Aruj Barbarossa

Ottoman corsair, later Sultan of Algiers (c. 1474–1518)

"Oruç Reis" redirects here. For ships bearing the same name, see Oruç Reis (ship).

Aruj Barbarossa

Born| c. 1474

Lesbos, Ottoman Empire

Died| May 1518 (aged 43–44)

Tlemcen

Piratical career
Nickname| Barbarossa
Red Beard
Baba Aruj
Years active| c. 1495 – 1518
Rank| Sultan of Algiers
Base of operations| Mediterranean
Battles/wars|

* Action off Elba (1504)
* Siege of Jijel
* Expedition to Cherchell
* Capture of Algiers (1516)
* Algiers expedition (1516)
* Battle of Oued Djer
* Expedition to the Moulouya
* Fall of Tlemcen (1518)

Aruj Barbarossa (Arabic: عروج بربروس), known as Oruç Reis to the Turks, was an Ottoman corsair who became Sultan of Algiers. The elder brother of the famous Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa, he was born on the Ottoman island of Midilli (Lesbos in present-day Greece) and died in battle against the Spanish at Tlemcen.

He became known as Baba Aruj (Father Aruj) when he transported large numbers of Morisco, Muslim and Jewish refugees from Spain to North Africa; in Europe he was known as Barbarossa.

## Background

[edit]

His father, Yakup Ağa, was an Ottoman official[1][2][3][4] of Turkish[5][6][7] or Albanian[8][9][10] descent. Yakup Ağa took part in the Ottoman conquest of Lesbos (Midilli) from the Genoese in 1462, and as a reward, was granted the fief of the Bonova village in the island. He married a local Christian Greek woman (from Mytilene), named Katerina, who was the widow of an Eastern Orthodox priest.[8][11][12][13][14]

They had two daughters and four sons: Ishak, Aruj, Hızır and Ilyas. Yakup became an established potter and purchased a boat to trade his products. The four sons helped their father with his business, but not much is known about the daughters. At first Aruj helped with the boat, while Hızır helped with pottery.[citation needed]

## Early career

[edit]

All four brothers became seamen, engaged in marine affairs and international sea trade. Aruj was the first brother to be involved in seamanship, soon joined by the youngest brother Ilyas. Hızır initially helped their father in the pottery business, but later obtained a ship of his own and also began a career at sea. Ishak, the eldest, remained on Mytilene and was involved with the financial affairs of the family business. The other three brothers initially worked as sailors, but then turned privateers in the Mediterranean, counteracting the privateering of the Knights Hospitaller of the Island of Rhodes.[15] Aruj and Ilyas operated in the Levant, between Anatolia, Syria and Egypt, while Hızır operated in the Aegean Sea and based his operations mostly in Thessaloniki.

Aruj was a very successful seaman. He also learned to speak Italian, Spanish, French, Greek and Arabic in the early years of his career. During a trading expedition in Tripoli, Lebanon, he and Ilyas were attacked by a galley of the Knights Hospitaller. Ilyas was killed in the fight, and Aruj was wounded.[15] Their father's boat was captured, and Aruj was taken prisoner and detained in the Knights' Bodrum Castle for nearly three years. Hizir tried to help Oruc by ransoming but failed and Oruc was tortured for the first few years of captivity and later he worked as a slave on the Rhodes Ship which transported prisoners. One night when conditions were favorable[clarification needed] he managed to escape from the ship and was able to flee to a village where he lived for ten days. Later he joined Captain Ali.[who?] [16]

## Aruj the corsair

[edit]

Aruj captures a galley

Aruj later went to Antalya, where he was given 18 galleys by Şehzade Korkut, an Ottoman prince and governor of the city, and charged with fighting against the Knights Hospitaller who inflicted serious damage on Ottoman shipping and trade.[15]

