Auditing (Scientology)

Methodology of Scientologists

This article is about a Scientology technique. For other uses, see Audit (disambiguation).

A demonstration of Scientology auditing showing position of participants and tools Part of a series on

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Auditing, also known as processing, is the core practice of Scientology. Scientologists believe that the role of auditing is to improve a person's abilities and to reduce or eliminate their neuroses. The Scientologist is asked questions about their thoughts or past events, while holding two metal cylinders attached to a device called an E-meter.[7] The term "auditing" was coined by L. Ron Hubbard in 1950.[8]: 28

Auditing uses techniques from hypnosis that are intended to create dependency and obedience in the auditing subject.[9] It involves repeated questioning of the auditing subject, forming an extended series. It may take several questions to complete a 'process', several processes together are a 'rundown', several rundowns completed and the Scientologist is deemed to have advanced another level on the Bridge to Total Freedom. The Scientologist believes that completing all the levels on the Bridge will return him to his native spiritual state, free of the encumbrances of the physical universe.[10][11]: 81

The electrical device, termed an E-meter, is an integral part of auditing procedure, and Hubbard made unsupported claims of health benefits from auditing. After several lawsuits involving mislabeling and practicing medicine without a license, Scientology was mandated to affix disclaimer labels to all E-meters and add disclaimers in all publications about the E-meter, declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes, not for mental or physical health.[4][3]

## Terminology

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L. Ron Hubbard assigned special meanings to many ordinary English words when he wrote about Scientology, and Scientologese has become a language in itself.[12]: 10 These are some very basic meanings of words Scientology uses when describing this subject.

Auditing
The procedures where two individuals work together to improve one of the person's abilities and to reduce or eliminate their neuroses.[8]: 28–9 [11]: 46–7 [13]

Auditor
A trained Scientologist who is helping another individual through the use of auditing techniques.[8]: 31 [11]: 46–7 [13]: 196 An auditor is only allowed to audit processes (on others) up to the level of training they have completed (their 'class').[a]

Preclear
The person being helped by an auditor. Also called a "PC".[8]: 295, 306 [13]

Case
The collection of all the preclear's upsets and emotional baggage which auditing is trying to relieve.[8]: 60 [13]: 194-5 A preclear's case level is how far a preclear has advanced on the Bridge to Total Freedom.

Session
A single time when an auditor and preclear sit down to do some auditing. It might be for a few minutes or a few hours.[8]: 31 [13]

Process
A specific step in auditing. It may consist of repeatedly asking the preclear the same question (an auditing command) until there is no more upset on that question. Many processes are run during a single session.[8]: 316–7 [13]: 198

Rundown
A series of processes designed to handle a specific aspect of a case, such as communication, problems, or happiness. It may take many sessions to complete a rundown.[8]: 364 [15]: 98,356

End phenomenon
Abbreviated "EP", it is what an auditor is looking for that indicates a process, session or rundown has been completed. The EP of a process might be that the preclear realizes something, is happy about it, and the e-meter is showing certain needle movements. The EP of a session might be that several processes have been performed, and the preclear is very happy about it so it is a good point to stop for the day. A rundown would have a specific EP, such as all auditing questions for the rundown have been asked, and the preclear has experienced some sort of realization such as saying they feel they could now communicate freely with anyone on any subject.[8]: 139 [13]: 199–200, 204

Intensive
An "intensive" is a block of 12 1/2 hours purchased in advance by the preclear for auditing services. Auditing is to occur intensively so that the 12 1/2 hours is performed within one week.[13]: 191 [16][8]: 212 [17]: 284,517-8 At the end of each session, the hours and minutes used are written down on a form in the preclear's folder, deducted from the amount on account, and the balance is calculated.[18]

## Description

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Auditing in Scientology is an activity where a trained Scientologist, known as an auditor, listens and asks the subject, who is referred to as a "preclear", or more often as a "PC", various questions. L. Ron Hubbard incorporated several hypnotic techniques into auditing practice. It is designed to induce a light hypnotic state and create dependency and obedience in the auditing subject.[9]

Auditing involves the use of "processes", which are sets of questions asked or directions given by an auditor. Based on a prior interview looking for "charged" subjects—"charge" being that which prevents the PC from thinking on a subject or getting rid of a subject or approaching a subject—on the E-meter, found by asking questions to the PC in regard to them and their fancied case. When the specific objective of any one "process" is achieved, the process is ended, and another can then be started. Through auditing, the subjects are said to free themselves from barriers that inhibit their natural abilities. Charged areas can be viewed as areas of misinformation or lies. Once uncovered, they dissipate as their truth becomes apparent and the charge is eliminated once viewed for what it really is, an untruth.

The Auditor's Code outlines a series of 29 promises which an auditor pledges, such as:

* Not to evaluate for the preclear or tell him what he should think about his case in session
* Not to invalidate the preclear's case or gains in or out of session
* Never to use the secrets of a preclear divulged in session for punishment or personal gain

The main intention of an auditing session is to remove "charged incidents" that have caused trauma, which are believed in Scientology to be stored in the "reactive mind". These incidents must then be eliminated for proper functioning.

In 1952, auditing techniques "began to focus on the goal of exteriorizing the thetan" with the goal of providing complete spiritual awareness.[19]

### Preclear

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The "preclear" or "PC" is the person who is being audited—the client, formerly called the "patient". At most levels of auditing, there are two people present: the auditor is the one asking questions, and the preclear is the one answering them. In some of the upper levels, a person audits oneself, being both auditor and preclear at the same time. The term was created back when the ultimate goal of auditing was to create a person who had been cleared, ergo the person being audited was pre-Clear. However, even after Hubbard created the upper levels, the term preclear was still used even if the person had surpassed the state of Clear. The term has continued to represent the role in auditing rather than the level the person has attained.

