Aster (missile family)

Franco-Italian surface-to-air missile family

Aster

MBDA Aster 30 on display showing attached booster

Type| Surface-to-air/anti-ballistic missile
Place of origin| France
Italy
Service history
In service| 2001–present
Used by| See Operators
Production history
Manufacturer| Eurosam
Specifications
Mass| Aster 15: 310 kg[1]
Aster 30: 450 kg[1]
Length| Aster 15: 4.2 m[1]
Aster 30: 4.9 m[1]
Diameter| Aster 15 & 30: 180 mm (7.1 in)[1]
Warhead| 15 kg focused fragmented warhead with 2 m lethal radius

Detonation
mechanism

| Calculated delay proximity fuze

* * *

Engine| Solid propellant, two-stage motor[1]

Operational
range

| Aster 15: >30 km[1]
Aster 30 Block 0 & 1: >120 km[1]
Aster 30 Block 1 NT: >150 km[2]
Flight altitude| Aster 15: 13 km[1]
Aster 30 Block 0 & 1: 20 km[1]
Aster 30 Block 1NT: 25 km class[3]
Maximum speed | Aster 15: Mach 3 (1,000 m/s)[1]
Aster 30: Mach 4.5 (1,400 m/s)[1]

Guidance
system

* Inertial guidance with up-link[4]
* Active RF seeker[4]

Launch
platform

* Maritime platforms (PAAMS)
* Land-based platforms (SAMP/T)

Loading onto HMS Diamond

The Aster 15 and Aster 30 are a Franco-Italian family of all-weather, vertical launch surface-to-air missiles.[5] The name "Aster" stands for "Aérospatiale Terminale", with French company Aérospatiale having been the project's lead contractor before its missile activities were merged into MBDA. It also takes inspiration from the word "aster" (Greek: ἀστήρ), meaning "star" in Ancient Greek. The missiles as well as the related weapon systems are manufactured by Eurosam, a consortium consisting of MBDA France, MBDA Italy and Thales, each holding a 33.3% share.

The Aster missiles were developed to intercept and destroy the full spectrum of air threats from high-performance combat aircraft, UAVs and helicopters to cruise, anti-radiation and even sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship missiles.[6] The Aster 30 Block 1 and Block 1 NT are designed to also counter ballistic missiles.[1]

The Aster is primarily operated by France and Italy, as well as the United Kingdom as an export customer, and is an integrated component of the PAAMS air defence system, known in the Royal Navy as Sea Viper. As the principal weapon of the PAAMS, the Aster equips the Horizon-class frigates in French and Italian service as well as the British Type 45 destroyers. It equips the French and Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates, though not through the PAAMS air defense suite itself but specific French and Italian derivatives of the system.

## History

[edit]

During the 1980s, the predominant missiles in Franco-Italian service were short-range systems such as the French Crotale, Italian Selenia Aspide or American Sea Sparrow, with ranges up to a dozen kilometres. Some vessels were also equipped with the American medium/long range RIM-66 Standard. France and Italy decided to start development of a domestic medium/long range surface-to-air missile to enter service in the first decade of the 21st century, that would give them comparable range but superior interception capability to the American Standard or British Sea Dart already in service.

Thought was given in particular to the new missile's ability to intercept next-generation supersonic anti-ship missiles, such as the BrahMos missile developed jointly by India and Russia. This allowed the actual systems to have the characteristic of being specialised either in short-to-medium range "point defence" for e.g. ships, or in medium-to-long range "zone defence" of fleets.

In May 1989, a memorandum of understanding was signed between France and Italy for the development of a family of future surface-to air-missiles. Eurosam was formed shortly afterwards. By July 1995 development had taken shape in the form of the Aster missile, and test firing of the first Aster 30 took place. The missile successfully intercepted a target at an altitude of 15,000 m (49,000 ft) and at speeds of 1,000 km/h (620 mph). A Phase 2 contract was awarded in 1997 at US$1 billion for pre-production and development of the French-Italian land and naval systems.

