BRICS

Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries

This article is about the intergovernmental organization. For the term championed by Goldman Sachs, see BRIC. For other uses, see BRICS (disambiguation).

BRICS

BRICS logo during the 2024 Russian chairmanship

Map key:

Member states

Prospective member states

Named after| Founder member states' initials (in English)
BRIC (economic term)
Formation| 16 June 2009; 15 years ago (2009-06-16)
Founded at|

* Yekaterinburg, Russia
* (1st BRIC summit)

Type| Intergovernmental organization
Purpose| Political and economical
Fields| International Politics

Membership

Official member

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Iran
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* United Arab Emirates
Invited to become an official member
* Saudi Arabia
"Partner State"[1][a]
* Algeria
* Belarus
* Bolivia
* Cuba
* Indonesia
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nigeria
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Uganda
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam

Official languages

| English, Arabic, Amharic, Chinese, Russian, Hindi, Persian, Portuguese
Funding| Member states

Formerly called

| BRIC

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates. BRICS was originally identified to highlight investment opportunities,[3] the grouping evolved into a geopolitical bloc, with their governments meeting annually at formal summits and coordinating multilateral policies since 2009. Relations among BRICS are conducted mainly based on non-interference, equality, and mutual benefit.[4]

The founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China held the first leaders summit in Russia in 2009 under the name BRIC. Following a renaming of the organization, South Africa attended its first summit as a member in 2011 after joining the group in 2010.[5][6] Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states at the 2024 summit in Russia. Saudi Arabia has not yet responded to an invitation received on January 1, 2024 to join BRICS, and it is still under consideration.[7][8][9][3]

Combined, the BRICS members encompass about 30% of the world's land surface and 45% of world population.[10] South Africa has the largest economy in Africa whereas Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP) nominal and by purchasing power parity of which Russia emerged as Europe's largest economy in the latest financial year.[11] All five initial member states are members of the G20, with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).[12][13]

Share of G7 and BRICS GDP in the world[14]

The BRICS countries are considered the foremost geopolitical rival to the G7 bloc[citation needed] comprising the leading advanced economies, implementing competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, the BRICS pay, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication[15] and the BRICS basket reserve currency.[16]

BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators.[17][18][19][20][21]

## History

[edit]

### Founding

[edit]

BRICS Tower headquarters in Shanghai

The term BRIC was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.[22][23][24]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC General states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[25] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[26]

The BRIC grouping's 1st formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[27] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[28] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions, and discussed how the four countries could better co-operate in the future.[27][28] There was further discussion of ways that developing countries, such as 3/4 of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[28]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable."[29] Although the statement that was released did not directly criticize the perceived "dominance" of the US dollar – something that Russia had criticized in the past – it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[30]

### 2010 expansion

[edit]

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[31] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010, after being formally invited by China to join[32] and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[31] The group was renamed BRICS –with the "S" standing for South Africa– to reflect the group's expanded membership.[33] In April 2011, the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, attended the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China as a full member.[34][35][36]

### New Development Bank

[edit]

New Development Bank's logo South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, this loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[which?][37] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[38] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[39]

At the BRICS leaders meeting in St Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[40] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[41] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[42]

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasilia.[43]

### Other initiatives

[edit]

2024 BRICS Games in Russia

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[44] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[45] As of 2023, construction of the proposed cable network had not started.[citation needed]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[46] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[47] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[48]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that they would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[49][50] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he will not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin will remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[51]

### 2024 expansion

[edit]

BRICS representatives at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia, 23 October 2024

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[52][53][54] However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[55] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS.[56] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[57]

Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and they announced in mid-January that they were still considering the matter.[58] As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration.[59] The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.[60] China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.[61][62][63]

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam were added into BRICS as partner countries, though not as full members.

## Summits

[edit]

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

No. | Dates | Host country | Host leader | Location | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

1st | 16 June 2009 |  Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House) | The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.[64]
2nd | 15 April 2010 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) | Guests: Jacob Zuma (President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority). The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states.[64]
3rd | 14 April 2011 |  China | Hu Jintao | Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) | First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[64]
4th | 29 March 2012 |  India | Manmohan Singh | New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) | The BRICS Cable announced an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state.[65]
5th | 26–27 March 2013 |  South Africa | Jacob Zuma | Durban (Durban ICC) | The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[65]
6th | 14–17 July 2014 |  Brazil | Dilma Rousseff | Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[66] | BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[67] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth. They established the Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan.[64]
7th | 8–9 July 2015 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Ufa (Congress Hall)[68] | Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[64]
8th | 15–16 October 2016 |  India | Narendra Modi | Benaulim (Taj Exotica) | Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[64]
9th | 3–5 September 2017 |  China | Xi Jinping | Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center) | Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They alsocovered and debated international and regional issues with one another.[64]
10th | 25–27 July 2018 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.
11th | 13–14 November 2019 |  Brazil | Jair Bolsonaro | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[69] | The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally.
12th | 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[70]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[71] |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Saint Petersburg[72] | Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[73]
13th | 9 September 2021 (video conference) |  India | Narendra Modi | New Delhi | BRICS Games 2021[74]
14th | 23 June 2022 (video conference) |  China | Xi Jinping | Beijing | A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.
15th | 22–24 August 2023 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[53][54] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[57] Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.[75]
16th | 22–24 October 2024 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Kazan (Kazan Expo International Exhibition Centre) | [76]
17th | TBD 2025 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | TBD | [77]

