Artuklu Palace

Palace in Diyarbakır, Turkey

Artuklu Palace

General information
Type| Palace
Location| Diyarbakır, Turkey
Coordinates| 37°54′59″N 40°14′30″E﻿ / ﻿37.91629°N 40.24170°E﻿ / 37.91629; 40.24170
Construction started| early 13th century
Client| Artuqid rulers
Owner| Turkish state

The Artuklu Palace or Artukid Palace or Artuqid Palace (Turkish: Artuklu Sarayı) was the seat of the Diyarbakır branch of the Artuqid dynasty, a Turkish Beylik that ruled eastern Anatolia and Al-Jazira in the 12th and 13th centuries. The palace was situated in the present-day İçkale neighborhood, inside the Diyarbakır City Walls. Built during the reign of Nasir al-Din Mahmud (Turkish: Salih Nasreddin Muhammed) (1200–1222) and partially excavated in the 1960s, the main body of the palace is today still buried under a mound.

This palace was also where, as his father before him, the groundbreaking Muslim scholar, inventor, and mechanical engineer Al-Jazari had worked for 30 years and was the place, inspiration and context of many of this inventions and devices. Surrounded by gardens, rich in amenities as well as in decorative and artistic elements (such as statues, with a number of scholars defining a period of less strict observance of ban on human representation in the early centuries of Islam) and also in eccentricities, itself perhaps inspired by a tradition dating back to the Umayyad palace of Khirbat al-Mafjar in Jericho, the palaces of the Artukids provided models for the Mameluks later. There are further Artukid palatial residences in Mardin, Hasankeyf and Palu whose remains stand, but this one in Diyarbakır is usually referred to as the "Palace" of the sons of Artuk. The palace was used as a prison in the beginning of the Ottoman rule (16th century) until it fell into decay and gradually disappeared under the present-day Virantepe mound.

Partial excavations on the palace site were carried out in 1961 under the direction of the art historian and Ottoman archaeologist Oktay Aslanapa [tr] Important ruins found during the excavation, such as part of the palace garden and the clear outlines of the architectural system of Turkish baths were not conserved and disappeared over time.[1] The vestiges were also externally studied of recent date using computer technologies.[2]

## The door and door knockers[edit]

Door knockers, often cast in bronze, had a symbolic significance across eastern Anatolia and were part of a thematic program that was prominent in the region especially during the 12th – 13th centuries. The tradition, although evolved, survives to this day in such centers as Kemaliye. Along with the door in its entirety, they were also a distinctive feature of the palace in Diyarbakır.

Door knocker from the Great Mosque of Cizre, similar to the now-lost door knockers at the Artuklu Palace in Diyarbakır.

The door knockers of Artuklu Palace, which united the figures of a double dragon, a lion and a snake, are known, along with the whole structure of the four-meter-high (13 ft) door where they were attached, through the descriptions made by the designer al-Jazari in his manuscript and the drawings within,[3] as well as on the basis of similarities that can be established with the door and the double-dragon figured door-knockers of the Great Mosque of Cizre, built 1155–60 by the Atabegs of Mosul, with Kubadabad Palace tiles and with the dragons in relief in Susuz Han caravanserai near Burdur. The embracing dragons of Cizre Mosque door knockers are on display today in İstanbul's Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts (Ibrahim Pasha Palace). Another similar knocker, also with dragons, is exhibited in Berlin's Museum of Islamic Art and was, according to early literature, bought in Tbilisi on behalf of Berlin Museums in 1912. However, later publications claim that it originated from south-east Anatolia/North Mesopotamia and smuggled through Tbilisi. The similar dragon figures with the knotted bodies like those on the door-knockers are also seen on some coins of the Artuqids of Hısn Keyfa (Hasankeyf). An imaginative drawing of Artuklu Palace door was made by Michael Meinecke on the basis of Al-Jazari's sketch and the cited similar works.

Al-Jazari's 1206-dated manuscript of "Al-Jami Bain Al-Ilm Wal-Amal Al-Nafi Fi Sinat'at Al-Hiyal" (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices), also includes such other artifacts conceived specially for the Artuklu Palace as clocks, human and animal-shaped toys, automatic jug and pools, water equipment, alarm clock and protractor.

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Oktay Aslanapa". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2001-04-15.
2. ^ Ayteş, Ayhan (2004). "Designing the New Memory Space for Cultural Heritage". In Longson, Tony; ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (eds.). ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Educators Program: Los Angeles (California), August 8-12, 2004. [New York]: ACM. doi:10.1145/1186107.1186145. ISBN 1-58113-896-2. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
3. ^ Al-Jazari praises his door knocker as "a real masterpiece, a real pearl" and the door of the palace in the following words: "... then I made the rings as they embraced each other and their heads were turned to each other for each wings of the door. Their mouth is open as if they want to catch the lion's head and neck. The lion's head and neck is the extension of the iron nail that was nailed to the door. The teeth of the snake are in two holes in the lion's neck and the ring moves on them. Its center is formed by the motifs…in the cage style that is made of the flat rods which have finger-like thickness and thicker than them."

