Assam separatist movements

Separatist movements in Assam, India

Assam separatist conflict

Part of the Insurgency in Northeast India

State of Assam
| Date| 27 November 1990 – present[3] (34 years, 6 months, 1 week and 3 days)

|

Location|

Assam, India

Status|  Ongoing, most rebel groups disbanded or signed peace agreement
Belligerents
India
Border conflicts:
Bangladesh
Bhutan|  ULFA
(1979–present)
KLO
(1995–present)
KLNLF
(1990–2018)
NDFB
(1990–2020)
DHD
(1990–2013)
UPDS
(1990–2014)|  ACF
(1996–2012)
Minor factions:Adivasi Cobra Militants of Assam (ACMA)[1]
Adivasi National Liberation Army (ANLA)[2]|  MULTA
(1996–2016)
Commanders and leaders

* Droupadi Murmu
(President)
* Jagdeep Dhankhar
(Vice President)
* Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister)
* Amit Shah
(Minister of Home Affairs)
* Subrahmanyam Jaishankar
(Ministry of External Affairs)
* Anish Dayal Singh
(Director General)
* Anil Chauhan
(Chief of Defence Staff)
* Manoj Pande
(Chief of the Army Staff)
* M. V. Suchindra Kumar
(Vice Chief of the Army Staff)
* R. Hari Kumar
(Chief of the Naval Staff)
* Dinesh K Tripathi
(Vice Chief of the Naval Staff)
* Vivek Ram Chaudhari
(Chief of the Air Staff)
* Amar Preet Singh
(Vice Chief of the Air Staff)
* Nitin Agarwal
(Director general of police)
* Rajnath Singh
(Minister of Defence)
* Giridhar Aramane
(Defence Secretary)

* * *

* Shahabuddin Chuppu
(President)
* Sheikh Hasina
(Prime Minister)
* Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (King)
* Tshering Tobgay (Prime Minister)

Former

* Ramaswamy Venkataraman
* Shankar Dayal Sharma
* Kocheril Raman Narayanan
* Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
* Pratibha Patil
* Pranab Mukherjee †
* Ram Nath Kovind
* Krishan Kant
* Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
* Mohammad Hamid Ansari
* Venkaiah Naidu
* Chandra Shekhar
* Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Haradanahalli Doddegowda Deve Gowda
* Inder Kumar Gujral
* Manmohan Singh
* Shankarrao Chavan
* Murli Manohar Joshi
* Indrajit Gupta
* L. K. Advani
* Shivraj Patil
* P. Chidambaram
* Sushilkumar Shinde
* M. C. Chagla
* Dinesh Singh
* Swaran Singh
* Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
* Bali Ram Bhagat
* P. Shiv Shankar
* N. D. Tiwari
* Vidya Charan Shukla
* Madhav Singh Solanki
* Dinesh Singh
* Sikander Bakht
* Jaswant Singh
* Yashwant Sinha
* Natwar Singh
* S. M. Krishna
* Salman Khurshid
* Sushma Swaraj

* * *

* Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
* S Subramanian
* D P N Singh
* S V M Tripathi
* M B Kaushal
* M N Sabharwal
* Trinath Mishra
* S C Chaube
* Jyoti Kumar Sinha
* S I S Ahmed
* V K Joshi
* A S Gill
* Vikram Srivastava
* K. Vijay Kumar
* Pranay Sahay
* Dilip Trivedi
* Prakash Mishra
* K. Durga Prasad
* R. R. Bhatnagar
* Anand Prakash Maheshwari
* Kuldiep Singh

* * *

* Bipin Rawat †

* * *

* Sunith Francis Rodrigues
* Bipin Chandra Joshi
* Shankar Roychowdhury
* Ved Prakash Malik
* Sundararajan Padmanabhan
* Nirmal Chander Vij
* J. J. Singh
* Deepak Kapoor
* V. K. Singh
* Bikram Singh
* Dalbir Singh Suhag
* Bipin Rawat †
* Manoj Mukund Naravane

* * *

* V. K. Sood
* Vijai Singh
* Surinder Nath
* M. L. Dar
* Ved Prakash Malik
* Chandra Shekhar
* Vijay Oberoi
* Nirmal Chander Vij
* Shantonu Choudhry
* Bhupinder Singh Thakur
* S. Pattabhiraman
* Deepak Kapoor
* Milan Lalitkumar Naidu
* Noble Thamburaj
* Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj
* Arvinder Singh Lamba
* S. K. Singh
* Dalbir Singh Suhag
* Philip Campose
* Man Mohan Singh Rai
* Bipin Rawat
* Sarath Chand
* Devraj Anbu
* Manoj Mukund Naravane
* Satinder Kumar Saini
* Chandi Prasad Mohanty
* Manoj Pande
* B. S. Raju

* * *

* Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni
* Laxminarayan Ramdas
* Vijai Singh Shekhawat
* Vishnu Bhagwat
* Sushil Kumar
* Madhvendra Singh
* Arun Prakash
* Sureesh Mehta
* Nirmal Kumar Verma
* Devendra Kumar Joshi
* Robin K. Dhowan
* Sunil Lanba
* Karambir Singh
* H. Johnson
* Suren P. Govil
* Vijai Singh Shekhawat
* S. K. Chand
* Kailash K. Kohli
* Sushil Kumar
* P. J. Jacob
* Madhvendra Singh
* John Colin De Silva
* Arun Prakash
* Yashwant Prasad
* Venkat Bharathan
* Nirmal Kumar Verma
* R. P. Suthan
* D. K. Dewan
* Robin K. Dhowan
* Sunil Lanba
* Parasurama Naidu Murugesan
* Karambir Singh
* Ajit Kumar P
* G. Ashok Kumar
* Satishkumar Namdeo Ghormade
* Sanjay Jasjit Singh

* * *

* Surinder Mehra
* Nirmal Chandra Suri
* S. K. Kaul
* Satish Sareen
* Anil Yashwant Tipnis
* Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy
* Shashindra Pal Tyagi
* Fali Homi Major
* Pradeep Vasant Naik
* Norman Anil Kumar Browne
* Arup Raha
* Birender Singh Dhanoa
* R. K. S. Bhadauria