## Member states

[edit]

Main article: Member states of BRICS

Flag | Country
| Capital
| Area
(km2)
| Population
(2024)
| Nominal GDP (USD million)[78] | PPP GDP (Int$ million)[78] | Nominal GDP per capita ($)[78] | PPP GDP per capita (Int$)[78] | HDI[79] | Currency
| Official languages | Leaders | Accession

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil | Brasília | 8,515,767 | 210,306,415 | 2,331,391  | 4,273,668 | 11,352  | 20,809 | 0.760 | Brazilian real (R$)
(BRL) | Portuguese
also see Languages of Brazil | Head of State and Government: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | September 2006
| Russia
Russian Federation | Moscow | 17,075,400 | 145,579,899 | 2,056,844  | 5,472,880 | 14,391  | 38,292 | 0.821 | Russian rouble (₽)
(RUB) | Russian
also see Languages of Russia | Head of State: Vladimir Putin
Head of Government: Mikhail Mishustin | September 2006
| India
Republic of India | New Delhi | 3,287,240 | 1,425,423,212 | 3,937,011  | 14,594,460 | 2,731  | 10,123 | 0.644 | Indian rupee (₹)
(INR) | Hindi (Devanagari script)
English
Also see Languages of India | Head of State: Droupadi Murmu
Head of Government: Narendra Modi | September 2006
| China[b]
People's Republic of China | Beijing | 9,640,011[c] | 1,425,179,569 | 18,532,633  | 35,291,015 | 13,136  | 25,015 | 0.788 | Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥)
(CNY) | Standard Chinese[80]
written in simplified characters[80]
see also languages of China | Paramount leader[d] and State Representative:[e] Xi Jinping
Head of Government: Li Qiang | September 2006
| South Africa
Republic of South Africa | Pretoria (executive)
Cape Town (legislative)
Bloemfontein (judicial) | 1,221,037 | 62,378,410 | 373,233  | 1,025,930 | 5,975  | 16,424 | 0.717 | South African rand (R)
(ZAR) | 12 languages | Head of State and Government: Cyril Ramaphosa | 24 December 2010
| Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt | Cairo | 1,010,408 | 112,618,250 | 347,594  | 1,898,538 | 3,225  | 17,614 | 0.728 | Egyptian pound (LE)
(EGP) | Arabic | Head of State: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Head of Government: Moustafa Madbouly | 1 January 2024
| Ethiopia
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 1,104,300 | 125,384,287 | 205,130  | 431,688 | 1,910  | 4,019 | 0.492 | Ethiopian birr (BR)
(ETB) | Afar
Amharic
Oromo
Somali
Tigrinya | Head of State: Sahle-Work Zewde
Head of Government: Abiy Ahmed | 1 January 2024
| Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran | Tehran | 1,648,195 | 89,524,246 | 464,181  | 1,854,845 | 5,310  | 21,219 | 0.780 | Iranian rial (Rl)
(IRR) | Persian | Head of State: Ali Khamenei
Head of Government: Masoud Pezeshkian | 1 January 2024
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 83,600 | 4,106,427 | 527,796 | 948,045 | 53,916 | 96,845 | 0.911 | UAE dirham (AED) | Arabic | Head of State: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Head of Government: Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | 1 January 2024

### Application and expansion process

[edit]

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.[81][82][83]

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.[53][54]

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.[56][84]

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.

On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc.[85] At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.[86] Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019.[87] In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.[88] On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.[89]

Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023,[90] but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.[91]

Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.[92]

### Potential candidates for future membership

[edit]

Main article: Member states of BRICS § Countries that have applied for membership

The following countries have either expressed interest in joining BRICS or have already applied for membership:[citation needed]

Africa

* Algeria3
* Angola[93]
* Burkina Faso[94]
* Cameroon[95]
* Central African Republic[96]
* Congo[97]
* DR Congo[98]
* Equatorial Guinea[99]
* Ghana[100]
* Kenya[101]
* Libya[102]
* Mali[103]
* Nigeria[104]3

* Senegal[105]1
* South Sudan[106]
* Sudan[107]
* Tunisia[108]
* Uganda[109]3
* Zimbabwe[110]1

Americas

* Bolivia[111]3
* Colombia[112]
* Cuba[113]3
* El Salvador[114]
* Nicaragua[115]
* Peru[116]
* Venezuela[117]1

Asia

* Afghanistan[118]
* Bahrain[119]1
* Bangladesh[120]1
* Indonesia[121]3
* Iraq[122]
* Kazakhstan[123]3
* Kuwait[124]1
* Laos[125]1
* Malaysia[126] 3
* Myanmar[127]
* North Korea[128]

* Pakistan[129] 1
* Palestine[130]
* Saudi Arabia[131]2
* Sri Lanka[132]
* Syria[133]1
* Thailand[134]3
* Uzbekistan3
* Vietnam[135]3
* Yemen[136]1

Europe

* Azerbaijan[137]1
* Belarus[138]3
* Serbia[139]
* Turkey[140]3

|
|
|

1 - Officially applied for membership
2 - Officially invited to join as Member State, but have yet to make a formal decision
3 - Officially invited to join as Partner State[141]

## Financial architecture

[edit]

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil. Equal distribution of shares among the shareholders of the NDB

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

### New Development Bank

[edit]