During an auditing session, the auditor writes down the questions and the preclear's answers, and the papers are stored in the client's PC folder (preclear folder).[20]: 24, 57, 99 [21]: 124, 144 [22]: 157 [23]: 13 [8]: 294, 306

### E-meter

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Main article: E-meter

Mark Super VII Quantum E-meter

Most auditing sessions employ a device called the Hubbard Electropsychometer or E-Meter. It consists of two tin cans connected to a galvanometer. It gives a crude measure of skin resistance.[1][2][3][4][6][5] The E-Meter is not a custom electrodermal activity measurement device, instead it measures the resistance of the body (flesh, bones, liquids, etc.; skin resistance is only a small part of the total resistance being measured) from one hand through the breast to the other hand. It measures changes in the electrical resistance of the preclear by passing a small electric current (typically in the range from 50 µA to 120 µA) through the preclear's body by means of a pair of tin-plated tubes originally much like empty soup cans, attached to the meter by wires and held by the preclear during auditing. These changes in electrical resistance are allegedly a reliable and precise indication of changes in the "reactive mind" of the preclear.[citation needed]

According to L. Ron Hubbard, the development of the E-Meter enabled auditing techniques and made it more precise. Later, the E-Meter was used to identify which processes should (and could) be run[24] and equally crucially, to determine when to stop running a particular action. As a repair tool, the E-Meter reacts to a list of possible difficulties and relevant phrases, called out by the auditor, helping to guide the auditor to the difficulty.[25] Hubbard clarified how the E-Meter should be used in conjunction with auditing:

> One of the governing laws of auditing is that you don't run unreading items. It doesn't matter what you are auditing. You don't run unreading items. And you don't run unreading flows. You don't run an unreading anything. Ever. For any reason.

> Auditing is aimed at reactivity. You run what reacts on the meter because it reacts and is therefore part of the reactive mind. A read means there is charge present and available to run. Running reading items, flows and questions is the only way to make a pc better. This is our purpose in auditing.

— L. Ron Hubbard, HCO Bulletin 3 December 1978

Hubbard claimed that the device also has such sensitivity that it can measure whether or not fruits can experience pain, claiming in 1968 that tomatoes "scream when sliced".[26][27][28]

Scientology teaches that individuals are immortal souls or spirits (called thetans by Scientology) and are not limited to a single lifetime. Scientology doctrine states that the E-Meter aids the auditor in locating subliminal memories ("engrams", "incidents", and "implants") of past events in a thetan's current life and in previous ones. In such Scientology publications as Have You Lived Before This Life, Hubbard wrote about past life experiences dating back billions and even trillions of years.[29]

When various foundations of Dianetics were formed in the 1950s, auditing sessions were a hybrid of confession, counseling and psychotherapy. According to Passas and Castillo, the E-Meter was used to "disclose truth to the individual who is being processed and thus free him spiritually".[30]

## Bridge to Total Freedom

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Main article: The Bridge to Total Freedom

The Bridge to Total Freedom (Bridge), also known as the Classification, Gradation and Awareness Chart (grade chart), is Scientology's primary road map to guide a person through the sequential steps to attain Scientology's concept of spiritual freedom.[11]: 134–135 [31]: 48, 296 In Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, Hubbard used the analogy of a bridge: "We are here at a bridge between one state of Man and a next. We are above the chasm which divides a lower from a higher plateau and this chasm marks an artificial evolutionary step in the progress of Man. [...] In this handbook we have the basic axioms and a therapy which works. For God's sake, get busy and build a better bridge!"[32][33]: 13 The current Classification, Gradation and Awareness Chart is printed with red ink on white paper and hangs as a poster in every Scientology organization.[14][34] A newcomer to Scientology starts the Bridge at the bottom of the chart and rises through the levels, perhaps reaching the level of Clear, then continuing upward through the OT Levels to higher states of awareness and ability.[11]: 134–135 Ultimately, the Scientologist hopes to become, as the sociologist David G. Bromley puts it, "an immortal, godlike expression of the life force".[35]: 91

## Procedure

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Each Grade on the Bridge has a list of processes that auditors should run. Some auditing actions use commands, for example "Recall a time you knew you understood someone," and some auditing actions use questions such as, "What are you willing for me to talk to others about?"[36] Below are sample commands from processes run in each Grade.

* ARC Straightwire: "Recall a communication."[37]
* Grade 0: "Recall a place from which you have communicated to another."[38]
* Grade I: "Recall a problem you have had with another."[39]
* Grade II: "Recall a secret."[40]
* Grade III: "Can you recall a time of change?"[41]
* Grade IV: "What about a victim you could be responsible for?"[42]

Each Grade is targeted at a specific area of potential difficulty a person might have. The working hypothesis is that if the subject matter is not "charged"; in other words, if it is not causing any difficulty, then it will not read on the E-meter, and therefore will not be run.

