Auguste de Marmont

French Marshal

Marshal of the Empire

Auguste de Marmont

Duke of Ragusa

Portrait by Andrea Appiani, 1798

Born| (1774-07-20)20 July 1774
Châtillon-sur-Seine, France
Died| 22 March 1852(1852-03-22) (aged 77)
Venice, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
Allegiance|  French First Republic
First French Empire
Bourbon Restoration
Service / branch| Army
Rank| Marshal of the Empire
Battles / wars| French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
Awards| Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont, duc de Raguse (French pronunciation: [oɡyst fʁedeʁik lwi vjɛs də maʁmɔ̃]; 20 July 1774 – 22 March 1852) was a French general and nobleman who rose to the rank of Marshal of the Empire and was awarded the title Duke of Ragusa (French: duc de Raguse). In the Peninsular War Marmont succeeded the disgraced André Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain, but lost decisively at the Battle of Salamanca as France ultimately lost the war in Spain.

At the close of the War of the Sixth Coalition, Marmont went over to the Restoration and remained loyal to the Bourbons through the Hundred Days. This gave Marmont a reputation as a traitor among the remaining Bonapartists, and in French society more broadly. He led the royalist Paris garrison during the July Revolution in 1830, but his efforts proved incapable of quelling the revolution, leading King Charles X to accuse Marmont of betraying the Bourbons as he had betrayed the Bonapartes.

Marmont departed France with Charles's entourage and never returned to France. Spending his exile mostly in Vienna and other lands of the Austrian Empire, he died in Venice in 1852.

## Early life and career

[edit]

Marmont as Marshal of the Empire, by Jean-Baptiste Paulin Guérin (1837)

Marmont was born at Châtillon-sur-Seine, the son of an ex-officer in the army who belonged to the petite noblesse and adopted the principles of the Revolution. His love of soldiering soon showed itself, and his father took him to Dijon to learn mathematics before entering the artillery. There, he made the acquaintance of Napoleon Bonaparte, which he renewed after obtaining his commission when he served in Toulon.[1]

The acquaintance ripened into intimacy; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide-de-camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade. In 1799, he returned to Europe with his chief. He was present at the coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire and organized the artillery for the expedition to Italy, which he commanded with great effect at Marengo. For this, he was at once made general of division. In 1801, he became inspector-general of artillery, and in 1804, grand officer of the Legion of Honour. However, he was greatly disappointed at being omitted from the list of officers who were made marshals.[1]

## Napoleonic Wars

[edit]

Equestrian portrait of Marmont Heraldic achievement of Auguste-Frédéric-Louis Viesse de Marmont, Duke of Ragusa

In 1805, he received the command of a corps, with which he did good service at Ulm. He was then directed to take possession of Dalmatia with his army and occupied the Republic of Ragusa. For the next five years, he was military and civil governor of Dalmatia, and traces of his beneficent régime still survive both in great public works and in the memories of the people. In 1808, he was made Duke of Ragusa.[1]

In the War of the Fifth Coalition, he defeated an Austrian holding force in the Dalmatian Campaign of May 1809 and captured the opposing commander. Breaking out of Dalmatia, he reached Ljubljana (Laibach) in early June. After he defeated Ignaz Gyulai's corps in the Battle of Graz, Napoleon summoned the XI Corps to Vienna.[2] Marmont arrived in time to fight in the Battle of Wagram on 5 and 6 July.[3] In the subsequent pursuit of Archduke Charles, Marmont's corps was in a compromising position and was rescued only by the arrival of Napoleon with heavy reinforcements.[4] Napoleon made him a Marshal of the Empire, though he said, "Between ourselves, you have not done enough to justify entirely my choice." Of the three marshals created after Wagram, the French soldiers said,

> MacDonald is France's choice
> Oudinot is the army's choice
> Marmont is friendship's choice.[5]

Marmont was appointed governor-general of all the Illyrian provinces of the empire. This region included the Croatian port city state of Ragusa. In May 1811, Marmont was hastily summoned to succeed Masséna in the command of the French army in northern Spain. Despite the presence of the British army, his relief of Ciudad Rodrigo was a great feat. The manoeuvering which preceded the Battle of Salamanca was not successful, however, as Wellington ordered his cavalry to charge Marmont's unsuspecting left flank in the battle and inflicted a great defeat on the French. Marmont and his deputy commander Comte Jean-Pierre François Bonet were both struck by shrapnel very early in the battle. Marmont was gravely wounded in the right arm and side, and command of the battle passed to Bertrand Clauzel. He retired to France to recover.[1]