## Sources[edit]

* Dr. Z. Kenan Bilici. "Bronze door-knockers of Cizre Great Mosque: A New Example". Transoxiana:Journal Libre de Estudios Orientales, Boris Ilich Marshak Festschrift. Retrieved 2001-04-15.
* MEINECKE, Michael (1989), "Islamische Drachentüren-Zu Einer Neuer werbung des Museums für Islamische Kunst", Museums Journal 3, IV (1989), pp. 54–58.
* (Book cover) Oktay Aslanapa (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi (Early Turkish architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and development) (in Turkish). AKM Publications, Ankara. ISBN 975-16-0264-5.
* "Citadel, City Walls and Gates of Diyarbakir". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2006-02-08.
* "Khirbat al Mafjar Umayyad Palace in Jericho". www.islamicarchitecture.org.

## Books[edit]

* Jane Turner (1996). The dictionary of art. University of Michigan \- Grove. ISBN 1-884446-00-0.
* Michael Meinecke (1996). Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-5492-9.

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Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor

Qutalmish
Founder

Suleyman I
Capital

İznik, then Konya

| Important centers and extension|

* Konya
* Kayseri
* Sivas (1175)
* Malatya (1178)
* Alanya
* Antalya

|

Dynasty|

* Suleyman I (1077–1086)
* Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107)
* Melikshah (1107–1116)
* Mesud I (1116–1156)
* Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)
* Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196)
* Süleymanshah II (1196–1204)
* Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205)
* Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211)
* Kaykaus I (1211–1220)
* Kayqubad I (1220–1237)
* Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
* Kaykaus II (1246–1260)
* Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265)
* Kayqubad II (1249–1257)
* Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282)
* Mesud II (1282–1284)
* Kayqubad III (1284)
* Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293)
* Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294)
* Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301)
* Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303)
* Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307)
* Mesud III (1307)

Chronology|

* Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Wars and major battles|

* Byzantine–Seljuk wars
* Seljuk campaigns in the Aegean
* Siege of Nicaea (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
* Battle of Mount Cadmus (1148)
* Battle of Myriokephalon (1176)
* Battle of Iconium (1190)
* Cilician campaign of Kayqubad I (1225)
* Battle of Köse Dağ (1243)
* Battle of Elbistan (1277)

Culture|

| Arts|

* Seljuk architecture

|

Writers and scholars|

* Rumi
* Haji Bektash Veli
* Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
* Siraj al-Din Urmavi
* Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
* Ibn Bibi

Other notable people|

* Gevher Nesibe
* Gurju Khatun
* Sâhib Ata
* Baba Ishak
* Shams al-Din Altınapa
* Sa'd al-Din Köpek
* Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
* Manuel Maurozomes
* Mu'in al-Din Parwana
* Shams al-Din Isfahani

Anatolian beyliks

Tzachas (1081 - 1092)

Founder

Tzachas
Capital

İzmir

Important centers and extension:|

* Ephesus
* Lesbos
* Chios

Shah-Armens (1100–1207)

Founder

Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital

Ahlat

Important centers and extension:|

* Silvan
* Malazgirt
* Erciş
* Adilcevaz
* Başkale
* Eleşkirt
* Van
* Tatvan
* Bitlis
* Muş
* Hani

Dynasty:|

* Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
* Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
* Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
* Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
* Aksungur (1193–1197)
* Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:|

* Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids (1102 - )

Ancestors

Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder

Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals

Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:|

* Diyarbakır
* Hasankeyf
* Silvan
* Mardin
* Midyat
* Harput
* Palu
* Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:|

* Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
* Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:|

* Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
* Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
* Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput Dynasty:|

* Belek Bey (1112–1124)
* Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Danishmends (1071–1178)

Founder

Danishmend Gazi
Capitals

Sivas
Niksar

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Niksar
* Malatya
* Kayseri
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Kastamonu
* Ankara

Dynasty:|

* Danishmend Gazi (1071–1084)
* Gazi Gümüshtigin (1084–1104)
* Emir Gazi (1104–1134)
* Melik Mehmed (1134–1142)
* Melik Zünnun (1142–1143)
* Yağıbasan (1143–1164)
* Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
* Nasreddin Muhammed (1175-1178)

Mengujekids (1071–1277)

Founder

Mengücek Bey
Capitals

Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzincan
* Divriği
* Kemah
* Şebinkarahisar

Dynasty:|

Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142

Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah Branch|

Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228

Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği Branch|

Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277

Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Saltukids (1072–1202)

Founder

Saltuk Bey
Capital

Erzurum

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzurum
* Tercan

Dynasty:|

* Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
* Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
* Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
* Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
* Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
* Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
* Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Aydinids (1307–1425)

Founder

Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals

Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:|

* Tire
* İzmir
* Alaşehir
* Aydın
* Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:|

* Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
* Umur Beg (1334–1348)
* Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)

Events|

1390

First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Candaroğulları (~1300–1461)

Founder

Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander descended from Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks in the imperial army of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop
* Eflani
* Çankırı
* Kalecik
* Tosya
* Araç
* Samsun (temporarily)

Dynasty:|

* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
* Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
* Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
* Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)

Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :|

* Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
* Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
* Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)

Chobanids (1227–1309)

Founder

Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Kastamonu
* Taşköprü

Dynasty:|

* Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
* Alp Yürek (? - ?)
* Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
* Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)

Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)

Ancestor

Hasan Dulkadir
Founder

Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
Capital

Elbistan

Important centers and extension:|

* Maraş
* Malatya
* Harput
* Kayseri
* Antep

Dynasty:|

* Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
* Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
* Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
* Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
* Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
* Melik Arslan (?-?)
* Shah Budak (?-1492)
* Şahsuvar (?-?)
* Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
* Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)

Eretnids (1328–1381)

Founder

Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital

Sivas, later Kayseri

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Kayseri
* Niğde
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Erzincan
* Şebinkarahisar
* Niksar

Dynasty:|

* Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
* Giyath al-Din Muhammad (1352–1365)
* Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
* Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

Eshrefids (1288–1326)

Founder

Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Beyşehir

Important centers and extension:|

* Beyşehir
* Akşehir
* Bolvadin

Dynasty:|

* Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
* Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
* Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)

Germiyanids (1300–1429)

Ancestor

Kerimüddin Alişir
Founder

Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
Capital

Kütahya

Important centers and extension:|

* Kula (District), Manisa
* Simav
* Yenicekent
* Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)

Dynasty:|

* Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
* Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
* Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)

Hamidids (~1280–1374)

Ancestors

Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Founder

Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
Capital

Isparta

Important centers and extension:|

* Eğirdir
* Uluborlu
* Gölhisar
* Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey

Dynasty:|

* Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
* Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
* Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)

Karamanids (~1250–1487)

Ancestor

Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder

Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals

successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman)
Konya
Mut

Dynasty:|

* Kerîmeddin Karaman (1256–1261)
* Mehmet I (1261–1283)
* Güneri (1283–1300)
* Bedreddin Mahmut (1300–1308)
* Yahşı Han (1308–1312)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I (1312–1333)
* Alâeddin Halil Mirza (1333–1348)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
* Fahreddin Ahmed (1349–1350)
* Şemseddin (1350–1351)
* Burhaneddin Musa (1351–1356)
* Seyfeddin Süleyman (1356–1357)
* Alâeddin Ali (1357–1398)
* Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
* Sultanzâde Mehmet II (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
* Bengi Alâeddin Ali (1418–1424)
* Ibrahim II (1424–1464)
* Sultanzâde Ishak (1464)
* Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed (1464–1469)
* Kasım (1469–1483)
* Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Karasids (1303–1360)

Ancestor

Melik Danişmend Gazi
Founder

Karesi Bey
Capital

Balıkesir

Important centers and extension:|

* Aydıncık
* Bergama
* Edremit
* Bigadiç
* Ezine

Dynasty:|

* Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
* Demir Han (1328–1345)
* Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)

Ladik (~1300–1368)

Ancestor

Germiyanlı Ali Bey
Founder

Inanç Bey
Capital

Denizli

Important centers and extension:|

* Denizli

Dynasty:|

* Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
* Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
* Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)

Menteshe (~1261–1424)

Founder

Menteshe Bey
Capitals

Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat

Important centers and extension|

* present-day Muğla Province
* Muğla
* Finike
* Kaş
* Çameli
* Acıpayam
* Tavas
* Bozdoğan
* Çine
* temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314

Dynasty:|

* Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
* Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
* Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
* Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)

Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)

Ancestor

Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum)
Founder

Süleyman Pervâne
Capital

Sinop

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop

Dynasty:|

* Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
* Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
* Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
* Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)

Ramadanids (1352–1516)

Founder

Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals

Adana

Important centers and extension:|

* Adana
* Tarsus

Dynasty:|

* Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
* Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
* Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
* Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
* Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
* Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
* Dündar Bey (? - ?)
* Omer Bey (?-1490)
* Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
* Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
* Selim Bey (?-?)
* Kubad Bey (1517-?)

Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)

Founder

Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Afyonkarahisar

Important centers and extension:|

* Akşehir
* Beyşehir
* Sandıklı
* Denizli

Dynasty|

* Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
* Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)

Sarukhanids (1302–1410)

Founder

Saruhan Bey
Capital

Manisa

Important centers and extension:|

* Demirci
* Nif (Kemalpaşa)
* Akhisar
* Gördes
* Menemen

Dynasty|

* Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
* Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
* Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
* Hızır Shah (1388–1390)

Teke (1301–1423)

Ancestors

Hamidoğlu dynasty
Founder

Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Capitals

Antalya
Korkuteli

Important centers and extension:|

* Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373)
* Teke Peninsula

Dynasty:|

* Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
* Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
* Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
* Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
* Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)

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