Astronaut-politician

Person who has entered politics after traveling to space as an astronaut

John Glenn, shown here before his trip for mission STS-95 in 1998, was a NASA astronaut who later became a US Senator. The first American to orbit the Earth, he was elected to the Senate in 1974 and served until 1999.

An astronaut-politician is a person who has entered politics after traveling to space as an astronaut. Even with the increasing number of individuals who have flown in space, astronauts still maintain a wide degree of public recognition, and those interested in pursuing a career in politics have been able to take advantage of their renown to enter politics at higher levels of elected office.

## Brazil

[edit]

Brazilian astronaut Marcos Pontes is the first South American and Lusophone to go into space as part of the Missão Centenário. He participated in the Russian Soyuz TMA-8 mission to the International Space Station in 2006. Under Jair Bolsonaro's Presidency, Pontes was announced as Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation.[1] In the 2022 São Paulo state elections Marcos Pontes was elected for the Brazilian Senate with 10.7 million votes (49.68%).[2]

## Canada

[edit]

Canadian astronaut Marc Garneau became the first Canadian in space, when he flew in 1984 on the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-41-G as a payload specialist. After two other Shuttle flights, Garneau entered politics and won a seat to the Parliament of Canada in 2008.[3] Garneau was appointed as Minister of Transport by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on November 4, 2015.

Canadian astronaut Julie Payette flew on STS-96 in 1999 and STS-127 in 2009 as a mission specialist. In 2017 she became the 29th Governor General of Canada, the viceregal representative of the King in Canada and a nonpartisan position within Canadian governance.

## European countries

[edit]

Three individuals have made the journey to space and were later elected to become a Member of the European Parliament. Cosmonaut Vladimír Remek, who flew into space on Soyuz 28 in 1978 from Czechoslovakia as the first non-American or non-Soviet in space, was elected as an MEP in 2004 from the Czech Republic as an independent candidate for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, and was re-elected in 2009, with Deutsche Welle describing how "his huge communist-era fame contributed to his success at the ballot box". Italian astronaut Franco Malerba flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-46 on Atlantis and became the first Italian to travel to space in 1992, and was elected in June 1994 to the European Parliament, where he sits with the European People's Party. Also another Italian astronaut, Umberto Guidoni, flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-75 on Columbia and became the first European to visit the International Space Station when he was part of STS-100 aboard Endeavour in 2001, and was elected in June 2004 to the European Parliament, where he sits with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left.[4]

Claudie Haigneré, a French spationaute, has been junior minister for Research and New Technologies, and junior minister for European Affairs, in a government led by Jean-Pierre Raffarin, but has never held elected office.

Astronaut and veteran of two space missions Pedro Duque has been named Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain in May 2018.[5] He earned a degree in aeronautical engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) in 1986.

## Mongolia

[edit]

Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa was the first Mongolian in space, flying on the Soyuz 39 mission in 1981. He served as the Minister of Defense of Mongolia from 2000 until 2004.[6]

## Russia

[edit]

Valentina Tereshkova is a Soviet cosmonaut-turned-parliamentarian. She was the first woman in space, and served first in the Supreme Soviet (1966–1989) and later in the State Duma (since 2011).

In Russia, cosmonaut Yuri Baturin, described by Space.com in 2000 as "Russia's only cosmonaut / politician", became a senior aide to President Boris Yeltsin and served as one of that nation's leading space policy advisors.[7]

All four female Russian cosmonauts have gone on to serve in the State Duma. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, entered politics in the days of the Soviet Union, serving in parliament and as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.[8] Svetlana Savitskaya, the second woman in space, was elected to the State Duma in 1996 and currently serves as Deputy Chair of the Committee on Defense, in addition to being a member of the Commission on Safety, Defense, and the Fight Against Crime in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia.[9] Yelena Kondakova served in the Duma as a member of Fatherland – All Russia and later United Russia. She left United Russia in 2011 as a result of her dissatisfaction with results of internal party elections.[10] Most recently, Yelena Serova, the first female Russian cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station, was elected to serve in the Duma in 2016.[11]

## United States

[edit]

In the United States, some major political leaders have attempted to draw astronauts into the political sphere.[12]

John Glenn, one of the Mercury Seven selected in 1959 by NASA who became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth when he flew the Mercury-Atlas 6 named Friendship 7 for three Earth orbits on February 20, 1962, was the first astronaut elected to Congress when he won a Senate seat in 1974. He is the longest-serving American astronaut-politician to date, serving 25 years in the Senate.

