Automotive industry in the United Kingdom

Rolls-Royce Spectre, produced from 2023-present

The automotive industry in the United Kingdom is now best known for premium and sports car marques including: Aston Martin, McLaren, Bentley, Rolls-Royce, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mini and Lotus.[a] Specialised sports car companies include: Ariel, BAC, Morgan, Caterham, AC Cars, Gordan Murray, TVR, Noble, Radical, Ginetta, Ultima Sports, Westfield, Lister, Arash and David Brown.[a] Volume car manufacturers with a major presence in the UK include: Nissan, Toyota, Mini and Vauxhall.[1] Commercial vehicle manufacturers active in the UK include Alexander Dennis, Dennis Eagle, IBC Vehicles, Leyland Trucks, TEVVA and the London Electric Vehicle Company.[1]

In 2018 the UK automotive manufacturing sector had a turnover of £82 billion, generated £18.6 billion in value to the UK economy and produced around 1.5 million passenger vehicles and 85,000 commercial vehicles.[2] In that year around 168,000 people were directly employed in automotive manufacturing in the UK, with a further 823,000 people employed in automotive supply, retail and servicing.[2]

Ariel Atom, produced from 2000-present

The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing, and in 2018 around 2.71 million engines were produced in the country.[1] The UK has a significant presence in auto racing and the UK motorsport industry currently employs around 38,500 people, comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £6 billion.[3]

The origins of the UK automotive industry date back to the final years of the 19th century. By the 1950s, the UK was the second-largest manufacturer of cars in the world (after the United States), and the largest exporter.[4] However, in subsequent decades the industry experienced considerably lower growth than competitor nations such as France, Germany and Japan, and by 2008 the UK was the 12th-largest producer of cars measured by volume.[4] Since the early 1990s, many British car marques have been invested in by international companies including BMW (Mini and Rolls-Royce), Tata (Jaguar and Land Rover) and Volkswagen Group (Bentley).

Famous and iconic British cars include the Aston Martin DB5, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, Bentley 4½ Litre, Jaguar E-Type, Land Rover Defender, Lotus Esprit, McLaren F1, MGB, original two-door Mini, Range Rover, Rolls-Royce Phantom III and Rover P5.[5][6][7][8][9] Notable British car designers include David Bache, Dick Burzi, Laurence Pomeroy, John Polwhele Blatchley, Ian Callum, Colin Chapman, Alec Issigonis, Charles Spencer King and Gordon Murray.

## History

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### 1880 to 1900

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Thomas Parker produced the first electric car in 1884.[10]

The inception of the British motor industry can be traced back to the mid-1880s when there were several key developments. One development was when Frederick Simms, a London-based consulting engineer, became friends with Gottlieb Daimler, who had, in 1885, patented a successful design for a high-speed petrol engine. Simms acquired the British rights to Daimler's engine and associated patents and from 1891 successfully sold launches using these Cannstatt-made motors from Eel Pie Island in the Thames. In 1893 he formed The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited for his various Daimler-related enterprises.[11]

In June 1895, Simms and his friend Evelyn Ellis promoted motor cars in the United Kingdom by bringing a Daimler-engined Panhard & Levassor to England and in July it completed, without police intervention, the first British long-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern.[11]

Simms' documented plans to manufacture Daimler motors and Daimler Motor Carriages (in Cheltenham) were taken over, together with his company and its Daimler licences, by London company-promoter H J Lawson. Lawson contracted to buy The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited and all its rights and on 14 January 1896 formed and in February successfully floated in London The Daimler Motor Company Limited. It then purchased from a friend of Lawson a disused cotton mill in Coventry for car engine and chassis manufacture where, it is claimed, the UK's first serial production car was made.[11]

1897 Daimler Grafton Phaeton

George Lanchester produced one of the first British cars between 1895 and 1896 having a single-cylinder 1306cc engine, he went on to sell the first car with disc brakes.[12] In 1891 Richard Stephens, a mining engineer from South Wales, returned from a commission in Michigan to establish a bicycle works in Clevedon, Somerset. Whilst in the United States, he had seen the developments in motive power and by 1897 he had produced his first car. This was entirely of his own design and manufacture, including the two-cylinder engine, apart from the wheels which he bought from Starley in Coventry. This was probably the first all-British car and Stephens set up a production line, manufacturing in all, twelve vehicles, including four- and six-seater cars and hackneys, and nine-seater buses.[13]

Early motor vehicle development in the UK had been effectively stopped by a series of Locomotive Acts introduced during the 19th century which severely restricted the use of mechanically propelled vehicles on the public highways. Following intense advocacy by motor vehicle enthusiasts, including Harry J. Lawson of Daimler, the worst restrictions of these acts, (the need for each vehicle to be accompanied by a crew of three, and a 2 mph (3.2 km/h) speed limit in towns), was lifted by the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896.[14] Under this regulation, light locomotives (those vehicles under 3 tons unladen weight) were exempt from the previous restrictions, and a higher speed limit – 14 mph (23 km/h) was set for them. To celebrate the new freedoms Lawson organised the Emancipation Run held on 14 November 1896, the day the new Act came into force. This occasion has been commemorated since 1927 by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.[15]

### 1900 to 1939

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Rolls-Royce 10 hp, produced from 1904-1906

The early British vehicles of the late-nineteenth century relied mainly upon developments from Germany and France. By 1900 however, the first all-British 4-wheel car had been designed and built by Herbert Austin as manager of The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company. In 1901, backed by (Vickers Limited) brothers 'Colonel Tom' and Albert Vickers [la], Austin started what became Wolseley Motors in Birmingham and was the UK's largest car manufacturer until Ford overtook them in 1913.[16]

The great bulk of the pioneering car producers, many of them from the bicycle industry, got off to a shaky start. Of the 200 British makes of car that had been launched up until 1913, only about 100 of the firms were still in existence. In 1910, UK vehicle production was 14,000 units. By 1913, Henry Ford had built a new factory in Manchester and was the leading UK carmaker, building 7,310 cars that year, followed by Wolseley at 3,000, Humber (making cars since 1898 in Coventry) at 2,500, Rover (Coventry car maker since 1904) at 1,800 and Sunbeam (producing cars since 1901) at 1,700, with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16,000 vehicles.[17] Car production virtually came to an end during the war years 1914–1918, although the requirements of war production led to the development of new mass-production techniques in the motor industry.

A 1934 MG PA

By 1922, there were 183 motor companies in the UK, and by 1929, following the slump years, there were 58 companies remaining.[18] In 1929, production was dominated by Morris (founded by William Morris in 1910 in Oxford) and Austin (founded by Herbert Austin in Birmingham in 1905 after he left Wolseley) which between them produced around 60% of total UK output. Singer (Coventry motorcycle manufacturer started building cars in 1905) followed in third place that year with 15% of production.[17]

In 1932, the UK overtook France to become Europe's largest car producer (a position which it retained until 1955). In 1937, the UK produced 379,310 passenger cars and 113,946 commercial vehicles.[19] To celebrate the granting of his peerage, William Morris upon becoming Viscount Nuffield, reorganised his motor vehicle companies in 1938, which by then included not only Morris Motors and MG, but also Wolseley and Riley (bicycle company founded in Coventry in 1890 and making cars since 1906), into the Nuffield Organization. In 1939, the top producers were Morris: 27%, Austin: 24%, Ford: 15%, Standard (founded in Coventry in 1903): 13%, Rootes (which had acquired Humber and Sunbeam): 11%, Vauxhall (building cars since 1903, acquired by GM in 1925): 10%.[17]

Further information: Leidart

### 1939 to 1955

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The Land Rover Series I, introduced in 1948

During the Second World War, car production in the UK gave way to commercial and military vehicle production, and many motor vehicle plants were converted to aircraft and aero engine production. Following the war, the UK Government had nationalised the steel industry; where priority was given to supplying foreign-revenue-raising export businesses. In 1947, steel was available only to businesses which exported at least 75% of their production. This, coupled with the inevitably limited competition from continental Europe, and with demand for new vehicles in America and in Australia being greater than the American industry alone could supply, resulted in British vehicle exports reaching record levels and the UK became the world's largest motor vehicle exporter. In 1937, the UK provided 15% of world vehicle exports. By 1950, a year in which 75% of British car production and 60% of its commercial vehicle production was exported, the UK provided 52% of the world's exported vehicles.[citation needed]

This situation remained until the mid-1950s, by which time the American industry production had caught up with American demand, and European production was recovering. By 1952, the American-owned producers in the UK (Ford and GM's Vauxhall) had between them a 29% share of the British market, which exceeded the share of either of the UK's two top domestically owned manufacturers. It was in that context that Viscount Nuffield agreed to the merger of his company, the Nuffield Organization, with Austin, to form the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Thus BMC, comprising Austin, Morris, MG, Riley and Wolseley was formed in 1952 and commanded a 40% share of the British market.[16] German production was increasing yearly, and by 1953 it had exceeded that of France, and by 1956 it had overtaken that of the UK.[16]