In the following years, when Şehzade Korkut became governor of Manisa, he gave Aruj a larger fleet of 24 galleys at the port of İzmir and ordered him to participate in the Ottoman naval expedition to Apulia in the Kingdom of Naples, where Aruj bombarded several coastal forts and captured two ships. On his way back to Lesbos, he stopped at Euboea and captured three galleons and another ship. He then attacked several islands of the Knights Hospitaller and captured many of their small vessel ships. Reaching Mytilene with these captured vessels, Aruj learned that Şehzade Korkut, brother of the new Ottoman sultan, had fled to Egypt to avoid being killed over a succession dispute; a common practice at that time in the House of Osman. Fearing trouble due to his well-known association with the Ottoman prince in exile, Aruj sailed to Egypt where he met Şehzade Korkut in Cairo and managed to get an audience with the Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri, who gave him another ship and charged him to raid the coasts of Italy and the islands of the Mediterranean that were controlled by Christian powers. After passing the winter in Cairo, he set sail from Alexandria and operated along the coasts of Liguria and Sicily.[citation needed]

In 1503, Aruj managed to seize three more ships and made the island of Djerba his new base, thus moving his operations to the Western Mediterranean. Hızır joined Aruj at Djerba. In 1504, the two brothers asked Abu Abdallah Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, Hafsid caliph of Tunisia, for permission to use the strategically located port of La Goulette for their operations. They were granted this right, with the condition of leaving one third of their booty to the sultan. [citation needed]

Aruj, in command of small galliots, captured two much larger Papal galleys near the island of Elba. Later, near Lipari, the two brothers captured a Sicilian warship, the Cavalleria, with 380 Spanish soldiers and 60 Spanish knights from Aragon on board, who were on their way from Spain to Naples. In 1505, they raided the coasts of Calabria. These accomplishments increased their fame and they were joined by a number of other well-known Muslim corsairs, including Kurtoğlu (known in the West as Curtogoli) a Turkish corsair from Kayseri. In 1508, they raided the coasts of Liguria, particularly Diano Marina.[citation needed]

In 1509, Ishak also left Mytilene and joined his brothers at La Goulette. The fame of Aruj increased when, between 1504 and 1510, he transported Muslims from Spain to North Africa. His helping the Muslims of Spain in need and transporting them to safer lands earned him the honorific name Baba Aruj (Father Aruj), which eventually—due to the similarity in sound—evolved in Spain, Italy and France into Barbarossa (Redbeard in Italian).[citation needed]

In 1510, the three brothers raided Cape Passero in Sicily and repulsed a Spanish attack on Bougie, Oran and Algiers. In August 1511, they raided the areas around Reggio Calabria in southern Italy. In August 1512, the exiled ruler of Bougie invited the brothers to drive out the Spaniards, and during the battle Aruj lost his left arm.[17] This incident earned him the nickname Gümüş Kol (Silver Arm in Turkish), in reference to the silver prosthetic device which he used in place of his missing limb. Later that year the three brothers raided the coasts of Andalusia in Spain, capturing a galliot of the Lomellini family of Genoa who owned the Tabarca island in that area. They subsequently landed on Menorca and captured a coastal castle,[18] and then headed towards Liguria and captured four Genoese galleys near Genoa. The Genoese sent a fleet to liberate their ships, but the brothers captured their flagship as well. After capturing a total of 23 ships in less than a month, the brothers sailed back to La Goulette.

There they built three more galliots and a gunpowder production facility. In 1513, they captured four English ships on their way to France, raided Valencia where they captured four more ships, and then headed for Alicante and captured a Spanish galley near Málaga. Between 1513 and 1514, the three brothers engaged Spanish squadrons on several other occasions and moved to their new base in Cherchell, west of Algiers. In 1514, with 12 galliots and 1,000 Turks, they destroyed two Spanish fortresses at Bougie, and when a Spanish fleet under the command of Miguel de Gurrea, viceroy of Majorca, arrived for assistance, they headed towards Ceuta and raided that city before capturing Jijel in Algeria, which was under Genoese control. They later captured Mahdiya in Tunisia. Afterwards they raided the coasts of Sicily, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands and the Spanish mainland, capturing three large ships there. In 1515, they captured several galleons, a galley and three barques at Majorca. Still in 1515, Aruj sent precious gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I who, in return, sent him two galleys and two swords embellished with diamonds. In 1516, joined by Kurtoğlu, the brothers besieged the Castle of Elba, before heading once more towards Liguria where they captured 12 ships and damaged 28 others.

## Ruler of Algiers

[edit]

In 1516 the three brothers succeeded in liberating Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards, but eventually assumed control over the cities and surrounding region, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hammu Musa III of the Zayyanid dynasty, to flee.[19] The local Spaniards in Algiers sought refuge in the Peñón of Algiers and asked Emperor Charles V, King of Spain, to intervene, but the Spanish fleet failed to force the brothers out of Algiers.