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[142] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[143][144] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[144] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[145] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[146] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[145][146] As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.[147]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[148]

### BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

[edit]

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.[143][146][149] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[143][149] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[150] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[143] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey[151] It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

### BRICS payment system

[edit]

Main article: BRICS PAY

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[152] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[153]

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[154] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]

### Potential common currency

[edit]

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[155][156][157] Fair and easier international trade as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions would be some of the reasons why the countries could forge a currency union.[158]

## Reception

[edit]

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Reception of BRICS. (Discuss) (October 2024)

|

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in November 2019 Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders

### China

[edit]

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[159] Western analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[160][161][162][163] disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,[164] and India and China's disputes[165] over territorial issues.[166]

### United States

[edit]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, director of the Civil Society, Markets, and Democracy Program at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[167]

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[168]

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[21]

According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. The inclusion of Egypt and the enthusiasm in Algiers and Tunis suggest that North African states may actively support BRICS's priority of de-dollarization. This poses a threat to the US, as a coordinated de-dollarization effort in the region could diminish American influence and impact existing trade agreements. The expansion of BRICS raises concerns for US policymakers, given the group's commitment to global de-dollarization, which aims to replace the dollar with the "R5" or "the renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand", or with other multilateral central bank digital currency (CBDC) as the new global currency. This shift could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates. Moreover, de-dollarization would undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions, relying on the SWIFT system, as BRICS seeks alternative financial systems, potentially making SWIFT obsolete.[169] BBC assesses BRICS' US dollar reliance decrease projects as "likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."[170]

### India

[edit]

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[171]

### Global Opinion

[edit]

Russian President Vladimir Putin with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.[172][173]

## BRICS Pro Tempore Presidency

[edit]

The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS. In 2019, the position was held by the president of Brazil.[174]

The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 are the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime —especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[69]

The current BRICS President Pro Tempore is from Russia and their goals are: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[175]

## Current leaders

[edit]

Current leading member state representatives:

Member  |  Brazil |  Russia |  India |  China |  South Africa

|
|
|
|
|

Image  |  |  |  |  |
Name  | Lula da Silva | Vladimir Putin | Narendra Modi | Xi Jinping | Cyril Ramaphosa
Posi­tion  | President of Brazil | President of Russia | Prime Minister of India | President of China | President of South Africa
Member  |  Egypt |  Ethiopia |  Iran |  United Arab Emirates

|
|
|
|

Image  |  |  |  |
Name  | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Abiy Ahmed | Masoud Pezeshkian | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Posi­tion  | President of Egypt | Prime Minister of Ethiopia | President of Iran | President of the United Arab Emirates

## See also

[edit]

* Belt and Road Initiative – Chinese global infrastructure project
* BRICS Games – Multi-sport event involving athletes from the BRICS Nations
* Developing country – Nation with a lower living standard relative to more developed countries
* East–West dichotomy – Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
* Emerging power – Nation or block with steadily rising influence in world affairs
* List of multilateral free-trade agreements – Free trade agreements listPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* MIKTA – Informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia
* G7 – Intergovernmental political and economic forum
* Potential superpowers – Entity speculated to be or become a superpowerPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Eurasian multilateral security organization
* BRICS PAY
* Member states of BRICS
* List of BRICS summit attendees
* List of country groupings
* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Universities League