### 1955 to 1968

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Jaguar E-type (introduced 1961)

By 1955 five companies produced 90% of the UK's motor vehicle output: BMC, Ford, Rootes, Standard-Triumph and Vauxhall. Of the dozen or so smaller producers Rover and Jaguar were strong niche producers. By 1960 the UK had dropped from being the world's second largest motor vehicle producer into third place. Labour-intensive methods, and wide model ranges hindered opportunities to reduce manufacturing costs – the UK's unit costs were higher than those of their major Japanese, European and American competitors.[20] Although rationalisation of motor vehicle companies had started, full integration did not occur. BMC continued to produce vehicles under the marque names of its incorporated companies, many of which competed with each other.[21] Standard-Triumph's attempts to reduce costs by embracing a modern volume production strategy almost led to their bankruptcy in 1960, the result was that they were purchased by the commercial vehicle manufacturing company Leyland Motors. In 1966, BMC and Jaguar came together, to form British Motor Holdings (BMH). Leyland had achieved some sales success with Leyland-Triumph and in 1967 it acquired Rover. By 1966 the UK had slipped to become the world's fourth largest motor vehicle producer. Following a gradual process which had begun in 1964, Chrysler UK (CUK) had fully acquired Rootes by 1967.[citation needed]

1967 Mini (introduced 1959)

In the context of BMC's wide, complex, and expensive-to-produce model range, Ford's conventionally designed Cortina challenging for the number one spot in the domestic market, and the heavy reliance of the British economy on motor vehicle production, in 1968 the Government brokered the merger of the successful Leyland-Triumph-Rover and the struggling BMH, to form Europe's fourth-largest car maker, the British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC). The new company announced its intention to invest in a new volume car range, and to equip its factories with the latest capital-intensive production methods.[20]

BMC's Mini, designed by Alec Issigonis, had revolutionized the small car market in 1959, and the car remained among the UK's best selling cars for more than 20 years after its launch, the last version finally rolling off the production line on 4 October 2000 after a run of 41 years. The Rootes Group launched the similar-sized Hillman Imp four years later, but by the end of the 1960s Ford and Vauxhall had yet to launch a comparable product, and even with foreign imports slowly starting to gain ground on the British market, Italy's Fiat 500 was one of the few comparable alternatives to the virtual monopoly of the Mini and Hillman Imp in this sector of the market.[citation needed]

1962 AC Ace, produced 1953-1963

Also designed by Alec Issigonis was the Morris Minor, which was heavily updated in 1956 having originally gone into production in 1948. It earned a reputation for low running costs, good reliability and competitive pricing, and continued to sell well throughout the 1960s in spite of the popularity of BMC's 1100/1300 range which was launched in 1962, The Morris Minor was also the first British car to reach one million in production in 1961 with this record number reached a special model of the Morris Minor was created and sent to all of the main dealerships under the name "Morris Million".[citation needed]

Ford's competitor in this sector was the Anglia, which featured unconventional styling but was still one of the country's most successful cars from its launch in 1959 up to the end of production in 1967, after which it was replaced by the Escort. Other British competitors in this sector were the Vauxhall Viva and Hillman Minx.[citation needed]

Larger family cars enjoyed strong sales in the 1960s, namely the Ford Cortina (launched in 1962), Austin/Morris 1800 (1964) and Vauxhall Victor (1957). Later in the 1960s, the Rootes Group launched a new competitor in this growing sector of the market - the Hillman Hunter.[citation needed]

The Rover P6, launched in 1963 and the first winner of the European Car of the Year award, was arguably the most popular luxury model in the UK during the 1960s.[citation needed]

1966 Jaguar Mk 2, produced 1959-1967

The iconic Jaguar E-Type sports car, designed by Malcolm Sayer, with a top speed of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h) and the choice of a coupe or roadster bodystyle, was launched in 1961 and would remain in production until 1975. Cheaper sports cars also enjoyed strong sales during the 1960s, including the MG B and Triumph Spitfire which were launched in the early part of the decade, and the Ford Capri which was launched just before the decade's end.[citation needed]

The 1960s saw a slow but sure increase in the popularity of foreign cars on the British market. Volkswagen of West Germany had imported the iconic Beetle to Britain since 1953; this car was first launched in 1937 as a "people's car" for the German market under the Nazi regime. Its arrival on the UK market less than a decade after the end of World War II was met with hostility, with many examples being vandalised soon after being distributed, but it quickly became popular, with nearly 10,000 being sold in 1959. Volkswagen also began importing examples of its people carrier and van models, and by 1963 had sold 100,000 cars in Britain.[22]Renault of France had actually built UK market versions of its cars at a site in Acton, West London, from 1902 until 1962, but its popularity actually increased after the end of UK production, helped by the arrival of the Renault 4 minicar in 1961 and the world's first production hatchback model, the Renault 16, in 1965. By the end of the decade, it had launched a smaller hatchback model, the Renault 6, and a mid-range saloon, the Renault 12, and was continuing to grow in popularity.[23] Renault's French rival Peugeot also enjoyed success in the 1960s with its 404 saloon and even more so with its successor, the 504, which was launched in 1968.[24] This set the scene for even more sales for foreign carmakers on the UK market during the next two decades, as their market share continued to grow.[citation needed]

Japanese cars also started to appear on the UK market during the 1960s, although they were a rare on British roads until exploding in popularity during the early 1970s. The Daihatsu Compagno was the first Japanese car to be sold in Britain when imports began during 1964. This car was not popular with British buyers and was withdrawn from sale within a few years, although Daihatsu would return to the UK market in the early 1980s.[25] A year later, Toyota became the second Japanese carmaker to import cars to Britain. It was followed shortly afterwards by Nissan (which used the Datsun brand for the UK market) and Mazda. Honda was also enjoying great success on the motorcycle market by this stage, although it didn't start importing passenger cars to the UK until 1972.[26]

### 1968 to 1987

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Morgan Plus 8, produced from 1968 to 2004 & 2012 to 2018

By 1968, UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The Rootes Group had taken on the name Chrysler UK after its takeover by the American car giant Chrysler, which had also taken over French carmaker Simca.

The national champion, BLMC (British Leyland from 1968), was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products (particularly the Austin Allegro and Morris Marina) which were widely criticised by the motoring press, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition and high unit costs led to lowered profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. Although the cars continued to sell well in Britain, they were less popular on overseas markets. As well as that, the company often produced several cars to compete in the same market sector. For instance, it produced four competitors for the Ford Cortina at the same time - the Morris Marina, Austin Maxi, Triumph Dolomite and the Princess.

Japanese cars, particularly the Datsun badged cars built by Nissan enjoyed a strong surge in popularity during the first half of the 1970s, while French carmaker Renault and West German carmaker Volkswagen also enjoyed an upturn on the British market, helped by the arrival of well-received new cars, particularly the Renault 5 in 1972 and the Volkswagen Golf in 1974.

The fortunes of foreign carmakers on the British market were also assisted by the fact that most British manufacturers adopted the hatchback bodystyle, mostly featuring front-wheel drive, considerably later than their continental rivals. For instance, the arrival of the front-wheel drive Volkswagen Golf hatchback in 1974 came four years before any of the four British-based carmakers had launched an equivalent car. By the time the first small British-built hatchback, the Vauxhall Chevette, was launched in 1975, the French Renault 5 had already been in production for three years. However, British Leyland's larger Austin Maxi had been sold with a hatchback and front-wheel drive since its 1969 launch, although it sold similar-sized cars like the Morris Marina and Triumph Dolomite alongside it as a rear-wheel drive saloon alternative, with the Dolomite being sold further upmarket than the Marina. For buyers wanting six-cylinder and larger four-cylinder engines, the Princess was launched in 1975. Chrysler launched the Alpine for this market sector in 1975, featuring front wheel drive and a hatchback, but kept the Hunter in production alongside it until 1979 for buyers who still preferred rear-wheel drive and a saloon or estate bodystyle.

At the luxury end of the market, British Leyland was actually one of the first manufacturers in the world to put a hatchback on an upmarket car when it launched the Rover SD1 in 1976. This car signalled the beginning of rationalisation at British Leyland, with the SD1 replacing two model ranges - the Rover P6 and Triumph 2000/2500.

The popularity of Nissan's range of Datsun-badged cars in the 1970s was largely down to their low prices, cheap running costs, good equipment levels and a reputation for better reliability than most British cars, although these cars also went on to gain a reputation for being prone to rust.

BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973, with its new Morris Marina and Austin Allegro family cars selling well on the British market but not proving popular on many export markets, with the motoring media being critical of the styling of these new models as well as questions regarding the level of quality.

The first-generation Range Rover, produced from 1970-1996

By 1974, the UK's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974, both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the UK Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a merger between the two companies, and instead Chrysler UK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by Lord Ryder, suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge state investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations.

Despite the effective nationalisation of BLMC as British Leyland (BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to Peugeot in 1978, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in the United States. The UK interests were renamed Peugeot-Talbot, with production of the Chrysler-developed cars continuing, with the last Rootes-developed car, the Avenger, being discontinued in 1981. Peugeot also developed a saloon version of the Alpine called the Solara, and also launched the larger Tagora, which had been in development by Chrysler when it sold its European operations. It also replaced the entry-level Sunbeam with the Peugeot based Samba in 1981.[20][27]

As in most other developed countries, the 1970s saw major changes to the cars produced in the UK. Front-wheel drive, which had been pioneered by BMC on several new models between 1959 and 1965, now became a common feature on family cars after decades of producing only rear-wheel drive models. The hatchback bodystyle, which had debuted in Europe on the French Renault 16 in 1965, became more popular, with many of Britain's best-selling cars being available with a hatchback by the early-1980s.

Many Ford and Vauxhall models were also being produced at their parent company's continental factories by 1980. Ford had switched Capri and Granada production to Germany by this stage, while production of its new Fiesta supermini was divided between Britain, West Germany and a new plant in Spain from its 1976 launch. General Motors had not only decided to make its Vauxhall and Opel badged cars mechanically identical during the 1970s, but it had also imported some of its Vauxhall-badged cars from Opel factories in West Germany and Belgium, and its Corsa supermini (Vauxhall Nova in the UK) was solely assembled at a factory in Zaragoza, Spain, which opened in 1982. British Leyland's overseas outposts in countries like Italy (where cars were produced under the Innocenti brand) were gradually closed down or sold to other carmakers, so by the 1980s; it was entirely a British-based operation.

1981 Aston Martin V8 Vantage, produced from 1977-1989

By the end of the 1970s, Ford, Peugeot-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well-integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late-1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed after the closure of the Triumph car factory in the city in 1980.

In 1979, BL struck a collaboration deal with Honda to share the development and production of a new mid-sized car (Triumph Acclaim/Honda Ballade), which was launched in 1981. The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body, as did its successor model - the Rover 200 Series \- in 1984. The next plan was to work on a new luxury car together, the end product being the Rover 800 Series, which arrived in 1986.

Although UK politics changed in 1979 with the election of the Conservative Party, the UK Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass-market model range (Mini Metro, Maestro, Montego and another Honda collaboration the Rover 800), which were all launched between 1980 and 1986. The Metro was the most successful of these cars.

Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguar, was concentrated into two central plants – Longbridge and Cowley. In July 1986, BL was renamed the Rover Group.[27]

By the mid-1980s, front-wheel drive was now the standard on mass market cars, with most new models having a hatchback bodystyle as at least an option. Although Ford had adopted front-wheel drive for its new Spanish built Fiesta supermini in 1976 and the third generation Escort in 1980, it had curiously retained rear-wheel drive for its larger Sierra (the Cortina replacement) in 1982, although the Sierra did feature a hatchback bodystyle and was not available as a saloon until 1987. In 1983, it recognised the continuing demand for smaller and medium-sized family saloons by introducing the Orion, which was based on the Escort floorpan.

The third generation Lotus Esprit S3, produced from 1982-1993

The supermini sector had expanded rapidly since the early-1970s. BMC's Mini had remained popular beyond its twentieth anniversary, but successor organisation British Leyland had started work on a more modern and practical alternative by the mid-1970s, the final result being the Austin Metro in 1980 - the new car featured more modern styling and a hatchback bodystyle. Chrysler Europe had axed the long-running Hillman Imp (launched by the Rootes Group in 1963) in 1976 and replaced it with the Chrysler Sunbeam hatchback a year later. General Motors had already adopted this bodystyle with the Vauxhall Chevette (which was also available as a saloon or estate) and Ford with the Fiesta. Comparable foreign products like the Fiat 127, Renault 5 and Volkswagen Polo were also proving popular in the UK.

Ford had now divided its European operations between its British factories and other European plants in Spain, Belgium and West Germany. General Motors had started importing some of its West German and Belgian built Opel products to the UK to be badged as Vauxhalls, and by 1983 its Nova supermini (badged as the Opel Corsa on the continent) was built solely in its Spanish factory. Peugeot was dividing production of most of the Talbot badged vehicles between the Ryton plant near Coventry (the Linwood plant in Scotland closed in 1981) and its French factories by the early-1980s, and started producing its own models at Coventry in 1985 after deciding to axe the Talbot marque due to falling sales.

Foreign carmakers continued to gain ground on the British market during the 1980s, with the likes of Renault, Peugeot, Citroen (France), Volvo (Sweden), Volkswagen (West Germany) and Fiat (Italy) proving particularly popular.

The Russian-built Lada, first sold in the UK in 1974, also sold well, despite its outdated Fiat-sourced design; with buyers mostly being attracted by its low price. By the late-1980s, with the four-wheel drive Niva and a front-wheel drive hatchback, the Samara, complementing the long-running Riva, Lada sales in Britain had amounted to more than 30,000 a year (some 1.5% of the new car market), but tailed off after 1990 as a result of growing competition and a lack of new model launches. Imports to Britain finally ceased in 1997 due to Lada's difficulties in meeting emissions requirements. Skoda also enjoyed similarly decent sales of its well-priced rear-engined saloon cars during the 1970s and 1980s, going from strength to strength in the 1990s following its takeover by Volkswagen and the launch of new model ranges with modern technology and styling. Zastava's Yugo-badged cars, based on Fiat designs from the 1970s, also sold reasonably well in Britain during the 1980s, but the carmaker was forced to halt imports in 1992 due to sanctions imposed on Yugoslavia as a result of the civil war there. Polish carmaker FSO imported its version of the Fiat 125 to Britain from 1975, later launching a hatchback model (the Polonez) alongside it. However, by 1998, Skoda was the only Eastern European carmaker still exporting cars to Britain, now competing with budget-priced Asian cars from the likes of Daewoo, Kia, Hyundai and Proton.

Nissan had axed the Datsun brand by 1984 and used its own name on all cars, and in 1986 opened a factory in Britain near Sunderland, which produced the mid-range Bluebird hatchbacks and saloons, although it was the Japanese-built Micra which was the company's best-selling car in Britain during the 1980s.

Motorsport in the UK serves as a testing ground for production cars.

The decade also saw the arrival of purpose-built people carriers on the British market, starting with the Japanese Mitsubishi Space Wagon in 1984, and then the market-leading Renault Espace in 1985, but by the end of the decade this type of vehicle still had only a very small share of the British market and there were still no British-built people carriers available, although a few seven-seater estate models including Austin Rover's Montego were being produced.

The decade also saw a fall in demand for sports cars, perhaps due to the rising popularity of "hot hatchbacks" (high performance versions of hatchback cars), and so a number of manufacturers pulled out of the sports car market. British Leyland finished production of its MG and Triumph sports cars early in the decade, with no replacement. General Motors had launched coupe versions of its Cavalier mid-range model in the 1970s, but did not produce any equivalent models of the MK2 Cavalier which arrived in 1981. It did, however, continue to offer the German-built Opel Manta to British buyers until the end of production in 1988, replacing it with the Calibra (also built in Germany) a year later. Ford had enjoyed success in the 1970s with its Capri coupe, but this declined in popularity after 1980 and when production ended in 1986, there was no direct replacement.

As well as the rebranding of the former Rootes Group and its eventual integration into Peugeot, the 1980s also saw the disappearance of several long-established car brands. Production of MG sports cars finished when the Abingdon factory closed in 1980, although the brand was quickly revived on higher performance versions of the Metro, Maestro and Montego. 1980 also saw the closure of the Triumph factory at Canley, Coventry, although the marque survived until 1984 - the same year that the Morris marque was discontinued after more than seventy years. The Morris Ital's successor, the Montego, was sold under the Austin and MG brands, while the Triumph Acclaim's successor was sold as the Rover 200 Series. By 1988, however, the Austin marque had also been phased out, with the former Austin-badged products now being incorporated into the Rover brand.

