Aviation accidents and incidents in fiction

Aviation accidents and incidents, particularly civilian airplane crashes or incidents threatening a crash or requiring an emergency landing, are a common theme in fiction.[1][2][3] Films centered on such incidents make up a substantial subset of the disaster film genre, and influence how other stories within the genre are told. Works in this genre encompass both fictional depictions of the incidents themselves, and depictions of consequences such as investigations, lawsuits, and the effect on the lives of persons involved. A subgenre, the "plane crash survival movie", involves characters placed in a dangerous environment by an initial airplane crash.[4] Airplane crashes have been described as "the easy and obvious device" for dramatically incorporating an airplane into the plot of a film,[5] and as "a Hollywood staple",[1] with various levels of praise or criticism directed to the realism of specific depictions.

## Development of the genre

[edit]

A review of the genre by The Guardian following the release of the film, Sully, found that film to be "simply the next logical step in the long line of movies portraying with ever greater grim authenticity the waking nightmare of a plane going down". The Guardian noted that "in the age of mass air travel, the plane crash is one of the last great levellers", where everyone is equally at risk regardless of social status, but also found that "the thing about plane-crash movies is they come with happy endings, or at least the promise of one", and that the message is often "have faith in pilots".[1] Notably, in some instances controversies have arisen from the release of films involving air crashes in proximity to unpredictably timed real-life air crashes.[1] Another review assessing the 2012 film, Flight, also centered on a fictional airplane crash, stated that "when it comes to planes and pilots, Hollywood never gets it right", noting that contrary to some fictional accounts, pilots are almost never inebriated, and co-pilots are equally as qualified and capable as the assigned pilot for the flight.[6]

### Origins

[edit]

Early films involving aircraft tended to focus on military air battles,[7] or professional stunt flying activities,[8] rather than depictions of civilian air incidents. An early example of the latter is seen in the events of the 1954 novel, Lord of the Flies, which was precipitated by a group of boys being marooned on an island in a plane crash.[9] Harold Bloom writes that "[t]hrough the boys' dialogue... we learn that these boys and others were in a plane crash. The nose of the plane went down in flames, but the cabin crashed through the jungle trees, landing near enough to water to be pulled out to sea, perhaps with some boys still aboard".[9]: 17 Bloom notes that the account provided has been deemed implausible by critics, as the story describes the child characters as having survived with no injuries, while leaving no adult survivors, and with the crash leaving a "long scar" in the jungle, but with no debris from the airplane.[9]: 90

Also in 1954, John Wayne starred in the film, The High and the Mighty, in which a veteran airline first officer, flying as a passenger on an airplane that has a catastrophic engine failure while crossing the Pacific Ocean, must help fly the plane to a safe landing. The High and the Mighty was one of the first films centered on a potential air disaster.[1] This was shortly followed by Flight into Danger, a 1956 Canadian live television play written by Arthur Hailey and starring James Doohan, depicting the pilots at the controls of a Canadair North Star, a large commercial airliner, falling victim to food poisoning, leaving it to an ex-Second World War Spitfire fighter pilot among the passengers, to take over and safely land the unfamiliar aircraft. Hailey, a former British pilot in the Second World War, wrote the teleplay in only nine days and shopped it about as a screenplay.[10] The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, barely four years old, bought the script for $600.[11]

### Influence of Flight into Danger

[edit]

When Flight into Danger was broadcast live-to-air on April 3, 1956, on the network's General Motors Theatre, it was seen by two million people and received a resounding positive reaction. "In the words of one journalist, it was 'probably the most successful TV play ever written anywhere'."[12] A kinescope of the live production was broadcast in August 1956 due to viewer demand.[13]