During development trials between 1993 and 1994 all flight sequences, altitudes and ranges, were validated. This was also the period during which the launch sequence of Aster 30 was validated. In May 1996, trials of the Aster 15 active electromagnetic final guidance system against live targets began. All six attempts were successful. During 1997 Aster was extensively tested, this time being pitted against targets such as the Aerospatiale C.22 target and first generation Exocet anti-ship missiles.

In numerous engagements Aster scored direct impacts on its targets. During an engagement in November 1997 in a strong countermeasures environment, the Aster was not armed with its military warhead, so that the distance between the Aster and the target could be recorded. The target, a C22, was recovered bearing two strong cuts made by the fins of the Aster missile.

In May 2001, Aster again completed the "manufacturer's validation firing test". It was deployed for the first time on the French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. In June 2001, the Aster achieved a successful interception of an Arabel missile at low altitude in less than five seconds. In 2001, a target simulating an aircraft flying at speeds of Mach 1 and at an altitude of 100 m (330 ft) was intercepted by an Aster 15. The first ever operational firing of the Aster missile took place during October 2002 on board Charles de Gaulle.[7]

In November 2003, Eurosam was awarded the 3 billion euro Phase 3 production contract. Full production and exports to France, Italy, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom started.[7] The resulting Aster surface-to-air missile meets inter-service and international requirements, addressing the needs of the land, air and naval forces of France, Italy and the United Kingdom. The decision to base the missile around a common terminal intercept "dart" to which different sized boosters can be attached, has made it modular and extensible.

From 2002 to 2005, the Italian experimental frigate Carabiniere provided a test bed for live firing trials of the Aster 15 from Sylver A43 launchers with EMPAR and SAAM-it systems, and the trials of Aster 30 from Sylver A50 launchers with EMPAR and PAAMS(E) systems.[8] As of 2012[update], France had spent €4.1bn at 2010 prices on 10 SAMP/T launchers, 375 Aster 30 missiles and 200 Aster 15 missiles.[9] Another 80 Aster 30 and 40 Aster 15 were purchased for France's Horizon-class frigates under a separate programme.[9]

In January 2023, the Italian and French Minister of Defense signed with MBDA a $2 billion contract for the purchase of 700 Aster missiles.[10][11]

## Characteristics

[edit]

There are two versions of the Aster missile family, the short-medium range version, the Aster 15, and the long range version, the Aster 30. The missile bodies are identical. Their difference in range and intercept speed is because Aster 30 uses a much larger booster. Total weights of the Aster 15 and Aster 30 are 310 kg (680 lb) and 450 kg (990 lb) respectively.[4]

The Aster 15 is 4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) long, rising to just under 5 m (16 ft 5 in) for the Aster 30. Aster 15 has a diameter of 180 mm (7.1 in).[4] Given the larger dimensions of the Aster 30, a naval based system requires the longer tubes of the Sylver A50 or A70 vertical launching system (VLS). The American Mark 41 Vertical Launching System can accommodate Aster 30.

### Variants

[edit]

* Aster 15: Short to medium range surface-to-air missile
* Aster 15 EC : New version of the Aster 15 with twice the range (60+ km); under development as of 2023 and expected to be introduced in 2030[12]
* Aster 30 Block 0: Medium to long range surface-to-air missile. It can pull manoeuvres in excess of 50g.[13]
* Aster 30 Block 1: Variant with anti-ballistic missile capability; tailored to counter 600 km (370 mi)-class short-range ballistic missiles.[14]
* Aster 30 Block 1NT: NT standing for "New Technology", it is a new variant of the Aster 30 designed to counter short and 1,500 km (930 mi)-class medium-range ballistic missiles.[15]
* Aster 30 Block 2 BMD – Anti-ballistic missile under development and intended to counter up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi)-class ballistic and maneuvering missiles.