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ These are observer states that, while not officially a part of the bloc, would get support from the BRICS members.
2. ^ The sovereignty of China is disputed. Since the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China on Taiwan still views itself as the continuation of the former Chinese republic, with legitimate sovereignty over mainland China despite no actual control. See: Political status of Taiwan, Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China, Two Chinas, One-China policy, and Cross-strait relations.
3. ^ The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.
4. ^ The de jure head of government of China is the Premier, whose current holder is Li Qiang. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office and has no real power in China's political system. However, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, and the current paramount leader is Xi Jinping.
5. ^ China does not have a head of state constitutionally, but a "state representative". While the presidency has many of the characteristics of the head of state, the Chinese constitution does not define it as such.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Norman, Izzah Aqilah (24 October 2024). "Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand become partner countries of BRICS". CNA. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
2. ^ a b "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
3. ^ a b "Goldman's BRIC Era Ends as Fund Folds After Years of Losses". Bloomberg. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
4. ^ Gutemberg Pacheco Lopes Junior. "The Sino-Brazilian Principles in a Latin American and BRICS Context: The Case for Comparative Public Budgeting Legal Research; Wisconsin International Law Journal; 13 May 2015" (PDF). University of Wisconsin Law School. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
5. ^ "What is BRICS, which countries want to join and why?". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
6. ^ Oliver Stuenkel (2020). The BRICS and the Future of Global Order (2 ed.). Lexington Books. p. 1\. ISBN 978-0739193211.
7. ^ "Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay". Firstpost. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
8. ^ "BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks". Africa News. 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
9. ^ "Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
10. ^ "Infographic: The Global Clout of the New BRICS". Statista Daily Data. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
11. ^ "Real GDP (purchasing power parity) Comparison - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
12. ^ "Amid BRICS' rise and 'Arab Spring', a new global order forms". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
13. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
14. ^ "BRICS vs G7 GDP as a share of world total 2024". Statista. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
15. ^ "BRICS Joint Statistical Publications". Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024.
16. ^ Raimondi, Paolo (2 September 2023). "BRICS: The role of the unit of account for the new "basket of currencies"". India Foundation. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023.
17. ^ "ILO head praises BRICS countries' commitment to social dialogue". ILO. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
18. ^ Wolff, Richard D. (3 October 2022). "BRICS: the powerful global alliance". canadiandimension.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
19. ^ Maitra, Sumantra (18 April 2013). "BRICS – India is the biggest loser". USINPAC. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
20. ^ Blakeley, Grace (15 February 2023). "BRIC Nationalism Is No Alternative". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
21. ^ a b Coughlin, Con (24 August 2023). "Brics is now a motley crew of failing states". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
22. ^ Jim O'Neill (30th November 2001)."Building Better Global Economic BRICs" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
23. ^ Nagashybayeva, Gulnar (November 2016). "Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction". guides.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
24. ^ "Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management". www.goldmansachs.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
25. ^ "Information about BRICS". Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br. 27 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
26. ^ "Cooperation within BRIC" Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
27. ^ a b "First summit for emerging giants". BBC News. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
28. ^ a b c Bryanski, Gleb (26 June 2009). "BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
29. ^ "BRIC wants more influence". Euronews. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
30. ^ Zhou, Wanfeng (16 June 2009). "Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
31. ^ a b Smith, Jack A. (21 January 2011). "BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard". Foreign Policy Journal. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
32. ^ "China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua". Reuters. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
33. ^ Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). "UPDATE 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan" Archived 20 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
34. ^ "South Africa joins BRIC as full member". Xinhua. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
35. ^ "BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh". The Times of India. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
36. ^ "BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM". Indian Express. 10 April 2011. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
37. ^ "Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund". Reuters. 21 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
38. ^ "Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank". The Guardian. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
39. ^ "India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit". Reuters. 19 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
40. ^ "BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia". In.reuters.com. 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
41. ^ Silvio Cascione; Patricia Duarte (10 October 2013). "Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly'". In.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
42. ^ "rbth.com: "BRICS countries to set up their own IMF" 14 Apr 2014". 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
43. ^ "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties" Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Yahoo.com. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
44. ^ "Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa". Bloomberg News. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
45. ^ Rolland, Nadège (2 April 2015). "A Fiber-Optic Silk Road". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
46. ^ "BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector". Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
47. ^ "BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
48. ^ Haidar, Suhasini; Krishnan, Ananth (15 September 2021). "India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
49. ^ Carter, Sarah (30 May 2023). "South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war". CBS News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
50. ^ "South Africa's diplomatic dilemma with Putin". Deutsche Welle. 2 June 2023. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
51. ^ Bartlett K. (July 19, 2023). "Putin won't attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest" Archived 21 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.
52. ^ Monteiro, Ana (29 December 2023). "BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
53. ^ a b c Sharma, Shweta (24 August 2023). "Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
54. ^ a b c du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (24 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
55. ^ "BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move". www.batimes.com.ar. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
56. ^ a b Bonelli, Matías (1 December 2023). "Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS" [Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won't join BRICS]. El Cronista (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
57. ^ a b "El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics". La Nación (in Spanish). 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
58. ^ El Dahan, Maha; Zhdannikov, Dmitry (18 January 2024). "Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
59. ^ "Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions". Tactical Report. 26 April 2024.
60. ^ Ismail, Sumayya (24 August 2023). "Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
61. ^ 杜娟. "More nations interested in joining BRICS". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
62. ^ "OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania". OECD. 25 January 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
63. ^ du Plessis, Carien; Miridzhanian, Anait; Acharya, Bhargav (25 August 2023). "BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order". Reuters. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
64. ^ a b c d e f g "What is BRICS". Africa Facts. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
65. ^ a b "How aid for trade could help SVEs integrate in the global economy". Effectiveness of Aid for Trade in Small and Vulnerable Economies. Economic Paper. Commonwealth. 15 March 2011. pp. 30–37. doi:10.14217/9781848591004-6-en. ISBN 9781848591004. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
66. ^ "A Cúpula de Durban e o futuro dos BRICS". Post-Western World. 4 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
67. ^ "BRICS summit: PM Modi to leave for Brazil tomorrow, will seek reforms". Hindustan Times. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
68. ^ "Ufa to host SCO and BRICS summits in 2015". UfaCity.info. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
69. ^ a b "Theme and priorities". BRICS BRASIL 2019. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
70. ^ "BRICS and the SCO summits postponed | Official website of the Russian BRICS Chairmanship in 2020". eng.brics-russia2020.ru. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
71. ^ "BRICS Summit to be held virtually on Nov 17; strengthening cooperation, global stability on agenda". Hindustan Times. 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
72. ^ "Путин заявил о переносе саммитов БРИКС и ШОС из Челябинска". 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
73. ^ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy. "BRICS Summit to be held virtually on November 17". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
74. ^ "India plans to host BRICS Games during Khelo India Games in 2021". Firstpost. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
75. ^ "Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICS - Saudi official source". Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