General Motors enjoyed an upturn in Britain during the 1980s, as its Vauxhall-badged cars increased their market share and the company's image also improved. At the beginning of 1980, it replaced the Viva with a new front-wheel drive range of hatchback and estates - the Astra, which was built in Britain and also in Opel factories on the continent. The MK2 Cavalier was launched in 1981, and became the company's best selling car of the decade. Its replacement for the Chevette was the Nova, a rebadged version of the Spanish built Opel Corsa, which was launched in 1983. The MK2 Astra was voted European Car of the Year shortly after its launch in 1984, as was the flagship MK2 Carlton (Opel Omega on the continent) two years later.

### 1987 to 2001

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1996 McLaren F1, produced from 1992-2000

In July 1986, Nissan became the first Japanese carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in Sunderland. The plant initially produced the Bluebird and from 1990 its successor, the Primera, with the MK2 Micra joining it in 1992.[citation needed] Toyota opened a new plant in Burnaston near Derby at the beginning of 1992.[28]

Peugeot started production of the Peugeot 309 hatchback at Ryton (originally a Rootes Group factory) in October 1985, followed by the Peugeot 405 two years later.[citation needed] During the 1990s, production of the 306 and 206 also began at Ryton.[citation needed]

Honda's venture with Austin Rover/Rover Group saw a number of different designs shared between the two marques. The venture came to an end in February 1994 when British Aerospace sold Rover Group to the German carmaker BMW for £800 million.[29] The takeover meant that, for the first time in 112 years, the United Kingdom no longer had a British-owned volume car maker.[29] BMW's ownership of the Rover Group saw the development of several newer, more upmarket models, giving the British brand an image to match that of its parent company. BMW also revived the MG marque in 1995 on a new affordable sports car, the MGF, as well as strengthening Land Rover's position in the off-roader market. In March 2000 BMW controversially announced the break-up of the Rover Group.[30][31] It retained the rights to the Mini marque, while selling Land Rover to Ford.[32] The MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix Consortium, who branded the remains of the group as MG Rover and concentrated all production at the Longbridge plant. After the split from Rover, Honda continued making the Civic range in the UK at a new plant in Swindon.[citation needed]

The Bentley Azure, produced from 1995-2003

Ford acquired Aston Martin for an undisclosed sum in September 1987[33][34] and Jaguar for US$2.38 billion in November 1989.[35] Production of the new small Jaguar, the X type, started at Halewood in late 2000. By the end of the century, Ford had also acquired Land Rover.[36]

In 1998 Vickers plc put Rolls-Royce Motors, including Bentley, up for auction.[37] Volkswagen Group won the auction with a bid of US$780 million, but Rolls-Royce plc, which had the right to block a transfer of the Rolls-Royce name to non-British owners, agreed to sell the rights to BMW for US$65 million.[37] It was subsequently agreed that control of the Rolls-Royce marque would pass from Volkswagen to BMW in 2003.[37]

In 1995, Ford finally entered the decade-old people carrier market with its Galaxy, which was built in Portugal alongside the identical Volkswagen Sharan and Seat Alhambra as part of a venture between Ford and Volkswagen. Vauxhall entered this sector of the market a year later with the American-built Sintra, but this was not popular with British buyers and was discontinued after just three years when the smaller, German-built Zafira was launched, and proved far more popular than Vauxhall's original entry into the MPV market.

The affordable sports car market enjoyed a revival in the 1990s after going into virtual hibernation in the 1980s. Sparked by the popularity of the Japanese-built Mazda MX-5 after its launch in 1989, Rover began development on a new sports car in the early 1990s, finally launching the MG F two-seater roadster in 1995, 15 years after the demise of the last volume MG sports cars. The 1996 Lotus Elise also enjoyed relatively strong sales in this market sector, as did the Vauxhall VX220 (based on the Elise) which was launched in 2000. Ford, which had exited the sports car market by 1987 with the demise of the Capri to concentrate on faster versions of its best-selling hatchbacks and saloons, returned to this market sector in 1994 with the American-built Probe, and then enjoyed more success with its smaller Puma between 1997 and 2002.

### 2001 to 2011

[edit]

2003 First generation Mini Cooper, produced from 2001-2006

In May 2000 Ford announced that passenger car assembly as its Ford Dagenham plant would cease in 2002, ending 90 years of Ford passenger car assembly in the UK.[38] At the same time Ford announced that it would invest US$500 million in the expansion of a diesel engine factory at the site, making Dagenham its largest diesel engine center worldwide and creating about 500 new jobs to offset the 1,900 lost in vehicle assembly for a total loss of 1,400.[38] In December 2004 Ford announced a further investment of £169 million in the Dagenham plant, increasing annual output to one million diesel engines.[39]

The closure of Vauxhall's Luton car assembly plant in March 2003 left Ellesmere Port as the sole Vauxhall assembly plant remaining in the UK. General Motors also retained the former Bedford works in Luton for producing vans such as the Vivaro and the Movano as well as Renault and Nissan badged variants. In April 2007, it was confirmed that the Ellesmere Port would produce the next generation Astra from 2010.[40]

Losses at Jaguar led to closure of the company's Browns Lane plant in Coventry in 2004.[41][42] Spare capacity at Halewood allowed Land Rover Freelander production to be transferred there in 2006.

MG Rover spent the early part of the 2000s investigating possible ventures with other carmakers in order to develop a new range of cars. Proposed links with foreign organisations including Malaysian carmaker Proton failed to materialise,[43][44] and by late 2004 Chinese carmaker SAIC Motor had shown an interest in taking over the Longbridge-based firm – which was now hundreds of millions of pounds in debt.[citation needed] Talks broke down and the firm went into receivership in April 2005 with the loss of more than 6,000 jobs. Three months later, the firm's assets were purchased by another Chinese carmaker – Nanjing Automobile – and Longbridge partially re-opened over the summer of 2007 with an initial workforce of around 250 preparing to restart production of the MG TF which was relaunched in August 2008.

Aston Martin DB9, produced from 2004-2016

In April 2006 Peugeot closed its Ryton plant and moved 206 production to Slovakia.[45][46] In 2007, Ford sold Aston Martin to a British-led Consortium backed by Middle East investors, retaining a small stake in the company and agreeing to continue the supply of components including engines.[47][48] In 2008 Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India for £1.15 billion.[49][50] In November 2009, Dutch sportscar maker Spyker Cars announced that it would be moving production from Zeewolde to Whitley, Coventry, and UK production began in February 2010.[51][52]

In March 2010 McLaren Automotive unveiled its MP4-12C model, alongside plans to produce around 4,000 cars per year at its Woking factory by the middle of the decade.[53][54] At the Paris Motor Show in September 2010 Lotus Cars unveiled five new models due to go on sale by 2016, alongside plans for an investment of £770 million over 10 years, the complete redevelopment of its Hethel factory and an increase in production from under 3,000 cars per year to 6,000 to 7,000.[55] In December 2010 it was announced that Renault had sold its remaining 25% shareholding in its eponymous Formula 1 team to Lotus Cars, and that the team would be renamed Lotus Renault in 2011.[56]

### 2011 to 2019

[edit]

2016 Range Rover Vogue, produced from 2012-2022

In January 2011 BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the Mini Paceman concept car, with a coupe version to enter production in 2011 and a roadster in 2012.[57][58] In March 2011 Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be hiring an additional 1,500 staff at its Halewood plant, and signed over £2 billion of supply contracts with UK-based companies, to enable production of its new Range Rover Evoque model.[59][60] In April 2011 the MG Motor subsidiary of SAIC Motor announced that mass production had resumed at the Longbridge plant, as the first MG 6 to be produced in the United Kingdom came off the production line.[61] In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to build the C-X75 petrol-electric hybrid supercar in the UK from 2013, with production to be in association with Williams Grand Prix Engineering;[62][63] Jaguar announced the cancellation of the project in December 2012 due to the Great Recession.[64]

In May 2011, Aston Martin Lagonda confirmed that it was planning to revive the Lagonda marque, with the launch of two or three new models.[65] In an interview with Reuters in the same month, Carl-Peter Forster, the Chief Executive of Tata Motors, revealed that Jaguar Land Rover would be investing over £5 billion in product development over the succeeding five years.[66]

In June, Nissan announced that the replacement for its Qashqai model would be designed and built in the UK, in a total investment of £192 million safeguarding around 6,000 jobs.[67][68] In June BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.[69][70] In September 2011, Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that it would be investing £355 million in the construction of a new engine plant near Wolverhampton, to manufacture a new family of four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.[71][72] Later in the same month it was announced that the Jensen marque would be revived, with a new version of the Interceptor to be built by CPP Holdings at the former Jaguar factory Browns Lane in Coventry.[73][74] In November, Toyota announced plans to make the UK its sole European manufacturing base for hatchback versions of its next C-segment family car, resulting in the investment of over £100 million in its Burnaston plant and the creation of around 1,500 new jobs.[75][76]

2017 first generation Jaguar F-Type R Coupe, produced from 2013-2019

In September 2013 it was announced that a new National Automotive Innovation Campus would be built at the University of Warwick's main campus at a cost of £100 million, with £45 million to be contributed by Jaguar Land Rover.[77][78]

In the half-year from January to June 2014, the UK had its best year in new car sales in 9 years. 1.28 million new cars were sold during the period, a rise of 10% compared to the same period in 2013.[citation needed] In 2014, more than 1.5 million cars were produced, the highest since 2007.[79]

The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) figures show a total of 2.31 million new cars were registered in 2019, down 2.4% from the year before. It was the third consecutive year of decline, and the SMMT expects that trend to continue in 2020.[80]

In the year 2019, the best selling vehicle in the UK was Ford Fiesta, followed by Volkswagen Golf, Ford Transit, Ford Focus, and Vauxhall Corsa.[81]

In 2019, Honda announced that its Swindon plant would close by 2021.[82]

In June 2019, Ford announced that it would close its Ford Bridgend Engine Plant by September 2020 due to a lack of demand for the "Dragon" engine produced there.[83] The plant was closed on 25 September 2020.