* * *

* Nirmal Chandra Suri
* Palamadai Muthuswamy Ramachandran
* Pondicherry Jayarao Jayakumar
* Pratap Rao
* Satish Sareen
* Satish Sareen
* Trevor Raymond Joseph Osman
* Anil Yashwant Tipnis
* Prithvi Singh Brar
* Vinod Patney
* Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy
* Satish Govind Inamdar
* Michael McMahon
* Sunil Kumar Malik
* Ajit Bhavnani
* B. N. Gokhale
* Pradeep Vasant Naik
* Pranab Kumar Barbora
* Norman Anil Kumar Browne
* Krishan Kumar Nohwar
* Dinesh Chandra Kumaria
* Arup Raha
* Ravi Kant Sharma
* Birender Singh Dhanoa
* Shirish Baban Deo
* Anil Khosla
* R. K. S. Bhadauria
* Harjit Singh Arora
* Vivek Ram Chaudhari
* Sandeep Singh

* * *

* T. Ananthachary
* Prakash Singh
* D.K. Arya
* Arun Bhagat
* A.K. Tandon
* E. N. Rammohan
* Gurbachan Singh Jagat
* Ajay Raj Sharma
* Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary
* A.K. Mitra
* M.L. Kumawat
* Raman Srivastava
* U.K. Bansal
* Subhash Joshi
* D.K. Pathak
* K.K. Sharma
* Rajni Kant Mishra
* V.K. Johri
* Surjeet Singh Deswal
* Rakesh Asthana
* Pankaj Kumar Singh
* Sujoy Lal Thaosen

* * *

* Swaran Singh
* Jagjivan Ram
* Bansi Lal
* Chidambaram Subramaniam
* Shankarrao Chavan
* K. C. Pant
* Sharad Pawar
* Pramod Mahajan
* Mulayam Singh Yadav
* George Fernandes
* Jaswant Singh
* A. K. Antony
* Arun Jaitley
* Manohar Parrikar
* Nirmala Sitharaman
* Narinder Nath Vohra
* K. A. Nambiar
* T. K. Banerjee
* Ajit Kumar
* T. R. Prasad
* Yogendra Narain
* Subir Dutta
* Ajay Prasad
* Ajai Vikram Singh
* Shekhar Dutt
* Vijay Singh
* Pradeep Kumar
* Shashi Kant Sharma
* R. K. Mathur
* G. Mohan Kumar
* Sanjay Mitra
* Ajay Kumar

* * *

* Hussain Muhammad Ershad
* Shahabuddin Ahmed
* Abdur Rahman Biswas
* Badruddoza Chowdhury
* Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar
* Iajuddin Ahmed
* Zillur Rahman
* Muhammed Abdul Hamid
* Kazi Zafar Ahmed
* Muhammad Habibur Rahman
* Khaleda Zia
* Latifur Rahman
* Fazlul Haque
* Fakhruddin Ahmed

* * *

* Jigme Singye Wangchuck
* Jigme Palden Dorji
* Lhendup Dorji
* Jigme Thinley
* Sangay Ngedup
* Yeshey Zimba
* Khandu Wangchuk
* Kinzang Dorji
* Sonam Tobgye
* Tshering Wangchuk
* Lotay Tshering
* Chogyal Dago Rigdzin

|  Paresh Baruah
Arabinda Rajkhowa (POW)
Pradip Gogoi (POW)
Anup Chetia (POW)
Raju Baruah (POW)
Chitrabon Hazarika (POW)
Ashanta Bagh Phukan (MIA)
Ramu Mech (POW)
Sashadhar Choudhury (POW)
Bhimkanta Buragohain (POW)
Mithinga Daimary (POW)
Pranati Deka (POW)
Drishti Rajkhowa (POW)
Sabin Boro, (POW)
Men Sing Takbi (POW)
Pradip Terang (POW)|  Unknown |  Unknown
Strength
1,325,000|  700 (2005)[4]
3,500 (2005)[5]
225 (2008)[6]|  100|  Unknown
Casualties and losses
From 1992 to 2014:
1679|  From 1992 to 2019:
3169
Civilian casualties: 4305[7]

Assam separatist movements refers to a series of multiple insurgent and separatist movements that had been operated in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.[8] The conflict started in the 1970s[8] following tension between the native indigenous Assamese people and the Indian government over alleged neglect, political, social, cultural, economic issues and increased levels of illegal immigration from Bangladesh.[9][10] The conflict has resulted in the deaths of 12,000 United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) militants and 18,000 others.[11][12]

Several organisations contribute to the insurgency including the ULFA, the Adivasi National Liberation Army, Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) with ULFA perhaps the largest of these groups,[12] and one of the oldest, having been founded in 1979.[13] The ULFA has attacked Hindi-speaking migrant workers[14] and a movement exists favouring secession from the Republic of India.[15] The alleged neglect and economic, social, cultural and political exploitation by the Indian state are the main reasons behind the growth of this secessionist movement.

The ULFA seeks to establish a sovereign Assam via armed struggle. MULTA (Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam), on the other hand, seeks to establish an Islamic state in India via the jihadist struggle of Muslims of both indigenous and migrant origin. The Government of India banned the ULFA in 1990 and classifies it as a terrorist group, while the US State Department lists it under "other groups of concern".

Founded at Rang Ghar, a historic structure dating to the Ahom kingdom on April 7, 1979, the ULFA has been the subject of military operations by the Indian Army since 1990, which have continued into the present.[16] In the past two decades some 30,000 people have died[17] in the clash between the rebels and the government. Though separatist sentiment is considered strong, it is disputed if the secessionist movement continues to enjoy popular support. Conversely, assertions of Assamese nationalism are found in Assamese literature and culture. The neglect and exploitation by the Indian state are common refrains in the Assamese-language media[18] with some reports casting the ULFA leaders as saviors.[19]

Internationally acclaimed Assamese novelist Indira Goswami has tried to broker peace[20][21][22] for several years between the rebels and the government.[23] In a recent development Hiren Gohain,[24][25] a public intellectual, has stepped in to expedite the process.