76. ^ Korostovtseva, Yekaterina (5 March 2024). Юрий Ушаков: БРИКС на деле выражает интересы мирового большинства [Yuriy Ushakov: BRICS expresses the interests of the world majority in practice]. TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 18 April 2024. «Главным событием российского председательства, разумеется, станет саммит БРИКС в Казани 22–24 октября». [The main event of Russia's chairmanship will, of course, be the October 22–24 BRICS summit in Kazan.]
77. ^ Correia, Victor. "Lula: com Brasil presidente, prioridade do Brics será desigualdade" [Lula: with Brazil president, Brics' priority will be inequality]. Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 June 2024.
78. ^ a b c d International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
79. ^ Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
80. ^ a b "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
81. ^ Devonshire-Ellis, Chris (9 November 2022). "The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion". Silk Road Briefing. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
82. ^ "Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
83. ^ Teslova, Elena (8 November 2022). "At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
84. ^ "Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership". 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
85. ^ Hacaoglu, Selcan; Kozok, Firat (2 September 2024). "Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 September 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
86. ^ Bandow, Doug (14 July 2022). "Why Is Turkey Still in NATO?". Cato Institute.
87. ^ Pangalos, Philip (13 March 2019). "European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks". Euronews.
88. ^ Balci, Baris; Hacaoglu, Selcan (17 September 2022). "Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
89. ^ O'Connor, Tom (11 July 2024). "Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza". Newsweek.
90. ^ "Algeria president: 'Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn'". July 2023.
91. ^ "Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency". Aps.
92. ^ "Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
93. ^ "Angola: Foreign minister warns of challenges to join BRICS". June 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
94. ^ "Burkina Faso's PM lobbies for country's membership in BRICS". September 2024.
95. ^ "Cameroon Applies to Join BRICS Economic Bloc". April 2024.
96. ^ "Central Africa: We want to join BRICS". December 2023.
97. ^ "Congo keen on joining BRICS: President". June 2024.
98. ^ "Central African country seeks BRICS membership". August 2023.
99. ^ "Equatorial Guinea counts on Russia's support for its BRICS accession bid — president". September 2024.
100. ^ "Akufo-Addo exploring feasibility of Ghana joining BRICS". August 2023.
101. ^ "Kenya, China hold bilateral talks in Nairobi, as Kenya requests China's support to join BRICS". November 2024.
102. ^ "Economy Minister: Libya Ready to Join BRICS". 11 July 2024.
103. ^ "Mali Expresses Interest in Joining BRICS Soon". October 2024.
104. ^ "Nigeria intends to join BRICS with or without pressure from the West". March 2024. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
105. ^ "Senegal wants to integrate the Brics". August 2023.
106. ^ "Envoy highlights South Sudan's interest in joining BRICS". November 2023.
107. ^ "Deputy Minister of Finance: Sudan Intends to Join the BRICS Group". August 2015.
108. ^ "Tunisia Plans to Join BRICS Nations". April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024.
109. ^ "BRICS is a Breath of Fresh Air for Africa - Museveni". August 2023.
110. ^ "Zimbabwe Expresses Readiness to Join BRICS Alliance". June 2024.
111. ^ "BRICS is the future, Bolivian FM says". August 2023.
112. ^ "Colombia Intends to Join BRICS as Soon as Possible". April 2024.
113. ^ "Cuban Government Shows Interest in Joining BRICS". June 2024.
114. ^ "El Salvador could apply to accept them into BRICS". July 2024.
115. ^ "Nicaragua in Negotiations to Join BRICS". June 2024.
116. ^ "Peru & China Discuss Economic Cooperation, BRICS". June 2024.
117. ^ "Venezuela renews its desire to join BRICS". June 2024.
118. ^ "Afghanistan And The Potential For BRICS Membership". June 2023.
119. ^ "Delegated by HRH the Crown Prince and Prime Minister, Foreign Minister attends BRICS Summit". Bahrain News Agency. 24 August 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
120. ^ "Bangladesh seeks India's support to join BRICS under any format: Hasan". June 2024.
121. ^ "How BRICS Was Expanded: The Inside Story of Twists and Turns". September 2023.
122. ^ "Al-Sudani: Iraq hopes to join the BRICS group". October 2023.
123. ^ Omirgazy, Dana (5 June 2023). "Kazakhstan Seeks to Join BRICS and Enhance Trade and Economic Cooperation". Astana Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
124. ^ "South Africa: 8 Arab countries request to join BRICS". August 2023.
125. ^ "Laos Intends to Join BRICS". December 2023.
126. ^ "Malaysia applies to join BRICS, boost ties with Russia". The Star. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
127. ^ Irrawaddy, The (6 September 2023). "Myanmar Junta Eyeing BRICS Membership as Sanctions Bite". Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
128. ^ Ngcofe, Khaka (13 May 2024). "North Korea Signals to Join BRICS". BRICS Global Television Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
129. ^ Hussain, Abid. "Pakistan seeks BRICS membership, despite India roadblock". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
130. ^ "Is BRICS really the lifeline Palestine needs?". August 2023.
131. ^ "Saudi Arabia not yet responded to BRICS invitation, Saudi official source says". January 2024.
132. ^ "Sri Lanka joins list of countries eyeing BRICS membership this year". May 2024.
133. ^ "Syria applied for BRICS membership, country's ambassador to Russia says". October 2024.
134. ^ "Cabinet approves Brics membership bid". May 2024.
135. ^ "Vietnam Explores Possibility of BRICS Membership". April 2024.
136. ^ "The Yemen–Russia riddle". July 2024.
137. ^ Agayev, Zulfugar (20 August 2024). "Azerbaijan Formally Applies to Join BRICS, Foreign Ministry Says". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
138. ^ Liffey, Kevin (25 July 2023). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). "Belarus says it has applied to join BRICS club, RIA reports". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
139. ^ "Serbia views BRICS membership as alternative to EU — deputy PM". October 2024.
140. ^ "Türkiye applies for BRICS membership in push for new alliances". September 2024.
141. ^ "BRICS approves Cuba, Bolivia, and 11 other countries as 'partner states'". October 2024.
142. ^ "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency" Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014
143. ^ a b c d Desai, Raj M.; Vreeland, James Raymond (17 July 2014). "What the new bank of BRICS is all about". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
144. ^ a b "New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
145. ^ a b "BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool". Russia & India Report. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
146. ^ a b c "BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister". Russia & India Report. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
147. ^ "History". New Development Bank. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
148. ^ Strohecker, Karin (2 September 2021). Blair, Edmund (ed.). "BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
149. ^ a b "BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker". Russia & India Report. 17 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
150. ^ Biziwick, Mayamiko; Cattaneo, Nicolette; Fryer, David (2015). "The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement". South African Journal of International Affairs. 22 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208. S2CID 153695521.
151. ^ On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016
152. ^ "DMPQ- BRICS payment system". 27 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
153. ^ "Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system". Russia & India Report. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
154. ^ "Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources". Reuters. 9 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
155. ^ "BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister". cnbctv18.com. 10 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
156. ^ "Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais". CNN Brasil. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
157. ^ "BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023". dw.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
158. ^ "Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit". VOA. 12 May 2023. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
159. ^ "Brics a force for world peace, says China". Business Day. 8 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
160. ^ Sharma, Ruchir (November–December 2012). "Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising". Foreign Affairs. 91 (November/December 2012). Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
161. ^ "China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy". Bloomberg. 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
162. ^ "Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles". Investor's Business Daily. Investors.com. 26 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
163. ^ "Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration". The Economist. 27 July 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
164. ^ "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank" Archived 4 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
165. ^ Global, IndraStra. "EXCERPT | A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework". IndraStra. ISSN 2381-3652. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
166. ^ Khadija Patel (3 April 2012). "Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013 - via Asia Times.
167. ^ Coleman, Isobel (9 April 2013). "Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
168. ^ O'Donnell, Frank; Papa, Mihaela; Han, Zhen (18 August 2023). "As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
169. ^ Dagres, Holly (14 December 2023). "China's de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
170. ^ "Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
171. ^ Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11
172. ^ "BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it". Gallup International Association. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
173. ^ "Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research". Rating (sociological group). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
174. ^ "CALENDAR OF MEETINGS/EVENTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA'S 2018 BRICS CHAIRSHIP" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
175. ^ "BRICS information portal". BRICS. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to BRICS at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to BRICS at Wikiquote
* BRICS information portal
* BRICS India 2021
* BRICS China 2022
* BRICS South Africa 2023
* Learn about BRICS \- Institute of Applied Economic Research

