Azerbaijani alphabet

Scripts used to write the Azerbaijani language

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The basic Azerbaijani alphabet used in Iran, lacking ؽ and ۆ, among others

The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan əlifbası, آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ, Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы) has three versions which includes the Persian, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.

North Azerbaijani, the official language of Republic of Azerbaijan, is written in a modified Latin alphabet. After the fall of Soviet Union this superseded previous versions based on Cyrillic and Persian scripts.

In Iran, a modified Persian script has always been used for the South Azerbaijani language.[1]

Azerbaijanis of Dagestan still use the Cyrillic script.[2][better source needed]

## Azerbaijani Latin alphabet

[edit]

Azerbaijani Latin alphabet

Latın qrafikalı Azərbaycan əlifbası

Script type|

Alphabet

Time period

| 1991 – present
Languages| Azerbaijani
Related scripts

Parent systems

Egyptian hieroglyphs

* Proto-Sinaitic
* Phoenician alphabet
* Greek alphabet
* Latin alphabet
* Turkish alphabet
* Azerbaijani Latin alphabet

Unicode

Unicode range

| subset of Latin (U+0000...U+02AF)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet consists of 32 letters.

Azerbaijani Latin alphabet  Majuscule forms (uppercase/capital letters)

A | B | C | Ç | D | E | Ə | F  | G | Ğ | H | X | I | İ | J | K
Q | L | M | N | O | Ö | P | R  | S | Ş | T | U | Ü | V | Y | Z
Minuscule forms (lowercase/small letters)
a | b | c | ç | d | e | ə | f  | g | ğ | h | x | ı | i | j | k
q | l | m | n | o | ö | p | r  | s | ş | t | u | ü | v | y | z
Names[3]
a | be | ce | çe | de | e | ə | fe  | ge | ğe | he | xe | ı | i | je | ke
qe | el | em | en | o | ö | pe | er  | se | şe | te | u | ü | ve | ye | ze

### History

[edit]

1937 program for the opera Koroğlu, in the old Latin script

From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Persian script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1922, a Latin alphabet was created by Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkic Alphabet Committee; Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[4]

An additional reason for the Soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Persian script was that they hoped the transition would work towards changing Azerbaijan culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azeri establishment.[5]

There was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turkology Congress in Baku during 1926[6] where the reform was voted for 101 to 7. As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the other scripts in use at the time.[7] From 1922 to 1929, both Persian and Latin scripts were used in Soviet Azerbaijani editions; in 1929, the Latin script was finally chosen. In 1933, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages.[8] The reform changed glyphs for some letters and phonetic values for some other letters. In 1939 Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azeri Latin script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script[9] in order to sever the Soviet Azerbaijani Turks' ties with the Turkish people in the Republic of Turkey.[4]

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet. The period from 1991 to 2001 was declared the transitional period, when both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet were accepted. Since 2001, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is the official alphabet of the Azerbaijani language in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[10][11]

* From 1922 until 1933 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):

Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, , Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ƶƶ, Ɜɜ, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1933 until 1939:

Aa, Bʙ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, Ьь, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Уy, Zz, Ƶƶ, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1939 until 1958 (first version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script):

Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Цц, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, Ыы, Ээ, Юю, Яя, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin and abolition of the letters Ээ, Юю, Яя):

Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Јј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ' (apostrophe)
* From 1991 until 1992 (first version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script):

Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
* Since 1992 (current version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script, replacing Ää with the historic Əə for better sorting):

Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

Azerbaijani alphabets, 1922-present  1922-1933  | Aa  | Bʙ  | Cc  | Çç  | Dd  | Ee  | Əə  | Ff  | Ƣƣ  | Gg  | Hh  | Xx  |  | Ii  | Ƶƶ  | Qq  | Kk  | Ll  | Mm  | Nn  | Ꞑꞑ  | Oo  | Ɵɵ  | Pp  | Rr  | Ss  | Ɜɜ  | Tt  | Yy  | Uu  | Vv  | Jj  | Zz

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1933-1939  | Çç  | Cc  | Gg  | Ƣƣ  | Ьь  | Kk  | Qq  | Şş  | Uu  | Уy
1939-1958  | Аа  | Бб  | Ҹҹ  | Чч  | Дд  | Ээ  | Әә  | Фф  | Ҝҝ  | Ғғ  | Һһ  | Хх  | Ыы  | Ии  | Жж  | Кк  | Гг  | Лл  | Мм  | Нн  | Оо  | Өө  | Пп  | Рр  | Сс  | Шш  | Тт  | Уу  | Үү  | Вв  | Йй  | Зз
1958-1991  | Ее | Јј
1991-1992  | Aa  | Bb  | Cc  | Çç  | Dd  | Ee  | Ää  | Ff  | Gg  | Ğğ  | Hh  | Xx  | Iı  | İi | Jj  | Kk  | Qq  | Ll  | Mm  | Nn  | Oo  | Öö  | Pp  | Rr  | Ss  | Şş  | Tt  | Uu  | Üü  | Vv  | Yy  | Zz
1992-present  | Əə
IPA | /ɑ/ | /b/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d/ | /e/ | /æ/ | /f/ | /ɟ/ | /ɣ/ | /h/ | /x/ | /ɯ/ | /i/ | /ʒ/ | /c/, /k/ | /ɡ/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | [ŋ] | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /u/ | /y/ | /v/ | /j/ | /z/