John H. Wolfe differentiates auditing from interrogation, prayer, meditation, confession or hypnosis, instead likening it to nondirective therapy: "In its general philosophy and approach, auditing is closest to the nondirective therapy of Carl Rogers (1961), who stressed the importance of having the client find the client's own answers, while the counselor refrains from interpretation, but listens with empathic understanding. Auditing differs from Roger's approach by having the auditor direct the preclear's attention using auditing questions, and by breaking up the session into discrete cycles of action."[43]

## Rundowns

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See also: Category:Scientology rundowns

Hubbard defines a rundown as "a series of steps which are auditing actions and processes designed to handle a specific aspect of a case and which have a known end phenomena".[8]: 364 Hubbard devised dozens of rundowns.[13] The main rundowns are the levels of the Bridge to Total Freedom, which are the codified sequential steps to attain Scientology's concept of spiritual freedom.[11]: 134–135 [31]: 48, 296

One of the earliest rundowns on the Bridge, which most Scientologists are expected to do, is the Purification Rundown. The "purif" is a sauna-and-sweat detoxification program requiring a high intake of vitamins, allegedly[b] designed to remove toxins from the body that would inhibit one's recall needed for future auditing.[15]: 179 Some of the basic levels of the Bridge include rundowns said to alleviate issues with communication, problems, and upsets. The Clear Certainty Rundown is the step where the Church of Scientology verifies that the preclear has correctly attained the State of Clear.[44][45]

There are specialty rundowns such as the three very high-priced "L's Rundowns" available only at Flag which are promoted as executive boosters and promise the ability to be stably exterior—outside of your body.[46] The Super Power Rundown is intended to increase one's perceptions; Hubbard said we have 57 senses which he calls "perceptics".[47][48]

One of the most controversial rundowns is the Introspection Rundown, which is alleged to handle a psychotic episode or complete mental breakdown but was a key factor in the death of Lisa McPherson and has been widely written about.[15]: 208–217, 248

Numerous other rundowns are listed on the right margin of the Bridge to Total Freedom.[14]

## Constructs

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### Reactive mind

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The reactive mind (also called a reactive bank, or simply bank) is a concept formulated by Hubbard, referring to that portion of the human mind that is unconscious and operates on a stimulus-response basis. In the reactive mind are engrams which are recordings of incidents in one's life that Hubbard says cause most mental, emotional, and psychosomatic ailments.[49]: 418 [50]: 266

> What can it do? It can give a man arthritis, bursitis, asthma, allergies, sinusitis, coronary trouble, high blood pressure and so on down the whole catalogue of psycho-somatic ills, adding a few more which were never specifically classified as psycho-somatic, such as the common cold. —L. Ron Hubbard [51]: 51

The action of auditing is to locate these incidents and "erase" them, meaning they are removed from the unconscious reactive mind and re-filed into the person's conscious analytical mind.[52]: 269 [50]: 269

### Engram

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The use of the word engram in Dianetics and Scientology is different from the meaning of "engram" in cognitive psychology.[53] According to Hubbard, an engram is a detailed mental image or memory of a traumatic event from the past that occurred when an individual was partially or fully unconscious. Whenever something painful happens while one's "analytic mind" is unconscious, engrams are said to be recorded and stored within the reactive mind.[54][8]: 141

In 1950, Hubbard first described an engram as a "cellular level recording" that includes both physical and emotional pain,[55]: 52 but later redefined his concept as being "a mental image picture of a moment of pain and unconsciousness".[56]

Engrams are said to originate from painful incidents, which close down the "analytic function", leaving a person to operate only on the "reactive" level, where everything, including pain, position, and location are experienced as "aspects of the unpleasant whole." An engram is restimulated if the person is later reminded of the painful experience, causing feelings of guilt or embarrassment – another engram. This cycle is called a "lock" in Scientology terminology.[57]: 59 Engrams are stored as series of incidents that are similar, called "chains".[55]: 52

Jeff Jacobsen compared the process of auditing engrams to the Freudian psychoanalytic concept of abreaction, equating engrams to the painful subconscious memories that abreaction therapy brings up to the conscious mind. He quoted Nathaniel Thornton, who compared abreaction to confession.[54] Dorthe Refslund Christensen describes engrams in layman's terms as trauma, a means to explain the long and short term effects of painful experiences.[55] According to Christensen, Hubbard wrote about the dramatization of an engram, where the one who suffered and recorded the pain as an engram relates all sensory perceptions during the time of the painful incident to the incident. These sensory perceptions become "restimulators" that remind the individual of the pain and triggers him or her to re-experience it.[55]

Scholar Richard Holloway writes that according to Scientology, engrams are "damaging experiences that happen by accident," bruises through time implanted on thetans through the course of millions of lives. Sometimes the damage is intentionally inflicted by thetans who desired power over other thetans. Deliberate injuries are called implants in Scientology. Hubbard wrote, "Implants result in all varieties of illness, apathy, degradiation, neurosis and insanity and are the principle causes of these in man." The Christian idea of heaven is a deceptive implant, Hubbard taught, for there is an infinite series of lives after the first, contrary to the Christian notion of the afterlife.[58]

The term engram was coined in 1904 by the German scholar Richard Semon,[59] who defined it as a "stimulus impression" which could be reactivated by the recurrence of "the energetic conditions which ruled at the generation of the engram."[52]: Cha.2 Hubbard re-used Semon's concept when he published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health in 1950. He conceived of the engram as a form of "memory trace", an idea that had long existed in medicine. According to physician Joseph Winter, who collaborated with Hubbard during the early years of the Dianetics organizations, Hubbard had taken the term "engram" from a 1936 edition of Dorland's Medical Dictionary, where it was defined as "a lasting mark or trace...In psychology it is the lasting trace left in the psyche by anything that has been experienced psychically; a latent memory picture."[60] Hubbard had originally used various terms such as "norn", "comanome" and "impediment" before settling on "engram" following a suggestion from Winter.[33]: 109