After consolidating his power and declaring himself the new Sultan of Algiers, Aruj sought to enhance his territory inlands and took Miliana, Medea and Ténès. He became known for attaching sails to cannons for transport through the deserts of North Africa. In 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti and later the town of Isola di Capo Rizzuto in Calabria.

Aruj Barbarossa made conquests in the eastern lands of Morocco, in 1518 he conquered and garrisoned Oujda and Tibda, he submitted the Beni Amer and Beni Snassen and imposed a tribute on them.[20][21] He entered negotiations and concluded an alliance with the sultan of Morocco who was extremely frightened by the progress of the Turks.[21]

## Final engagements and death of Aruj and Ishak

[edit]

The Spaniards ordered Abu Zayan, whom they had appointed as the new ruler of Tlemcen and Oran, to attack Aruj by land, but Aruj learned of the plan and pre-emptively struck against Tlemcen, capturing the city and executing Abu Zayan during the Fall of Tlemcen in 1518. The only survivor of Abu Zayan's dynasty was Sheikh Buhammud, who escaped to Oran and called for Spain's assistance.

In May 1518, Emperor Charles V arrived at Oran and was received there by Sheikh Buhammud and the Spanish governor of the city, Diego de Córdoba, Marquess of Comares, who commanded a force of 10,000 Spanish soldiers. Joined by thousands of Bedouins, the Spaniards marched overland on Tlemcen where Aruj and Ishak awaited them with 1,500 levents soldiers and 5,000 Moorish soldiers. Aruj Barbarossa, who obtained Tlemcen in the east of Algeria, under the domination of Spain, defended the places he had won against the Tlemcen emir, who received help from the Spaniards. He defended his lands for six months. Betrayed by the natives, he tried to break through the enemy siege to return to Algiers.

He broke through the enemy and crossed the river with some of his levents. However, about twenty levents (sailors) remained on the enemy's side. Aruj Barbarossa, knowing that he had no hope of salvation, plunged into his enemies again in order not to leave his levents alone. While trying to cross the river, most of his levents died. One-armed Aruj Barbarossa died as a result of the spear wound he received after seeing the last levent next to him die.

The Spaniards, who wanted to prove the death of Aruj Barbarossa to the King of Spain, cut off the head of the corpse and put it in a bag full of honey and took it to Spain. The reason they did this was because the Spaniards, who had clashed with Aruj Barbarossa many times, reported to the Spanish King that they had killed him, but none of this turned out to be true.[15][16]

The last remaining brother, Hızır (Hayreddin Barbarossa), inherited his brother's place, his name (Barbarossa) and his mission and became the most powerful and famous Ottoman admiral by securing the Ottoman dominance over the Mediterranean Sea during the 16th century.

## Legacy

[edit]

Aruj Barbarossa statue in Aïn Témouchent, Algeria

Aruj established the Ottoman presence in North Africa which lasted four centuries, de facto until the loss of Algeria to France in 1830, of Tunisia to France in 1881, of Libya to Italy in 1912.

Three submarines (TCG Oruç Reis, TCG Oruçreis (S-337) and TCG Oruçreis (RAD-14)) of the Turkish Navy have been named after Aruj.

In 2018, a statue of Aruj Barbarossa was inaugurated in Aïn Témouchent, Algeria.[22]

## See also

[edit]