## Notable incidents

[edit]

In June 7 in 2007, Dilip Agarwal, an Indian businessman (grocer) and his son, Rajat Agarwal were kidnapped by four suspected Adivasi National Liberation Army (ANLA).[26] In December of the same year, an improvised explosive device planted in a train compartment on its way from Dibrugarh to Delhi, India, blast killing 5 civilians and wounded five more. The ANLA claimed the attack to the media asking for more rights and recognition for the community in the state.[27][28][29]

On December 23, 2008, armed militants of the ANLA shot dead the Deputy Manager Gautom Kotoky a senior tea executive in Carramore tea estate (owned by McLeod & Russell Group) along the India-Bhutan border under Harisinga Police Station in Odalguri, Assam.[30][31] In the next day, a bomb blasts on railway tracks between Khatkhati and Bokajan. The attack left only material damage, and were attributed to the ANLA.[32][33]

In July 10 of 2011, an explosion was registered in the Guwahati-Puri Express train. Four of the train's coaches were derailed and over 100 people were wounded, and the attack caused an unknown amount of property damage to the tracks and train. Authorities said the bomb was placed on the track with wires and other trigger materials, which were found after the bombing. The Adivasi People's Army (APA)[34] claimed responsibility for the attack through an email, and the police suspected that National Democratic Front of Bodoland for the bombing.[35] Suspected APA militants attacked and wound Zakir Hussain, leader in the Assam Minorities Students' Union (AMSU); he held the position of Kamandanga unit assistant secretary. The attack took place in Kokrajhar district, Assam.[36][37] The APA carried out other similar attacks in train tracks.[38]

In December 21, the businessman Ratan Saha was kidnapped by members of the Adivasi Cobra Militants of Assam (ACMA) in Kokrajhar, Assam. In response, locals violently protested the kidnapping and demanded that Saha be released in one day. There were no reports of the outcome of the kidnapping.[39][40]

During 2012, all Adivasi militants including those of Adivasi Cobra Force surrendered. In December of the same year, armed militants of the ANLA kidnapped Gobin Goswami, the headmaster of Kuwoni Lower Primary School in Golaghat, the motive of the abduction and the outcome of the kidnapping is unknown.[41][42]

Suspect members of the ANLA abducted a grocery store owner and his employee in Majuli area, Sonitpur. The attackers claimed the kidnapping because they had failed to make ransom payments.[43][44][45]

On 15 May 2019, twelve people were injured after a grenade exploded in front of a shopping mall in Guwahati. Days later the United Liberation Front of Assam claimed responsibility for the attack, and the authorities arrested the main suspects.[46][47][48]

In 2020 and 2021, all Bodo, Karbi, Kuki and Dimasa militants surrendered to the government of India.[citation needed]

In 2022, Gorkha and Tiwa Militants also surrendered.[citation needed]

## Swadhin Axom

[edit]

Swadhin Axom (Independent Assam) is a proposed independent state in Northeast India, primarily inhabited by the Assamese people.[49] The concept of Swadhin Axom stems from the historical and cultural distinctiveness of Assam and the desire of its people for self-determination and sovereignty.[50] The region is currently a part of the Indian state of Assam.[51]

### History

[edit]

The history of Assam is characterized by a rich cultural heritage and a long-standing struggle for autonomy.[52] The Ahom Kingdom, which ruled Assam for several centuries, is renowned for its administrative prowess and cultural contributions. Many assamese feel that assam became Indian, only because of the British.[53] However, with the advent of British colonial rule in the 19th century, Assam's political landscape underwent significant changes.[54]

The Assam Movement, which began in the late 1970s and culminated in the signing of the Assam Accord in 1985, was a pivotal moment in the region's quest for self-determination.[55] Led by organizations like the All Assam Students' Union (AASU)[56] and the All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP), the movement demanded the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants, primarily from Bangladesh, and sought to safeguard the socio-cultural identity of the Assamese people.[57][58][59]

### Leaders of the Swadhin Axom movement

[edit]

Throughout its history, the Swadhin Axom movement has been shaped by visionary leaders who have tirelessly advocated for the rights and aspirations of the Assamese people.[60][61] Figures like Bishnu Prasad Rabha,[62] a multifaceted artist and social reformer, Tarun Ram Phukan, a prominent political leader, and Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, a key figure in the Assam Movement[63] and a former Chief Minister of Assam, have played crucial roles in advancing the cause of Swadhin Axom.[64][65][66]

### Assam's engagement with India

[edit]

Assam's relationship with India has been characterized by periods of cooperation and conflict.[67] The region's strategic importance, owing to its abundant natural resources and geographical location, has made it a focal point of Indian government policies.[68] However, issues such as resource exploitation, cultural preservation, and political representation have often led to tensions between Assam and the Indian government.[69][70][71]

### Exploitation of resources

[edit]

Assam, known for its rich natural resources, has often faced challenges related to their exploitation and management by the Indian government.[72] The state is endowed with abundant mineral resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, and limestone, making it a significant contributor to India's economy.[73][74] However, the extraction and utilization of these resources have been a point of contention due to issues of ownership, environmental degradation, and equitable distribution of revenues.