### Incidents and implants

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"Incidents" are events that happened to a person which continue to have a grip on their mind or spirit, and negatively affects them. It could be an accident or traumatic event that includes pain and subconscious commands, whether from this life or in a past life. Auditing procedures locate incidents in the person and relieve or erase them from the person's mind.[61]: 3-4 [c][8]: 207

"Implants" are an element of some incidents involving externally-imposed memories that contain commands and fictitious events. Hubbard alleges that the person will believe the implanted incident actually existed, and the commands in the implant make the person act strangely. A contemporary analogy would be the installing of a hypnotic command. However, the implants Hubbard presents in his lectures and writings are characterized by past-life incidents set in technologically advanced, space opera scenarios. Typically, these implants involve electronic fields entrapping and zapping a thetan (the being), installing commands, and showing cinema-like moving pictures to install false memories.[d][33]: 30 [8]: 206 [35]: 91 Such incidents are alleged to have occurred millions or trillions of years ago.[e] However, Hubbard believed that implantation is being performed in contemporary times by psychiatrists and priests.[63]: 104,106 [33]: 344

Methods of trapping and implanting a thetan might include blasts of raw electricity, explosions, fantastic motion, or white energy. Hubbard named his implants based on elements in the narratives—like aircraft door, gorilla, hoipolloi, bear, black thetan, and invisible picture.[21]: 111–3

Hubbard wrote extensively about specific incidents and implants he alleged are common to all beings on earth, and which should be "audited out" (removed) in order to help a person become more sane or spiritually free. The incidents that have most been covered in media, scholarly works, and books include the between-lives implants,[22]: 206 Christian-story implants, and the OT III implants known as the Xenu story.

Jon Atack wrote that "implants are [considered] the true foundation of the Reactive Mind" and specific implants are addressed by auditing on OT levels II and III.[33]: 30, 32 Hubbard names the earliest implant on the whole track as "Facsimile One", and describes the "Between-lives implants" as forgetter implants that cause humans to not remember their past lives.[33]: 133 [8]: 43, 154

Hubbard's incidents and implants are unique to Scientology beliefs and have not been proven to exist or to have happened. Critics have noted many scientific implausibilities connected with the OT III incidents. Peter Forde's paper "A Scientific Scrutiny of OT III" analyzes the matter in detail,[64] and the placement of events trillions of years ago contradicts the currently accepted age of the Universe as 13.8 billion years.[65]

Some examples of Hubbard's incidents and implants include the following.

Helatrobus implants
Hubbard describes the Helatrobus implants as occurring 52 to 382 trillion years ago by an alien nation called the Helatrobans, who sought to restrain minds by capturing and brainwashing thetans; these implants are said to be responsible for the concept of Heaven.[66][67]

Heaven implants
The Heaven Implants were dated at "43,891,832,611,177 years, 344 days, 10 hours, 20 minutes and 40 seconds ago from 10:02+1⁄2 P.M. Daylight Greenwich Time May 9, 1963." They comprised two series of views of Heaven, the first of which was quite positive: Hubbard compares Heaven to "Busch Gardens in Pasadena". In the second series, Heaven had become a lot shabbier:

> The place is shabby. The vegetation is gone. The pillars are scruffy. The saints have vanished. So have the Angels. A sign on one (the left as you "enter") says "This is Heaven". The right has a sign "Hell" with an arrow and inside the grounds one can see the excavations like archaeological diggings with raw terraces, that lead to "Hell".[68]

After being ridiculed in the Anderson Report (a 1960s Australian public inquiry into Scientology), this bulletin was withdrawn from circulation.

Incident I
Incident I is set four quadrillion years ago,[e] wherein an unsuspecting thetan was subjected to a loud snapping noise, followed by a flood of luminescence, then saw a chariot followed by a trumpeting cherub. After a loud set of snaps, the thetan was overwhelmed by darkness. This is described as the implant opening the gateway to the present universe, separating thetans from their static (natural/godlike) state. The incident is described in Operating Thetan level III (OT III), written in 1967.[23]: 104

R6 implants (Incident II)
The R6 Implants were the work of the Galactic Confederacy's tyrannical leader, Xenu, 75 million years ago. According to Hubbard, Xenu destroyed billions of captured subjects during Incident II by dropping them into volcanoes and attacking them with nuclear weapons.[69] The subjects, once disembodied, were forced to watch a "three-D, super colossal motion picture" for thirty-six days. This implanted pictures "contain[ing] God, the Devil, Angels, space opera, theaters, helicopters, a constant spinning, a spinning dancer, trains and various scenes very like modern England."[70]

Bodies in pawn
One of the more gruesome incidents is "Bodies in pawn":[71]: 80–81

> A fellow is grabbed, hypnotized, shoved into an electronic field, and then told he is somewhere else. And so he departs—most of him—and goes to the new location while still being under control of the implanters. He picks up a [physical] body in the new location and starts living a life there, while still having a living body somewhere else. The implanters can keep his original body alive indefinitely, and control the [being] through it. If the [being] tries to flee, the hypnotizers simply cause pain to the original body, still alive in a vat of fluid, and he is immediately recalled. That's a BODY IN PAWN. It's a second body you may have, living somewhere else, right in present time. But the second body is not under YOUR direct control. —L. Ron Hubbard [72][73]