* Ottoman Navy
* Oruç Reis-class submarine
* TCG Oruçreis (F-245)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Cervantes y su mundo, Eva Reichenberger, page 134, 2005
2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, page 147, 1963
3. ^ Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world, H. T. Norris, page 201, 1993
4. ^ Piri Reis & Turkish mapmaking after Columbus: the Khalili Portolan atlas, Svatopluk Soucek, Muʾassasat Nūr al-Ḥusayn, page 11, 1996
5. ^ Kiel, Machiel (2007). The Smaller Aegean Islands in the 16th–18th Centuries according to Ottoman Administrative Documents. ASCSA. pp. 35–36\. ISBN 978-0-87661-540-9. "Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (son of a Turkish sipahi [fief-holder in the cavalry service]) from Yenice-i Vardar in Macedonia and a Greek woman from Lesvos/Mytilini..." `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
6. ^ Jamieson, Alan G. (2013). Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs. Canada: Reaktion Books. p. 59\. ISBN 978-1861899460. "Desperate to find some explanation for the sudden resurgence of Muslim sea power in the Mediterranean after centuries of Christian dominance, Christian commentators in the sixth century (and later) pointed to the supposed Christian roots of the greatest Barbary corsair commanders. It was a strange kind of comfort. The Barbarossas certainly had a Greek Christian mother, but it now seems certain their father was a Muslim Turk."
7. ^ * İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, pp. 172 ff. Türkiye Yayınevi (Istanbul), 1971.
* "Barbarossa", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1963, p. 147. "Khiḍr was one of four sons of a Turk from the island of Lesbos."
* Angus Konstam, Piracy: The Complete History, Osprey Publishing, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0, p. 80.
8. ^ a b Bozbora, Nuray (1997), Osmanlı yönetiminde Arnavutluk ve Arnavut ulusçuluğu'nun gelişimi, p. 16
9. ^ Holm, Bent; Rasmussen, Mikael Bøgh (2021). Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 16\. ISBN 978-3-99012-125-2. "Hisir was the later Ottoman Chief Admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. His profile almost exactly matches that of the numerous anonymous Christian and convert sailors just mentioned. His mother was Greek, and his father was a convert from the Albanian lands who had fought in the Sultan's armies."
10. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 1, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1972, p. 147.
11. ^ Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would rise to become the ruler of Algiers, and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was of Greek origin and got his start raiding the southern and western shores of Anatolia on behalf of Korkud, son of Bayezid..., Virginia H. Aksan & Daniel Goffman, The early modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2007; ISBN 978-0-521-81764-6, p. 106.
12. ^ Their father was former Muslim soldier, probably from a recent converted family of the European Provinces. Their mother is said to have been the widow of a Greek priest., Frank Ronald Charles Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World, Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 114.
13. ^ ...to the service in the Ottoman fleets of skilled Greek mariners or the celebrated coalition with the deys of the Barbary Coast, the most celebrated of whom was Hayreddin Barbarossa Pasha., Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early modern Europe, Cambridge University Press; ISBN 978-0-521-45908-2, p. 145.
14. ^ Die Seeaktivitäten der muslimischen Beutefahrer als Bestandteil der staatlichen Flotte während der osmanischen Expansion im Mittelmeer im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, p.548, Andreas Rieger, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1994
15. ^ a b c d Bostan, İdrıs (2007). Oruç Reis - An article published in 33rd Volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol. 33\. Istanbul: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 426–428\. ISBN 979-97-53-89455-4. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
16. ^ a b Gazavat-ı Hayrettin Paşa (PDF) (in Turkish), Tercüman Kitapçılık, 1973, pp. 39–52
17. ^ Konstam, Angus (25 August 2016). The Barbary Pirates 15th-17th Centuries. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781472815446.
18. ^ "Mallorca Days Out | Famous People, Structures, Events and Organisations | Watchtowers & Pirates". www.mallorcadaysout.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
19. ^ Roberts, Hugh (30 August 2014). Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781845112516.
20. ^ de Grammont, Henri-Delmas. "Chapitre Deuxième-Les Barberousse et la fondation de l’Odjeac." Histoire du Maghreb (2002): 41-46.
21. ^ a b Öztuna, Yılmaz. Yavuz Sultan Selim. Vol. 12. Ötüken Neşriyat AŞ, 2006.
22. ^ "Ottoman sailor's monument inaugurated in Algeria". aa.com. 21 November 2018.

## Sources

[edit]

* Seyyid Muradi, Gazavat-ı Hayrettin Paşa, Turkey, 1973
* E. Hamilton Currey, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910
* Bono, Salvatore: Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in the Mediterranean), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.
* Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Condottieri di ventura. Online database in Italian, based on Salvatore Bono's book.
* Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: The life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.
* Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0
* The Ottomans: Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in English.
* Comprehensive and detailed online chronology of Ottoman history in Turkish. Archived 5 December 2012 at archive.today
* Turkish Navy official website: Historic heritage of the Turkish Navy (in Turkish)
* [1]

## External links

[edit]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Barbarossa".

