Aviation in India

Aviation in India can be broadly divided into military and civil aviation. India has an extensive civilian air transportation network and is amongst the fastest-growing aviation markets in the world according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA).

The first commercial aviation flight in India took place on 18 February 1911. In March 1953, the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act by which the eight domestic airlines operating independently at that time were merged into two government-owned entities. Air India, tracing its origins to 1932, is the flag carrier of India. Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), established in 1931, is the regulatory body responsible for civil aviation, working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Airports Authority of India is responsible for the management of civil aviation infrastructure. As of 2025[update], there are 33 international, 11 limited international airports and more than 100 domestic and private airports. De-regulation in the 1990s opened the industry to private players who cater to majority of the traffic as of 2025, handling more than 200 million air passengers annually.

The Indian Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence is responsible for the military operations. Royal Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 with the first squadron commissioned in April 1933. It later became the Indian Air Force in 1950 and is the major military air operator in India. Indian Air Force maintains a fleet of various aircraft and air bases across India. Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard also maintain air infrastructure in a supporting role.

## History

[edit]

Main articles: History of Indian civil aviation and History of the Indian Air Force

Tata Sons' Airline time-table, c. 1935

The first commercial aviation flight in India took place on 18 February 1911 from Allahabad to Naini, a distance of 9.7 kilometres (6 miles), flown by Henri Pequet using a Humber biplane carrying 6,500 pieces of mail.[1][2] In December 1912, the Indian State Air services along with the Imperial Airways introduced a London-Delhi flight, the first International flight to India.[3] In 1915, Tata Sons started a regular airmail service between Karachi and Madras marking the beginning of air transportation in the southern part of India.[3] Construction of the first civil airports at Calcutta, Allahabad and Bombay started in 1924. In April 1927, a department of civil aviation was set-up with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) set-up in 1931.[3] The Aero Club of India was established in 1927 and the Madras Flying Club in 1930.[4][5] On 15 October 1932, Indian aviator J. R. D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying mail from Karachi to Juhu aerodrome, Bombay; and the aircraft continued to Madras, marking the beginning of Tata Airlines which later became Air India, the flag carrier in 1946.[6][7]

The Indian Air Force was established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the Royal Air Force.[8] The enactment of the Indian Air Force Act 1932 stipulated out their auxiliary status and enforced the adoption of the Royal Air Force uniforms, badges, brevets and insignia.[9][10] On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four Westland Wapiti biplanes and five Indian pilots.[11] In 1933–34, Indian Trans Continental Airways, Madras Air Taxi Services and Indian National Airways commenced operations.[3] The Indian Aircraft Act was propagated in 1934 and formulated in 1937.[3] In 1940, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was set up at Bangalore and India's first aircraft rolled out for test flight in July 1941.[3] The Indian Air Force took part in the Second World War and was christened as Royal Indian Air Force. In 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force.[12] In March 1953, the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act through which the eight independent domestic airlines in existence: Deccan Airways, Airways India, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation, Kalinga Air Lines, Indian National Airways, Air India, Air Services of India were merged into two government owned entities of Indian Airlines and Air India.[3] In 1960, the first jet aircraft was introduced for commercial passenger traffic.[13]

A pair of Indian Air Force MiG-21 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

In 1961, the Indian Air Force provided air support in Operation Vijay as a part of liberation of Portuguese colony of Goa.[14] The Indian Air Force achieved air superiority during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[15] In 1966, the IAF started inducting MiG-21 and Sukhoi Su-7 fighter jets.[16] Indian Air Force played a major part in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, carrying out strikes and providing air support for Indian Army and Indian Navy.[17][18]

Air India, the flag carrier of India

In 1972, the International Airports Authority of India (IAAI) was constituted with the National Airports Authority established in 1986. In 1995, both the agencies were merged to form Airports Authority of India, responsible for the management of civil aviation infrastructure in India.[3] Until 1990, international aviation was restricted to the airports in four major metros of India, viz., Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. In 1991, the aviation industry was de-regulated to allow the entry of private airlines to provide charter services with East West Airlines becoming the first private airline to operate in the country after 37 years.[3] In 1994, private airlines were permitted to operate scheduled services and a number of private airlines commenced domestic operations.[3] On 11 May 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at the height of the ongoing Kargil conflict with the use of helicopters.[19] In 2003, low cost airlines entered service in the Indian market with Air Deccan.[3] In 2004, Government of India approved setting up of the first airports with private partnership at Hyderabad and Bangalore.[3] In December 2004, other Indian carriers apart from Air India, with a minimum of 5 years of continuous operations and a fleet of 20 aircraft, were permitted to operate international services.[3] In 2007, the Regional Airlines policy was formulated to allow carriers to operate service within a particular region.[3] The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) was set up in 2009.[3]