## Controversies

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### Claimed benefits

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L. Ron Hubbard claimed benefits from auditing including improved IQ, improved ability to communicate, enhanced memory and alleviation of issues such as psychosis, dyslexia and attention deficit disorder.[74][75] Some people have alleged that auditing amounts to medical treatment without a license, and in the 1950s, some auditors were arrested on the charge.[11]: 62 The Church disputes that it is practicing medicine, and it has successfully established in United States courts of law that auditing addresses only spiritual relief.[76] According to the Church, the psychotherapist treats mental health and the Church treats the spiritual being. Hubbard clarified the difference between the two:

> If we processed a specific type of aberration, we of course would be in the field of mental healing, and so forth. But long ago we actually discovered that we must not process specific aberrations, which takes us out of the field of mental healing. It is quite fatal to do this because in the first place it's an evaluation for the case. In the second place, it's a negative type process; you're condemning the individual for hitting girls. Doesn't validate the individual at all. Do you follow? And if carried on very long, does not result in the betterment of an individual. All we're interested in is the spiritual betterment of the individual[.][77]

In 1971, a ruling of the United States District Court, District of Columbia (333 F. Supp. 357), specifically stated that the E-meter "has no proven usefulness in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease, nor is it medically or scientifically capable of improving any bodily function."[4] As a result of this ruling, Scientology now publishes disclaimers in its books and publications declaring that the E-meter "by itself does nothing" and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes.[4]

### Confidentiality issues

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Auditing sessions are permanently recorded in the form of handwritten notes stored in folders called preclear folders, which are supposed to be kept private and confidential. Judge Paul Breckenridge, in Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong, noted that Mary Sue Hubbard (the plaintiff in that case) "authored the infamous order 'GO 121669', which directed culling of supposedly confidential P.C. files/folder for the purposes of internal security".[78] This directive was later canceled because it was not part of Scientology as written by L. Ron Hubbard. Bruce Hines has noted in an interview with Hoda Kotb that Scientology's collecting of personal and private information through auditing can possibly leave an adherent vulnerable to potential "blackmail" should they ever consider disaffecting from the cult.[79] A number of sources have claimed that information gleaned from preclear folders have indeed been used for intimidation and harassment.[80][81][82][33]: 254, 276, 277, 332, 333, 340, 393

### Hypnosis

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Main article: Anderson Report

In 1965 the Anderson Report, an official inquiry conducted for the state of Victoria, Australia, found that auditing involved a form of "authoritative" or "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the subject. "It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous. [...] the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute [...] which was virtually unchallenged—leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology."[83]: 115

### Child labor

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Dutch investigative reporter Rinke Verkerk reported that she was given an auditing session by an 11-year-old in the Netherlands.[84] This has been criticized by clinical psychologists and child psychologists, on the grounds that secondary stress can affect children more strongly than adults.[85] The fact that the child was working full days for a whole weekend was also considered to be problematic.[85]

## See also

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* Scientology security checks

## Notes

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1. ^ In The Bridge to Total Freedom, see training columns "Course" and "End Result", and processing columns "Subject Audited" and "Class of Auditor Required".[14]
2. ^ Reitman writes, "Doctors have questioned the effectiveness of the Purification Rundown, which has never been scientifically proven as effective and might in fact be dangerous. Its central component, niacin, is administered in extremely high doses," where such dosages can cause liver damage.[15]: 179
3. ^ Quotation: "The invention of language and the entrance of language into the engram bank of the reactive mind seriously complicates the mechanistic reactions. The engrams containing language impinge themselves upon the conscious mind as commands." —L. Ron Hubbard [51]: xiii
4. ^ Glossary entry in Corydon (1987): "IMPLANT: Fundamentally any hypnotic suggestion. Hubbard defined it in terms of "space opera": a highly technical and complex system of mass hypnosis inflicted on populations by evil rulers. He claims that these implants have been inflicted upon everyone on the planet. An example of the "most devastating" of these are in the "Wall of Fire" chapter.[52]
5. ^ a b L. Ron Hubbard used the short scale numbering system where a billion is 1,000,000,000, a trillion is 1,000,000,000,000, a quadrillion is 1,000,000,000,000,000, and a trillion trillion is "1" followed by 24 zeroes.[62]

