Moprolol
* Nadolol
* Nadoxolol
* Nebivolol
* Nifenalol
* Nipradilol
* Oxprenolol
* Pacrinolol
* Pafenolol
* Pamatolol
* Pargolol
* Penbutolol
* Pindolol
* Practolol
* Primidolol
* Procinolol
* Pronethalol
* Propafenone
* Propranolol
* Ridazolol
* Ronactolol
* Soquinolol
* Sotalol
* Spirendolol
* SR 59230A
* Sulfinalol
* Talinolol
* Tazolol
* Tertatolol
* Tienoxolol
* Tilisolol
* Timolol
* Tiprenolol
* Tolamolol
* Toliprolol
* Xibenolol
* Xipranolol

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
* Dopaminergics
* Serotonergics
* Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
* Monoamine releasing agents
* Monoamine metabolism modulators
* Monoamine neurotoxins

* v
* t
* e

Dopamine receptor modulators

D1-like|

| Agonists|

* Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB
* Fenoldopam
* SKF-38,393
* SKF-77,434
* SKF-81,297
* SKF-82,958
* SKF-83,959
* Trepipam
* Zelandopam

* Ergolines: Cabergoline
* CY-208,243
* Dihydroergocryptine
* LEK-8829
* Lisuride
* Pergolide
* Terguride

* Dihydrexidine derivatives: A-77636
* A-86929
* Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)
* Dihydrexidine
* Dinapsoline
* Dinoxyline
* Doxanthrine

* Phenethylamines: BCO-001
* Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
* Dopexamine
* Etilevodopa
* Ibopamine
* L-DOPA (levodopa)
* Melevodopa
* L-Phenylalanine
* L-Tyrosine
* XP21279

* Others: A-68930
* Apomorphine
* Isocorypalmine
* Nuciferine
* PF-6649751
* PF 6669571
* Propylnorapomorphine
* Rotigotine
* SKF-89,145
* SKF-89,626
* Stepholidine
* Tavapadon
* Tetrahydropalmatine

|

PAMs[clarification needed]|

* Tetrahydroisoquinolines: DETQ
* DPTQ
* Mevidalen

Antagonists|

* Typical antipsychotics: Butaclamol
* Chlorpromazine
* Chlorprothixene
* Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)
* Fluphenazine
* Loxapine
* Perphenazine (+amitriptyline)
* Pifluthixol
* Thioridazine
* Thiothixene
* Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)
* Zuclopenthixol

* Atypical antipsychotics: Asenapine
* Clorotepine
* Clotiapine
* Clozapine
* DHA-clozapine
* Fluperlapine
* Iloperidone
* Norclozapine
* Norquetiapine
* Olanzapine (+fluoxetine)
* Paliperidone
* Quetiapine
* Risperidone
* Tefludazine
* Zicronapine
* Ziprasidone
* Zotepine

* Others: Berupipam
* Ecopipam
* EEDQ
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* Odapipam
* Perlapine
* SCH-23390

D2-like|

| Agonists|

* Adamantanes: Amantadine
* Memantine
* Rimantadine

* Aminotetralins: 5-OH-DPAT
* 7-OH-DPAT
* 8-OH-PBZI
* Rotigotine
* UH-232

* Ergolines: Bromocriptine
* Cabergoline
* Chanoclavine
* Dihydroergocryptine
* Epicriptine
* Ergocornine
* Lergotrile
* Lisuride
* LSD
* Pergolide
* Terguride

* Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA
* Ciladopa
* Dihydrexidine
* Dinoxyline
* N,N-Propyldihydrexidine

* Phenethylamines: Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)
* Dopexamine
* Etilevodopa
* Ibopamine
* L-DOPA (levodopa)
* L-Phenylalanine
* L-Tyrosine
* Melevodopa
* XP21279

* Atypical antipsychotics: Alentemol (U-66444B)
* Aripiprazole (+sertraline)
* Aripiprazole lauroxil
* Bifeprunox
* Brexpiprazole
* Brilaroxazine
* Cariprazine
* F-15063
* Lumateperone
* Norclozapine