## Civil aviation

[edit]

Main article: Civil aviation in India

The Ministry of Civil Aviation is responsible for civilian aviation, through regulatory oversight by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA).[20] The National Civil Aviation Policy 2016 set the guidelines and goals for operations of civil aviation.[21] India is the third largest civilian aviation market with airlines carrying more than 200 million passengers in 2020.[22]

Air passenger traffic (In Millions) [23] Financial Year (FY)  | 2010  | 2011  | 2012  | 2013  | 2014  | 2015  | 2016  | 2017  | 2018  | 2019  | 2020  | 2021  | 2022  | 2023  | 2024

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Total passengers  | 77.4  | 88.9  | 98.9  | 98.2  | 103.8  | 115.8  | 135  | 158.4  | 183.9  | 204.2  | 202  | 62.1  | 105.4  | 190.6  | 220.4
Domestic passengers  | 45.3  | 53.8  | 60.8  | 57.9  | 60.7  | 70.1  | 85.2  | 103.7  | 123.3  | 140.3  | 141.2  | 53.3  | 84.2  | 136  | 153.7
International passengers  | 32.1  | 35.1  | 38.1  | 40.3  | 43.1  | 45.7  | 49.8  | 54.7  | 60.6  | 63.9  | 60.8  | 8.8  | 21.2  | 54.6  | 66.7

### Network and infrastructure

[edit]

Main articles: List of the busiest airports in India and List of airports in India

India has various types of airports namely, designated international airports, customs airports with limited international flights, civil enclaves within airbases, domestic airports and private airports.[24][25] Airports Authority of India is the nodal authority responsible for the development and maintenance of infrastructure.[26][27] AAI administers the airports divided into four administrative regions.[28] As of December 2023[update], there are 33 international and 11 limited international airports apart from 100+ other domestic, private airports and civil enclaves.[29] The UDAN regional connectivity scheme, launched in 2016, planned to develop a sustainable air network in over 400 tier-2 cities across India.[30][31]

Busiest airports by Passenger traffic (2022–23)  Rank  | Name  | City  | State/UT | IATA Code  | Passengers
2022–23  | Passengers
2021–22  | % Change  | Rank Change

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1  | Indira Gandhi International Airport | Delhi NCR | Delhi | DEL  | 65,327,833  | 39,339,998  | 66.1  |
2  | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport | Mumbai | Maharashtra | BOM  | 43,930,298  | 21,747,892  | 102.0  |
3  | Kempegowda International Airport | Bengaluru | Karnataka | BLR  | 31,911,429  | 16,287,097  | 95.9  |
4  | Rajiv Gandhi International Airport | Hyderabad | Telangana | HYD  | 20,996,027  | 12,429,796  | 68.9  |
5  | Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport | Kolkata | West Bengal | CCU  | 24,68,601  | 5,12,582  | 20.8  | 1

### Airlines

[edit]

Main article: List of airlines of India

Market share of scheduled domestic airlines of India in May 2025

1. IndiGo (65%)
2. Air India Group (including Air India Express) (26.2%)
3. Akasa Air (4.7%)
4. SpiceJet (1.8%)
5. Others (1.4%)
6. Govt. Of India's private/Govt. Of India given private jets (0.9%)

As of July 2025[update], India has about ten scheduled airlines operating passenger services apart from other cargo carriers. Air India is the flag carrier with IndiGo being the largest carrier in operation with a 65% domestic market share.[32] Air India Express is Air India's low-cost subsidiary.[33]

## Military aviation

[edit]

Further information: List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons, List of Indian Air Force stations, and List of active Indian military aircraft

The President of India serves as the ex-officio commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces, with the Ministry of Defence responsible for policy. The air arms of the armed forces are the Indian Air Force (IAF), commanded by the Chief of Air Staff, and the Indian Naval Air Arm, Army Aviation Corps, and Indian Coast Guard aviation are the agencies involved in the military aviation in India. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands with bases or stations across various commands.[34] The armed forces operate a fleet of fighter, transport, helicopters, tankers, AWAC, reconnaissance aircraft and Unmanned aerial vehicles.[35]