The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for Әə, Xx, and Qq, the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet of 1933, as well as the 1991 version: Ğğ has replaced the historic Ƣƣ; the dotless Iı has replaced the historic I with bowl Ьь (also, the lowercase form of the letter B was changed from small capital ʙ to the usual b, while the uppercase form of the letter y was also changed from a Cyrillic-looking У to the usual Y); the dotted İi has replaced the historic soft-dotted Ii, with the addition of the tittle on its uppercase counterpart, additionally I is now the uppercase counterpart of ı, while i is the lowercase counterpart of İ; Jj has replaced the historic Ƶƶ; Öö has replaced the historic Ɵɵ; Üü has replaced the historic Yy; and Yy has replaced the historic Jј. Әə was replaced by Ää, which was placed between Aa and Bb, but was then changed back to Әə, placed between Ee and Ff in the alphabet. Consequently, Jj, Yy, and some other several letters (Cc, Çç) have also changed their phonetic values in comparison with the historical alphabet.

The sounds [k] and [ɡ] in loanwords were rendered as respectively as q and ƣ in the Latin alphabet of 1933, but as к and г in Cyrillic and are rendered as k and q in the current Latin alphabet: ƣrafiqa (1933 Latin) — графика (Cyrillic) — qrafika (current Latin).

In translingual contexts (e.g. mathematics), the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet are named in Azerbaijani in the following way:[12] a, be, ce (se),[13][14] de, e, ef, qe, aş (haş),[14] i, yot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, dubl-ve, iks, iqrek, zet.

### Schwa (Ə)

[edit]

When the new Latin script was introduced on 25 December 1991, A-diaeresis (Ä ä) was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on 16 May 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme schwa (Ə ə), used previously. Although use of Ä ä (also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most common vowel, in both post Persian alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.

However, the "upside-down 'e'" on computers caused considerable problems during the early 1990s[15] as its placement on standard Azerbaijani keyboards and its assignment in computer encodings[16] had not yet become standardized.

## Azerbaijani alphabet

[edit]

The development of a modern standardized Azerbaijani alphabet has been an ongoing project in Iran in the past several decades.

The first steps in the process of standardization started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.[1] This standard of writing is today canonized by the official Persian–Azeri dictionary in Iran titled "lugat name-ye Azarbayjani".[17]

### Vowels

[edit]

In Azerbaijani alphabet, nine vowels are defined. Six of those vowels are present in Persian, whereas three are missing. Diacritics (including hamza) in combination with the letters alef (ا), vav (و) or ye (ی) are used in order to mark each of these vowels.

Important to note that similar to Persian alphabet, vowels in the initial position require an alef (ا) all the time—and if needed, followed by either vav (و) or ye (ی).

Below are the six vowel sounds in common with Persian, their representation in Latin and Persian alphabets.

* Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه); /æ/; A front vowel; only marked with fatha (ـَ) diacritic, or with a he at middle or final positions in a word. Examples include: əl اَل 'hand', ət اَت 'meat', əzmək اَزمَک 'to crush'
* E-e (ائ / ئ); /ɛ/; A front vowel; marked with a hamza on top a ye (ئ). Examples include: el ائل 'people', en ائن 'wide'
* O-o (اوْ / وْ); /o/; A rounded back vowel; Shown with vav (و), either unmarked, or marked with sukun (zero-vowel) (ـْ). Examples include: od اوْد 'fire', ot اوْت 'grass', on اوْن 'ten'.
* A-a (آ / ‍ـا); /ɑ/; A back vowel; shown with alef (ا) in middle and final positions, and alef-maddeh (آ) in initial position. Examples include: ad آد 'name', at آت 'horse'
* İ-i (ای / ی) /i/; A front vowel; shown with a ye (ی) and no diacritic. Examples include: il ایل 'year', ip ایپ 'rope'
* U-u (اۇ / ۇ) /u/; A back vowel; shown with a vav and a Ḍammah (ـُ). Examples include: uzun اۇزۇن 'long', ucuz اۇجۇز 'cheap'

Below are the three vowels that don't exist in Persian, and are marked with diacritics.

* Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) /œ/; A front vowel; shown with a hamza on top a vav (ؤ). Examples include: öyüd اؤیوٚد 'advice', göz گؤز 'eye'
* Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) /y/; A front vowel; shown with a "v" diacritic on top a vav (وٚ). Examples include üst اوٚست 'up', üzüm اوٚزوٚم 'grapes', güzgü گوٚزگوٚ 'mirror'
* I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ) /ɯ/ (rarely used[citation needed] and usually substituted by ى[citation needed]); A back vowel; shown with an inverted "v" diacritic on top of a ye (یٛ). Examples include: qızıl قیٛزیٛل 'gold', açıq آچیٛق 'open, turned on', sırğa سیٛرغا 'earring', sarı ساریٛ 'yellow'

| Front
اینجه صائیتلر
incə saitlər | Back
قالین صائیتلر
qalın saitlər

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Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded
Close | Azeri  | ای / ی | اوٚ / وٚ | ایٛ / یٛ | اوُ / وُ
Latin | İ i | Ü ü | I ı | U u
IPA | [i] | [y] | [ɯ] | [u]
Mid | Azeri | ائ / ئ | اؤ / ؤ |  | اوْ / وْ
Latin | E e | Ö ö | O o
IPA | [ɛ] | [œ] | [o]
Open | Azeri | اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه |  | آ / ‍ـا |
Latin | Ə ə | A a
IPA | [æ] | [ɑ]

#### Vowel harmony

[edit]

Like other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has a system of vowel harmony. Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth.[18] In Azerbaijani there are two suffixes that make a plural. It is either -ـلَر -lər or -ـلار -lar, front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exists across the board in Azerbaijani. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal:

* The word for 'dog' is ایت it. The word for 'dogs' is ایتلَر itlər. (ایتلار itlar is incorrect.)

And below are examples for back vowels:

* The word for 'mountain' is داغ dağ, thus the word for 'mountains' is داغلار dağlar.

A secondary vowel harmony system exists in Azerbaijani language, which is a rounded/unrounded system. This applies to some (but not all) of the suffixes. For example, there are four variations for the common suffix لی- -lı/-li and -لو -lu/-lü.

* The word for 'salt' is دوُز duz. The word for 'salty' will be دوُزلو duzlu.
* In Azerbaijani, the city of Tabriz is تبریز Təbriz. The word for someone from Tabriz is تبریزلی Təbrizli.

#### Conventions on writing of vowels

[edit]

In the Persian script, diacritics are usually not written out, except in texts for beginners or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word.

In the modified Azerbaijani alphabet, there are conventions with regards to writing of diacritics.[1]

For A-a (آ / ‍ـا), the vowel is always written and shown with alef.

For Ə-ə (اَ / ـَ / ـه‌ / ه), the initial vowel is written with an alef. Vowels in the middle of the word are written in two ways. They are either shown, i.e. written with a diacritic, which usually needs not be written; or they are written with a final he (ـه‌ / ه). The former is used in closed syllables (CVC), or in the first open syllable of the word. The latter is used in open syllables (CV) with the exception of the first syllable of the word. Note that the vowel he (ـه‌ / ه) is not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a Zero-width non-joiner. For example, the word gələcəyim (gə-lə-cəy-im) 'my future' is written as گله‌جگیم. Note that the first syllable of the word is open, but it is not marked. The second syllable is open, and thus the vowel is marked with he (ـه‌ / ه), not attached to the following letter. Also note the breakdown of the word into syllables – this is because the word is made up of gələcək plus possessive pronoun -im.

For E-e (ائ / ئ), the sound is shown with a hamzeh on top of a ye in almost all cases. The exceptions are loanwords of Persian and French origin. For example, enerji 'energy' is written as انرژی. Writing it as ائنئرژی is incorrect. Other examples include تلویزیون televiziyon 'TV'), علم elm 'science', and قانع qane 'satisfied'. In words, for both Azerbaijani and loanwords, if ⟨E⟩ and ⟨Y⟩ come side by side, both letters are written; e.g., قئید qeyd, شئیدا şeyda, ویئتنام Vyetnam, غئیرت ğeyrət. Loanwords from Persian which contain the sound [i], but are adopted in Azerbaijani with an [e] sound, are shown with ⟨ئ⟩. Examples include تسبئح təsbeh, بئساواد besavad, پئشکش peşkəş.

For İ-i (ای / ی), the sound is always shown with ye (ی).

For I-ı (ایٛ / یٛ), the sound is shown with ye (ی) all the time. The writing of the diacritic is optional and not necessary,[citation needed] and is only ever actually done in beginner language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word. Native speakers can usually read words without the use of diacritic, as they are aware of vowel harmony rules (meaning that they can interpolate the correct pronunciation of ⟨ی⟩ by the presence of other vowels in the word). In words like qızıl قیزیل 'gold', familiarity with the vocabulary helps native speakers.[citation needed]

For round vowels, O-o (اوْ / وْ), U-u (اوُ / وُ), Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ), and Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ), it is recommended that the first syllable containing such vowel be marked with diacritic, while the rest can remain unmarked and solely written with a vav (و). This reduces the effort of marking vowels, while also providing readers with a clue with respect to vowel harmony, namely as to whether the vowels of the word are to be front or back. Examples include گؤرونوش görünüş, اوْغوز oğuz, دوٚیون düyün.