Glenn left the human spaceflight program in 1964 and announced that he would challenge incumbent U.S. Senator Stephen M. Young in the Democratic primary at the end of Young's first term in office. Criticism of "astronaut turned politician" Glenn immediately followed his announcement, with Republicans and Young supporters disagreeing with the "undesirable precedent in astronauts' capitalizing on their fame to enter political roles", and some grumbling that Glenn did not follow the standard "step-by-step progression up the political ladder" by "aspiring immediately for the Senate".[13]

Many in Congress believed that Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy had promoted Glenn's electoral bid to increase Democrats' chances in Ohio in the 1964 United States presidential election. Kennedy stated that he had had "a number of conversations with John Glenn over his future". At the same time, the Democratic Party of Oklahoma reportedly discussed fellow Mercury astronaut Gordon Cooper as a candidate for the Senate.[13] In an editorial shortly after the announcement, The Blade stated that Glenn "presumes too much on his popularity as a spaceman".[14] A slip and fall in a bathtub in March 1964 ultimately led to Glenn's withdrawal from the race.[15] Glenn ran again in 1970, losing the Ohio Senate primary to Howard Metzenbaum. In 1974, Glenn won election to the Senate in a special election to fill the seat of William B. Saxbe.[16] In 1984, Glenn sought the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. He withdrew from the race in March 1984, after winning only two delegates and finishing in sixth place.[17] Glenn returned to space on October 29, 1998, aboard Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-95) while still a sitting Senator. The next year he retired from Congress.

Two Apollo astronauts were elected to the United States Congress. Astronaut turned Senator, Harrison "Jack" Schmitt,[18] whose participation on the Apollo 17 mission made him the only geologist to walk on the Moon, resigned from NASA in August 1975 and shortly thereafter ran as a Republican, winning the United States Senate in New Mexico seat in 1976 over two-term Democratic incumbent, Joseph Montoya by a margin of 57% to 42%, despite being described by The New York Times as a "political neophyte".[19] Jack Swigert, who had flown on the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, was elected in November 1982 to the United States House of Representatives representing Colorado, based on a plan he developed that "evolved from his training as an astronaut and the success of the Apollo exploration of the Moon", but died before taking office.[20][12] Jack Lousma lost to incumbent Carl Levin in the 1984 United States Senate election in Michigan.[21] Apollo 15 crew member Alfred Worden ran for Congress in 1982 to represent Florida's 12th congressional district, but lost the Republican primary to Tom Lewis.[22]

NASA's Shuttle program has also produced several politicians. In 1985, Senator Jake Garn went into space aboard the STS-51-D flight as a payload specialist and in 1986 Rep. Bill Nelson of Florida became the second sitting member of Congress to travel into space aboard Space Shuttle Columbia's STS-61-C mission, also as a payload specialist. In 2012, shuttle astronaut José M. Hernández ran for Congress in California's 10th District, he won the Democratic nomination, but lost to incumbent Jeff Denham.[23]

On February 12, 2019, four-time shuttle astronaut Mark Kelly announced that he was running in the 2020 Senate special election in Arizona to fill the seat left open by the death of John McCain in 2018.[24] In the Democratic primary, he faced only nominal opposition, winning the nomination with 99.93% of the vote. Kelly faced off against incumbent Senator Martha McSally (appointed by Governor Doug Ducey) on Election Day, winning with a margin of about 2 points.[25] He was sworn in on December 2, 2020.[26] Kelly was reelected in the 2022 Senate election, securing a full six-year term.