In April 1813, Napoleon again gave Marmont the command of a corps, which he led at the battles of Lützen, Bautzen and Dresden. He then fought throughout the great defensive campaign of 1814 until the last battle before Paris. Marmont's forces fought a fighting retreat back to the commanding position of Essonne, inflicting high casualties on the enemy.[citation needed]

Marmont then took upon himself a political role, seeking to halt what he now saw as a pointless prolonging of a war that France would now assuredly lose. Marmont contacted the Allies and reached a secret agreement with them. As the Allies closed on Montmartre, Marmont—together with marshals Mortier and Moncey—marched to a position where they were quickly surrounded by Allied troops and then surrendered their forces.[6]

## Bourbon service

[edit]

Viaggio in Sicilia, 1840

Marmont stayed loyal to the restored Bourbon king Louis XVIII during the Hundred Days, and following Waterloo, voted in favour of the execution of Marshal Ney.

He was made a Peer of France and a major-general of the royal guard, and in 1820, a knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit and a grand officer of the Order of Saint Louis. He was the major-general of the guard on duty in July 1830 during the July Revolution and was ordered to put down with a strong hand any opposition to the July Ordinances. Himself opposed to the court policy, he nevertheless tried to do his duty and only gave up the attempt to suppress the revolution when it became clear that his troops were outmatched. This brought more obloquy upon him, and Charles X even ordered him arrested, saying:[1]

> Will you betray us, as you betrayed him?

Marmont accompanied the king into exile and forfeited his marshalate. His desire to return to France was never gratified and he wandered in central and eastern Europe, settling finally in Vienna, where he was well received by the Austrian government. Strangely, he was made tutor to the Duke of Reichstadt, the young man who had once for a few weeks been styled Napoleon II.[1] Despite his long friendship with Napoleon, by this time the verb "raguser"—derived from his title, the Duke of Ragusa—was a household word in France that meant "to betray". Thirty years later, as an old man living in Venice, little children in the street would point and say, "There goes the man who betrayed Napoleon." He died in Venice in March 1852, the last living Napoleonic marshal.

## Works

[edit]

In his last years, Marmont spent much of his time working on his Mémoires, which are of great value to the military history of the time.[1]

His works are:

* Voyage en Hongrie, etc. (4 vols., 1837)
* Voyage en Sicile (1838); trans. it., Milan, 1840
* Esprit des institutions militaires (1845)
* Cesar; Xenophon; and Mémoires (8 vols., published after his death in 1856)

## Family

[edit]

Portrait of Anne-Marie-Hortense Perregaux, Duchess of Ragusa, 1818

In 1798, Marmont married Anne-Marie-Hortense Perregaux, the daughter of Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, a Swiss (and Protestant) banker, later a founder and regent of the Banque de France, and Adélaïde de Praël de Surville, herself the natural daughter of the banker to the court of Louis XV, Nicolas Beaujon. They had no children and were divorced in 1817. She outlived him by five years, dying in Paris in 1857.

## Evaluation

[edit]

Marmont is perhaps one of the most controversial marshals created under the Empire. His reputation, like many French generals in Spain, was tarnished by his defeats in the Peninsular War. However, on the whole, Marmont's military career was quite impressive. He was perhaps the most educated of the marshals and one of the few to write a thesis on the art of war. He was a talented strategist, understanding the art of command and the movement of troops. He performed wonderfully in Dalmatia making what John Elting calls "a remarkable 300-mile march through frequently roadless country, scattering two Austrian forces, but clinging to his independent status..."[7] Perhaps even more impressive is his study and evaluation of the Spanish theater of the war. He studied Wellington's nature of war, refusing to give battle against the British unless the ground was of Marmont's choosing.[citation needed] This led to a series of manoeuvres where Marmont frequently had the upper hand. Marmont understood the importance of cooperation in the Peninsula by supporting his fellow marshals. Tactically Marmont was deadly and quick to strike, but prone to sloppiness which caused him his two defeats.[citation needed]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 744–745.
2. ^ Arnold, 113-115
3. ^ Arnold, 116
4. ^ Arnold, 174
5. ^ Arnold, 176
6. ^ Steven Englund, Napoleon: A Political Life (2005) p 415-6
7. ^ Eltling, John R. Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armee. New York: The Free Press, copyright 1988. 140.