However, it is recommended[by whom?] new learners write diacritics on all round vowels, e.g., گؤروٚنوٚش görünüş, اوْغوُز oğuz, دوٚیوٚن düyün.

In daily practice, it is rare to see vowels other than Ö-ö (اؤ / ؤ) marked. This may be due to the fact that hamza is the only one of such symbols that is frequently written in Persian as well, and due to the fact that the inverted "v" diacritic for Ü-ü (اوٚ / وٚ) does not exist on typical Persian keyboards.

### Consonants

[edit]

While Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has nine vowels and twenty-three consonants, Azerbaijani alphabet has thirty consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. Highlighted columns indicate letters from Persian that are exclusively used in loanwords, and not in native Azerbaijani words.[1]

No.  | Letter  | Latin Equivalent  | IPA  | Example  | Latin spelling  | Meaning

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1 | ب | B b | [b] | بالؽق
بئل
قاب | Balıq
Bel
Qab | fish
dorsum
plate
2 | پ | P p | [p/pʰ] | ایپک
ساپ | İpək
Sap | silk
string
3 | ت | T t | [t/tʰ] | تلیس | Təlis | sack
4 | ث | S s | [s] | ثۆریّا | Sürəyya | Surayya (name)
5 | ج | C c | [d͡ʑ] | جئیران
قوْجا
کرپیج | Ceyran
Qoca
Kərpic | ‌ Gazelle
old person
brick
6 | چ | Ç ç | [t͡ɕ/t͡ɕʰ] | چای
سئرچه
قوْلچاق | Çay
Serçə
Qolçaq | river
sparrow
puppet
7 | ح1 | H h | [h/hˁ] | حۆریّت
صاباح | Hürriyyət
Sabah | freedom
morning, tomorrow
8 | خ | X x | [x/χ] | خوْرتان
آرخ
توْخۇماق | Xortan
Arx
Toxumaq | boogeyman
water stream
to knit
9 | د | D d | [d̪] | داراق

دامجؽ

| Daraq
Damcı | shoulder
droplet
10 | ذ | Z z | [z] | اذیّت
گۆذشت | ‌ əziyyət
güzəşt | bothering
forgiveness
11 | ر | R r | [ɾ/r] | بَرک
قارا | Bərk
Qara | hard
black
12 | ز | Z z | [z] | زای
مازالاق
بالدؽز | Zay
Mazalaq
Baldız | rotten
spinning top (toy)
sister-in-law
13 | ژ | J j | [ʒ] | قؽژقؽرماق[a]
ژاله | Qıjqırmaq
Jalə | to go sour
Zhaleh (name)
14 | س2 | S s | [s] | ساچ
ترسَه | Saç
Tərsə | hair bun
in reverse
15 | ش | Ş ş | [ʃ/ʂ/ɕ] | شیش
مئشه
دؤش | Şiş
Meşə
Döş | skewer
forest
chest
16 | ص | S s | [s] | صاباح
صۆلح
ایصفاهان | Sabah
Sülh
İsfahan | morning, tomorrow
peace
Isfahan
17 | ض | Z z | [t/tʰ] | ضربه | Zərbə | hit
18 | ط | T t | [t̪] | طاماح | Tamah | greed
19 | ظ | Z z | [z] | ظالؽم | Zalım | tyrant
20 | غ3 | Ğ ğ | [ɣ/ʁ (ʕ/ʢ)] | آغرؽ
یاغ | Ağrı
Yağ | pain
oil
21 | ف | F f | [f] | کۆفلنمیش | Küflənmiş | moldy
22 | ق4 | Q q | [g/ɢ] | قارقا
قۇلاق
قارپؽز | Qarqa
Qulaq
Qarpız | crow
ear
watermelon
23 | ک5 | K k | [c/cʰ/k (ç)] | کۆرک
تیکان
اؤرتۆک | Kürək
Tikan
Örtük | shoulder blade
thorn
bedsheet
24 | گ6 | G g | [ɟ] | گؤزل
گَلین
سۆپۆرگه | Gözəl
Gəlin
Süpürgə | beautiful
bride
broom
25 | ل | L l | [l/ɫ] | لاله
سالخؽم
اَل | Lalə
Salxım
Əl | tulip
fruit bunch (e.g. grape)
hand
26 | م | M m | [m] | مارال
اَپریمک | Maral
Əprimək | deer
to rut or rust
27 | ن | N n | [n] | نارین | Narin | tiny
28 | و7 | V v | [v] | وئرمک
سئوگی | Vermək
sevgi | to give
lov
29 | ه / هـ1,7 | H h | [h/hˁ] | هؤرمک | Hörmək | to braid
30 | ی7 | Y y | [j] | آیؽ
آی | Ayı
Ay | bear
moon

Notes[1]