The discovery of oil in Assam in the late 19th century marked the beginning of industrialization in the region. The Assam Oil Company, later known as Oil India Limited, was established in 1889, and the Digboi oilfield became one of the oldest operational oilfields in the world. The exploitation of oil resources in Assam has played a crucial role in India's energy security.[75] However, it has also led to environmental degradation, including oil spills, pollution, and land subsidence.[76]

Natural gas is another significant resource found in Assam, with major reserves located in areas like Sivasagar, Jorhat, and Dibrugarh.[77] The discovery of natural gas fields has led to the establishment of several gas-based industries in the state. However, the extraction and processing of natural gas have raised concerns about its impact on the environment and local communities.[78][79][80]

The coal mines in Assam, particularly in the Makum coalfield, have been a source of livelihood for many locals.[81] However, the mining operations have been criticized for their environmental impact, including deforestation, air and water pollution, and land degradation.[82]

The exploitation of resources in Assam has also been a source of political tension. The "Tez dim, tel nadim" (We will give you blood but no oil) slogan,[83] popularized by the All Assam Students' Union (AASU)[84] during the Assam Agitation (1979–1985), highlighted the demand for a fair share of the state's resources and revenue for its development. The slogan reflected the sentiment of many Assamese people who felt marginalized and exploited by the central government's policies.[85]

### Human rights violations

[edit]

Assam has been plagued by several instances of human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, rape, and other forms of violence, often attributed to the presence of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in the region.[86][87] The Act, in force in Assam and other parts of Northeast India, grants special powers to the armed forces in areas deemed disturbed. While intended to maintain public order, AFSPA has been criticized for enabling impunity and human rights abuses.[88]

#### Extrajudicial killings and secret killings

[edit]

One of the darkest chapters in Assam's recent history is the period of secret killings in the early 2000s. In the aftermath of the Assam Accord (1985), which aimed to resolve the issue of illegal immigration,[89] a series of extrajudicial killings occurred, particularly in the town of Kakopathar.[90] These killings, allegedly carried out by state police and security forces,[91] targeted suspected militants and their families without any judicial process. The victims included women and children, and the killings were often disguised as encounters.[92][93]

#### Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)

[edit]

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act has been a subject of controversy in Assam, with allegations of its misuse leading to widespread human rights abuses.[94] Under AFSPA, security forces have broad powers, including the authority to shoot to kill, conduct searches without warrants, and arrest individuals without formal procedures.[95] The Act has been criticized by human rights organizations for enabling impunity and creating a climate of fear and distrust among the civilian population.[96]

#### Rape and sexual violence

[edit]

Instances of rape and sexual violence,[97] often involving security forces, have been reported in Assam.[98] These cases highlight the vulnerability of women in conflict-affected areas and the challenges they face in seeking justice. One such case involved the rape of a 12-year-old girl by an army jawan[99] in Assam's Baksa district in 2015.[100][101][102] Despite the victim's family filing a complaint,[103] no action was taken against the accused, raising concerns about impunity and lack of accountability.[104][105][106]

#### Lack of accountability

[edit]

One of the major issues in addressing human rights violations in Assam has been the lack of accountability and the failure to bring perpetrators to justice.[107] Cases of extrajudicial killings, rape, and other forms of violence often go unpunished, leading to a sense of impunity among security forces and other perpetrators.[108]

### Birth of ULFA

[edit]

The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) was formed on April 7, 1979,[109] with the aim of establishing an independent sovereign Assam through armed struggle.[110] The group emerged in response to the socio-political and economic grievances of the Assamese people, particularly regarding illegal immigration from Bangladesh, perceived as a threat to the Assamese identity and culture.[111]

#### Background

[edit]

ULFA was founded by six Assamese youths, including Paresh Baruah, who became its military chief.[112] The group gained traction by tapping into the growing resentment against the perceived neglect and exploitation of Assam by the Indian government.[113] The Assam Accord of 1985, which sought to address these grievances, failed to satisfy ULFA's demand for independence, leading to further escalation of the conflict.[114]

#### Armed struggle

[edit]

ULFA began its armed struggle against the Indian state, targeting security forces, government officials, and infrastructure. The group employed guerrilla tactics and bombings to further its cause, leading to a cycle of violence and counter-violence in Assam.

#### Impact

[edit]

The emergence of ULFA had a profound impact on Assam's socio-political landscape.[115] The group's activities disrupted normal life in the state, leading to economic losses and a sense of insecurity among the populace.[116] The Indian government's response, including the imposition of AFSPA, further exacerbated tensions and human rights abuses in the region.[117]

#### International connections

[edit]

ULFA sought support from various quarters, including countries like China, which were sympathetic to its cause.[118] The group also forged links with other separatist movements in the region, aiming to garner support for its struggle for independence.[119] ULFA is also quite close with Kachin Independence Army of Myanmar,[120] maintaining close tie in the Federal Wesean Alliance.[121][122][123]

### Present day

[edit]

The demand for Swadhin Axom remains a significant issue in Assam's political discourse.[124] While some advocate for greater autonomy within the Indian federal structure, others continue to push for complete independence.[125] The region's complex demographic dynamics, marked by ethnic diversity and historical grievances, contribute to the nuanced nature of the debate surrounding Swadhin Axom.[126][127][128]

However, in recent years, there have been discussions about the formation of a federal Wesean state that would encompass Swadhin Axom as one of its constituent regions.[129] This proposal envisions a political entity that would bring together various ethnic groups in the region, including the Assamese, in a federal arrangement that respects their distinct identities and aspirations.[130]

## See also

[edit]

* Operation All Clear
* 2008 Assam bombings
* Bhimajuli Massacre
* 2009 Guwahati bombings
* 2009 Assam serial blasts
* Insurgency in North-East India
* Separatist movements of India

