BRICS

Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries

This article is about the intergovernmental organization. For the investment grouping, see BRIC (economics term). For other uses, see BRICS (disambiguation).

BRICS

Brazil • Russia • India • China • South Africa

Heads of delegations of the BRICS countries pose at 2025 BRICS Summit, Brazil

Map key

BRICS member countries

BRICS partners

BRICS applicants

Invited to join BRICS

Named after| First five member states' initials in English
Predecessor| 2024 BRICS Summit, Russia
Successor| 2025 BRICS Summit, Brazil
Formation|

* 16 June 2009; 16 years ago (2009-06-16)

Founded at|

* Yekaterinburg, Russia
* (1st BRIC summit)

Type| Intergovernmental organization
Purpose| Political and economical
Fields| International politics
Membership|  Brazil
Russia
India
China
South Africa
Egypt
Ethiopia
Indonesia
Iran
United Arab Emirates

Chairman (incumbent)

|  Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil

Formerly called

| BRIC

BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. The idea of a BRICS-like group can be traced back to Russian foreign minister Yevgeny Primakov and to the two forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa).[1] BRIC was originally a term coined by British economist Jim O'Neill and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001 to designate the group of emerging markets.[2][3] The first summit in 2009 featured the founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, where they adopted the acronym BRIC and formed an informal diplomatic club[4] where their governments could meet annually at formal summits and coordinate multilateral policies.[5][6] In April 2010, South Africa attended the 2nd BRIC summit as a guest. In September 2010 they joined the organization which was then renamed BRICS, and attended the 3rd BRICS summit in 2011 as a full member.[7][8] Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states in 2024 in Russia.[9] Indonesia officially joined as a member state in early 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian member.[10][11] The acronym BRICS+ (in its expanded form BRICS Plus) has been informally used to reflect new membership since 2024.[9][12][13]

Some in the West consider BRICS institutions an alternative to institutions such as those led by nations of the G7 bloc, which are among the world's leading economies.[12] Others describe the grouping as an incoherent joining of countries around increasing anti-Western and anti-American objectives.[14] Together BRICS has implemented competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS PAY, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication[15] and the BRICS basket reserve currency.[16] In its first 15 years BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions, and think tanks to dialogues, covering agenda in 34 subjects.[17] The original five members and Indonesia are also part of the G20. BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators and world leaders.[18][19][20][21][22]

## History

[edit]

### Founding

[edit]

Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS.[23] The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998.[1] The forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) predated and played an important role in the creation of BRIC and subsequently BRICS.[1]

The New Development Bank, headquartered in Shanghai, China, is the premier institution of BRICS.[24]

The term BRIC, as compared to the alternate term CRIB,[4] was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.[25][26][27] O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".[28][29]

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[30] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[31]

The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[32] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[33] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions amid the Great Recession. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future,[32][33] and ways developing countries, such as three-fourth of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[33]

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".[34] Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[35]

### 2010 expansion

[edit]

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[36] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China,[37] and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[36] The group was renamed BRICS to represent the addition of South Africa to the original four BRIC members.[38] At the third BRICS summit in 2011 in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.[39][40][41]

### New Development Bank

[edit]

New Development Bank's logo South African President Cyril Ramaphosa and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[42] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[43] They planned to set up this New Development Bank (known at the time as the "BRICS Development Bank") by 2014.[44]

At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[45] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[46] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[47]

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.[48][citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.[49]

### Other initiatives

[edit]

2024 BRICS Games in Russia

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (Institute of Geography and Statistics (Brazil), Federal State Statistics Service (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics (China), the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[50] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[51] Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.[52]

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[53] held in Brasília, Brazil.