* An article on the Barbarossa brothers
* Another article on the Barbarossa brothers
* Encyclopedia of the Orient Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* Biography of Aruj

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* Aruj Barbarossa
* Hayreddin Barbarossa
* Hasan Agha
* Hadji Pasha
* Hasan Pasha
* Khalifa Saffah
* Salah Rais
* Hasan Corso
* Muhammad Kurdogli
* Mehmed Tekkelerli
* Yusuf I Pasha
* Yahyia Pasha
* Hasan Khüsro Aga
* Ahmed Bostandji
* Ahmad Pasha Qabia
* Muhamad Pasha
* Uluç Ali Reis
* Mehmet Pasha
* Arab Ahmed Pasha
* Ramdan Pasha
* Hassan Veneziano
* Djafar Pasha
* Mami Muhammad Pasha
* Dali Ahmed Pasha
* Hızır Pasha
* Hadji Shaban Pasha
* Mustapha Pasha
* Daly Hassan Pasha
* Soliman Pasha
* Muhammad II the eunuch
* Mustapha II Pasha
* Rizvan Pasha
* Köse Mustafa Pacha
* Hasan IV
* Mustapha IV Pasha
* Soliman Katanya
* Kassan Kaid Koça
* Hizir Pasha
* Mustafa III Pasha
* Khüsrev Pacha
* Murat Pasha
* Hassan Khodja
* Yusuf II Pasha
* Ali Bitchin
* Mahmud Bursali Pacha
* Ahmed I Pasha
* Yusuf III Pasha
* Murad Pasha
* Buzenak-Muhammad
* Ahmed II Pasha
* Ibrahim Pasha
* Ismail Pasha
* Khalil Aga
* Ramadan Aga
* Shaban Aga
* Ali Aga
* Hadj Mohamed Dey
* Baba Hassan
* Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
* Ahmed Sharban
* Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji
* Hassan Chaouch
* Hadji Mustapha
* Hussein Kodja
* Mohamed Bektach
* Deli Ibrahim

|

Deys (1710–1830)|

* Ali I
* Muhammad III
* Abdy Pasha
* Mohammed Arslan
* Ibrahim III
* Ibrahim IV
* Muhammad IV
* Ali II
* Muhammad V
* Sidi Hassan
* Mustapha II
* Ahmed II
* Ali III
* Ali IV
* Mohammed Khaznadji
* Omar Agha
* Ali V
* Muhammad VI ben Ali
* Hussein Dey

Politics|

| Treaties|

* Treaty between Algiers and Sweden (1729)
* Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States and the Regency of Algiers
* Treaty with Algiers (1815)

|

Architecture|

* Hassan Pasha Mosque
* Imam al-Houari Mosque
* Ali Bitchin Mosque
* Djamaa el Djedid
* Safir Mosque
* Salah Bey Mosque
* El Barani Mosque

Narratives|

* The Algerine Captive
* Travels, or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant
* A faithful account of the religion and manners of the Mahometans
* The Captives: eleven years a prisoner in Algiers
* Slaves in Algiers, or A Struggle for Freedom
* The Pirate City: An Algerine Tale
* The Lustful Turk, or Lascivious Scenes from a Harem
* Relation de la captivité du sieur Emanuel d'Aranda, où sont descriptes les misères,
les ruses et les finesses des esclaves et des corsaires d'Alger
* Hark Olufs' autobiography
* The Algerine Spy in Pennsylvania

Cinema|

* The Last Queen
* The Captive

Media

* v
* t
* e

Barbary Corsairs

Territories

* Regency of Algiers
* Annaba
* Barbary coast
* Bizerte
* Cherchell
* Mahdiya
* Oran
* Rabat
* Republic of Salé
* Tetouan
* Regency of Tripoli
* Regency of Tunis

Commanders

| 16th century|

* Aruj
* Hayreddin Barbarossa
* Sayyida al Hurra
* Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis
* Occhiali
* Salah Rais
* Murat Reis the Elder
* Kemal Reis
* Aydın Reis
* Muhammad I Pasha
* Hasan Corso
* Muhammad Kurdogli
* Hasan Agha
* Hasan Pasha
* Arnaut Mami
* Hassan Veneziano
* Sinan Reis
* Dragut

|

17th century|

* Jan Janszoon
* Salé Rovers
* Anglo-Turkish piracy
* Sulayman Reis
* Ahmed el Inglizi
* Omar Agha
* Ali Bitchin
* Simon Reis
* Yusuf Reis