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Adivasi National Liberation Army". SATP. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
2. ^ "Adivasi National Liberation Army". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
3. ^ "Will Assam agreement end insurgency". Deccan heralds. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
4. ^ "Global security – United Liberation Front of Asom". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
5. ^ "Global security – The National Democratice Front of Bodoland (NDFB)". Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
6. ^ "Daily Excelsior". Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K. 28 May 2023.
7. ^ "Insurgency related killings in Assam 1992–2019". South Asian terrorism Portal.
8. ^ a b "Bloody Tea". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
9. ^ Kashyap, Aruni (19 May 2010). "India needs talks for Assam's peace". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
10. ^ "Bomb Kills 10 at India Independence Parade". The New York Times. 15 August 2004. p. 15 (section 1). Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
11. ^ "The Sentinel". sentinelassam.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
12. ^ a b Pike, John. "Assam". Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
13. ^ "United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) – Terrorist Group of Assam". Archived from the original on 17 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
14. ^ "Assam: ULFA's Rerun of Violence against Migrant Workers". Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
15. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20060824053616/http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2011. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
16. ^ "Where Have They All Gone? | Assam Portal". Assam.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
17. ^ "The Sentinel". Sentinelassam.com. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
18. ^ "The Assam conflict: a failure of the press". openDemocracy. 29 July 2010. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
19. ^ "India needs talks for Assam's peace | Aruni Kashyap | Comment is free". The Guardian. 19 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
20. ^ "National : Indira Goswami makes fresh attempt at brokering peace". The Hindu. 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
21. ^ "Prince Clasu Award Indira Goswami". Princeclausfund.org. 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
22. ^ "Conflict and Peace in India's Northeast: The Role of Civil Society" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
23. ^ "IPCS | Institute of Peace & Conflict Studies" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
24. ^ TI Trade (13 October 2010). "The Assam Tribune Online". Assamtribune.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
25. ^ "Peace interlocutor meets ULFA leaders in Guwahati jail". Sify. 21 October 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
26. ^ "Assam Times News". 8 June 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
27. ^ "5 killed in Rajdhani Express blast". Hindustan Times. 13 December 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
28. ^ "Bomb explodes under Indian train, 5 killed". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
29. ^ "Bomb explodes under Indian train, 5 killed". Reuters. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
30. ^ "Tea garden executive shot dead in Assam". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
31. ^ "GTD ID;200812230005". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
32. ^ "Bomb found in crowded market in Assam". Hindustan Times. 24 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
33. ^ "GTD ID;200812240004". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
34. ^ "Assam tribal outfit claims responsibility for blast". Times of India. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
35. ^ "Adivasi group owns up blast on rail track". The Shillong Times. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
36. ^ "Amsu leader shot in Kokrajhar". Times of India. 18 November 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
37. ^ "GTD ID;201111160055". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
38. ^ "GTD ID:201302030003". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
39. ^ "Trader abducted in Kokrajhar district". Times of India. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
40. ^ "GTD ID:201112210037". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
41. ^ "TThree armed militants of Advasi National Liberation Army kid". Times of India. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
42. ^ "Abducted teaches still traceless". Times of India. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
43. ^ "GTD ID;201410110068". Global Terrorism Database. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
44. ^ "ANLA militants abduct duo". The Telegraph India. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
45. ^ "Small time businessman and employee kidnapped in Assam". India TVNews. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
46. ^ "Assam: Eleven injured in grenade blast in Guwahati". The Indian Express. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
47. ^ "Terrorism Update Details – 12-persons-wounded-in-grenade-attack-in-assam". www.satp.org. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
48. ^ "Suspected ULFA member, main accused in Guwahati grenade attack arrested". Hidnustan Times. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
49. ^ Dhar, Ivy (2001). Identity, Group-Conflict and Subnationalism: The Assam Experience (PDF) (MPhil thesis). Jawaharlal Nehru University.
50. ^ Haloi, Nipan (July 2017). "Dream for Sovereignty in Assam: A study of ULFA" (PDF). International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies.
51. ^ Dutta, Angkita; Laisram, Dr Rena (2018). "Women Cadres in ULFA Insurgency: A Gender Perspective". `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
52. ^ Misra, Udayon (2000). Baruah, Sanjib (ed.). "Sub-National Challenges to Indian State: An Assamese Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. 35 (20): 1727–1730\. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4409292.
53. ^ Khanikar, Santana (26 April 2018). State, Violence, and Legitimacy in India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909202-4.
54. ^ "Incidents involving United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA): 2010-2012 – Terrorist Group of Assam". www.satp.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
55. ^ "1979–85 Assam agitation: A pure agenda". India Today. 26 December 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
56. ^ Basumatary, Jadav Chandra (2022). "The Assam Movement and its Political impact in Assam" (PDF). Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 2 (2).
57. ^ "Assam History | Assam State Portal". assam.gov.in. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
58. ^ "The Assam movement was a combination of cultural pride and economic backwardness. Explain". byjus.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
59. ^ "Assam Movement: Everything You Need To Know For UPSC CSE Exam!". Testbook. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
60. ^ Weiner, Myron (1983). "The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement". Population and Development Review. 9 (2): 279–292\. doi:10.2307/1973053. ISSN 0098-7921. JSTOR 1973053.
61. ^ Gogoi, Pulak; Missong, Pabitra (23 March 2024). "The violence and the left: a study in the context of the Assam Movement (1979–85)". Asian Ethnicity. 25 (4): 719–737\. doi:10.1080/14631369.2024.2331637. ISSN 1463-1369.
62. ^ "Kalaguru Bishnu Prasad Rabha | Bishnu Prasad Rabha | Rabha Sangeet | Freedom Fighters Of Assam". www.assaminfo.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
63. ^ "Assam movement example of unity efforts: Sonowal – Optimize IAS". 11 December 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
64. ^ Gohain, Hiren (1982). "Once More on the Assam Movement". Social Scientist. 10 (11): 58–62\. doi:10.2307/3516861. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3516861.
65. ^ Hussain, Monirul (1993). The Assam Movement: Class, Ideology, and Identity. Manak Publications. ISBN 978-81-85445-29-8.
66. ^ Description: The Assam movement: :: Library Catalog. Manak Publications in association with Har-Anand Publications. 1993. ISBN 978-81-85445-29-8. Retrieved 19 June 2024. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)
67. ^ Singh, M. Amarjeet; Yihingle (2023). "The Three Decades of Look East Policy and India's Northeast Region". Jadavpur Journal of International Relations. 27 (2): 212–235\. doi:10.1177/09735984231188410. ISSN 0973-5984.
68. ^ "Development in Conflict Situation: A case of Assam" (PDF).
69. ^ Kakoty, Rukmini (2 July 2024). "Politics of photographs: construction and consolidation of identities during Assam movement". Asian Ethnicity. 25 (3): 417–437\. doi:10.1080/14631369.2024.2326578. ISSN 1463-1369.
70. ^ "Understanding India's Manipur Conflict and Its Geopolitical Implications". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
71. ^ "Conflict, conservation, and cooperation across the India-Bhutan border". Brookings. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