* v
* t
* e

BRICS

Membership|

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates

Summits|

1. Yekaterinburg 2009
2. Brasília 2010
3. Sanya 2011
4. New Delhi 2012
5. Durban 2013
6. Fortaleza 2014
7. Ufa 2015
8. Goa 2016
9. Xiamen 2017
10. Johannesburg 2018
11. Brasília 2019
12. Saint Petersburg 2020
13. New Delhi 2021
14. Beijing 2022
15. Johannesburg 2023
16. Kazan 2024
17. TBD 2025

Bilateral relations|

* Brazil–China
* Brazil–India
* Brazil–Russia
* Brazil–South Africa
* China–India
* China–Russia
* China–South Africa
* India–Russia
* India–South Africa
* Russia–South Africa

Leaders|

* Lula
* Putin
* Modi
* Xi
* Ramaphosa
* Sisi
* Ahmed
* Pezeshkian
* Al Nahyan

BRICS U-17 Football Cup|

* 2016 Goa
* 2018 Johannesburg

BRICS Games|

* 2024 Kazan
* Athletics
* Badminton
* Gymnastics

Related|

* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Cable
* BRICS Universities League
* New Development Bank
* BRICS PAY

Articles related to BRICS

* v
* t
* e

Power in international relations

| Types|

* Climate
* Economic
* Energy
* Food
* Hard
* Maritime
* National
* Politics
* Realpolitik
* Sharp
* Smart
* Soft

|

Status|

* Small
* Middle
* Regional
* Emerging
* Least Great
* Great
* Potential
* Super

Geopolitics|

* American (Pax)
* Asian
* Chinese
* Indian
* Pacific

History|

* List of ancient great powers
* List of medieval great powers
* List of modern great powers
* International relations (1814–1919)
* Post-Western era

Theory|

* American decline
* Balance of power
* European
* Deterrence theory
* Hegemonic stability theory
* Multilateralism
* Internationalism
* Philosophy of power
* Polarity
* Power projection
* Power transition theory
* Second Superpower
* Sphere of influence
* Superpower collapse
* Superpower disengagement

Studies|

* Composite Index of National Capability
* Comprehensive National Power

Organizations and groups by region

| Africa|

* African Union
* Union for the Mediterranean

|

Africa–Asia|

* Arab League
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas|

* Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Central American Integration System (SICA)
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
* Mercosur
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Asia|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
* Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)

Europe|

* Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
* Council of Europe (CoE)
* European Political Community (EPC)
* European Union (EU)
* Nordic Council
* Visegrád Group (V4)

Eurasia|

* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
* Organization of Turkic States

North America–Europe|

* Arctic Council
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Africa–Asia–Europe|

* Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America|

* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific|

* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
* Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
* Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
* E9
* G4
* G7
* G8
* G8+5
* G20
* G24
* G77
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
* Uniting for Consensus

Global|

* United Nations (UN)

* v
* t
* e

International relations

* Glossary

Organizations|

| Present|

* BRICS
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* International Criminal Court (ICC)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* United Nations (UN)

|

Past|

* League of Nations
* Warsaw Pact

History|

* 1648–1814
* 1814–1919
* 1919–1939
* Diplomatic history of World War II
* Cold War
* International relations since 1989

Concepts|

* Alliance
* Entente
* Coalition
* Military
* Appeasement
* Co-belligerence
* Collective security
* Colonialism
* Crisis
* Deterrence theory
* Expansionism
* Grey-zone
* Hegemony
* Idealism
* International community
* Internationalism
* Internationality
* Liberal
* Interventionism
* Isolationism
* National interest
* Neutral country
* Non-belligerent
* Non-state actor
* Imperialism
* Peace
* Power
* Right of conquest
* Sovereignty
* Suzerainty
* Treaty
* Bilateral
* Friendship
* Multilateral
* Non-aggression
* Peace
* War
* Whole-of-society

Theory|

* Constructivism
* English school
* Feminism
* Liberalism
* Marxism
* Postcolonialism
* Realism

Related fields and subfields|

* Comparative politics
* Diplomacy
* Foreign policy analysis
* Geopolitics
* International law
* International political economy
* International political sociology
* Peace and conflict studies
* Security studies

* v
* t
* e

South–South cooperation and Third Worldism

Global South|

| Development|

* Landlocked developing countries
* Least developed countries
* Heavily indebted poor countries

|

Markets|

* Emerging markets
* Newly industrialized country
* Transition economy

Worlds theory|

* First World
* Second World
* Third World
* Fourth World

Geopolitics|

* Decolonization
* Cold War
* Neocolonialism
* Multipolarity
* World Conference against Racism
* Durban I
* Durban II
* Durban III
* Globalization
* Post-Western era

BRICS|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
BASIC (BRICS minus Russia)
* BRIC (BRICS minus South Africa)
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)

Finance|

* Debt
* Asian Clearing Union
* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* Asian Development Bank
* Arab Monetary Fund
* BancoSur
* Caribbean Development Bank
* Common Fund for Commodities
* New Development Bank
* OPEC Fund for International Development

Trade and
development

* Developmental state
* Flying geese paradigm
* Infrastructure-based development
* Sustainable development
* Global System of Trade Preferences
* Protocol on Trade Negotiations
* New International Economic Order
* New World Information and Communication Order
* United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
* United Nations Development Programme
* United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Public health|

* Generic drugs
* biosimilar
* Pharmaceutical patents
* criticism
* Test data exclusivity
* Doha Declaration
* World Health Organization

Organizations
and groups

* G-5
* G-77
* G-15
* D-8
* G20 developing nations (G-20)
* G-24
* G33 developing countries (G-33)
* G-11
* G-90
* Non-Aligned Movement
* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
* African Union
* Afro–Asian Conference
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Colombo Plan
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* International Solar Alliance
* Melanesian Spearhead Group
* North–South Summit
* Polynesian Leaders Group
* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
* Small Island Developing States
* South Centre

North–South
divide

* Brandt Report
* Global financial system
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* World Trade Organization
* Fair trade
* Financial regulation
* Global digital divide

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Brazil

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Cape Verde
* DR Congo
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Guinea-Bissau
* Kenya
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* South Africa
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Lithuania
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* United Nations
* G4
* G8+5
* G20
* BRICS
* IBSA
* CPLP
* Mercosur
* Unasul

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of Brazil
* Diplomatic missions in Brazil
* UNSC reform
* Brazilian Antarctica
* Wars involving Brazil
* Treaties of Brazil
* Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
* Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
* Ambassadors of Brazil

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Egypt

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Armenia
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Syria
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

| EU|

* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Poland
* Slovenia
* Spain

|

* Albania
* Kosovo
* Russia
* Serbia
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* African Union
* Arab League (1964, 1964, 1970)
* ASPA
* European Union
* Union for the Mediterranean
* Non-Aligned Movement (2nd Summit)

Disputes

* Arab–Israeli conflict

Related topics

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister
* Diplomatic missions of / in Egypt
* Egyptian diaspora
* Egyptian diplomats
* EFTCA

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Ethiopia

Africa|

* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* Sudan

Americas|

* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Mexico
* United States

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Turkey

Europe|

* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Norway
* Russia
* Poland
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* African Union
* European Union

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of / in Ethiopia

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of India

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Republic of the Congo
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cayman Islands
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* Tibet
* East Timor
* Georgia
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Holy See
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Former|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
* ASEAN
* Africa (Summit)
* BIMSTEC
* BBIN
* BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit)
* Central Asia
* Commonwealth of Nations
* East Asia Summit
* European Union
* G4
* G20
* I2U2 Group
* IBSA
* Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
* Indian Ocean Rim Association
* India–Pacific Islands relations
* Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
* Latin America
* Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
* Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit)
* Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
* Sanctions
* SAARC
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* United Nations