### From 2020

[edit]

Lotus Emira, produced from 2022-present

In March 2021, Aston Martin announced that their electric sports models would be manufactured at their car plant in Gaydon, Warwickshire.[84]

## Assembly plants

[edit]

### Currently operating assembly plants

[edit]

Company  | Parent company  | Parent headquarters  | Plant  | Models produced  | Production (latest figures)

|
|
|
|
|

Alexander Dennis | NFI Group | Canada | Falkirk
Guildford | Enviro200, Enviro300, Enviro400 Dart Lance Trident Javelin, R-Series | n/a
Ariel | Ariel | United Kingdom | Crewkerne | Ariel Atom | 70 (2013)[85]
Aston Martin Lagonda | Aston Martin Lagonda[86] | United Kingdom | Gaydon, St Athan | DBS, Vantage, DB12, Valkyrie, DBX | 6,200 (2022)[87]
Bentley Motors | Volkswagen Group | Germany | Crewe | Continental Flying Spur, Continental GT, Bentayga | 5,174 (2022) [88]
Briggs Automotive Company | Briggs Automotive Company | United Kingdom | Liverpool | BAC Mono | n/a
Caterham Cars | Caterham Cars | United Kingdom | Dartford | R400, CSR260 | 435 (2003)[89]
Dennis Eagle | Ros Roca | Spain | Warwick | Duo, One Pass, Beta 2 | n/a
Ginetta Cars | LNT Automotive | United Kingdom | Leeds | G40, G40J, G40R, G50, G55, G55 GT3, G60 | n/a
Jaguar Land Rover[90] | Tata Motors[91] | India | Castle Bromwich
Halewood
Solihull[92] | XF, F-Type, F-Pace, Discovery, Discovery Sport, Range Rover, Range Rover Evoque, Range Rover Sport, Range Rover Velar[92] | 288,677 (includes Halewood production)[93]
Leyland Trucks | Paccar | United States | Leyland | DAF CF, DAF LF, DAF XF[94] | 17,478[95]
LEVC | Geely | China | Coventry | TX | 2,508 (2022)
Lotus Cars | Geely | China | Hethel | Evija, Emira | 1,710 (2021)
McLaren Automotive | McLaren Group | United Kingdom | Woking | Artura, 750S, GTS, Solus GT | 1,598 (2021)
Mini | BMW | Germany | Cowley | Convertible, Hardtop/Hatch | 210,973 (2016)[96]
Morgan Motor Company | Morgan Motor Company | United Kingdom | Malvern | Morgan Plus Four, Morgan Plus Six, Morgan Super 3 | 516 (2003)[89]
Nissan UK | Nissan Motor Company | Japan | Sunderland | Juke, Leaf, Qashqai | 507,444 (2016)[96]
Noble Automotive | Noble Automotive | United Kingdom | Barwell | Noble M500 | n/a
Optare | Ashok Leyland | India | Sherburn in Elmet
Blackburn | Alero, Solo, Versa, Tempo, Esteem, Spectra, Olympus, Visionaire | n/a
Plaxton | NFI Group | Canada | Scarborough
Sheffield | Panther, Paragon, Profile, Primo, Centro, Cheetah, Pronto, Beaver | n/a
REE Automotive | REE Automotive | Israel | Coventry | P7-B, Proxima | [97]
Rolls-Royce Motor Cars | BMW | Germany | Goodwood | Ghost, Phantom VIII, Spectre, Cullinan | 3,538[98]
Toyota Manufacturing UK | Toyota Motor Corporation | Japan | Burnaston | Corolla, Suzuki Swace[96]
Wrightbus | Bamford Bus Company | United Kingdom | Ballymena | Streetlite, Eclipse, StreetCar, GB Hawk, Solar, Pulsar, Streetdeck, Eclipse Gemini, Pulsar Gemini, Gemini 2 | n/a
Vauxhall Motors | Stellantis | Netherlands | Ellesmere Port | Opel Astra/Vauxhall Astra | 118,112 (2016)[96]

There are numerous small companies manufacturing a small number of cars such as David Brown Automotive, Lister Cars, Lightning Car Company and Atalanta Motors.

* Vauxhall Ellesmere Port, a Vauxhall Motors assembly plant in Ellesmere Port

* The GM Manufacturing Luton plant in Luton

* Goodwood plant, the main assembly plant for Rolls-Royce Motor Cars

* Halewood Body & Assembly, a Jaguar Land Rover assembly plant in Halewood

* Plant Oxford in Cowley, Oxford, the main assembly plant for the Mini range

### Former assembly plants

[edit]

Company  | Parent company  | Parent headquarters  | Plant  | Models produced  | Production

|
|
|
|
|

AC Cars | AC Cars | United Kingdom | West Norwood |  |
AC Cars (EU) | AC Cars | United Kingdom | Thames Ditton, Surrey | AC MKVI |
Honda of the UK Manufacturing | Honda Motor Company | Japan | Swindon | CR-V, Jazz, Civic, Civic Type-R | 134,146 (2016)[96]
Sunbeam | Sunbeam Motor Car Company | United Kingdom | Coventry | City EV, Electra EV | n/a[99]
TVR Motor Company | TVR Motor Company | United Kingdom | Blackpool
Ebbw Vale | Griffith | 872 (2003)[89]

## Production data

[edit]

key   | Cars | Commercial vehicles

|
|

UK Motor Vehicle Production by year 1910 to 1980 – cars and commercial vehicles (1,000 units)[100] Year  | 200  | 400  | 600  | 800  | 1000  | 1200  | 1400  | 1600  | 1800  | 2000  | 2200  | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1910 | split not available   | 14
1920 | split not available   | 70*
1930 | 170 | 67 |   | 237
1940 | 2 | 132 |   | 134
1950 | 523 | 263 |   | 785
1960 | 1,353 | 458 |   | 1,811
1970 | 1,641 | 458 |   | 2,098
1980 | 924 | 389 |   | 1,312

(* estimated figure)

UK Motor Vehicle Production by year 1990 to 2013 – cars and commercial vehicles (1,000 units)[101] Year  | 200  | 400  | 600  | 800  | 1000  | 1200  | 1400  | 1600  | 1800  | 2000  | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1990 | 1,296 | 270 |   | 1,566
1991 | 1,237 | 217 |   | 1,454
1992 | 1,292 | 248 |   | 1,540
1993 | 1,376 | 193 |   | 1,569
1994 | 1,467 | 228 |   | 1,695
1995 | 1,532 | 233 |   | 1,765
1996 | 1,686 | 238 |   | 1,924
1997 | 1,698 | 238 |   | 1,936
1998 | 1,748 | 227 |   | 1,976
1999 | 1,787 | 186 |   | 1,973
2000[102] | 1,641 | 172 |   | 1,814
2001[102] | 1,492 | 193 |   | 1,685
2002[102] | 1,630 | 191 |   | 1,821
2003[102] | 1,658 | 189 |   | 1,846
2004[102] | 1,647 | 209 |   | 1,856
2005[102] | 1,596 | 207 |   | 1,802
2006[102] | 1,442 | 208 |   | 1,650
2007[102] | 1,535 | 216 |   | 1,750
2008[102] | 1,447 | 203 |   | 1,650
2009[102] | 999 | 91 |   | 1,090
2010[102] | 1,270 | 123 |   | 1,393
2011[103] | 1,344 | 121 |   | 1,465
2012[104] | 1,465 | 112 |   | 1,577
2013[105][106] | 1,510 | 88 |   | 1,597
2014[107][108] | 1,528 | 71 |   | 1,599
2015[109][110] | 1,588 | 94 |   | 1,682
2016[96][111] | 1,722 | 94 |   | 1,817
2017 | 1,671 | 78 |   | 1,749
2018 | 1,519 | 85 |   | 1,604
2019 | 1,303 | 78 |   | 1,381
2020 | 920 | 66 |   | 987
2021 | 860 | 73 |   | 932
2022 | 775 | 102 |   | 877
2023 | 905 | 120 |   | 1,025
2024 | 779 | 125 |   | 905