1. Loanwords that in their original spelling end in ʿayn (ع), such as "طمع" (təmə') (meaning greed), or "متاع" (məta') (meaning baggage), are instead pronounced in Azerbaijani with a final [h]. Thus they are to be written with a "ح" (he). e.g. "طاماح" (tamah), "ماتاح" (matah). (Note that the vowels of these words are also changed in accordance with the vowel harmony system) If the change in pronunciation of ʿayn (ع) happens mid-word, it would be written as "ه / هـ". An example being "فعله" (fə'lə) (meaning worker) being written as "فهله" (fəhlə).
2. Loanwords that start with consonant sequences "SK, ST, SP, ŞT, ŞP", in Azerbaijani script, they are to be written starting with an "ای" (i). e.g. ایستئیک (isteyk) (meaning steak), ایسپورت (isport) (meaning sports)
3. There is a distinction between the pronunciation of "غ" and "ق" in Azerbaijani. Such distinction does not exist in standard Iranian Persian. But in any case, loanwords from Persian, regardless of how their "غ" and "ق" is pronounced, are to be kept as their original writing. This is not a rule in Latin alphabet. An example being the word meaning Afghan, "افغان" (Əfqan). The "غ" in Azerbaijani is pronounced as a [g], meaning that, as it is done in Latin, it is being pronounced as if it is a "ق". But the writing of the loanword in Azerbaijani will remain the same.
4. Loanwords whose original spelling was with a "گ" (G g) but are written in Latin alphabet with a Q q, are to be written with a "ق". Examples include "قاز" (Qaz) (meaning gas, written as "گاز" in Persian), "اوْرتوقرافی" (Orfoqrafi) (meaning orthography, written as "اورتوگرافی" in Persian)
5. When suffixes are added to words ending in "ک" (K k), resulting in the letter "ک" (K k) being between two vowels, will have its pronunciation modified to [j], equivalent to the letter "ی" (Y y). This change is reflected in Latin writing. However, in the script, in order to maintain the original familiar shape of the word, the letter "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G") is used, as the letter is similar in shape to "ک". Examples: "çörək+im" becoming "çörəyim" in Latin script (meaning my bread), but "چؤرک+یم" becoming "چؤرگیم". "gələcək+im" becoming "gələcəyim" in Latin script (meaning my future), but "گله‌جک+یم" becoming "گله‌جگیم".
6. Whenever the letter "ی" (Y) is placed between two "ای" (İ-i) vowels, it is written as "گ" (G g) (functioning in a role dubbed "soft G"). This is not something done in Latin script. Example: "ایگیرمی" (iyirmi) (meaning twenty)
7. The letters "و" ,"ه / هـ", and "ی" have a double function, as consonant, and as part of vowels. When used as consonant, they are written with no diacritic or marking.
8. Shadda, the diacritic for gemination, is retained for loanwords. Examples: "مۆکمّل" (mükəmməl) (meaning complementary), "مدنیّت" (mədəniyyət) (meaning civility). In native Azerbaijani words and in loanwords of Persian and French origin, double consonants are written twice. Examples: "یئددی" (yeddi) (meaning seven), "ساققال" (saqqal) (meaning beard), "اوْتللو" (Otello).

1. ^ It is rare to find native Azerbaijani words with "ژ‌ / j"

## Comparison of Azerbaijani alphabets

[edit]

### National anthem

[edit]

This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaŋalif, Georgian, and Persian alphabets.

Azerbaijani in Latin script
1992–Present  | Azerbaijani in Persian script
(Modern convention)  | English

|
|

Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!
Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız!
Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!

Minlərlə can qurban oldu,
Sinən hərbə meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçən əsgər,
Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gülüstan,
Sənə hər an can qurban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Bayrağını yüksəltməyə
Namusunu hifz etməyə,
Cümlə gənclər müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vətən! Şanlı Vətən!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!

آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اؤولادؽن شانلؽ وطنی!
سندن اؤترۆ جان وئرمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله حاضؽرؽز!
سندن اؤترۆ قان تؤکمه‌یه ج‍ۆمله قادیریز!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
اۆچ رنگلی بایراغؽنلا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قۇربان اوْلدۇ،
سینه‌ن حربه مئیدان اوْلدۇ!
حۆقۇقۇندان کئچن عسگر،
هره بیر قهرمان اوْلدۇ!
سن اوْلاسان گۆلۆستان،
سنه هر آن جان قۇربان!
سنه مین بیر محبّت
سینه‌مده تۇتمۇش مکان!
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
بایراغؽنؽ یۆکسلتمه‌یه
نامۇسۇنۇ حیفظ ائتمه‌یه،
ج‍ۆمله گنجلر مۆشتاقدؽر!
شانلؽ وطن! شانلؽ وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!

Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Oh you glorious fatherland of the brave child!
We are all together ready to give our lives for you!
We are all together strong to sacrifice our blood for you!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!
Live blessed with your three-coloured flag!

Thousands of lives were sacrificed,
Your chest was an arena for battles!
Soldiers gave their life for you!
All of them became heroes!
You shall be a garden full of roses,
Every moment our life can be sacrificed for you!
For you one-thousand-one carresses
are constant in my chest!
Guard your honor,
To held up high your flag,
Guard your honor,
The whole youth is enthused!
Honorable fatherland! Honorable fatherland!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!
Azerbaijan! Azerbaijan!