18th century|

* Ahmed Karamanli
* Yusuf Karamanli

19th century|

* Ali Khodja
* Hussein Dey
* Omar Agha
* Mohamed Kharnadji
* Haji Ali
* Baba Mohammed ben-Osman

Diplomacy

* Franco-Ottoman alliance
* Anglo-Moroccan alliance
* Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship
* Relations with Spain
* US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)
* US Treaty with Tunis (1797)
* US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)
* US Treaty with Algiers (1815)
* US Treaty with Tunis (1824)
* US Treaty with Morocco (1836)

Conflicts

| 16th century|

* Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)
* Action off Elba (1504)
* Capture of Algiers (1516)
* Fall of Tlemcen (1518)
* Battle of Piombino Channel (1518)
* Battle of Pianosa (1519)
* Siege of Rhodes (1522)
* Battle of Formentera (1529)
* Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)
* Conquest of Tunis (1534)
* Conquest of Tunis (1535)
* Sack of Mahón (1535)
* Siege of Corfu (1537)
* Battle of Preveza (1538)
* Siege of Castelnuovo (1539)
* Battle of Alboran (1540)
* Siege of Nice (1543)
* Ottoman wintering in Toulon (1543-1544)
* Capture of Mahdiye (1550)
* Invasion of Gozo (1551)
* Siege of Tripoli (1551)
* Battle of Ponza (1552)
* Invasion of Corsica (1553)
* Capture of Bougie (1555)
* Siege of Oran (1556)
* Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)
* Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558)
* Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)
* Battle of Djerba (1560)
* Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir (1563)
* Blockade of the Tetuan river (1565)
* Great Siege of Malta (1565)
* Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71)
* Battle of Lepanto (1571)
* Spanish conquest of Tunis (1573)
* Ottoman conquest of Tunis (1574)
* Sack of Sori (1584)

|

17th century|

* Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609)
* Franco-Algerian War (1609–28)
* Franco-Spanish Raid on La Goulette (1609)
* Spanish raid on Kerkennah Islands (1611)
* Spanish raid on La Goulette (1612)
* Raid on Żejtun (1614)
* Spanish raid on La Goulette (1615)
* Spanish raid on La Goulette (1617)
* Dutch–Barbary War (1618–22)
* Anglo-Algerian War (1620–1621)
* Battle of Chios (1621)
* Battle of Palermo (1624)
* Battle of the Gulf of Tunis (1624)
* Battle of the Dalmatian Coast (1624)
* Battle of San Pietro (1624)
* Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)
* Turkish Abductions (1627)
* Sack of Baltimore (1631)
* Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto (1637)
* Cretan War (1645–69)
* Action of March 1665
* Anglo-Algerian War (1677–82)
* French-Tripolitania War (1681–85)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1682)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1683)
* Morean War (1684–99)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1688)
* Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)
* Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)

18th century|

* Dutch–Algerian War (1715–26)
* Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)
* Action of 28 November 1751
* Action of 16 April 1755
* Battle of Cape Palos (1758)
* Danish–Algerian War (1769–72)
* Siege of Melilla (1774–75)
* Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–77)
* Invasion of Algiers (1775)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1783)
* Bombardments of Tunisia (1784–92)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1784)
* Moroccan seizure of the Betsey (1784)
* American-Algerian War (1785–95)
* Portuguese Algerian War (1790–1813)
* Siege of Oran (1790–1792)
* Bombardment of Tangier (1791)
* 1st Swedish-Algerian War (1791–92)
* 2nd Swedish-Algerian War (1796-1802)
* Action of 16 May 1797
* Action of 15 August 1799

19th century|

* First Barbary War (1801–05)
* Action of 27 May 1802
* Second Barbary War (1815)
* Bombardment of Algiers (1816)
* Battle of Tripoli (1825)
* Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)
* Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829–30)
* Invasion of Algiers (1830)

Slavery

* Barbary slave trade
* Slavery on the Barbary Coast
* Bagnio
* Lazarists
* Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi
* Redemptorists
* Trinitarians

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Vatican

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi

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