## Car design

[edit]

Ford's Dunton Technical Centre in Laindon, Essex, is the largest automotive research and development facility in the UK.[112]

The UK has a strong design and technical base, with several foreign companies basing some of their research and development resource in the UK, including:

* Ford Dunton Technical Centre, Essex[113]
* Jaguar Land Rover Technical Centre, Gaydon[114]
* Jaguar Land Rover HQ and Design Centre, Whitley[115]
* General Motors Millbrook Proving Ground, Bedfordshire[116]
* Nissan Design Europe, London[117]
* Nissan Technical Centre Europe, Cranfield[118]
* SAIC Motor UK Technical Centre, Birmingham[119]

Independent designers and design companies include:

* Gordon Murray Design
* International Automotive Design
* Ogle Design
* Peter Stevens Designs
* Shado (Stephen Harper)

## Motorsport

[edit]

Main article: Motorsport in the United Kingdom

The McLaren Technology Centre in Woking, the home of McLaren Racing

It has been estimated that there are about 4,000 companies in the UK involved in the manufacturing industry related to motorsport.[120]

Formula One motor racing has made its home in the UK,[120] with seven of the ten teams competing in the 2024 season based in or having their European headquarters in England:

* Haas F1 Team, Banbury
* McLaren – Woking
* Mercedes AMG Formula One Team – Brackley
* Aston Martin – Silverstone
* Red Bull Racing – Milton Keynes
* Alpine F1 Team – Enstone
* Williams Grand Prix Engineering – Grove

Formula One engine suppliers:

* Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains – Brixworth
* Honda – Milton Keynes[121]

Other major motorsports teams and organisations:

* Lister Cars \- Cambridge
* Rodin Motorsport \- Farnham
* Virtuosi Racing \- Attleborough
* Hitech Grand Prix \- Silverstone
* Ford World Rally Team – Cumbria
* Ilmor Engineering \- Brixworth
* M-Sport – Cockermouth
* Prodrive – Banbury (Runs Aston Martin Racing, formerly Subaru's WRC Team and Ford Performance Vehicles)
* RML Group \- Wellingborough
* Strakka Racing \- Northamptonshire
* Sumo Power \- Rye
* Team Dynamics \- Pershore
* Triple Eight Racing \- Buntingford
* Cosworth – Northampton
* RB Formula One Team – Bicester (Wind tunnel facilities)
* McLaren Applied – Woking
* Jaguar TCS Racing – Kidlington
* Envision Racing – Silverstone
* ERT Formula E Team – Silverstone

## Inactive marques

[edit]

Main article: List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Currently inactive British automotive marques include: Allard, Alvis, Armstrong Siddeley, Austin, Autovia, Daimler, DeLorean, Gilbern, Gordon-Keeble, Healey, Hillman, Humber, Jensen, Jowett, Lanchester, Lea-Francis, Morris, Napier, Reliant, Riley, Rover, Singer, Standard, Sterling, Sunbeam, Sunbeam-Talbot, Talbot, Triumph, TVR, Vanden Plas, Wolseley Motors.

## Dealership groups

[edit]

There has been significant consolidation of car dealerships in the UK, leading to several large and notable dealership groups.[122] As of June 2021, Sytner Group is the largest with a turnover of £4.92 billion.[123]

* Arnold Clark Automobiles
* Carcraft
* Chapelhouse Motor Group
* Ford Retail Group
* Group 1 Automotive (US owned group)
* Inchcape plc
* Jardine Motors Group (part of Hong Kong based Jardine Matheson)
* JCT600
* Listers Group
* Lookers
* Marshall Motor Group[124]
* H.R. Owen
* Park's Motor Group
* Pendragon plc
* Perrys Motor Sales
* Stellantis &You (owned by Stellantis)
* Stoneacre Motor Group
* Swansway Motor Group
* Sytner Group (owned by US company Penske Corporation)
* Vertu Motors
* Wessex Garages

## Car market

[edit]

Despite the loss of mass-market British marques, car models that are built in the UK are generally popular in the UK sales charts, examples being the Nissan Qashqai.[125]

As of 2014[update] 2.45 million cars were sold in the UK, with the Volkswagen Group having a 20.8% share, Ford Motor Company having 13.2% and General Motors having 11.3%. Subcompact and compact cars were the most popular sizes although SUVs were gaining a significant foothold. The Fiat 500 was the best selling A-segment product, Ford Fiesta the best selling in the B-segment, Ford Focus best selling in the C-segment and BMW 3 Series best selling in the D-segment.[126]

In 2019, the best selling car model in the UK was Ford Fiesta followed by Volkswagen Golf and Ford Focus.[127]

## See also

[edit]

* Cars portal
* Transport portal
* United Kingdom portal

* List of automobile manufacturers
* The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
* List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

## References

[edit]

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72. ^ Bowater, Donna (19 September 2011). "Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
73. ^ Knapman, Chris (20 September 2011). "New Jensen Interceptor to be built in Britain". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
74. ^ "New Jensen Interceptor". Auto Express. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
75. ^ "Toyota announces 1,500 new jobs for Burnaston factory". BBC News. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
76. ^ "Toyota to build new hatch in UK". Autocar. 24 November 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
77. ^ "£100m investment boost for Warwick University". The Independent. 25 September 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
78. ^ "University of Warwick £100m car centre 'will secure jobs'". BBC. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
79. ^ "UK car production at seven-year high." BBC. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
80. ^ Leggett, Theo (6 January 2020). "New car registrations at lowest level since 2013". Retrieved 6 January 2020.
81. ^ "Ford Transit Custom VAN is Britain's third best-selling vehicle". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020.
82. ^ Chapman, Ben (13 May 2019). "Honda to close Swindon plant by 2021 with loss of 3,500 jobs". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
83. ^ "Exactly why Ford says it is closing the Bridgend engine plant". Wales Online. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
84. ^ "Aston Martin's electric sports models to be made at Gaydon plant". BBC News. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
85. ^ "Ariel Atom 3.5". Motor Sport. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
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## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b Car brands here are classed as British based on several of the following criteria: historical heritage, cultural significance, design and engineering base, manufacturing location, headquarters location, UK registered company (even with overseas investors).

## External links

[edit]

* The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
* The British Motor Industry Heritage Trust
* Dodge RAM

* v
* t
* e

Automotive industry in the United Kingdom

* Manufacturing in the United Kingdom
* Economy of the United Kingdom

Companies and
marques

Commercial
vehicle
producers

| Current|

* Alexander Dennis
* Plaxton
* Arrival
* BEDEO
* Dennis Eagle
* IBC Vehicles
* JCB
* Leyland Trucks
* Multidrive Vehicles
* London Electric Vehicle Company
* Mellor Coachcraft
* Optare
* REE Automotive
* Wrightbus

|

Former|

* AEC
* Albion
* Alternative Chassis Engineering
* Aveling-Barford
* AWD
* Bedford
* Bristol
* British United Traction
* Carlyle Works
* Charles H Roe
* Clough, Smith
* Commer
* Crossley
* Daimler
* Dennis
* Duple
* East Lancashire
* Eastern
* ERF
* Foden
* Ford
* Southampton
* Guy
* Honda
* Hallford
* Jensen
* Karrier
* LDV
* Leyland Bus
* Leyland DAF
* Leyland Motors
* London Taxi Company
* Longwell Green
* Marshall
* Maudslay
* Metro Cammell Weymann
* Modec
* Morrison-Electricar
* Northern Counties
* Park Royal
* Reeve Burgess
* Scammell
* Seddon Atkinson
* Sentinel
* Shelvoke & Drewry
* Smith EV
* Stevens
* Straker-Squire
* Sunbeam
* Thornycroft
* Tilling-Stevens
* Vulcan
* Wadham Stringer
* Wales & Edwards
* Walter Alexander
* Willowbrook

Motorsport|

* Advanced Engine Research
* Alpine F1 Team
* AMR GP Limited
* Arena Motorsport
* Carlin
* Chevron Cars
* Cosworth
* Driftworks
* Engine Developments
* Ford World Rally Team
* Fortec
* Gibson Technology
* Hewland
* Kahn Design
* Ilmor
* Lola Cars
* McLaren
* Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains
* Mercedes AMG
* M-Sport
* Munchi's
* Prodrive
* Radical
* Red Bull Racing
* Rodin Motorsport
* RML Group
* Roger Dowson Engineering
* Sumo Power
* Team Dynamics
* Triple Eight Racing
* Van Diemen
* Williams
* Wirth
* Xtrac