* Others: 3-PPP
* A-412997
* ABT-670
* ABT-724
* Adrafinil
* Aplindore
* Apomorphine
* Arketamine
* Armodafinil
* BP-897
* Captodiame
* CP-226,269
* Dizocilpine
* Esketamine
* Flibanserin
* Ketamine
* Mesulergine
* Modafinil
* OSU-6162
* Pardoprunox
* PD-128,907
* PD-168,077
* PF-219,061
* PF-592,379
* Phencyclidine
* Piribedil
* Pramipexole
* Preclamol
* Propylnorapomorphine
* Pukateine
* Quinagolide
* Quinelorane
* Quinpirole
* RDS-127
* Ro10-5824
* Ropinirole
* Roxindole
* Salvinorin A
* SKF-83,959
* Sumanirole
* Talipexole
* Umespirone
* WAY-100,635

|

Antagonists|

* Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine
* Acetophenazine
* Azaperone
* Benperidol
* Bromperidol
* Butaclamol
* Butaperazine
* Chloracizine
* Chlorproethazine
* Chlorpromazine
* Chlorprothixene
* Ciclindole
* Clopenthixol
* Clothixamide
* Clopimozide
* Droperidol
* Fluacizine
* Fluanisone
* Flucindole
* Fluotracen
* Flupentixol (flupenthixol) (+melitracen)
* Fluphenazine
* Fluprothixene
* Fluspirilene
* Haloperidol
* Homopipramol
* Lenperone
* Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)
* Levosulpiride
* Loxapine
* Mesoridazine
* Moperone
* Naranol
* Nemonapride
* Penfluridol
* Perathiepin
* Perazine
* Pericyazine (periciazine)
* Perphenazine (+amitriptyline)
* Piflutixol (pifluthixol)
* Pimozide
* Pipamperone
* Preclamol
* Prochlorperazine
* Promazine
* Prothipendyl
* Spiperone (spiroperidol)
* Sulforidazine
* Sulpiride
* Sultopride
* Teflutixol
* Thiopropazate
* Thioproperazine
* Thioridazine
* Thiothixene
* Timiperone
* Trifluoperazine (+tranylcypromine)
* Triflupromazine
* Trifluperidol
* Zetidoline
* Zuclopenthixol

* Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride
* Asenapine
* BL-1020
* Blonanserin
* Carpipramine
* Cinuperone
* Clocapramine
* Clorotepine
* Clotiapine (clothiapine)
* Clozapine
* Cyamemazine
* DHA-clozapine
* Dixyrazine
* Elopiprazole
* Flumezapine
* Fluperlapine
* Gevotroline
* Iloperidone
* Lurasidone
* Mazapertine
* Melperone
* Molindone
* Mosapramine
* Ocaperidone
* Olanzapine (+fluoxetine)
* Paliperidone
* Perospirone
* Piperacetazine
* Pipotiazine
* Piquindone
* Quetiapine
* Remoxipride
* Risperidone
* Sertindole
* Tefludazine
* Tenilapine
* Tiospirone
* Veralipride
* Zicronapine
* Ziprasidone
* Zotepine

* Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives: Aceprometazine
* AS-8112
* Alimemazine
* Alizapride
* Benzquinamide
* Bromopride
* Clebopride
* Deudomperidone
* Domperidone
* Eticlopride
* Hydroxyzine
* Itopride
* Metoclopramide
* Metopimazine
* Promethazine
* Thiethylperazine
* Trazpiroben
* Trimethobenzamide

* Antidepressants: Amoxapine
* Nefazodone
* Opipramol
* Propiomazine
* Trimipramine

* Others: 3-PPP
* Alpiropride
* Azapride
* Bromerguride
* Bromocriptine
* Buspirone
* Desmethoxyfallypride
* EEDQ
* F-15063
* Fallypride
* Fananserin
* Fenfluramine
* Iodobenzamide
* Isocorypalmine
* L-741,626
* L-745,870
* Levofenfluramine
* LEK-8829
* Metergoline
* Metitepine (methiothepin)
* N-Methylspiperone
* Nafadotride
* Nuciferine
* PNU-99,194
* Pridopidine
* Raclopride
* Sarizotan
* SB-277,011-A
* Seridopidine
* Sonepiprazole
* Spiroxatrine
* Stepholidine
* SV-293
* Terguride
* Tetrahydropalmatine
* Tiapride
* UH-232
* Yohimbine

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
* Adrenergics
* Serotonergics
* Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
* Monoamine releasing agents
* Monoamine metabolism modulators
* Monoamine neurotoxins

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