The Aster 30 Block 1 is used on the Eurosam SAMP/T system operated by the French Air and Space Force and the Italian Army.[16] In 2015, France launched the development of the Block 1NT variant, a programme Italy would join in 2016.[15] The same year, the United Kingdom showed interest in acquiring the Block 1NT version for its Type 45 destroyers currently operating the Block 0.[17] In 2022, the United Kingdom announced a series of upgrades to its Type 45 destroyers. This included the implementation of the Block 1 version for anti-ship ballistic missile defense.[18]

## Deployment

[edit]

### Naval systems

[edit]

Italian Horizon-class frigate, Caio Duilio equipped with Aster 15 and 30 missiles

* French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle
* Italian aircraft carrier Cavour
* Horizon-class frigate
* Type 45 destroyer
* FREMM multipurpose frigate
* Formidable-class frigate
* Al Riyadh-class frigate
* Kalaat Béni Abbès class
* Frégate de défense et d'intervention
* Thaon di Revel-class offshore patrol vessel
* Doha-class corvette

### Land systems

[edit]

The "radar module" of the SAMP/T Ground-based air defence system

The Aster 30 has been incorporated by Eurosam into a mobile SAM system, fulfilling the ground-based theatre air defence/protection requirement. It comes in the form of the Sol-Air Moyenne-Portée/Terrestre (French for "Surface-to-Air Medium-Range/Land-based"), abbreviated as SAMP/T. The system uses a network of radars and sensors – including 3D phased array radar – enabling it to be effective against various air threats such as aircraft, tactical ballistic missiles, standoff missiles, cruise missiles or anti-radiation missiles.[14]

The SAMP/T uses an upgraded version of the Arabel long range radar, developed under the Aster 30 Block 1 upgrade program, in order to extend the system's capability against higher speed and higher altitude targets. The Aster 30 Block 1 can intercept missiles with a 600 km (370 mi) range (short-range ballistic missiles).[14]

SAMP/T NG uses either the Kronos Grand Mobile High Power or the Ground Fire 300 AESA radars. SAMP/T NG will be delivered from 2025.[19]

## Operational history

[edit]

Italian Army – 4th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Peschiera" firing a SAMP/T Aster missile

### Testing

[edit]

* In April 2008, RSS Intrepid, a Formidable-class frigate of the Republic of Singapore Navy, shot down an aerial drone off the French port of Toulon during a naval exercise. Then again in 2010, a frigate of the same class, RSS Supreme fired an Aster 15 and shot down an aerial drone off the coast of Hawaii as part of exercise RIMPAC 2010. The RSN conducted 6 successful live-firings of the Aster missile over 11 years.
* Beginning with HMS Dauntless in September 2010, all of the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted Mirach drones with Aster missiles at the Benbecula ranges off the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Mirach is a 13 ft (4.0 m) jet which flies at speeds of up to 600 mph (970 km/h) at altitudes as low as 10 ft (3.0 m) or as high as 39,000 ft (12 km).[20][21][22]
* In December 2011, an Aster 30 missile downed an Israeli Black Sparrow ballistic missile target, the first time an Aster missile had attempted such an engagement.[23]
* In April 2012, the Horizon-class frigate, Forbin, of the French Navy downed a target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile flying at an altitude of less than 5 metres. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming missile. The trial was described as a complex operational scenario.[6]
* In 2021, during the Exercise At-Sea Demo: Formidable Shield 2021, the Horizon-class frigate Forbin, intercepted a supersonic sea skimming target flying at more than 3000 km/h using an Aster 30 missile.[24][25]

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

In May 2023, Italian newspaper La Stampa reported that France and Italy had jointly delivered a SAMP/T air defense system to Ukraine.[26] In June 2024, Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani announced that Italy would be sending a second SAMP/T system to Ukraine. The date of arrival was not announced.[27] On 11 March 2025, Ukrainian Air Force Colonel Yurii Ihnat stated that the SAMP/T had downed a Russian Sukhoi military aircraft, among other targets. He did not provide any further details.[28] In March 2025, according to the Corriere della Sera, Ukraine had practically run out of Aster missiles, and was asking Italy and France for replenishment.[29]

### Red Sea crisis

[edit]

In 2024, during Operation Aspides, it is likely that the French Navy utilised Aster 30 to intercept three Houthi ballistic missiles.[30] The missile was also likely used by the Royal Navy to down another Houthi ballistic missile in April 2024.[31]

## Operators

[edit]

Current operators

RSS Steadfast, a Formidable-class frigate of the Republic of Singapore Navy, equipped with Aster 15/30 The MBDA Aster 30 of the Republic of Singapore Air Force displayed in Singapore Air Show 2020