Diplomacy

* History
* Ministry of External Affairs
* Minister
* Foreign Secretary
* Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai)
* Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India
* Foreign aid by India / to India
* Indian diaspora
* Overseas citizens
* Foreign policy
* ITEC programme
* Look East policy
* Pan-African e-Network project
* Indira Gandhi government
* Narendra Modi government
* Asian
* Middle Eastern
* South Asian
* Act East)
* Kashmir conflict
* Siachen conflict
* Conflicts with Pakistan
* Disputes with China
* Disputes with Nepal
* State visits to India
* State visits by prime ministers of India
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Indira Gandhi
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Manmohan Singh
* Narendra Modi

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Iran

Africa|

* Algeria
* Burkina Faso
* Egypt
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Mexico
* United States
* after 1979
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* Georgia
* History
* India
* Indonesia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Former|

* Czechoslovakia
* Rome
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* Arab League
* European Union
* NATO

Disputes|

* Nuclear program
* Views
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Israeli–Sunni Coalition
* Sanctions
* U.S. sanctions

Related|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of / in Iran
* Trade Promotion Organization of Iran
* Foreign direct investment in Iran
* Propaganda in Iran
* Iranian diaspora
* Ambassadors from Iran
* Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Russia

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Russian Empire
* Soviet Union
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Hamas
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Transnistria
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Donetsk PR
* Luhansk PR
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Multilateral relations

* BRICS
* European Union
* NATO
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of Russia
* Russia and the Antarctic
* Near Abroad

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia
* European energy sector
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Eurasian Economic Union
* Military Cooperation
* Treaties
* Military doctrine
* Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of South Africa

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mauritius
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Sahrawi Republic
* Tanzania
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Mexico
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* South Korea
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

* Bulgaria
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* Commonwealth of Nations
* BRICS
* G8+5
* G20
* IBSA
* SACU
* Africa–India Forum Summit
* African Union

Diplomacy

* Diplomatic missions of South Africa
* Diplomatic missions in South Africa
* Department of International Relations and Cooperation
* UNSC reform
* South African National Antarctic Programme

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of China

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo, Democratic Republic of the
* Congo, Republic of the
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* history
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* History
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* History
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Northern Domination
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Former states|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* BCIM Economic Corridor
* BIMSTEC
* Africa
* Arab League
* BRICS
* Caribbean
* China–Japan–South Korea
* European Union
* Latin America
* Oceania
* Third World
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of China
* China and the Antarctic

Diplomacy

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary)
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of China / in China
* Belt and Road Initiative
* China's peaceful rise
* Chinese Century
* Confucius Institute
* Dates of diplomatic recognition
* Foreign policy of China
* Foreign Relations Law
* Foreign relations of Hong Kong
* Nine-dash line
* Panda diplomacy
* Political status of Taiwan
* Chinese unification
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* Stadium diplomacy
* String of Pearls
* Major historical splits
* Soviet
* Albania
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Treaties
* Theater diplomacy
* Wolf warrior diplomacy
* Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Somalia (Somaliland)
* South Africa
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Canada
* Chile
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates

Multilateral relations

* United Nations (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO)
* Arab League (ALECSO, CAEU, AMF)
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* OPEC
* BRICS
* Non-Aligned Movement
* World Trade Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* International Monetary Fund
* International Maritime Security Construct
* Indo-Abrahamic Alliance

* v
* t
* e

China–India relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, New Delhi
* Ambassadors of China to India
* Embassy of India, Beijing
* Ambassadors of India to China

Diplomacy|

* Greater East Asia Conference
* Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* 2007 Delhi security summit

Conflicts|

* Sino-Indian War
* Origins of the Sino-Indian War
* 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
* Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
* Forward policy
* Internment of Chinese-Indians
* Nathu La and Cho La clashes
* 1987 skirmish
* 2013 Depsang standoff
* 2017 border standoff
* 2020–2021 skirmishes
* Timeline
* Chinese Order of battle
* Indian Order of battle

Sino-Indian border dispute|

* Aksai Chin
* Dakpa Sheri
* Dehra Compass
* Depsang Bulge
* Doklam
* Dolam
* Sirijap
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Sino-Pakistan Agreement
* Line of Actual Control
* Differing perceptions of the LAC
* Infrastructure
* Roads
* Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
* Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
* Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
* Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
* India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
* Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
* Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
* Border Personnel Meeting Point

Economic relations|

* BRICS
* BRIC
* BASIC
* BCIM Economic Corridor
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Related|

* Hong Kong–India relations
* India–Taiwan relations
* India–Tibet relations
* Five Fingers of Tibet
* Chindia
* Chinas
* Cheena Bhavana
* China–India railway
* China Study Group
* Tan Yun-Shan
* Zhengyou
* Chola–Chinese relations
* Tamil–Chinese relations

Category:China–India relations

* v
* t
* e

China–Russia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, Moscow
* Ambassadors of Russia to China
* Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai

Diplomacy|

* 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
* 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
* Altai gas pipeline
* 2007 Delhi security summit
* Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
* BRICS
* BRIC
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Incidents|

* New Star incident

Military relations|

* Vostok 2018
* Chinese missile warning system
* Marine Security Belt

Related|

* History of Sino-Russian relations
* Sino-Soviet relations
* China–Russia border
* Trans-Zeya villages
* Outer Manchuria
* China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Russo-Chinese Bank Building
* Shenzhen MSU-BIT University
* Chinese Eastern Railway
* Chinese Orthodox Church
* Second Cold War
* Cyrillization of Chinese
* Li Yueran
* China and Russia
* Axis of Upheaval

Category:China–Russia relations

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template