Azerbaijani in Latin script
1991-1992  | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script
1958-1991
(Still used in Dagestan)  | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script
1939-1958

Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Ey qähräman övladın şanlı Vätäni!
Sändän ötrü can vermäyä cümlä hazırız!
Sändän ötrü qan tökmäyä cümlä qadiriz!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!
Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa!

Minlärlä can qurban oldu,
Sinän härbä meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçän äsgär,
Härä bir qähräman oldu!

Sän olasan gülüstan,
Sänä här an can qurban!
Sänä min bir mähäbbät
Sinämdä tutmuş mäkan!

Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Bayrağını yüksältmäyä
Namusunu hifz etmäyä,
Cümlä gänclär müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vätän! Şanlı Vätän!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!
Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan!

Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Еј гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәјә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәјә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!
Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мејдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Бајрағыны јүксәлтмәјә
Намусуну һифз етмәјә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!
Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан!

Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Эй гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!
Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәйә ҹүмлә һазырыз!
Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәйә ҹүмлә гадириз!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!
Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша!

Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,
Синән һәрбә мейдан олду!
Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,
Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду!

Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,
Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан!
Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәт
Синәмдә тутмуш мәкан!

Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Байрағыны йүксәлтмәйә
Намусуну һифз этмәйә,
Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр!
Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!
Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан!

Azerbaijani in Latin script
1933-1939  | Azerbaijani in Latin script
1929-1933  | Azerbaijani in Persian script
until 1929 (Traditional)

Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Ej qəhrəman ɵvladьn şanlь Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtry çan verməjə çymlə hazьrьz!
Səndən ɵtry qan tɵkməjə çymlə qadiriz!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!
Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa!

Minlərlə çan qurʙan oldu,
Sinən hərʙə mejdan oldu!
Hyququndan kecən əsgər,
Hərə ʙir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gylystan,
Sənə hər an çan qurʙan!
Sənə min ʙir məhəʙʙət
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Bajraƣьnь jyksəltməjə
Namusunu hifz etməjə,
Çymlə gənçlər myştaqdьr!
Şanlь Vətən! Şanlь Vətən!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!
Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan!

Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Ej kəhrəman ɵvladn ɜanl Vətəni!
Səndən ɵtru can verməjə cumlə hazrz!
Səndən ɵtru kan tɵkməjə cumlə kadiriz!
Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa!
Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa!

Minlərlə can kyrban oldy,
Sinən hərbə mejdan oldy!
Hukykyndan keçən əsƣər,
Hərə bir kəhrəman oldy!

Sən olasan ƣulustan,
Sənə hər an can kyrban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət
Sinəmdə tytmyɜ məkan!

Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Bajragn juksəltməjə
Namysyny hifz etməjə,
Cumlə ƣənclər muɜtakdr!
Ɜanl Vətən! ɜanl Vətən!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!
Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan!

آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
ای قهرمان اولادین شانلی وطنی
سندن اوترو جان ورمه‌یه جومله حاضریز
سندن اوتروقان توکمه‌یه جومله قادیریز
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
اوچ رنگلی بایراقین‌لا مسعود یاشا!
مینلرله جان قوربان اولدو
سینن حربه میدان اولدو!
حقوقوندان کچن عسکر
هره بیر قهرمان اولدو!
سن اولاسان گولوستان!
سنه هرآن جان قوربان!
سنه مین بیر محبت
سینه‌مده توتموش مکان!
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
بایراقینی یوکسلتمه‌یه
ناموسونو حیفظ اتمه‌یه
جومله گنجلر موشتاقدیر
شانلی وطن! شانلی وطن!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!
آذربایجان! آذربایجان!

## Transliteration

[edit]

The Persian, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:

Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table  Persian  | Latin  | Cyrillic  | Latin  | IPA