### Current operators

[edit]

Algeria

* Algerian National Navy – Algerian amphibious transport dock Kalaat Béni Abbès[32]

Egypt

* Egyptian Navy[33]

France

* French Navy
* French Air and Space Force

Greece

* Hellenic Navy – Aster 30 for FDI HN frigates

Italy

* Italian Navy
* Italian Army
* Italian Air Force[34]

Morocco

* Royal Moroccan Navy

Qatar

* Qatar Navy[35]

Saudi Arabia

* Royal Saudi Navy

Singapore

* Republic of Singapore Navy
* Republic of Singapore Air Force

Ukraine

One SAMP/T battery delivered jointly by France and Italy in 2023. The future delivery of another battery by Italy was announced in June 2024.Delivery of an additional battery was announced in May 2025.[27]

United Kingdom

* Royal Navy

### Potential operators

[edit]

Turkey

* Turkish Air Force – In January 2018, a contract was signed during a state visit by the President of Turkey in Paris for a project with Eurosam for a future Long Range Air and Missile Defense System (LORAMIDS) for a period of 18 months where Turkish companies Roketsan and Aselsan would participate in the joint-production of the missile system.[36] It was stated that the SAMP/T air defense system project, which was stopped at the end of 2019 due to Turkey's launch of Operation Peace Spring in Syria, came to the agenda at the NATO Summit, and that Turkey, France and Italy would revive the project.[37][needs update]

Slovakia

* Slovak Air Force – Ministry of Defence of Slovak Republic is now negotiating and comparing offers for MRAD systems from Israeli companies, American–Norwegian NASAMS and French Aérospatiales SAMP/T system. Systems will replace old Soviet 2K12 Kub systems. Systems should be acquired in 2024.[38]

Croatia

* Croatian Air Force – In a decisive strategic initiative to fortify its national air and missile defense capabilities, the Republic of Croatia is evaluating the SAMP/T NG missile defense system, outfitted with Aster 30 B1 NT missiles. This procurement would underscore Croatia's proactive efforts to bolster its military infrastructure amidst dynamically evolving global security challenges. [39]

## See also

[edit]

* Anti-aircraft warfare
* Anti-ballistic missile
* Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
* List of missiles
* Surface-to-air missile