## References

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1. ^ a b Arweck, Elisabeth (2006). Researching New Religious Movements: Responses and Redefinitions. London: Routledge. p. 218\. ISBN 9-78-0-415-27754-9. "the e-meter – an instrument used in Scientology for auditing sessions — basically, a device consisting of two tin cans wired to a gauge; auditing is to identify and eliminate individuals' engrams, unconscious memories which prevent progress"
2. ^ a b Sweeney, John (April 28, 2015). "Going Clear: the film Scientologists don't want you to see". The Guardian.
3. ^ a b c United States of America, Libelant, v. Founding Church of Scientology et al., Claimants, D.C. 1–63 333 F. Supp. 357 (United States District Court, D.C. July 30, 1971) ("The E-meter is essentially a simple galvanometer using two tin cans as electrodes. It is crude, battery-powered, and designed to measure electrical skin resistance...A person using the meter for treatment holds the tin cans in his hands during an interview with the operator who is known as an auditor").
4. ^ a b c d e "Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter". www.cs.cmu.edu.
5. ^ a b "Review and Commentary: The Book Introducing The E-Meter". Secrets of Scientology - via Carnegie Mellon University.
6. ^ a b Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah : The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 201, 239. ISBN 0805006540. OL 26305813M.
7. ^ [1][2][3][4][5][6]
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hubbard, L. Ron (1975). Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary. Church of Scientology. ISBN 0884040372. OL 5254386M.
9. ^ a b Hassan, Steven A.; Scheflin, Alan W. (2024). "Understanding the Dark Side of Hypnosis as a Form of Undue Influence Exerted in Authoritarian Cults: Implications for Practice, Policy, and Education". In Linden, Julie H.; De Benedittis, Giuseppe; Sugarman, Laurence I.; Varga, Katalin (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 755–772\. ISBN 978-1-032-31140-1.
10. ^ Sonnenschein, Allan (June 1983). "Scientology Through the Eyes of L. Ron Hubbard, Jr". Penthouse. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. (alternative link)
11. ^ a b c d e f g Urban, Hugh B. (2011). The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691146089.
12. ^ Frenschkowsky, Marco (2015). "L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature". Marburg Journal of Religion. 4 (1). doi:10.17192/MJR.1999.4.3760.
13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harley, Gail M.; Kieffer, John (2009). "The Development and Reality of Auditing". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–206\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0010. ISBN 9780199852321. OL 16943235M.
14. ^ a b c "The Bridge to Total Freedom : Scientology Classification Gradation and Awareness Chart of Levels and Certificates" (Chart). Church of Scientology. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019.
15. ^ a b c d Reitman, Janet (2011). Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618883028. OL 24881847M.
16. ^ L. Ron Hubbard. "HCOB 31 May 1971R Standard 12 1/2 Hour Intensive Programs" (Document). Hubbard Communications Office.
17. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (1976). Modern Management Technology Defined: Hubbard dictionary of administration and management. Church of Scientology. ISBN 0884040402. OL 8192738M.
18. ^ "Invoice Form and Routing Forms" (Hubbard Communications Office Bulletin). Church of Scientology. November 12, 1987. "The invoice does not go into the pc's auditing folder. The HGC Admin fills in the invoice details on a form called the Invoice Form which is stapled to the inside back cover of the pc folder. This form has columns for the date, invoice number, any special details, hours paid, hours used and balance on account."
19. ^ Roux, Eric (2018). "Scientology auditing: Pastoral counselling or a religious path to total spiritual freedom". In Harvey, Sarah; Stedinger, Silke; Beckford, James A. (eds.). New Religious Movements and Counselling: Academic, Professional and Personal Perspectives. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315598086-9. ISBN 9781315598086.
20. ^ Lewis, James R.; Hellesøy, Kjersti, eds. (2017). Handbook of Scientology. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 9789004328716.
21. ^ a b Malko, George (1970). Scientology: The Now Religion. Delacorte Press. OL 5444962M.
22. ^ a b Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah : The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805006540. OL 26305813M.
23. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence (2013). Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307700667. OL 25424776M.
24. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (May 27, 1970). "Unreading Questions and Items". Hubbard Communications Office Bulletins. VII.
25. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (July 3, 1971). "Auditing by Lists Revised". Hubbard Communications Office Bulletins. VII.
26. ^ "30 Dumb Inventions". Life. January 1, 1968. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
27. ^ "Scientology Mythbusting with Jon Atack: The Tomato Photo!". tonyortega.org. February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
28. ^ Cooper, Paulette (1971). "Chapter 18: The E-Meter". The Scandal of Scientology. Belmont/Tower; Mass market edition.
29. ^ Lewis, James R., ed. (2009). Scientology. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.001.0001. ISBN 9780199852321. OL 16943235M.
30. ^ Passas, Nikos; Castillo, Manuel Escamilla (1992). "Scientology and its 'clear' business". Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 10 (1): 103–116\. doi:10.1002/bsl.2370100110.
31. ^ a b Rinder, Mike (2022). A Billion Years: My Escape From a Life in the Highest Ranks of Scientology. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781982185763.
32. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (1950). Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health.
33. ^ a b c d e f g Atack, Jon (1990). A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed. Lyle Stuart Books. ISBN 081840499X. OL 9429654M.
34. ^ Wakefield, Margery (2009). Understanding Scientology: The Demon Cult. Lulu.com. Chapter 6 : Grade 0 to Clear -- The Yellow Brick Road to Total Freedom. ISBN 9780557109265.
35. ^ a b Bromley, David G. (2009). "Making Sense of Scientology: Prophetic, Contractual Religion". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–102\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0005. ISBN 9780199852321. OL 16943235M.
36. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (September 8, 1978). "Mini List of Grade 0-IV Processes". HCO Bulletin.
37. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded ARC Straightwire Grade Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (I).
38. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded Grade 0 Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (II).
39. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded Grade I Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (III).
40. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded Grade II Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (IV).
41. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded Grade III Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (V).
42. ^ Hubbard, L Ron (November 14, 1987). "Expanded Grade IV Process Checklist". HCO Bulletin (VI).
43. ^ Wolfe, John H. (2017). "Common Sense Scientology". The Humanistic Psychologist. 45 (1): 84–97\. doi:10.1037/hum0000043.
44. ^ "Clear Certainty Rundown" (PDF). The Auditor. No. 200\. Church of Scientology. 1985 - via iapsop.com.
45. ^ Ortega, Tony (September 25, 2013). "Scientology Catechism: Claire Headley Puts Our State of Clear to the Test".
46. ^

* Rinder, Mike. "L12 Scientology Hype". Retrieved November 4, 2023.
* Ortega, Tony (January 21, 2023). The L Rundowns — Scientology's nuttiest 'technology'? Podcast with Karen de la Carriere!. Event occurs at 57:47. Retrieved November 4, 2023.