Passenger car
producers

| Current|

* Ariel
* Aston Martin
* Lagonda
* Volkswagen Group
* Bentley
* Crewe plant
* BMW
* Mini
* Oxford plant
* Swindon plant
* Rolls-Royce
* Goodwood plant
* Briggs
* Caterham
* David Brown
* Ginetta
* Jaguar Land Rover
* Jaguar
* Land Rover
* Castle Bromwich plant
* Gaydon Centre
* Halewood plant
* Solihull plant
* Whitley Engineering Centre
* Lightning
* Geely
* Lotus
* McLaren
* McLaren Technology Centre
* SAIC Motor UK
* MG
* Eco Concept
* Morgan
* Nissan UK
* Noble
* Overfinch
* Radical
* Spyker
* Toyota UK
* TVR
* Vauxhall
* Ellesmere Port
* Westfield
* Zenos

Kit cars
Caterham
Davrian
GKD
GTM
JBA Motors
Marc Nordon Racing
Onyx
Quantum
Sylva
Ultima Sports
Westfield

|

Former|

* Allard
* Alvis
* Armstrong Siddeley
* Ascari
* Austin
* Austin-Healey
* Belsize
* Bond
* Brabham Automotive
* Bristol
* BMC
* BMH
* British Leyland
* Caparo
* Clément-Talbot
* Daimler
* Eagle Cars
* Electric Car Corporation
* Fenix
* Ford
* Frazer Nash
* Gilbern
* Jensen
* Jowett
* Lanchester
* Lister
* Marcos Engineering
* Melling
* MG Rover
* MG
* Longbridge plant
* Morris
* Peel Engineering
* Reliant
* Riley
* Rootes
* Ryton plant
* Rover Company
* Rover Group
* Standard
* Sunbeam
* Sunbeam-Talbot
* Triumph
* Trojan
* Wolseley

Suppliers and
consultancies

| Current|

* Cosworth
* Cummins UK
* Dunlop Tyres
* GKN
* GKN Driveline
* Grayson Thermal Systems
* Johnson Matthey
* Kahn Design
* Lotus Engineering
* Millbrook
* MIRA
* Perkins Engines
* Pilkington
* Quaife
* Ricardo
* Tata Steel Europe
* Tickford
* Transport Research Laboratory
* Unipart
* WMG
* Wipac
* Zytek Automotive

|

Former|

* Abbey Panels
* Caparo Vehicle Technologies
* Dunlop Rubber
* Ferodo
* Gardner
* Hardy Spicer
* Henry Meadows
* Laycock Engineering
* Lucas Industries
* LucasVarity
* Tomkins
* White and Poppe

Dealerships|

* Arnold Clark
* Carcraft
* Ford Retail Group
* Group 1 Automotive
* Inchcape
* Jardine
* JCT600
* Lookers
* H.R. Owen
* Jack Barclay Bentley
* Perrys
* Robins & Day
* Stoneacre
* Sytner
* Vertu

Other services|

* ATS Euromaster
* Autoglass
* Auto Windscreens
* British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association
* Constellation Automotive Group
* Green Flag
* Halfords Autocentre
* Halfords
* HiQ (tyres)
* Kwik Fit
* LeasePlan
* Lex Autolease
* Millbrook Proving Ground
* National Tyres and Autocare
* Pinewood Technologies
* RAC
* The AA
* We Buy Any Car

Government and
regulatory bodies

* Automotive Council UK
* Department for Transport
* Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency
* Driving Standards Agency
* Vehicle Certification Agency
* Vehicle & Operator Services Agency

Related topics|

* AM Magazine
* Autocar
* Autosport
* Auto Trader
* Auto Express
* Buses
* Car
* Classic & Sports Car
* Coach & Bus Week
* Commercial Motor
* Evo
* Fast Car
* Fifth Gear
* Institute of Advanced Motorists
* Motor Sport
* Octane
* Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents
* Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders
* Top Gear (magazine)
* Top Gear (TV series)
* What Car?

* Category
* Commons

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Automotive industry

* Car
* Motor vehicle

By country|

| Africa|

* Egypt
* Kenya
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* South Africa
* List of manufacturers

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* manufacturers list, manufacturers detailed
* India
* manufacturers
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Japan
* manufacturers
* Malaysia
* manufacturers
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Russia
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* manufacturers
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* manufacturers
* Thailand
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* List of manufacturers

Europe|

* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
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* manufacturers
* France
* manufacturers
* Germany
* manufacturers
* Hungary
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* manufacturers
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* Poland
* manufacturers
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* manufacturers
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* manufacturers
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* manufacturers
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* manufacturers
* List of manufacturers

North America|

* Canada
* manufacturers
* Mexico
* United States
* manufacturers

South America|

* Argentina
* manufacturers
* Brazil
* manufacturers

Oceania|

* Australia
* manufacturers
* New Zealand

Data|

* Automobile sales by model
* Best-selling automobiles
* Countries by motor vehicle production
* Countries by vehicles per capita
* Top manufacturers

History|

* Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
* History of the automobile
* History of the internal combustion engine
* History of the motorcycle
* Timeline of motor vehicle brands

Manufacturers|

* Automobile manufacturers
* marques
* by parent company
* Bus manufacturers
* Motorcycle manufacturers
* Truck manufacturers
* Minor automotive manufacturing groups

Organisations|

* Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems
* European Automobile Manufacturers Association
* Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles

Related topics|

* Auto and motor shows
* Automotive design
* Automotive engineering
* Facelift
* Rebadging
* list of vehicles
* Debadging
* Glossary

* Category
* List
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

British car industry – companies and marques

| Marque  | 1900s  | 1910s  | 1920s  | 1930s  | 1940s  | 1950s  | 1960s  | 1970s  | 1980s  | 1990s  | 2000s  | 2010s  | 2020s

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4
Rolls-Royce |  | Rolls-Royce Limited | Rolls-Royce Limited & Bentley | Rolls-Royce Motors | Rolls-Royce Motors (Vickers)  | BMW & VW Group | BMW
Bentley |  |  | Bentley | Volkswagen Group
Armstrong Siddeley |  | Siddeley-Deasy | Armstrong Whitworth | Armstrong Siddeley | Bristol Siddeley | Rolls-Royce Limited | Armstrong Siddeley Owners Club
Aston Martin |  |  | Aston Martin | Aston Martin Lagonda | PAG (Ford)  | Aston Martin Lagonda
Lagonda |  | Lagonda
Standard |  | Standard | Standard Triumph | Leyland Motors | BLMC / British Leyland | Austin Rover Group

Land Rover Group (BL plc)  | Rover Group (BAe)  | Rover Group
(BMW)  | British Motor Heritage
Triumph |  | Dawson | Triumph | BMW
Mini |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Riley | Riley | Nuffield Organization | BMC | BMH
MG |  |  |  | Morris Garages (MG) | MG Rover Group (PVH)  | SAIC

NAC | SAIC
Morris |  |  | Morris | Morris
Wolseley | Wolseley
Austin |  | Austin | Austin
Vanden Plas |  | Vanden Plas
Rover |  | Rover Company | Rover Company | Rover Company | PAG (Ford)  | Tata
Land Rover |  |  |  |  |  | PAG (Ford)
Alvis |  |  |  | Alvis | BAE Systems
Jaguar |  |  |  | SS Cars | Jaguar | Jaguar

