Australian philosophy

Study of being on the continent

Australian philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the people of Australia and of its citizens abroad. Academic philosophy has been mostly pursued in universities (and sometimes seminaries). It has been broadly in the tradition of Anglo-American analytic philosophy, but has also had representatives of a diverse range of other schools, such as idealism, Catholic neo-scholasticism, Marxism, and continental, feminist and Asian philosophy.

## Indigenous perspectives

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Main article: Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology

Australian indigenous traditions attribute moral authority outside the individual to The Dreaming, which is bound up with the relation of human society to land.[1]

## Idealism

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The earliest academic philosophers in Australia were appointed in the late nineteenth century.[2] Then and in the early twentieth century, most were like their European contemporaries idealists.[3][4][5] They included Sir Francis Anderson, professor of philosophy at Sydney University from 1890 to 1921, W. R. Boyce Gibson in Melbourne, and (to a degree) Sir William Mitchell in Adelaide.[6][7]

Francis Anderson established the Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy in 1923. From 1947 it bifurcated and the philosophy part has been published as the Australasian Journal of Philosophy.[8]

## John Anderson

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John Anderson, 1926

Sydney philosophy was dominated in the mid-twentieth century by the Scottish immigrant John Anderson, Challis Professor of Philosophy at Sydney University from 1927 to 1958. He developed a complete realist philosophy that contrasted with the linguistic philosophy then developing in other parts of the English-speaking world.[3]: ch1-2 [9][10] His controversial atheism and his view that there was no such thing as moral obligation attracted condemnation, and through his students had an influence on the Sydney Push and other libertarian currents of the 1960s.[3]: ch8

## Melbourne philosophy

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Philosophy at Melbourne University was more diverse than in Sydney but in the mid-twentieth century heavily influenced by Wittgenstein.[3]: ch7 [11] Prominent Melbourne Wittgensteinians included George Paul and Douglas Gasking.[12]

## Australian realism

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Main article: Australian realism

Australian philosophers have typically taken a realist view of entities mentioned in science, such as forces, causes, minds and properties or universals (as opposed to considering them mere mental entities or ways of speaking or social constructions). Partly through the influence of John Anderson, realism has been stronger in Australia than in comparable countries such as the US and UK.[13][3]: 323–9

D. M. Armstrong's 1978 Universals and Scientific Realism defended realism about universals, arguing that, for example, the property of being blue must be a reality common to all blue things.[14] Graham Nerlich argued in The Shape of Space (1976) that space is not merely relational properties of distance but a real entity in itself.

In the philosophy of mathematics, Australian realisms include the Platonism of Mark Colyvan and the Aristotelian realism of the "Sydney School".

## Philosophy of mind and Australian materialism

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Australian materialism, or the identity theory of mind was developed by U.T. Place and J.J.C. Smart in Adelaide in the 1950s. In contrast to dualist theories holding that the mind is a separate substance, and to the then popular behaviorism that held that there was nothing to the mental beyond observable behaviours, materialism regarded the mind as just brain processes. The classic statement of the view came in D.M. Armstrong's 1968 book, A Materialist Theory of the Mind.[15] [3]: 180–3

David Chalmers

Australians have also been prominent among critics of materialism. Frank Jackson's influential thought experiment "What Mary knew" imagines a scientist who, restricted to seeing black and white, studies colour vision; she later comes to see blue, giving her experience of colour beyond knowing physical facts about it. Therefore, Jackson concluded, there was more to the mental than just the physical (but he later rejected the argument).[16] David Chalmers argues that materialism has failed to make progress on the hard problem of consciousness: how to give an account of qualia or felt experience in purely physical terms.[3]: 184–8

In more recent work, Peter Godfrey-Smith in his 2016 book Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness inquires into the extent and origins of consciousness in species very unlike humans.

## Ethics

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In his 1977 book Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong John Anderson's student John Mackie defended an "error theory" of morality, holding that the idea of moral obligation was a mistake.

Peter Singer's 1975 book Animal Liberation was influential in moves against eating and experimenting on animals. His views on bioethics, including the permissibility of killing even non-disabled babies, have attracted controversy and protests.[3]: 413–24

Many Australian philosophers defended more traditional and objectivist theories of morality, including Catholic scholastic philosophers,[3]: ch4 Raimond Gaita, John Finnis and Jenny Teichman.[3]: 402–8

## Philosophy of religion

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Traditional Thomism dominated Catholic seminary education up to the 1960s and was also taught to the laity by such teachers as Austin Woodbury[3]: ch4

John Anderson's promotion of atheism was continued by John Mackie in his 1981 book, The Miracle of Theism. More recently, Graham Oppy has defended atheism in a series of books such as Atheism: The Basics (2018).