72. ^ "STINER CSIR-NEIST". www.neist.res.in. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
73. ^ "Harnesing Minerals | Directorate of Geology & Mining | Government Of Assam, India". dgm.assam.gov.in. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
74. ^ Concept Paper on Natural Resource Accounting in India – An Initiative of GASAB (PDF) (Report). Government Accounting Standards Advisory Board Secretariat. 2020.
75. ^ "Agitation Disrupts ONGC's Oil & Gas Production in Assam | Rigzone". www.rigzone.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
76. ^ "Forty Years Ago, May 23, 1980: Assam agitation". The Indian Express. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
77. ^ "after-oil-well-fire-oils-production-hit-by-agitation". 13 June 2020.
78. ^ "The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture". thewire.in. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
79. ^ Singh, Bikash (13 June 2020). "OIL suffers 500 MT oil, 0.46 mmscmd gas loss post Assam incident". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
80. ^ "Oil India: Anti-Jatar movement gains momentum in Assam". India Today. 15 April 1987. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
81. ^ Kumar, Manish; Srivastava, Manish Kumar; Kishor, Kaushal; Singh, Alok K. (14 August 2023). "An Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Coal Mining through Acid Mine Drainage and Soil Degradation from Makum Coalfields, Upper Assam, India: A Case Study". Journal of the Geological Society of India. 99 (8): 1113–1120\. Bibcode:2023JGSI...99.1113K. doi:10.1007/s12594-023-2437-3. ISSN 0974-6889.
82. ^ "Assam, North East to face fuel supply problems if citizenship agitation continues". The Economic Times. 13 December 2019. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
83. ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (23 April 2024). "Remembering Dulal Sarma who wrote 'Tez Dim Tel Nidio' with his blood". Sentinel Assam. Retrieved 19 June 2024. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
84. ^ "Memorial etched in martyr's blood – Column in memory of student activist unveiled in Guwahati".
85. ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (19 January 2023). "Martyrs of oil blockade agitation remembered at Duliajan". Sentinel Assam. Retrieved 19 June 2024. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
86. ^ Basu, Sayak (24 May 2024). "A look at the status of AFSPA in northeast states". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
87. ^ "'Detainees Sharing Cells With Criminals': Human Rights Violations in Assam's Detention Centres". The Wire. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
88. ^ Singh, Vijaita (25 March 2023). "After 2022, AFSPA further reduced in Assam, Manipur and Nagaland due to improved security situation: Amit Shah". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
89. ^ "Unheeded Hinterland: Identity and sovereignty in Northeast India 9781138100091, 9781315657820". dokumen.pub. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
90. ^ Baishya, Amit R. (1 March 2014). "The 'secret killings' of Assam in literature". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
91. ^ superadminbb. "Secret Killings of Assam – Bhabani Books". Retrieved 19 June 2024.
92. ^ "The Killing Fields: A Photograph That Laid Bare Assam's Dark Chapter Of 'Secret Killings'". Outlook India. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
93. ^ Bano, Saira (9 April 2024). "The Fallout of India's Extrajudicial Killings". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
94. ^ ""These Fellows Must Be Eliminated": Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur: V. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
95. ^ "Briefing on The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958" (PDF).
96. ^ "Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) – UPSC Exam Preparation". BYJUS. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
97. ^ Kalra, Gurvinder; Bhugra, Dinesh (2013). "Sexual violence against women: Understanding cross-cultural intersections". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 55 (3): 244–249\. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.117139. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 3777345. PMID 24082244.
98. ^ "INDIA: Pregnant woman raped by Indian Army soldiers". Asian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
99. ^ "Jawans rape girl in Assam". The Times of India. 27 November 2003. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
100. ^ Correspondent, Special (1 March 2020). "Seven accused of raping minor in Assam are juveniles". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 June 2024. `{{cite news}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
101. ^ "RAPE: The Hated Weapon of The Indian Armed Forces | Assam Portal". www.assam.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
102. ^ Valluri, Sai Harshini (6 March 2024). "Indian Women v. Indian Armed Forces: AFSPA Tipping the Scales of Justice". Völkerrechtsblog. doi:10.17176/20240306-220132-0.
103. ^ "Indian Army Officer, Wife Arrested For Allegedly Abusing Domestic Help From Assam". guwahatiplus.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
104. ^ "Assam records highest cases of sexual violence by armed forces in 20 years: NGO". Hindustan Times. November 2020.
105. ^ "'Burns, cuts, broken teeth': Army Major, wife arrested in Assam for 'inhuman torture' of minor domestic help". The Indian Express. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
106. ^ "Protests in Guwahati against Army after 'rape' of minor". The Hindu. 12 April 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
107. ^ Davila, Vianna; Churchill, Lexi; Larson, Ren (9 August 2022). "Twice accused of sexual assault, he was let go by Army commanders. He attacked again". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
108. ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (26 September 2023). "Assam: Army Officer and Wife Arrested for Alleged Torture of Minor in Haflong". Sentinel Assam. Retrieved 19 June 2024. `{{cite web}}`: `|last=` has generic name (help)
109. ^ "7 7 The Indian State and ULFA: Winning a Battle and Losing the War?1". Oxford University Press. 14 June 2007. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195690828.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-19-569082-8.
110. ^ "The Contours of Assam Insurgency". ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
111. ^ "United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) – Terrorist Group of Assam". www.satp.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
112. ^ "A rebel group in the Indian state of Assam signs a peace accord with the government". AP News. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
113. ^ "Decode Politics: As ULFA formally disbands, tracing its nearly half-century journey, with some miles to go". The Indian Express. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
114. ^ Karmakar, Sumir. "Ulfa-I still a challenge in Assam's long quest for 'complete peace'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
115. ^ Gohain, Hiren (2007). "Chronicles of Violence and Terror: Rise of United Liberation Front of Asom". Economic and Political Weekly. 42 (12): 1012–1018\. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4419382.
116. ^ "Historic Peace Deal With ULFA: Another Feather in Modi's Cap". News18. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
117. ^ "'Won't call them militants': Sarma distributes financial aid to former ULFA cadres". 3 March 2024.
118. ^ StoriesAsia. "Why Has China Given Shelter to a Rebel Leader From India's Northeast?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
119. ^ "Kachin-Myanmar Conflict: Implications for India". www.vifindia.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
120. ^ "Indian Militant Trained by Myanmar Rebels Gives Up the Struggle in Border Region". 18 December 2020.
121. ^ "India's Kachin connection in Myanmar". orfonline.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
122. ^ "Beyond India's borders". Hindustan Times. 12 January 2007.
123. ^ Kalita, Jayanta (16 March 2021). "Kachin Independence Army That Once Trained Indian Militants Ambushes Military Bases In Myanmar". Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
124. ^ "Why women have cracked feet – Shivangi Kaushik | Otherwise Magazine". Otherwise. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
125. ^ "Protest against Citizenship Bill – a whiff of 1979 Assam movement".
126. ^ "Sedition cases against Assam litterateur, RTI activist, scribe Hiren Gohain | The Shillong Times". theshillongtimes.com. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
127. ^ "Why Assam Is up in Arms Against Controversial New Indian Citizenship Law". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
128. ^ "From Assam Accord to NRC discord: A timeline". The Economic Times. 2 August 2018. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
129. ^ "united national liberation front of wesea: Latest News & Videos, Photos about united national liberation front of wesea | The Economic Times – Page 1". The Economic Times. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
130. ^ "terrorist-group-incident-text-india-insurgencynortheast-united-liberation-front-of-asom-independent-ulfa-i_Aug-2013". www.satp.org. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