## See also

[edit]

* Transport in India
* Environmental impact of aviation
* Aerial lift in India
* List of airports in India

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bluffield, Robert (19 November 2014). Over Empires and Oceans: Pioneers, Aviators and Adventurers. Tattered Flag. p. 60\. ISBN 978-0-9576-8926-8.
2. ^ Eden, Paul E. (21 December 2015). The World's Greatest Civil Aircraft: An Illustrated History. Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-7827-4272-2.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "100 years of Civil Aviation" (Press release). Government of India. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
4. ^ Saraogi, R.L. (1952). Indian Aviation. p. 192.
5. ^ Janardanan, Arun (14 June 2011). "Madras Flying Club: High on quality". Times of India. Chennai. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
6. ^ Higham, Robin (1961). Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939. Shoe String Press. p. 168\. ISBN 978-0-2080-0171-9. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
7. ^ "De Havilland Gazette". De Havilland Aircraft Company: 103. 1953.
8. ^ "HC Deb 3 April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 3 April 1933. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
9. ^ "History of the IAF". Official Website. Webmaster IAF – Air Headquarters. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
10. ^ Bedi, Sanjeev (Summer 2008). "Strategic Role of Air Power" (PDF). Air Power Journal. 3 (2). Center for Air Power Studies: 27–45\. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
11. ^ Goyal, S.N. (October 1993). "1939–45 Second World War: Air Force Reminiscences". Sainik Samachar. Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.
12. ^ Ahluwalia, A. (2012). Airborne to Chairborne: Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator-Lawyer of the Indian Air Force. Xlibris Corporation. p. 41\. ISBN 978-1-4691-9657-2.
13. ^ Sabharwal, Gopa (2007). India Since 1947: The Independent Years. Penguin India. p. 77\. ISBN 978-0-14-310274-8.
14. ^ Jagan Pillarisetti. "The Liberation of Goa: 1961". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
15. ^ "1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh". 4 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
16. ^ "A Whale of a Fighter: the Su-7 in IAF Service". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 30 December 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
17. ^ "The War of December 1971". Indian Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
18. ^ "Years later, Longewala reminds the do-or-die battle". The Times of India. No. 18 December 2013. India Times. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
19. ^ "Official website of Indian Air Force". Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
20. ^ "DGCA Rules and Regulations". DGCA. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
21. ^ "Govt releases National Civil Aviation Policy; impact of FDI in Aviation sector". IndiaInfoline. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
22. ^ "In next 6-8 months, we expect to get bids for Air India: Jayant Sinha". The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
23. ^ "India: air passenger traffic 2022". Statista. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
24. ^ List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category (PDF) (Report). Directorate General of Civil Aviation of India. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
25. ^ List of Aerodromes Licensed in Private Use Category (PDF) (Report). Directorate General of Civil Aviation of India. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
26. ^ "List of Indian Airports" (PDF). Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
27. ^ "Traffic Statistics, November 2023" (PDF) (pdf). Airport Authority of India. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
28. ^ "Regional Headquarters of AAI". Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
29. ^ "List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)" (PDF). Airports Authority of India. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
30. ^ "Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik : Civil Aviation Ministry's Regional Connectivity Scheme "UDAN" Launched Today" (Press release). Press Information Bureau. Government of India. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 6 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
31. ^ Shukla, Tarun (6 March 2017). "Govt clears Rs 45 billion for 50 regional airports under Udan scheme". LiveMint. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
32. ^ "Indigo Leading Aviation Market Share In May 2025 | Air India & SpiceJet See Decline". Samco Securities. 25 June 2025. Retrieved 5 July 2025.
33. ^ Standard, Business. "Nipun Aggarwal replaces Campbell Wilson as Air India Express Chairman". www.business-standard.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2025. Retrieved 11 May 2025. `{{cite web}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)
34. ^ Verma, Bharat; Hiranandani, GM; Pandey, BK (2009). Indian Armed Forces. Lancer Publishers LLC. p. 217\. ISBN 978-1-935501-73-2.
35. ^ Hoyle, Craig (2023). "World Air Forces 2024". FlightGlobal. Retrieved 27 December 2023.

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