In 1957, Flight into Danger was adapted into the feature film Zero Hour! and, in 1962, the story was adapted for an episode of the BBC series Studio 4.[11] In 1964, a German version of the television film was produced under the title Flug in Gefahr.[14] Czechoslovak radio (Československý rozhlas) has produced it as part of the radio series Let do nebezpečí, directed by Jiří Horčička. An Australian television version was produced in 1966. In Flight into Danger, Hailey created the template for future disaster films:[15] character-driven plot lines built up among diverse characters would dominate, with brief episodes or flashbacks giving back stories, and all the individual stories coming together at the climax.[16] Hailey and John Castle novelized the story as Runway Zero-Eight (1958), which was dramatized in 1971 as Terror in the Sky, a Movie of the Week. The story elements were more famously parodied in the 1980 comedy Airplane!.[17]

Additional aviation-themed precursors to the popular disaster films of the 1970s included Jet Storm and Jet Over the Atlantic, two 1959 films both featuring attempts to blow up an airplane in mid-flight; The Crowded Sky (1960) which depicts a mid-air collision; and The Doomsday Flight (1966), written by Rod Serling and starring Edmond O'Brien as a disgruntled aerospace engineer who plants a barometric pressure bomb on an airliner built by his former employer set to explode when the airliner descends for landing.[18][19][20]

### Influence of the Airport novel and film series

[edit]

Flight into Danger author Arthur Hailey also penned the 1968 novel Airport, which was adapted into the first of a series of films in the genre. The novel was poorly reviewed, with Mark Levin of The New York Times saying, "Mr. Hailey is a plodding sort of writer, but he has just the talent to suggest the crashing ennui of airport routine, where only a mortal disaster can provide color".[21] In the same newspaper, Eliot Fremont-Smith wrote, "As for the formula, the possibilities seem all but inexhaustible. With 'Hotel' and 'Airport' successfully absorbed, can 'Shopping Center,' 'Parking Lot' and 'City Dump' be far behind?" [22] Still, the book was commercially successful among readers.[23] It spent 64 weeks on the New York Times best seller list,[24] 30 of which were at #1,[25] and became the biggest-selling novel of 1968.[26] George Seaton wrote and directed the film adaptation, which was released by Universal in 1970, whittling down the subplots of the novel to focus on the air disaster, the need to land a bomb-damaged plane at a snow-hampered airport. With an all-star cast, the film was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[27] It earned $100.5 million at the domestic box office[28] (the equivalent of $814 million in 2024).[29] Its success, combined with that of 1972's The Poseidon Adventure (set on a sinking ship), led to the proliferation of disaster movies of the 1970s.[30]

Airport itself spawned the sequels, Airport 1975 (1974),[31] Airport '77 (1977),[32] and The Concorde ... Airport '79 (1979).[33] In 1980, the highly successful parody film Airplane! was released,[34][35][36] drawing on elements of Zero Hour! and the Airport film series. This was itself followed by a sequel, Airplane II: The Sequel, in 1982.[37]

Directors have gone to great lengths to make plane crash scenes appear realistic. For example, for a scene in the 2020 film Tenet, in which a taxiing airplane is driven into a building (though without leaving the ground), the production demolished an actual airplane.[38]

### Plane crash survival subgenre

[edit]

A review of the 2017 film The Mountain Between Us, which begins with a plane crash in remote mountains, notes the existence of the subgenre, the "plane crash survival movie".[4] This subgenre involves characters placed in a dangerous environment—typically in frozen mountainous terrain—by an initial airplane crash.[4] Films within this genre include Alive (1993), The Edge (1997), Cast Away (2000), The Snow Walker (2003), and The Grey (2010).[4]

### Plane crash investigation subgenre

[edit]

Another area frequently explored in media, more commonly in police procedurals and detective shows, is the investigation of an airplane crash to determine the cause, particularly where foul play is suspected to have been involved. Such investigations may involve dramatic elements such as forensic recreations of the crash site, discovery and examination of the flight recorder, autopsies of the deceased, and interrogation of suspects among the survivors.[39][40][41][42]