47. ^ Farley, Robert (June 6, 2006). "Scientology nearly ready to unveil Super Power". St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006.
48. ^ Ortega, Tony (January 11, 2012). "Scientology's "Super Power Rundown:" What is it, Anyway?". The Village Voice. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
49. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (2007). Science of Survival: Prediction of Human Behavior. New Era Publications International ApS. ISBN 9788779897441. OL 6803302M.
50. ^ a b Gardner, Martin (1986). "Dianetics". Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. pp. 263ff. ISBN 0-486-20394-8. OL 22475247M.
51. ^ a b Hubbard, L. Ron (1950). Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. OL 6069624M.
52. ^ a b c Corydon, Bent (1987). L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 0818404442.
53. ^ Cordón, Luis A. (2005). Popular psychology : an encyclopedia. Wesport (Conn.): Greenwood. p. 61. ISBN 9780313324574. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
54. ^ a b Jacobsen, Jeff. "Dianetics: From Out of the Blue?". Retrieved June 15, 2010. Reprinted from The Arizona Skeptic, vol. 5, no. 2, September/October 1991, pp. 1-5.
55. ^ a b c d Christensen, Dorthe Refslund (2017). "Rethinking Scientology: An Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986". In Lewis, James R.; Hellesoy, Kjersti (eds.). Handbook of Scientology. Vol. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. pp. 47–103\. doi:10.1163/9789004330542_004. ISBN 9789004330542.
56. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (October 1956). "The Vocabularies of Science" (PDF). Ability: the Magazine of Dianetics and Scientology. No. 36\. Washington D. C. p. 2.
57. ^ Cook, Pat (1971). "Scientology and Dianetics". The Journal of Education. 153 (4): 58–61\. doi:10.1177/002205747115300409. JSTOR 42773008. S2CID 151258588.
58. ^ Holloway, Richard (September 20, 2016). A Little History of Religion. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300208832.
59. ^ Dudai, Yadin (2002). Memory from A to Z: Keywords, Concepts, and Beyond. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852087-5.
60. ^ Winter, Joseph A. (1951). A Doctor's Report on Dianetics. New York, NY: Hermitage House.
61. ^ Lewis, James R.; Hellesøy, Kjersti (2017). "Introduction". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Handbook of Scientology. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 14\. Brill. ISBN 9789004330542.
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## External links

[edit]

* Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter

* v
* t
* e

Scientology

Beliefs and
practices|

* Abortion
* Auditing
* Books
* Bridge
* Clear
* Dianetics
* Dianetics (book)
* Disconnection
* E-meter
* Engram
* Ethics and justice
* Glossary and Terminology
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* Reincarnation
* Sec Check
* Sex
* Gender
* Homosexuality
* Silent birth
* Space opera
* Study Technology
* Thetan
* Training routines
* Xenu

History and
controversies|

* Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
* Books critical of Scientology
* Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia
* Clearwater Hearings
* Death of Elli Perkins
* Death of Kaja Ballo
* Death of Lisa McPherson
* Fair game
* Fishman Affidavit
* Guardian's Office operations
* Keith Henson
* The Internet
* Operation Clambake
* Operation Freakout
* Operation Snow White
* Project Chanology
* Project Normandy
* R2-45
* Psychiatry
* Scientology and Me
* Scientology as a business
* The Secrets of Scientology
* Suppressive person
* Tax status in the US
* The Hole
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* Timeline

Government reports|

* Anderson Report (AUS)
* Dumbleton–Powles Report (NZ)
* Foster Report (UK)
* Lee Report (CAN)

Litigation|

* R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal
* Hubbard v Vosper
* United States v. Hubbard
* X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
* Church of Scientology v. Sweden
* Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology
* Hernandez v. Commissioner
* New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack
* Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong
* R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
* Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz
* Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
* Religious Technology Center v Lerma
* Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
* Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
* Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany
* Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
* Headley v. Church of Scientology International

Organizations
(and properties)|

* Cadet Org
* Celebrity Centre
* Château Élysée
* Church of Scientology
* Church of Scientology International
* Guaranty Building
* Church of Spiritual Technology
* Trementina Base
* Flag Service Organization
* Flag Building/Super Power Building
* Flag Ship Service Org
* Freewinds
* Founding Church of Scientology
* Galaxy Press
* Author Services building
* Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)
* Hubbard Association of Scientologists International
* International Association of Scientologists
* Office of Special Affairs
* Religious Technology Center
* Rehabilitation Project Force
* Saint Hill Manor
* Scientology Missions International
* Sea Org

Countries|

* Status by country
* Australia
* Belgium
* Canada
* Egypt
* France
* Germany
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

Officials|

* L. Ron Hubbard
* Mary Sue Hubbard
* David Miscavige
* Shelly Miscavige
* Bob Adams
* John Carmichael
* Tommy Davis
* Jessica Feshbach
* David Gaiman
* Leisa Goodman
* Heber Jentzsch
* Kendrick Moxon
* Karin Pouw
* Mark Rathbun
* Mike Rinder
* Michelle Stith
* Kurt Weiland

