Associate family

Animation showing the deformation of a helicoid into a catenoid as θ changes.

In differential geometry, the associate family (or Bonnet family) of a minimal surface is a one-parameter family of minimal surfaces which share the same Weierstrass data. That is, if the surface has the representation

x k ( ζ ) = ℜ { ∫ 0 ζ φ k ( z ) d z } + c k , k = 1 , 2 , 3 {\displaystyle x_{k}(\zeta )=\Re \left\\{\int _{0}^{\zeta }\varphi _{k}(z)\,dz\right\\}+c_{k},\qquad k=1,2,3}

the family is described by

x k ( ζ , θ ) = ℜ { e i θ ∫ 0 ζ φ k ( z ) d z } + c k , θ ∈ [ 0 , 2 π ] {\displaystyle x_{k}(\zeta ,\theta )=\Re \left\\{e^{i\theta }\int _{0}^{\zeta }\varphi _{k}(z)\,dz\right\\}+c_{k},\qquad \theta \in [0,2\pi ]}

where  ℜ {\displaystyle \Re } indicates the real part of a complex number.

For θ = π/2 the surface is called the conjugate of the θ = 0 surface.[1]

The transformation can be viewed as locally rotating the principal curvature directions. The surface normals of a point with a fixed ζ remains unchanged as θ changes; the point itself moves along an ellipse.

Some examples of associate surface families are: the catenoid and helicoid family, the Schwarz P, Schwarz D and gyroid family, and the Scherk's first and second surface family. The Enneper surface is conjugate to itself: it is left invariant as θ changes.

Conjugate surfaces have the property that any straight line on a surface maps to a planar geodesic on its conjugate surface and vice versa. If a patch of one surface is bounded by a straight line, then the conjugate patch is bounded by a planar symmetry line. This is useful for constructing minimal surfaces by going to the conjugate space: being bound by planes is equivalent to being bound by a polygon.[2]

There are counterparts to the associate families of minimal surfaces in higher-dimensional spaces and manifolds.[3]

## References

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1. ^ Matthias Weber, Classical Minimal Surfaces in Euclidean Space by Examples, in Global Theory of Minimal Surfaces: Proceedings of the Clay Mathematics Institute 2001 Summer School, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, California, June 25–July 27, 2001. American Mathematical Soc., 2005 [1]
2. ^ Hermann Karcher, Konrad Polthier, "Construction of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 16 September 1996 vol. 354 no. 1715 2077–2104 [2]
3. ^ J.-H. Eschenburg, The Associated Family, Matemática Contemporânea, Vol 31, 1–12 2006 [3]

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Minimal surfaces

* Associate family
* Bour's
* Catalan's
* Catenoid
* Chen–Gackstatter
* Costa's
* Enneper
* Gyroid
* Helicoid
* Henneberg
* k-noid
* Lidinoid
* Neovius
* Richmond
* Riemann's
* Saddle tower
* Scherk
* Schwarz
* Triply periodic

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