|
|
|
|

| 1922–1933  | 1933–1939  | 1939–1958  | 1958–1991  | 1991–1992  | 1992–Present
آ-ا | A a | [ɑ]
ب | B b | B ʙ  | Б б | B b | [b]
ج | C c | Ç ç  | Ҹ ҹ | C c | [dʒ]
چ | Ç ç | C c  | Ч ч | Ç ç | [tʃ]
د | D d  | Д д  | D d | [d]
ائ | E e  | Е е, Э э[a] | Е е | [e]
ه-ٱ-اَ | Ə ə | Ä ä | Ə ə | [æ]
ف | F f  | Ф ф  | F f | [f]
گ | Ƣ ƣ | G g  | Ҝ ҝ  | G g | [ɟ]
غ | G g | Ƣ ƣ  | Ғ ғ | Ğ ğ | [ɣ]
ح, ه | H h  | Һ һ  | H h | [h]
خ | X x | [x]
اؽ | Į į | Ь ь  | Ы ы | I ı | [ɯ]
ای | I i  | И и | İ i | [ɪ]
ژ | Ƶ ƶ  | Ж ж | J j | [ʒ]
ک | Q q | K k  | К к  | K k | [c], [ç], [k]
ق | K k | Q q  | Г г  | Q q | [ɡ]
ل | L l  | Л л  | L l | [l]
م | M m  | М м  | M m | [m]
ن | N n  | Н н  | N n | [n]
وْ | O o | [o]
ؤ | Ɵ ɵ | Ö ö | [œ]
پ | P p  | П п  | P p | [p]
ر | R r  | Р р  | R r | [r]
ث, س, ص | S s  | С с  | S s | [s]
ش | Ɜ ɜ | Ş ş  | Ш ш  | Ş ş | [ʃ]
ت, ط | T t  | Т т  | T t | [t]
ۇ | Y y | U u  | У у  | U u | [u]
ۆ | U u | У y  | Ү ү | Ü ü | [y]
و | V v  | В в  | V v | [v]
ی | J j  | Й й  | Ј ј | Y y | [j]
یا | ЈА ја  | Я я  | ЈА jа | YA ya | [jɑ]
یئ | ЈE јe  | Е е[a] | ЈЕ је | YE ye | [je]
ئ | E e | [e]
یوْ | ЈO јo  | Йо йо  | ЈО јо | YO yo | [jo]
یۇ | JY jy | ЈU јu  | Ю ю  | ЈУ ју | YU yu | [ju]
ذ, ز, ض, ظ | Z z  | З з  | Z z | [z]

1. ^ a b in the beginning of a word and after vowels

The Azeri alphabet originally contained the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. This letter no longer exists in the Azerbaijani orthographic conventions anymore either.[1]

The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, like in most Turkic languages, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].

The apostrophe was used until 2004 in loanwords for representing the glottal stop or vowel length. Since 2004, the apostrophe is not used in Azerbaijani except in foreign proper names.

## Notes

[edit]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Heyat, Javad (2001). "اوُرتوقرافی سمیاری نین آلدیغی قرارلار" [Azeri Turk standard of writing] (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2024.
2. ^ "Archive of issues of the newspaper Dərbənd (Дәрбәнд)".
3. ^ 2021 Azərbaycan Dilinin Orfoqrafiya Lüğəti. 2021.
4. ^ a b Hatcher, Lynley (July 2008). "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (192): 106. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038.
5. ^ Mirza Fatali Akhundov: Alphabet Reformer Before His Time by Dr. Farid Alakbarov, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 50-53.
6. ^ Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair. Arabic or Latin? Reform for the Price of a Battleship Debates at the First Turkology Congress hosted by Baku in 1926. AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 58-61.
7. ^ Clement, Victoria (2005). The politics of script reform in Soviet Turkmenistan: alphabet and national identity formation (PhD thesis). Ohio State University., cited in Hatcher 2008
8. ^ Г. Г. Исмаилова (G. G. Ismailova). К истории азербайджанского алфавита // Вопросы совершенствования алфавитов тюркских языков СССР / Н. А. Баскаков. — Moscow: Наука (Nauka) Publishers, 1972. — P. 28—40 (in Russian).
9. ^ Anar Rezayev: Personal Reflections on the History of Alphabet Reform [Cyrillic] AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 54.
10. ^ Bayatly, Tamam. Alphabet Transitions: Chronology of the New Latin Script. AZER.com in Azerbaijan International, Vol 5:2 (Summer 1997), pp. 22-24.
11. ^ "A-Z back in Azerbaijan". The Guardian. 2 August 2001. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
12. ^ Q.Ü.Ağayev, D.V.Bağırlı. Fiziki kəmiyyət vahidlərinin istifadə qaydaları. Bakı, 2017, p. 71.
13. ^ S. İsmayılova, A. Hüseynova. Riyaziyyat 6. Bakı, 2021, p. 102.
14. ^ a b Kimya 7-ci sinif
15. ^ The New Azerbaijani Alphabet: The Upside-Down 'e' (An Editor's Nightmare) by Betty Blair, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 1:3 (September 1993), p. 40 and then back to p. 36.
16. ^ Standardizing Azeri Fonts by Ed Lake and Betty Blair, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 14, 16.
17. ^ Ameli, Seyed Hassan (2021). لغت‌نامه ترکی آذربایجانی: حروف آ (جلد ۱ (in Persian and Azerbaijani). Mohaghegh Ardabili. ISBN 978-600-344-624-3.
18. ^ Farzaneh, M. (1979). مبانی دستور زبان ترکی آذربایجانی [Foundations of Azerbaijani Turki Grammar]. p. 10.