## Sources

[edit]

* Arnold, James R. Napoleon Conquers Austria. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 1995. ISBN 0-275-94694-0
* Chandler, David The Campaigns of Napoleon. Macmillan, New York, 1966.
* Hamilton-Williams, David The Fall of Napoleon. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1994. ISBN 0-471-11862-1

## External links

[edit]

* Works by Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Auguste de Marmont at the Internet Archive

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Auguste de Marmont.

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1788|

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* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
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1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
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1798|

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1799|

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1792|

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1793|

* First Coalition
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* Siege of Mainz
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1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
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* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
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1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
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* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
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* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
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* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
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* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
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* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
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* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

* v
* t
* e

Napoleonic Wars

* Third Coalition
* Fourth Coalition
* Peninsular War
* Fifth Coalition
* French Invasion of Russia
* Sixth Coalition
* Seventh Coalition

Belli-
gerents|

| France,
client states
and allies|

* France
* Polish Legions
* Italy
* Holland
* Etruria
* Swiss Confederation
* Naples
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Württemberg
* Denmark–Norway
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Spain

|

Coalition
forces|

* United Kingdom
* Austria
* Russia
* Prussia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Sicily
* Papal States
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Sardinia
* Sweden
* Netherlands
* Brunswick
* Hanover
* Nassau
* French Royalists

Major
battles|

| Prelude|

* French Revolution
* First Coalition
* Second Coalition
* 18 Brumaire
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Duc d'Enghien Execution
* Coronation of Napoleon

|

1805|

* Diamond Rock
* Cape Finisterre
* Wertingen
* Günzburg
* Haslach-Jungingen
* Elchingen
* Ulm
* Verona
* Trafalgar
* Caldiero
* Cape Ortegal
* Amstetten
* Dürenstein
* Schöngrabern
* Austerlitz

1806|

* Gaeta
* Campo Tenese
* Maida
* Schleiz
* Saalfeld
* Jena–Auerstedt
* Erfurt
* Halle
* Magdeburg
* Prenzlau
* Pasewalk
* Stettin
* Waren-Nossentin
* Lübeck
* Greater Poland uprising
* Hamelin
* Czarnowo
* Golymin
* Pułtusk

1807|

* Mohrungen
* Eylau
* Ostrołęka
* Kolberg
* Danzig
* Stralsund I
* Mileto
* Guttstadt-Deppen
* Heilsberg
* Friedland
* Stralsund II
* Copenhagen
* Invasion of Portugal

1808|

* Dos de Mayo
* Bruch
* Rosily Squadron
* Cabezón
* 1st Zaragoza
* Valencia
* Medina de Rioseco
* Bailén
* Roliça
* Vimeiro
* Zornoza
* Valmaseda
* Burgos
* Espinosa
* Tudela
* Somosierra
* 2nd Zaragoza
* Sahagún
* Benavente

1809|

* Castellón
* Uclés
* Corunna
* Valls
* Tyrolean Rebellion
* Villafranca
* Yevenes/Yébenes
* Ciudad Real
* 1st Porto
* Medellín
* Bergisel
* Sacile
* Teugen-Hausen
* Raszyn
* Abensberg
* Landshut
* Eckmühl
* Ratisbon
* Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
* Dalmatian Campaign
* Ebelsberg
* Girona
* Piave River
* Grijó
* 2nd Porto
* Wörgl
* Tarvis
* Aspern-Essling
* Alcañiz
* Sankt Michael
* Stralsund
* Raab
* María
* Graz
* Wagram
* Korneuburg
* Stockerau
* Gefrees
* Hollabrunn
* Schöngrabern
* Armistice of Znaim
* Talavera
* Walcheren Campaign
* Ölper
* Almonacid
* Tamames
* Ocaña
* Alba de Tormes

1810|

* Cádiz
* Astorga
* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Barquilla
* Côa
* Almeida
* Bussaco

1811|

* Gebora
* Barrosa
* Pombal
* Redinha
* Casal Novo
* Campo Maior
* Sabugal
* Almeida
* Fuentes de Oñoro
* Tarragona
* Albuera
* Usagre
* Saguntum
* Arroyo dos Molinos
* Valencia