* v
* t
* e

Regionalism, separatism and stateless nationalism in Asia

List of active separatist movements in Asia

Afghanistan|

* Hazara
* Pashtun
* South Turkestani

Azerbaijan|

* Artsakh
* Kurdish
* Lezgin
* Talysh

China|

* Bashu
* Cantonese
* East Turkestan
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Manchurian
* Southern Mongolian
* Shanghainese
* Tibetan

Cyprus|

* Turkish Cypriot

Georgia|

* Abkhazian
* Adjarian
* Javakheti
* Ossetian

India|

* Assamese
* Bodo
* Kashmiri
* Khalistan
* Manipuri
* Naga
* Tamil
* Tripuri

Indonesia|

* Aceh
* West Papuan

Iran|

* Assyrian
* Baloch
* Kurdish
* South Azerbaijani

Iraq|

* Assyrian
* Kurdish
* Turkmeneli

Japan|

* Ryukyu

Kazakhstan|

* North Kazakhstan

Malaysia|

* Sarawak

Myanmar|

* Chin
* Kachin
* Karen
* Kokang
* Mon
* Palaung
* Rakhine
* Rohingya
* Shan
* Wa

Pakistan|

* Balawaristan
* Baloch
* Kashmiri
* Pashtun
* Sindh

Philippines|

* Bangsamoro

Russia|

* Balkar and Karachay
* Bashkir
* Buryat
* Chechen
* Chuvash
* Circassian
* Crimean Tatar
* Ingush
* Karelian
* Lezgin
* Manchu
* Ossetian
* Sámi
* Siberian
* Tatar

Saudi Arabia|

* Qatifi

Sri Lanka|

* Tamil

Syria|

* Assyrian
* Kurdish
* Turkmen

Thailand|

* Patani

Turkey|

* Assyrian
* Eastern Greek
* Kurdish
* Western Armenian

Uzbekistan|

* Karakalpak

Vietnam|

* Cham
* Montagnard [vi]

Yemen|

* South Yemeni

* v
* t
* e

Ethnic nationalism

Nationalisms
in|

| Africa|

| North|

* Arab
* Berber
* Coptic
* Egyptian
* Pharaonism
* Kabyle
* Sahrawi

|

East|

* Acholi
* Amhara
* Hutu
* Oromo
* Somali
* Tigrayan

Nigeria & West|

* Igbo
* Ogoni
* Ewe

Southern|

* Afrikaner

Americas|

| North|

* Chicano
* Greenlandic
* Indigenous Canadian
* Lakota
* Québécois
* Sequoyahan

|

Caribbean|

* Haitian
* Puerto Rican

South|

* Criollo
* Mapuche
* Peruvian

Asia|

| Middle East|

* Arab
* Assyrian
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Jewish
* Diaspora
* Zionism
* Jordanian
* Kurdish
* Lebanese
* Palestinian
* Syrian
* Turkish
* in Cyprus
* Zaza

|

Eastern|

* Cantonese
* Chinese
* Han
* chauvinist
* Hongkonger
* Japanese
* Korean
* Manchu
* Okinawan
* Ryukyu
* Taiwanese
* Tibetan

South|

* Assamese
* Bengali
* in Bangladesh
* Bodo
* Dravidian
* Hazara
* Meitei
* Naga
* Punjabi
* Sindhi
* Sinhalese
* Sylheti
* Tamil
* in Sri Lanka
* Tripuri

Southeast|

* Filipino
* Khmer
* Malay
* Mon
* Shan
* Thai
* Vietnamese

North
& Central|

* Baloch
* Buryat
* Mongolian
* South Mongolia
* Pan-Turkism
* Pashtun
* Siberian
* Uyghur
* Yakut

South Caucasus|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
* Georgian
* Laz

Europe|

| Southeastern|

* Albanian
* in Albania
* in Kosovo
* in North Macedonia
* Aromanian
* Bosniak
* Croatian
* Greek
* in Cyprus
* Macedonian
* Moldovan
* Montenegrin
* Romani (Gypsy)
* Romanian
* Serbian

|

Central|

* Austrian
* Bavarian
* Czech
* Frisian
* German
* in Austria
* Völkisch
* Hungarian
* Polish
* Silesian
* Slovak
* Slovenian

Eastern|

* Belarusian
* Russian
* Ukrainian
* Yiddish

North Caucasus|

* Balkar and Karachay
* Circassian
* Ingush
* Lezgin
* Ossetian

Volga Region|

* Chuvash
* Tatar

Western|

* Breton
* Dutch
* Flemish
* French
* Irish
* Occitan
* Walloon

United Kingdom|

* British
* Cornish
* English
* Scottish
* Ulster
* Welsh

Southern|

* Arpitan
* Basque
* Corsican

Italy|

* Italian
* Lombard
* Padanian
* Sardinian
* Sicilian
* Venetian

Spain|

* Spanish
* Andalusian
* Aragonese
* Asturian
* Basque
* Canarian
* Castilian
* Catalan
* Galician
* Navarrese
* Valencian