Affiliated
organizations
and recruitment|

* Association for Better Living and Education
* Applied Scholastics
* Celebrities
* Citizens Commission on Human Rights
* Concerned Businessmen's Association of America
* Criminon
* Cult Awareness Network
* Delphian School
* Free Zone
* Front groups
* Moxon & Kobrin
* Narconon
* New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project
* Oxford Capacity Analysis
* Safe Environment Fund
* Scientology Network
* KSCN-TV
* WFTT-TV
* Second Chance Program
* Trademarks
* Volunteer Ministers
* The Way to Happiness Foundation
* World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
* Youth for Human Rights International

Popular
culture|

* Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology
* Being Tom Cruise
* Bowfinger
* The Bridge
* Going Clear
* film
* Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
* The Master
* My Scientology Movie
* The Profit
* South Park
* "A Token of My Extreme"
* A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
* We Stand Tall

* Wikibooks
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikinews
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikiversity
* Wiktionary

* v
* t
* e

Pseudoscience

List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Terminology|

* Cargo cult science
* Charlatan
* Crank
* Fringe theory
* Fringe science
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Pseudomathematics
* Junk science
* Paranormal
* Pathological science
* Quackery
* Snake oil
* Superseded scientific theory
* True-believer syndrome
* Voodoo Science

Topics
characterized as
pseudoscience|

| Medicine|

* Acupuncture
* Aromatherapy
* Adrenal fatigue
* Alternative medicine
* Anthroposophic medicine
* Applied kinesiology
* Ayurveda
* Bates method
* Biorhythms
* Bloodletting
* Body memory
* Chiropractic
* Chromotherapy
* Correactology
* Cryonics
* Crystal healing
* Cupping
* Detoxification
* Colon cleansing
* Doctrine of signatures
* Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
* Ear candling
* Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
* Energy medicine
* Fad diet
* FasciaBlaster
* Germ theory denialism
* HIV/AIDS denialism
* Homeopathy
* Humorism
* Iridology
* Leaky gut syndrome
* LGBTQ chemicals conspiracy theory
* Lunar effect
* Macrobiotic diet
* Magnet therapy
* Miracle Mineral Supplement
* Naturopathy
* Palmistry
* Panchagavya
* Patent medicine
* Phrenology
* Primal therapy
* Radionics
* Reiki
* Traditional medicine
* Traditional Chinese medicine
* Trepanning
* Vertebral subluxation
* Wind turbine syndrome
* Young blood transfusion

|

Social science|

* 2012 phenomenon
* Ancient astronauts
* Arabian Judah theory
* Catastrophism
* Conspiracy theory
* 5G conspiracy
* 9/11 conspiracy theories
* Chemtrail conspiracy theory
* Climate change denial
* COVID-19 misinformation
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Opposition to water fluoridation
* Conversion therapy
* Expanding Earth Theory
* Generational theory
* Generationism
* Strauss–Howe generational theory
* Hollow Earth theory
* Indigo children
* Japhetic theory
* Mediumship
* Nazi archaeology
* Nibiru cataclysm
* Parapsychology
* Pseudoarchaeology
* Pseudohistory
* Genocide denial
* Historical negationism
* Holocaust denial
* Tartarian Empire
* Pseudolaw
* Recovered-memory therapy
* Past life regression
* Scientific racism
* Aryan race
* Melanin theory
* Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
* Enneagram of Personality

Physics|

* Anti-gravity
* Cold fusion
* Faster-than-light travel
* Perpetual motion
* Quantum mysticism
* Reactionless drive
* Dean drive
* EMDrive
* Teleportation
* Tractor beam
* Water-fueled car

Other|

* Alchemy
* Aquatic ape hypothesis
* Astrology
* Biodynamic agriculture
* Biological transmutation
* Creation science
* Cryptozoology
* Dianetics
* Auditing
* Dowsing
* Electronic voice phenomenon
* Eugenics
* Facilitated communication
* Feng shui
* Flat Earth theory
* Modern flat Earth beliefs
* Graphology
* Intelligent design
* Laundry ball
* Law of attraction
* Levitation
* Lysenkoism
* Numerology
* Orgone
* Polygraph
* Pseudoscientific metrology
* Rapid prompting method
* Statement analysis
* Ufology
* Voice stress analysis
* Water memory

Promoters of
pseudoscience|

* Sucharit Bhakdi
* Del Bigtree
* Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
* Brigitte Boisselier
* Rhonda Byrne
* Robert Charroux
* Deepak Chopra
* Clonaid
* Vernon Coleman
* Michael Crichton
* Ignatius L. Donnelly
* Gaia, Inc.
* Max Gerson
* Nicholas Gonzalez
* Goop (company)
* Graham Hancock
* David Icke
* William Donald Kelley
* Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
* Corentin Louis Kervran
* The Light (newspaper)
* Mike Lindell
* Jenny McCarthy
* Joseph Mercola
* Judy Mikovits
* Ministry of Ayush
* Theodor Morell
* Hans Alfred Nieper
* Mehmet Oz
* Raël (Claude Vorilhon)
* Robby Starbuck
* Randolph Stone
* Paul Joseph Watson
* Andrew Wakefield

Related topics|

* Bogdanov affair
* Bourgeois pseudoscience
* Demarcation problem
* Scientific method
* Suppressed research in the Soviet Union

Resources|

* Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Cults of Unreason
* An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
* Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
* Fortean Times
* James Randi Educational Foundation
* Quackwatch
* Skeptical Inquirer
* The Demon-Haunted World
* The Natural History of Quackery
* The Psychology of the Occult
* The Ragged Edge of Science
* The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
* The Skeptic's Dictionary

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