## Notable examples

[edit]

### Film

[edit]

Year  | Title  | Notes

|
|

1954  | The High and the Mighty | John Wayne stars as a veteran airline first officer flying as a passenger on an airplane that has a catastrophic engine failure while crossing the Pacific Ocean, and who must help fly the plane to a safe landing.[1]
1956  | The Mountain | Spencer Tracy stars as a veteran mountain climber who reluctantly assists his younger brother (Robert Wagner) to reach the wreckage of an airliner that fell on the Mont Blanc, in the French Alps, in order to scavenge the remains of the crashed aircraft. Based on La neige en deuil, a French novel published by Henry Troyat in 1952, inspired by the accident of Air India Flight 245 in 1950.[43]
1965  | The Flight of the Phoenix | Drawn from a 1964 novel by Elleston Trevor of the same title, the crash of a Fairchild C-82 Packet in the North African desert as central to the plot.[44]
1970  | Airport | Written and directed by George Seaton, focuses on a bomb-damaged plane attempting to reach and land at a snow-hampered Chicago airport.[45]
1974  | Airport 1975 (also known as Airport '75)  | First sequel to the successful 1970 film Airport. It was directed by Jack Smight, produced by William Frye and Jennings Lang, and written by Don Ingalls.[46] It concerns the dramatic events aboard an airborne Boeing 747 when a small aircraft crashes into the cockpit, causing the fatalities of senior crew and the blinding of the pilot, leaving with no one aboard qualified to take the controls. It featured an improbable scene in which a new pilot was brought to the plane by helicopter, to be lowered in through the hole in the cockpit.[6]
1980  | Airplane! | Genre parody in which the flight crew becomes ill due to food poisoning, and a former fighter pilot now suffering from a fear of flying is forced to land the plane.[47]
1990  | Die Hard 2 | A British Douglas DC-8, Windsor Flight 114, is given false landing instructions by terrorists and crash lands in a blizzard, resulting in fatalities to all on board; a later scene has an airplane carrying the villains being blown up by protagonist John McClane (Bruce Willis).[citation needed]
1993  | Alive | The true story of members of a Uruguayan soccer team who survive the crash of a Fairchild Hiller FH-227D operating as Uruguayan Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya) Flight 571 T-571 in the Andean mountains, and had to find a way to stay alive until rescue.[1][3] Industrial Light & Magic depicted the crash using an eight-foot breakaway model, designed to shear at mid-fuselage. The nose and tail were heavily reinforced while a non-reinforced midsection was built up of plastic, foil, wires and metals so that when it broke it would have the layered metal look of a real airframe breaking up. A cable system was rigged to fly the model, which was on an aligned track, into the miniature mountain, hitting the "sweet spot" on the fuselage, a weakened area barely three inches long.[48]
1993  | Fearless | Jeff Bridges stars as the survivor of an airplane crash whose perspective on life is changed by his surviving unharmed while others perished.[1][3]
1997  | Con Air | In the films's climactic crash scene, a C-123 where much of the action takes place crashes on the Las Vegas strip.[49] Of three C-123s used in the production of the film, one was non-airworthy and in poor condition, was dismantled and its fuselage was used for filming the crash scene.[50] Maxim put the film at the top of their 2007 list of "The Top Ten Most Horrific Movie Plane Crashes", a decision that was derided by Wired.[51]
1998  | U.S. Marshals | Depicts the crash of a 727 from the Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS).[52]
1999  | Fight Club | A vivid mid-air collision occurs in the imagination of the protagonist.[citation needed]
2000  | Bounce | A commercial flight crashes after one character had given his ticket on that flight to another, leading the surviving character to feel guilt over the death of the person to whom he had given his ticket.
2000  | Cast Away | A plane crash leaves the protagonist, played by Tom Hanks, stranded on a Pacific island.[1][3]
2000  | Final Destination | A plane breaks apart and explodes in flight at the beginning of the film; passengers who escaped death by leaving the plane prior to takeoff due to a premonition are then stalked by death.[3] A 2011 sequel, Final Destination 5, ends with the same plane crash that began the first film in the series.[3]
2004  | The Aviator | Leonardo DiCaprio stars in a biopic of Howard Hughes, including an incident where Hughes crashes while flying an airplane.[1][47]
2006  | United 93 | Directed by Paul Greengrass, the film is a "forensic account of the 9/11 flight whose passengers resisted the hijackers", though the actual crash is not depicted, as the film "cuts to black as the plane starts to dive".[1][53][47]
2009  | Knowing | Nicolas Cage plays MIT astrophysics professor John Koestler, who discovers a record of future disasters, including a plane crash; he visits the site in advance of the crash, which happens in front of him.[citation needed]
2011  | The Grey | An airplane crash in the wilderness pits crash survivors against the elements.[3]
2012  | Flight | A commercial flight crashes due to a technical malfunction, and the pilot, played by Denzel Washington, must invert the airplane in order to control the crash. An NTSB investigation results in the pilot confessing to have been drunk when the flight began, although that was not a factor in the crash.[1][6][47]
2014  | Wild Tales | Argentine anthology comedy with the first segment revolving around "a pilot gathering his unwitting enemies on a revenge flight"; at the end of the segment, the pilot crashes the plane into the house of his parents.[1]
2016  | Sully | Directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Tom Hanks as Sully Sullenberger, recreates the events around Sullenberger's Hudson River landing.[1][54][55][47]
2017  | The Mountain Between Us | A small plane crash in remote mountains leaves two survivors to navigate rugged terrain and fend off natural dangers in able to reach safety.[4]