Daimler | BMH | Jaguar

Daimler | PAG (Ford)  | Tata
Daimler | Daimler | BSA | BSA
Lanchester | Lanchester
Princess |  |  |  |  |  |  | BMC |  |  | BLMC / British Leyland |  |  |  |  |
Austin-Healey |  |  |  |  |  |  | Austin (BMC) & Donald Healey |  |  |  |  |  |
Jensen |  |  |  |  | Jensen Motors | Britcar Holdings | Jensen Cars |  |  |
Reliant |  |  |  |  | Reliant | Reliant |  |  |
Bond |  |  |  |  |  | Bond |  |  |
Abbey |  |  |  |  Abbey |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ABC |  |  |  ABC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aberdonia |  |  |  Aberdonia |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Abingdon |  |  Abingdon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AC |  | AC Cars (several ownership & company name changes)
Accles-Turrell |  Accles-Turrell |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ACE |  |  |  ACE |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Achilles |  |  Achilles |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adams |  |  Adams |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adams-Hewitt |  |  Adams-Hewitt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adamson |  |  |  Adamson |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Addison |  |  |  Addison |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance (Tricar) |  |  Advance (Tricar) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aeon |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  Aeon
Aero Car |  |  |  Aero Car |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ailsa |  |  Ailsa |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AJS |  |  |  | AJS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Albatros |  |  |  |  Albatros |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alberford |  |  |  | Alberford |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Albert |  |  |  Albert |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Albion |  Albion |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Alexandra |  |  Alexandra |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ariel-(Simplex) | Ariel-(Simplex) |  |  | Ariel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Argyll | Argyll |  |  |  |  |  | Argyll |  |  |  |
Bristol Cars |  |  |  |  |  | Bristol Cars
Caterham |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Caterham
Crossley |  | Crossley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dutton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Dutton |  |  | Dutton
Ginetta |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ginetta
Gordon-Keeble |  |  |  |  |  |  | Peerless & Warwick | Gordon-Keeble |  |  |  |  |  |  |
James and Browne |  James and Browne |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jowett |  | Jowett | Blackburn |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lea-Francis |  | Lea-Francis |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Lotus |  |  |  |  |  |  | Lotus | General Motors Europe | Proton | Geely
McLaren |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | McLaren
Marcos |  |  |  |  |  |  | Marcos |  | Marcos |  | Marcos |  |  |
Morgan |  | Morgan
Napier | Napier |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Turner |  |  |  |  |  |  | Turner |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TVR |  |  |  |  |  | TVR
Westfield |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Westfield | Potenza Sports Cars
GTM |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | GTM
Vauxhall |  | Vauxhall Motors | General Motors | General Motors Europe | Opel | Peugeot (PSA)  | Stellantis
Hillman |  | Hillman | Humber | Rootes | Rootes | Chrysler Europe (Chrysler)  | Peugeot (PSA)
Humber | Humber
Vulcan |  | Vulcan | various  | Tilling-Stevens
Tilling-Stevens | Tilling-Stevens
Sunbeam | Sunbeam | S.T.D. Motors | Rootes | Sunbeam-Talbot (Rootes)  | Rootes
Talbot |  | Talbot
Singer |  | Singer | Rootes
Marque  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8  | 0 | 2 | 4
1900s  | 1910s  | 1920s  | 1930s  | 1940s  | 1950s  | 1960s  | 1970s  | 1980s  | 1990s  | 2000s  | 2010s  | 2020s

* v
* t
* e

Economy of the United Kingdom

Companies|

* Co-operatives
* Employee-owned companies
* FTSE 100 Index
* FTSE 250 Index
* FTSE Fledgling Index
* FTSE SmallCap Index
* Government-owned companies

Currency,
governance,
regulation|

* Bank of England
* Governor of the Bank of England
* Monetary Policy Committee
* Budget
* Company law
* Competition and Markets Authority
* Department for Business and Trade
* Financial Conduct Authority
* Gilts
* HM Revenue & Customs
* HM Treasury
* Chancellor of the Exchequer
* Debt Management Office
* Office for Budget Responsibility
* Pound sterling
* Banknotes
* Coinage
* Taxation
* UK Statistics Authority
* UK Trade & Investment

History|

| Chronological|

* 1659–1849 Navigation Acts
* Agricultural Revolution
* Industrial Revolution
* Financial Revolution
* Panic of 1796–97
* 1815–46 Corn Laws
* New Imperialism 1830s–1945
* Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
* 1873–79 Long Depression
* 1926 general strike
* 1929–39 Great Depression
* 1948–52 Marshall Plan
* 1974 Three-Day Week
* 1979 Winter of Discontent
* 1986 Big Bang
* 1992 Black Wednesday
* Late-2000s recession
* 2008 bank rescue package
* 2009 bank rescue package
* 2020 Withdrawal from the European Union (Growth deal)
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Impact
* Cost-of-living crisis

|

Recurrent|

* Economic geography
* Free trade
* Gold standard
* Recessions and recoveries
* National champions policy
* Economic liberalism
* Privatisation
* Nationalisation

Nations,
regions,
cities|

| England|

* Atlantic Gateway
* Birmingham
* Big City Plan
* Bristol
* Cornwall
* Croydon
* Devon
* Dorset
* Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
* Fishing
* Leeds
* List of counties by GDP
* List of counties by GVA
* Liverpool
* London
* East London Tech City
* London Plan
* M4 corridor
* M11 Corridor
* Manchester
* Reading
* Sheffield
* Silicon Fen
* Somerset
* Thames Gateway
* Tourism
* Transport
* Wiltshire

|

Northern
Ireland|

* Belfast
* Transport

Scotland|

* Aberdeen
* Agriculture
* Edinburgh
* Industrialisation
* Fishing
* History
* Oil and gas
* Renewable energy
* Silicon Glen
* Tourism
* Transport
* Whisky

Wales|

* Agriculture
* Cardiff (Cardiff Bay)
* Fishing
* History
* Industrialisation
* Renewable energy
* Swansea
* Tourism
* Transport

People
and labour|

* Billionaires
* Businesspeople
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Equal opportunities
* Minimum wage
* Working Time Directive
* Pensions
* Trades unions
* Trades Union Congress
* Unemployment

Sectors|

| Resource and
production|

* Energy/Renewable energy
* Biodiesel
* Coal
* Geothermal
* Fracking
* Hydroelectricity
* Marine
* North Sea oil
* Solar
* Wind
* Food
* Agriculture
* Cider
* Dairy
* Wine
* Beer
* Fishing
* English
* Scottish
* Welsh
* Materials
* Forestry
* Mining
* Steel

|

Financial
services|

* Baltic Exchange
* Banking
* History
* List of banks
* List of UK building societies
* Canary Wharf
* The City
* Euronext.liffe
* Glasgow International Financial Services District
* Insurance
* Lloyd's of London
* LCH
* London Interbank Offered Rate
* London Metal Exchange
* London Platinum and Palladium Market
* London Stock Exchange
* Alternative Investment Market

Other|

* Education
* International students
* Entertainment & Media
* Cinema
* Gambling
* Newspapers
* Radio
* Television
* Theatre
* Healthcare
* Legal services
* Manufacturing
* Aerospace
* Automotive
* Pharmaceuticals
* Exports
* Property
* Architecture
* Construction
* Housing
* Real estate
* Science and technology
* Internet
* Telecommunications
* Supermarkets
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Rail
* Inter-city
* High-speed

Trade and
business
organisations|

* Business organisations
* British Bankers' Association
* British Chambers of Commerce
* Confederation of British Industry
* Co-operatives UK
* Federation of Small Businesses
* Industry trade groups
* Institute of Directors
* Make UK
* UK Payments Administration

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Science and technology in the United Kingdom

Economy of the United Kingdom

Official
bodies and
personnel|

* Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence
* Council for Science and Technology
* Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
* Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
* Building Digital UK
* Intellectual Property Office
* Government Office for Science
* Chief Scientific Adviser
* National Technology Advisor
* UK Research and Innovation
* Arts and Humanities Research Council
* Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
* Economic and Social Research Council
* Innovate UK
* Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
* Medical Research Council
* Natural Environment Research Council
* Research England
* Science and Technology Facilities Council
* UK Space Agency
* Food and Environment Research Agency
* List of UK government scientific research institutes
* Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
* Science and Technology Select Committee
* Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies

Industry
sectors|

* Aerospace
* British space programme
* Automotive
* Computers
* Nuclear technology
* Pharmaceutical
* Renewable energy
* Telecommunications

Non-
governmental
bodies|

| Education
and museums|

* Science museums
* National Museum of Science and Industry
* National Space Centre
* Universities
* List
* Golden triangle
* Russell Group

|

Societies and
professional
bodies|

* British Computer Society
* British Mass Spectrometry Society
* British Science Association
* British Society for the Philosophy of Science
* Engineering Council
* Geological Society of London
* Institute of Physics
* Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
* Royal Academy of Engineering
* Royal Aeronautical Society
* Royal Astronomical Society
* Royal Entomological Society
* Royal Geographical Society
* Royal Institution
* Christmas Lectures
* Royal Society
* The Association for Science Education
* Royal Society of Chemistry
* Science Council
* Royal Society of Biology
* North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers

Other|

* Campaign for Science and Engineering
* EngineeringUK
* Science Media Centre
* Wellcome Trust

People|

* Engineers
* Inventors
* Nobel laureates
* Science writers
* Scientists
* Technology writers

Places|

* Burlington House
* East London Tech City
* M4 corridor
* Science parks
* Silicon Fen
* Silicon Glen
* Silicon Gorge
* Sites of Special Scientific Interest

Other|

* Innovations and discoveries
* Science and technology awards
* Science and technology magazines
* JANET
* National Science Week

* Category
* Commons

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