In 2024, after President Joe Biden declined to seek re-election, there was heavy speculation that presumptive-nominee Kamala Harris was considering Kelly as her running mate.[27]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Fernandes, Talita (November 1, 2018). "Bolsonaro Announces Astronaut Marcos Pontes as Minister of Science". Folha de Sao Paulo. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
2. ^ "Ex-ministro de Bolsonaro, astronauta Marcos Pontes se elege senador por SP" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
3. ^ Staff. "Key wins and losses", The Toronto Star, October 14, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2009.
4. ^ Willoughby, Ian. "Beloved Czech cosmonaut a candidate for European Parliament", Deutsche Welle, June 1, 2009. Accessed July 29, 2009.
5. ^ El País. Pedro Duque, ministro de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades June 6, 2018. Accessed Jun 6, 2018.
6. ^ "Cosmonaut Biography: Zhugderdemidiyn Gurragcha". spacefacts.de. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
7. ^ Karash Yuri. "Putin Visits Russia's Star City " Archived August 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Space.com, March 3, 2000. Accessed July 28, 2009.
8. ^ Boustany, Nora. "A Down-to-Earth Highflier", The Washington Post, March 24, 2006. Accessed July 28, 2009.
9. ^ "Савицкая Светлана Евгеньевна". kprf.ru. Коммунистическая партия Российской Федерации. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
10. ^ "Космонавт Е. Кондакова обвинила "ЕР" в фальсификациях на праймериз". РБК. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
11. ^ "Сураев и Серова, избранные депутатами ГД, уволены из отряда космонавтов". РИА Новости. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
12. ^ a b Koren, Marina (November 6, 2020). "Mark Kelly's Secret Weapon". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
13. ^ a b Via The New York Times. "From Orbiting The Earth To The Arena of Politics", St. Petersburg Times, January 18, 1964. Accessed July 28, 2009.
14. ^ Jones, David R. "Ohio Voters Split on Race by Glenn; Many Oppose Astronaut's Entry Into Senate Test", The New York Times, January 22, 1964. Accessed July 28, 2009.
15. ^ Staff. "The Astrowives in Ohio", Time, March 27, 1964. Accessed July 28, 2009.
16. ^ via The Associated Press. "Wallace Wins Big; John Glenn Scores in Ohio", The Evening Independent, May 8, 1974. Accessed July 28, 2009.
17. ^ Shribman, David (17 March 1984). "With Few Words, Glenn Withdraw". Retrieved 24 February 2017.
18. ^ Morris, Dick. "Dick Morris: Negative Campaigning Is Good for America", U.S. News & World Report, October 6, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2009.
19. ^ Lichtenstein, Grace. "New Mexico Race Close For Montoya; Democratic Senator Is Stressing Seniority in Fight With Schmitt, Former Apollo Astronaut", The New York Times, October 24, 1976. Accessed July 28, 2009.
20. ^ Amole, Gene. "An American Hero: The Real Swigert", The Rocky Mountain News, July 13, 1995. Accessed July 29, 2009.
21. ^ "Moral Majority Had Big Impact in Michigan Race, Falwell Says". Lancing State Journal. Lancing, Michigan. Associated Press. November 9, 1984. p. 13 - via Newspapers.com.
22. ^ "Worden, Koehler Defeated in House District 12". Boca Raton News. Associated Press. September 8, 1982 - via Google News.
23. ^ Pearlman, Robert Z. (7 November 2012). "Astronaut Jose Hernandez Loses to Farmer in Congressional Race". Space.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
24. ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (12 February 2019). "NASA astronaut Mark Kelly launches Senate campaign". CNN.com. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
25. ^ "Arizona U.S. Senate Special Election Results". The New York Times. 3 November 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
26. ^ Mark Kelly sworn in as US senator, flipping Arizona seat from red to blue from CNN
27. ^ Montanaro, Domenico (6 August 2024). "Poll: Arizona's Kelly is most liked as Harris' VP pick, but the field isn't well known". NPR.

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War space race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO 2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR 2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA 2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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