## External links

[edit]

* Alphabet Changes in Azerbaijan [Republic] in the 20th Century: Four Major Changes—Persian, Early Latin, Cyrillic and New Latin—Plus Seven More Minor Changes in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 13.
* Changes in the Azerbaijan [Republic] Alphabet Sequence in the 20th Century, in AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), p. 15.
* The Institute of Manuscripts: Early Alphabets in Azerbaijan by Dr. Farid Alakbarov, AZER.com at Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), 50-52.
* Rustamov, Asef. Just for Kids: The Day They Burned Our Books, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 7:3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 74–75.
* Jafarzade, Aziza, Memoirs of 1937. Burning Our Books: The Arabic Script Goes Up in Flames in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 14:1 (Spring 2006), pp. 24–25.
* Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair, Arabic or Latin? Reform for the Price of a Battleship: Debates at the First Turkology Congress Hosted by Baku in 1926 in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 58–61.
* Garibova, Jala and Betty Blair. Names: History in a Nutshell: 20th Century Personal Naming Practices in Azerbaijan in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 4:3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 54–59, 63, 82.
* Anar (Rezayev), Reading Between the Lines: Personal Reflections on the History of Alphabet Reform in Azerbaijan (Arabic to Latin to Cyrillic to Latin) in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 54–56.
* Blair, Betty. “Alphabet Changes: The Upside-Down 'e' in the New Azerbaijani Latin Alphabet—An Editor's Nightmare” in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 10:4 (Winter 2002), pp. 68–69.
* Alphabet Transition (Cyrillic to Latin in the Azerbaijan Republic): Viewpoints by Nazim Abbas (television media), Afet Babayeva (French teacher), Leyla Gafurova (librarian), Ruhangiz Gulmammadova (office administration), Elman Gurbanov (driver), Gular Hajiyeva (dentist), Nadir Karimov (economics professor), Marina Kulakova (office administration), Afshan Mammadova (computer sciences), Tinatin Valiyeva (student) in AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 8:1 (Spring 2000), pp. 27–36.
* "Pronunciation of the Azerbaijani Latin Alphabet" [1] AZERI.org
* Azerbaijani alphabet (with video)

* v
* t
* e

Azerbaijani language

Origin|

* Proto-Turkic
* Common Turkic
* Oghuz Turkic

Development|

* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Ajem-Turkic

Alphabet|

* Latin script
* Other
* Perso-Arabic script
* Cyrillic script
* Georgian script

| History|

| Tsar era|

* Akhundov's reform proposal
* Shahtakhtinski's reform proposal
* Aghazade's reform proposal

|

Republican era|

* Afandizade's reform proposal [az]

Soviet era|

* Common Turkic alphabet

Grammar|

* Phonology
* Vowel harmony
* Grammar of the Turco-Tatar language

Vocabulary|

* Verbs
* Adverbs
* Adjectives
* Nouns
* Pronouns
* Numerals
* Conjunctions
* Particles
* Postpositions
* Determiners

Regulation and Promotion|

* Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
* Institute of Linguistics named after Nasimi
* Azerbaijan State Translation Center [az]

Legislation|

* Enactment on the proclamation of Turkic language as a state language (1918) [az]
* Decision on the Constitutional clause regarding the State language of Azerbaijan SSR (1956)

Dictionaries|

* Azərbaycan dilinin izahlı lüğəti [az]
* Azərbaycan dilinin orfoqrafiya lüğəti [az]

| Online|

* Azerdict [az]
* Azleks
* Obastan

|

Researchers|

* Lars Johanson
* Gerhard Doerfer
* Ahmet Caferoğlu [tr]
* Mirza Kazembek
* Tourkhan Ganjayi [az]
* Bekir Çoban-zade
* Ildikó Bellér-Hann
* Heidi Stein
* Hendrik Boeschoten
* Ervand Sevortyan [hy; ru; az]
* Abdulazal Damirchizade [az]
* Mammadagha Shiraliyev [az]

Literature|

* List of writers
* List of poets
* List of playwrights

Official status|

* Azerbaijan
* Dagestan
* Organization of Turkic States

Native regions|

* Azerbaijan
* Iran
* Iranian Azerbaijan
* Russia
* Derbent
* Georgia
* Borchaly
* Turkey
* Northeast Anatolia
* Historical
* Armenia

Commemoration|

* Ana dili (monument) [az]
* National Day of Azerbaijani Alphabet and Azerbaijani Language [az]

Related topics|

* Azerbaijani Sign Language
* Azerbaijani Braille
* Azerbaijani name
* Azerbaijanization of surnames

*   * Azerbaijan portal

* v
* t
* e

Arabic alphabets

Europe|

* Albanian
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* Tatar (İske imlâ
* Yaña imlâ)

Asia|

* Arabic
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Africa|

* Afrikaans
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* Category

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Orthographies of the world's languages

* Phonologies
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Indo-European|

| Germanic|

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Celtic|

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Romance|

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* alphabet
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Baltic|

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Slavic|

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Iranian|

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Indo-Aryan|

* Bengali
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other|

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Turkic|

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Tungus—Manchu|

* Even
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other European|

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Afroasiatic|

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* Massachusett
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other Native American|

* Cherokee
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Creole|

* Haitian Creole
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Constructed|

* Esperanto

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