### Television

[edit]

Year  | Title  | Episode  | Notes

|
|
|

1973  | The Six Million Dollar Man | Pilot episode "The Moon and the Desert", aired March 7, 1973  | Lee Majors, as Steve Austin, is the pilot in the crash of a Northrop M2-F2 NASA research aircraft during a test flight; Austin is severely injured and must be given bionic parts to save his life. The footage used was from a real M2-F2 accident that took place on 10 May 1967 in the California desert.[56]
1981  | Quincy, M.E. | Season 6 episode "Scream to the Skies", aired February 11, 1981.  | The crash of Boeing 747 spurs Dr. Quincy's subsequent efforts to improve airline safety regulations.[41]
2004  | Lost | Pilot episode aired September 22, 2004  | Deals with the crash of a commercial plane from the fictional Oceanic Airlines. This theme was inspired by the film Cast Away.[57]
2012  | Elementary | Season 1 episode "Flight Risk", aired November 8, 2012  | A small plane crash turns out to be a cover-up for a murder. Holmes deduces that one of the four victims was murdered beforehand by the lack of bleeding. He concludes that sand was put into the fuel tank to disable the plane's engine and surmises the murder victim walked in on the perpetrator at work. His corpse was then stuffed in the cargo hold, which caused a weight imbalance and the subsequent premature crash, on land instead of water.[40]
2012  | Grey's Anatomy | Episode "Flight, aired May 17, 2012  | Many of the main characters are injured in a small plane crash in a forest in the state of Washington, and they must struggle to survive the ordeal;[58][59]
2014  | Criminal Minds | Season 10 episode "A Thousand Suns", aired October 15, 2014  | The investigation of a commercial airline crash reveals that it was caused by a disgruntled engineer who had found a way to remotely override airplane control systems.[39]
2015  | Grey's Anatomy | Episode "One Flight Down", aired April 16, 2015  | The characters must deal with patients arriving at their hospital from a commercial airplane crash in Seattle.
2021  | Yellowjackets | Pilot episode, aired November 14, 2021, and various other episodes  | A New Jersey high school girls' soccer team has to fight to survive after crash landing in the Canadian wilderness in the 1990s.[60]
2023  | The Irrational | Season 1 episode, "The Barnum Effect", aired October 9, 2023  | Centered on a commercial airline pilot apparently intentionally crashing a Boeing 737.[42]