Some Australian philosophers have developed non-standard views of God, such as Samuel Alexander in Space, Time and Deity (1920) and Peter Forrest in Developmental Theism (2007).[17]

The philosophy of religion journal Sophia, founded by Max Charlesworth in Melbourne in 1962, has published widely on Eastern as well as Western approaches to religion.

## Environmental philosophy

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John Passmore's 1974 book, Man's Responsibility for Nature argued for a "shallow" view of environmental responsibility, involving no radical changes to a traditional scientific viewpoint and ethical frameworks. On the other hand, Richard Sylvan and Val Plumwood were early leaders in moves towards deep ecology, which attributed an intrinsic value to nature, independent of human concerns.[3]: ch13 [18]

## See also

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* Australasian Association of Philosophy
* Australasian Journal of Philosophy
* Australasian Society for Continental Philosophy
* Canberra Plan
* Bruces' Philosophers Song

## References

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1. ^ Charlesworth, Max (2010). "Australian aboriginal philosophy". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
2. ^ Morris Miller, E. (1929). "The beginnings of philosophy in Australia and the work of Henry Laurie". Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy. 7 (4): 241–251\. doi:10.1080/00048402908541291. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Franklin, James (2003). "ch6". Corrupting the Youth: A history of philosophy in Australia. Sydney: Macleay Press. ISBN 1876492082.
4. ^ Davies, Martin; Helgeby, Stein (2010). "Idealism". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
5. ^ Davies, Martin; Helgeby, Stein (2014), Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.), "Idealist Origins: 1920s and Before", History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 15–54, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6958-8_2, ISBN 978-94-007-6958-8, retrieved 2022-05-30
6. ^ Davies, W. Martin. "William Mitchell (1861-1962)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
7. ^ Davies, W. Martin (1999-09-01). "Sir William Mitchell and the 'new mysterianism'". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 77 (3): 253–273\. doi:10.1080/00048409912349031. ISSN 0004-8402.
8. ^ Candlish, Stewart (2021). "The first hundred years of (The) Australasian Journal of Philosophy". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 99: 3–24\. doi:10.1080/00048402.2020.1871385. S2CID 234036787. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
9. ^ Cole, Creagh M. (2017). "John Anderson". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
10. ^ Baker, A.J. (1986). Australian Realism: The Systematic Philosophy of John Anderson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521320518.
11. ^ Coady, C.A.J. (2010). "Melbourne, University of". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
12. ^ David Malet Armstrong, "Black Swans: The formative influences in Australian philosophy", in B. Brogaard and B. Smith, eds., Rationality and Irrationality: Proceedings of the 23rd International Wittgenstein Symposium, Vienna, 2000.
13. ^ Khlentzos, Drew (2010). "Melbourne, University of". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
14. ^ Keller, Philipp (2010). "Universals". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12.
15. ^ Smart, J.J.C. (2007). "The mind/brain identity theory". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
16. ^ Jackson, Frank (1982). "Epiphenomenal qualia" (PDF). Philosophical Quarterly. 32 (127): 127–136\. doi:10.2307/2960077. JSTOR 2960077. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
17. ^ Trakakis, N.N. (2010). "Philosophy of religion". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (eds.). Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (1st ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9806512-0-1. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
18. ^ Hyde, Dominic; Casati, Filippo; Weber, Zach (2019). "Richard Sylvan (Routley)". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

## Bibliography

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* Brown, Robert; Rollins, C.D., eds. (1969). Contemporary Philosophy in Australia. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0041000196.
* Grave, Selwyn A. (1984). A History of Philosophy in Australia. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0702216976.
* Srzednicki, Jan T.J; Wood, David, eds. (1992). Essays on Philosophy in Australia. Nijhoff International Philosophy Series. Vol. 46\. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8006-9. ISBN 978-0-7923-1695-4.
* Dowe, Phil; Nicholls, Moira; Shotton, Leila, eds. (1996). Australian Philosophers. Hobart: Pyrrho Press. ISBN 0859016803.
* Franklin, James (2003). Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia. Sydney: Macleay Press. ISBN 1876492082.
* Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N., eds. (2011). The Antipodean Philosopher: Public Lectures on Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand. Lanham Md: Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739167939.
* Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N. (2014). A Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Monash University Publishing. ISBN 9781921867712.
* Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N.N., eds. (2014). History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand. New York: Springer. ISBN 9789400769571.

## External links

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* Australasian Association of Philosophy homepage
* Philosophy programs in Australasian universities
* Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2019-03-19). "Why does Australia have an outsized influence on philosophy?". Aeon. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
* D.M. Armstrong, Black Swans: The formative influences in Australian philosophy
* David Stove, Why have philosophers? (review of S. Grave, History of Philosophy in Australia, 1985)
* ABC Radio National: The Philosopher's Zone
* Philpapers category 'Australasian philosophy, misc'
* Australasian Society of Legal Philosophy

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