1812|

* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Badajoz
* Villagarcia
* Almaraz
* Maguilla
* Mir
* Ekau
* Salamanca
* García Hernández
* Saltanovka
* Ostrovno
* Vitebsk
* Kobryn
* Klyastitsy
* Majadahonda
* Gorodechno
* Smolensk
* 1st Polotsk
* Valutino
* Mesoten
* Borodino
* Moscow
* Burgos
* Tarutino
* 2nd Polotsk
* Venta del Pozo
* Maloyaroslavets
* Chashniki
* Vyazma
* Smoliani
* Krasnoi
* Berezina

1813|

* Castalla
* Lützen
* Bautzen
* Tarragona
* Luckau
* Vitoria
* San Sebastián
* Pyrenees
* Sorauren
* Großbeeren
* Katzbach
* Dresden
* 1st Kulm
* San Marcial
* Dennewitz
* 2nd Kulm
* Göhrde
* Roßlau
* Wartenburg
* Bidassoa
* Leipzig
* Hanau
* Nivelle
* Bornhöved
* Sehested

1814|

* 1st Bar-sur-Aube
* Brienne
* La Rothière
* Mincio River
* Champaubert
* Montmirail
* Château-Thierry
* Vauchamps
* Garris
* Mormant
* Montereau
* Orthez
* 2nd Bar-sur-Aube
* Gué-à-Tresmes
* Saint-Julien
* Laubressel
* Craonne
* Laon
* Mâcon
* Reims
* Limonest
* Arcis-sur-Aube
* Fère-Champenoise
* Saint-Dizier
* Montmartre
* Paris
* Toulouse
* Bayonne

1815|

* Panaro
* Occhiobello
* Carpi
* Casaglia
* Ronco
* Cesenatico
* Pesaro
* Scapezzano
* Tolentino
* Ancona
* Castel di Sangro
* San Germano
* Gaeta
* Quatre Bras
* Ligny
* Waterloo
* Wavre
* Rocheserviere
* La Suffel
* Rocquencourt
* Issy

Info|

| French and ally
military and
political leaders|

* Napoleon
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Joachim Murat
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Jean Lannes
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Michel Ney
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Marshal Victor
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
* Joseph I
* Louis Bonaparte
* Jérôme Bonaparte
* Prince Poniatowski
* Prince Eugène
* Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
* Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
* Frederick I of Württemberg
* Frederick VI of Denmark

|

Coalition
military and
political leaders|

* Duke of Wellington
* Rowland Hill
* John Moore
* Horatio Nelson
* Thomas Cochrane
* Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Manuel Lapeña
* Archduke Charles
* Prince von Schwarzenberg
* Archduke John of Austria
* Alexander I of Russia
* Mikhail Kutuzov
* Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
* Count Bennigsen
* Pyotr Bagration
* Peter Wittgenstein
* Frederick William III of Prussia
* Gebhard von Blücher
* Duke of Brunswick
* Prince of Hohenlohe
* Ferdinand VII of Spain
* Miguel de Álava
* Maria I of Portugal
* Prince Regent John of Portugal
* Count of Feira
* William, Prince of Orange
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
* Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
* Prince Charles John of Sweden
* Louis XVIII

Related
conflicts|

* Anglo-Russian War
* Anglo-Spanish War
* Anglo-Swedish War
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Anglo-Danish War
* Gunboat War
* Dano-Swedish War
* Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
* Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
* Russo-Persian War
* Russo-Turkish War
* Spanish American wars of independence
* Swedish–Norwegian War
* War of 1812

Treaties|

* Campo Formio
* Lunéville
* Amiens
* Artlenburg
* Pressburg
* Finckenstein
* Tilsit
* Cintra
* Schönbrunn
* Paris (1810)
* Paris (February 1812)
* Paris (March 1812)
* Paris (1814)
* Tauroggen
* Ried
* Chaumont
* Kiel
* Mantua
* Casalanza
* Fontainebleau (1814)
* Paris (1815)

Miscellaneous|

* Bibliography
* Bourbon Restoration
* Casualties
* Congress of Erfurt
* Continental System
* Conference of Dresden
* England expects that every man will do his duty
* Films
* Grande Armée
* Uniforms
* Longwood House
* Types of military

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* 2
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Greece
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia

People|

* Netherlands
* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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