### Other media

[edit]

* Music video for the Katy Perry song "Roar", released on September 5, 2013: the crash of a small plane has left the protagonist stranded in the jungle, where she discovers her confidence and asserts control over the animals, while still using the crashed airplane fuselage as her home.[61]
* Charlie Victor Romeo (1999), a play in which performers dramatically reenact FAA transcripts of crew communications during six real-life airplane crashes.[62]
* The survival video game The Forest (2018) features a plane crash that brings the protagonist Eric LeBlanc and his son Timmy, to the peninsula; immediately after the plane crashes, the players must scavenge the wreckage for materials with which to survive.[63] It is later shown that the villain of the game caused the crash, and that the protagonist has the choice of causing another plane to crash in the peninsula in order to bring his son back to life with a required child sacrifice.

## See also

[edit]

* Aircraft in fiction
* Category:Fiction about aviation accidents and incidents

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Leigh, Danny (December 5, 2016). "A wing and a prayer: why cinema loves a plane crash". The Guardian.
2. ^ James H. Farmer, Broken Wings: Hollywood's Air Crashes (1984).
3. ^ a b c d e f g Carreiro, Remy (June 6, 2012). "The Five Best Plane Crashes In Cinema". UnrealityMag.com.
4. ^ a b c d e Livingstone, Jo (October 12, 2017). "The Mountain Between Us is a Lesson in Bad Casting" - via The New Republic.
5. ^ Patrick Smith, Ask the Pilot: Everything You Need to Know about Air Travel (2004), p. 33-34.
6. ^ a b c Smith, Patrick (November 18, 2012). "Real Pilots Laugh At 'Flight'". The Daily Beast - via www.thedailybeast.com.
7. ^ Wohl, Robert (2005). The Spectacle of Flight: Aviation and the Western Imagination, 1920–1950. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. pp. 112–117\. ISBN 0-300-10692-0.
8. ^ Anthony Slide, The New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry (1998), p. 196.
9. ^ a b c Harold Bloom, William Golding's Lord of the Flies (2010).
10. ^ Barker, Dennis. "Obituary: Arthur Hailey." The Guardian, November 27, 2004. Retrieved: September 7, 2014.
11. ^ a b "Arthur Hailey". ABC Bookworld. Retrieved: September 6, 2014.
12. ^ Plummer, Kevin. "Hailey's Comet." Historicist, August 13, 2011. Retrieved: September 6, 2014.
13. ^ ""General Motors Theatre" Flight Into Danger (1956)". IMDB. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
14. ^ "Flug in Gefahr (1964)". IMDB. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
15. ^ Kay and Rose 2006, p. 48.
16. ^ Sparber 2011.
17. ^ Cady, Brian. "Zero Hour." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: September 6, 2014.
18. ^ "CultMovies, Disaster Epics". cultmovies.info. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
19. ^ "Filmsite, Greatest Disaster Film Scenes". filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
20. ^ "Internet Movie Database, The Doomsday Flight". imdb.com. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
21. ^ Levin, Martin (April 7, 1968). "Reader's Report" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
22. ^ Fremont-Smith, Eliot (April 20, 1968). "Books of The Times: On the Way to the Flicks" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
23. ^ O'Donnell, Michelle (November 26, 2004). "Arthur Hailey, Novelist Who Had a Hit in 'Airport,' Dies at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
24. ^ "The New York Times Best Seller List June 22, 1969 Fiction" (PDF). Hawes.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
25. ^ "Adult New York Times Best Seller Lists for 1968". Hawes.com. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
26. ^ "20th-Century American Bestsellers". library.virginia.edu. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
27. ^ "The 43rd Academy Awards 1971". oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
28. ^ Airport at Box Office Mojo
29. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
30. ^ Keane, Stephen (2012). Disaster Movies: The Cinema of Catastrophe. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 29.
31. ^ "Airport 1975 (1974)". the-numbers.com. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
32. ^ "Airport '77 (1977)". the-numbers.com. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
33. ^ "The Concorde: Airport '79 (1979)". the-numbers.com. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved February 5, 2017.
34. ^ "Airplane! (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on March 26, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
35. ^ "AIRPLANE! (1980)". AFI film. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
36. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 15, 2002). "Top 50 worldwide grossers". Variety. p. 52, Paramount at 90 supplement.
37. ^ Har. (December 8, 1982). "Review: 'Airplane II the Sequel'". Variety. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
38. ^ "Christopher Nolan's "Tenet" blew up a real plane for a very practical reason". Newsweek. September 18, 2020.
39. ^ a b "Criminal Minds Season 10 Episode 3". TV Fanatic.
40. ^ a b Sperling, Daniel (November 27, 2012). "'Elementary' recap: 'I know about Irene'". Digital Spy.
41. ^ a b David Martindale, Television Detective Shows of the 1970s (1991), p. 408.
42. ^ a b "The Barnum Effect - The Irrational Season 1 Episode 3". TV Fanatic. October 9, 2023.
43. ^ Brook, David (2023-02-22). "The Mountain (1956) - Imprint". Blueprint: Review. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
44. ^ "Aviation Films – F". Aerofiles. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
45. ^ "Airport". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
46. ^ "Airport 1975". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
47. ^ a b c d e Morton, Caitlin (April 6, 2020). "11 Movies Set on Planes to Keep You Entertained Until Your Next Flight". Condé Nast Traveler.
48. ^ Cotta Vaz, Mark; Duignan, Patricia Rose (1996). Industrial Light & Magic: Into the Digital Realm. New York: DelRey (Ballantine). p. 155\. ISBN 978-0-345-38152-1.
49. ^ Sweetman, Bill (1 May 2003). "How the 747 Got Its Hump". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
50. ^ "Old Wings – Con Air C-123 Providers". Old Wings. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
51. ^ "Flotsam, Jetsam for 01/25/2007". January 25, 2007 - via www.wired.com.
52. ^ Hay, Jerry M. (2008). Ohio River Guidebook. Inland Waterways Books. p. 166\. ISBN 978-1-60585-217-1.
53. ^ Heath, Iver (January 1, 2006). "Four Years On, a Cabin's-Eye View of 9/11". The New York Times.
54. ^ McClintock, Pamela (June 2, 2015). "Clint Eastwood's Next Movie Revealed: Capt. "Sully" Sullenberger Tale (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
55. ^ Ford, Rebecca (August 11, 2015). "Aaron Eckhart Joins Tom Hanks in Sully Sullenberger Movie (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
56. ^ "A Crash Made Famous on TV". National Air and Space Museum. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
57. ^ Bernstein, David (August 2007). "Cast Away". Chicago magazine. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
58. ^ Lane, Tanya (May 21, 2012). "Grey's Anatomy Season Finale Review: Tears and Gore Galore". Poptimal. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
59. ^ Lee, Ben (May 18, 2012). "'Grey's Anatomy' recap: Major death in season finale 'Flight'". Digital Spy. Nat Mags. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
60. ^ Poniewozik, James (November 11, 2021). "Review: In 'Yellowjackets,' It's Reunion Time for the Crash of '96" - via NYTimes.com.
61. ^ Coulehan, Erin (September 6, 2013). "Katy Perry Drops 'Roar' Video". Rolling Stone.
62. ^ Studio's First-Class Ticket to Disaster, Peter Marks, Washington Post, June 13, 2006.
63. ^ Robertson, John (29 January 2014). "The Forest: survival, horror and the guilt of killing – interview". VG247. Retrieved 2 March 2014.