Northern|

* Danish
* Estonian
* Faroese
* Finnish
* Icelandic
* Lithuanian
* Norwegian

Oceania|

* Australian
* Hawaiian
* Indigenous Australian
* Māori

Pan-nationalism|

* African
* Arab
* Asian
* Bangladeshi
* Caucasian
* Celtic
* Chinese
* Congolese
* European
* Finnic
* Germanic
* Hispanic
* Iberian
* Indian
* Iranian
* Iraqi
* Korean
* Latin
* Libyan
* Mongolian
* Native American
* Nigerian
* Nordic
* Oceanian
* Pakistani
* Russian
* Scandinavian
* Slavic
* South Slavic
* Tunisian
* Turanian
* Turkic
* Ugandan

Movements|

| Americas
& Oceania|

* Greenland
* Hawaii
* Māori
* Mapuche
* Wallmapuwen

|

Asia|

* Assam
* Assyrian
* Champa
* East Turkestan
* Aceh
* Papua
* Guangdong
* Inner Mongolian
* Muslim (Philippines)
* Patani
* Ryukyu
* Siberian
* Taiwan
* Tibetan

Europe|

* Alsace
* Catalan
* Faroese
* Flemish
* Åland
* Galician (Spain)
* Kashubian
* Corsican
* Scottish
* Silesian
* Székely
* Vojvodina
* Walloon
* Welsh

Projects|

* Arakan
* Assyria
* Azawad
* Balawaristan
* Balochistan
* Bangsamoro
* Basque Country (greater region)
* Catalan Countries
* Chameria
* Champa
* Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
* Circassia
* Crimea
* Hatay State
* Hazarajat
* Danzig
* Donetsk
* East Turkestan
* Herzeg-Bosnia
* Hutu Power
* Ilirida
* Karakalpakstan
* Karelia
* Katarism
* Ketuanan Melayu
* Kurdistan
* Lezgistan
* Luhansk
* Manchukuo
* Marathi Abhimaangeet
* Northern Epirus
* Occitania
* Ossetia
* Pashtunistan
* Republika Srpska
* Santa Cruz
* Sápmi
* Saraikistan
* Silesia
* Sindhudesh
* Székely Land
* Tamil Eelam
* Tibet

Other|

* Local (China)
* Racial
* American Indigenous
* Black
* German
* Indigenous
* White

* Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism.

* v
* t
* e

History of Assam

* Timeline of Assam History

Ancient Assam|

* Davaka
* Kamarupa

Medieval Assam|

* Ahom kingdom
* Chutiya Kingdom
* Kachari Kingdom
* Kamata Kingdom
* Baro-Bhuyan

Colonial Assam|

* Colonial Assam
* Assam Province

Contemporary Assam|

* Assam separatist movements
* Assam Movement
* 2012 Assam violence
* December 2014 Assam violence

Category

* v
* t
* e

Separatist movements in India

Movements|

* Dravida Nadu
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Meghalaya
* Manipur
* Nagalim movement
* Khalistan movement
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

Separatist organisations|

* All Tripura Tiger Force
* Babbar Khalsa
* Bhindranwala Tigers Force of Khalistan
* Bodo Liberation Tigers Force
* Dal Khalsa
* Dashmesh Regiment
* International Sikh Youth Federation
* Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
* Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (Yasin Malik)
* Kamtapur Liberation Organization
* Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup
* Khalistan Liberation Army
* Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front
* Khalistan Zindabad Force
* Mizo National Front
* Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
* National Socialist Council of Nagaland
* National Democratic Front of Bodoland
* People's Liberation Army of Manipur
* People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak
* Tamil Nadu Liberation Army
* Tehreek-e-Hurriyat
* Tripura National Volunteers
* United Liberation Front of Asom
* United National Liberation Front
* United People's Democratic Solidarity
* Waris Punjab De

Political parties|

* All-India Muslim League
* Bodoland People's Front
* All Parties Hurriyat Conference
* All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party
* Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party
* United Kashmir People's National Party

People|

* Abhizeet Asom
* Amanullah Khan
* Angami Zapu Phizo
* Anup Chetia
* Arabinda Rajkhowa
* Ayub Thakur
* Biswamohan Debbarma
* Fateh Singh
* Hashim Qureshi
* Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
* Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode
* Mirwaiz Umar Farooq
* Mohammad Abbas Ansari
* Muppala Lakshmana Rao
* Paresh Baruah
* Ranjit Debbarma
* Sheikh Abdul Aziz
* Syed Ali Shah Geelani
* Sukhdev Singh Babbar
* Talwinder Singh Parmar

Controversies|

* Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir
* Human rights issues in Northeast India
* Human rights abuses in Punjab

* v
* t
* e

Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
* Insurgency in Chad
* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
* Western DR Congo clashes
* Kivu conflict
* M23 campaign
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
* OLA insurgency
* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb
* War in the Sahel
* Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Libyan crisis
* Sudanese civil war
* Sudanese nomadic conflicts
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Western Sahara conflict
* Western Saharan clashes

West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria
* Nigerian bandit conflict
* Religious violence in Nigeria
* Conflict in the Niger Delta
* Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
* Mali War
* Azawad conflict
* Western Togoland Rebellion

Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
* Mexican drug war
* Salvadoran gang crackdown
* Honduran gang crackdown
* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
* Ecuadorian security crisis
* Insurgency in Paraguay
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
* Myanmar civil war
* Rakhine offensive
* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
* Karen–Mon conflict
* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
* Drug war
* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in Iraq
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Qatif conflict
* Yemeni crisis
* Saudi–led intervention
* Yemeni civil war
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Gaza War
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict
* Iran–Israel conflict in Syria
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Iran–PJAK conflict
* Western Iran clashes
* Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
* 2015–2025
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish intervention

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template