* Barak 8 - (India, Israel)
* CAMM - (United Kingdom, Italy)
* HQ-9 - (China)
* KM-SAM - (South Korea)
* L-SAM - (South Korea)
* MIM-104 Patriot - (United States)
* PAAMS - (United Kingdom, France, Italy)
* RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 - (United States)
* RIM-162 ESSM - (United States)
* RIM-174 Standard ERAM - (United States)
* RIM-66 Standard - (United States)
* RIM-67 Standard - (United States)
* S-300 missile system - (Soviet Union, Russia)
* S-400 missile system - (Soviet Union, Russia)
* S-500 missile system - (Russia)
* Tor missile system - (Soviet Union, Russia)
* Type 03 Chū-SAM - (Japan)
* Khordad 15 (air defense system) - (Iran)
* Hisar (missile family) - (Turkey)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Aster 15 & 30 Datasheet". 31 May 2022.
2. ^ "Eurosam unveils new SAMP/T air defense variant at Dubai Airshow". 16 November 2021.
3. ^ "ASTER SAMP/T NG Datasheet 2023". 1 April 2024.
4. ^ a b c d "ASTER ANTI-MISSILE MISSILE" (PDF). MBDA MISSILE SYSTEMS. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012.
5. ^ Eurosam: Naval Systems – Aster 15 & 30/PAAMS (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014. "Up to 120 km range".
6. ^ a b "Interception d'une cible supersonique évoluant au ras de l'eau" (in French). defense.gouv.fr. French Ministry of Defence. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
7. ^ a b Program milestones, Eurosam, archived from the original on 28 March 2010
8. ^ Galati, Gaspare (2016). 100 Years of Radar. New York: Springer. pp. 234–235\. ISBN 9783319005836.
9. ^ a b "Projet de loi de finances pour 2013 : Défense : équipement des forces" (in French). Senate of France. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
10. ^ "France and Italy to buy close to 700 Aster missiles". Reuters. 30 January 2023.
11. ^ "Media: Italy and France agreed to order 700 Aster-30 missiles for the SAMP/T air defense system promised to Ukraine". babel.ua. 28 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
12. ^ "Aster 15 : MBDA développe une nouvelle version de son tueur de missiles | Mer et Marine". www.meretmarine.com (in French). 20 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
13. ^ Sweetman, Bill; Cook, Nick (April 1999). "Getting to grips with missile defence". Interavia Business & Technology. Vol. 54, no. 630\. p. 35\. ISSN 1423-3215.
14. ^ a b c "Eurosam: Ground-launched systems". www.eurosam.com. Eurosam. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
15. ^ a b "MBDA Press Information June 2014: The Aster Missile Family" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
16. ^ "ASTER – SAMP/T". Archived from the original on 29 June 2012.
17. ^ UK-France Summit: Annex on security and defence (PDF). gov.uk. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
18. ^ "Type 45 Ballistic Missile Defence upgrade to support more than 100 UK jobs". GOV.UK. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
19. ^ https://eurosam.com/ground-systems/
20. ^ "HMS Daring fires Sea Viper for first time". gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
21. ^ "HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time". gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
22. ^ "Defender ready to live up to her name after successful first Sea Viper firing". navynews.co.uk. Navy News. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
23. ^ "Une première en France : un missile intercepté par un antimissile Aster". marianne.net. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
24. ^ "French Navy Horizon Air Defense Destroyer Intercepts Supersonic Target". Naval News. May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
25. ^ "The French FS Forbin destroys a supersonic target with a combat loaded Aster 30 fire during At-Sea Demo/Formidable Shield 2021". Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
26. ^ "French-Italian SAMP-T air defense system arrives in Ukraine". nv.ua. 16 May 2023.
27. ^ a b Chris York (3 June 2024). "Italy to send Ukraine second SAMP/T air defense system, foreign minister confirms". The Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
28. ^ Богданьок, Олена; Галка, Нікіта (11 March 2025). "У Повітряних силах розповіли про збиття російського літака Су комплексом SAMP/T". Suspilne.
29. ^ Sarcina, Giuseppe (14 March 2025). "Le batterie Samp-T sono senza missili, gli ucraini premono su Italia e Francia". Corriere della Sera.
30. ^ Vavasseur, Xavier (21 March 2024). "French Navy Air Defense FREMM Intercepts 3 Ballistic Missiles". Naval News. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
31. ^ "HMS Diamond makes first Sea Viper anti-ballistic missile kill in action in the Red Sea". Navy Lookout. 25 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
32. ^ Administrator. "Italian shipyard Fincantieri delivered amphibious ship Kalaat Beni-Abbes to Algerian Navy". navyrecognition.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
33. ^ "DCNS Transfered [sic] the FREMM Frigate Tahya Misr to the Egyptian Navy". 24 June 2015.
34. ^ "Strengthening Air Defense: Italian Air Force Acquires SAMP/T NG Missile System". airrecognition.com. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
35. ^ "16/06/2016". fincantieri.it. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
36. ^ "Turkey Buys from Russia; also Mulls European Missile Systems". ainonline.com. 10 January 2021.
37. ^ Haber7. "Türkiye, Fransa ve İtalya'dan SAMP-T projesini yeniden canlandırma hamlesi". Haber7 (in Turkish). Retrieved 30 March 2022.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
38. ^ Teraz.sk (20 June 2024). "Kaliňák: Vláda intenzívne rokuje o ponukách na protivzdušnú obranu". TERAZ.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
39. ^ "Croatia is also exploring long-range air defense options, with the French Aster SAMP/T NG". armyrecognition.com. 26 March 2025.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to MBDA Aster.

* SAMP/T Aster 30 Mamba Surface-to-air defence missile system (armyrecognition.com)
* Video – HMS Diamond fires Aster 30 missile, 2012
* MBDA Aster 15 & 30 PAAMS
* MBDA Aster 15 SAAM
* Eurosam Aster page
* "Air Defence Weapon System SAMP/T" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2021.
* "SAMP-T". Archived from the original on 1 September 2021.