Meeting of BRICS foreign ministers on 22 September 2022

The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[54] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[55]

In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[56][57] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[58]

In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them.[17] BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects.[17] These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women's Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum.[5][24] At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.[59]

In 2021 BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this.[60] The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia and India.[61] In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station.[62]

### Discussions

[edit]

BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan,[63][64] Gaza, Lebanon,[65] Sudan, Haiti,[66] Syria[67][68] and Ukraine.[69][70] NATO air strikes in Libya were discussed during the third summit.[71] In 2023 South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war.[72] In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS.[73]

### 2024 expansion

[edit]

Kazan hosted the first plenary session of the 16th BRICS Summit in the Outreach/BRICS+ format

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[74][75][76]

However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[77] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS.[78] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[79]

By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership.[80] Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter.[81] As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration.[82] The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.[83] China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.[84]

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries".[85] The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives.[86] It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.[87]

### 2025 expansion

[edit]

On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member,[88] making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 11th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024.[10] 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRICI" given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.[89][90][91][92]

The partnerships that were announced in the previous year, went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on 17 January.[93]

## Statistics

[edit]

BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population,[94] and 25% of the world's landmass.[95] The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019.[96] In 2022, BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%.[94] Intra-BRICS trade was US$614.8 billion as of 2022.[97] BRICS has 4,716 centi-millionaires and 549 billionaires.[98] BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit.[99] BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide.[100] In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%.[101]

A graph illustrating the estimated nominal GDP (Nominal) share of the BRICS and G7 countries from 1990 to 2025

Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,[citation needed] with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).[102][non-primary source needed] BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022.[103] The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.[103]

Taking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%.[94] Economically the group represents $28.5 trillion.[104] BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU.[105] The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%.[106][107] In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.[108]

Percent of share of G7 and BRICS GDP (PPP) in world economy as from 1990 to 2022

In 2024 the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%.[109] BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output.[110] BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products.[96] BRICS countries produce 42% of the world's wheat, 52% of rice, and 46% of soybeans.[111]

According to Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045.[110] United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020.[112] Among the 10 wealthiest cities of the group, 5 are in China, 2 in UAE and India, and 1 in Russia.[113]

GDP Nominal share in percentage (as of 2022)

1. G7 (43.7%)
2. BRICS + (28.7%)
3. Rest of world (27.6%)

Comparison between BRICS and G7 Countries as of 2024

Parameter  | BRICS  | G7
No. of countries  | 5  | 7
Area (km2)  | 39.7 million | 21.7 million
Population | 3.3 billion | 0.8 billion
Population Density (people/km2)  | 83  | 37
HDI | 0.734  | 0.92
GDP Growth Rate |  4 to 5% |  1.5 to 2%
Nominal GDP (USD)[114] | 26.7 trillion  | 45.3 trillion
GDP PPP (USD)  | 51.6 trillion | 48 trillion
Exports (USD)  | 5.5 trillion  | 6.7 trillion
Imports (USD)  | 4.8 trillion  | 8.5 trillion
Military expenditures (USD)  | 0.48 trillion  | 1.20 trillion

* Bold indicates has higher value compared to other.

## Rotating BRICS presidency

[edit]

Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis.[115] The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.[citation needed] A number of ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers and energy ministers.[115] Technical level meetings focus on project implementation and technical exchanges, such as the meeting of BRICS heads of national statistics offices.[115] There are working groups on technology, culture, education, health etc. Specialized forums exist such as the BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Think Tank Council.[115] The BRICS has neither a permanent seat or secretariat.[116]

In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil.[117] The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime—especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[118] In 2024 BRICS President Pro Tempore was from Russia and their goals were: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[119] Brazil has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2025.[120]

## Leaders' Summits

[edit]

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

No. | Dates | Host country | Host leader | Location | Notes  | Declaration

|
|
|
|
|
|

1st | 16 June 2009 |  Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | Yekaterinburg | The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.[121] | Joint Statement
2nd | 15 April 2010 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brasília | The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states. Guests: Jacob Zuma (former President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority).[121] | Joint Statement
3rd | 14 April 2011 |  China | Hu Jintao | Sanya | First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[121] | Sanya Declaration
4th | 29 March 2012 |  India | Manmohan Singh | New Delhi | The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state. The BRICS Cable announced; an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries.[122] | Delhi Declaration
5th | 26–27 March 2013 |  South Africa | Jacob Zuma | Durban | The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[122] | eThekwini Declaration and Action Plan
6th | 14–17 July 2014 |  Brazil | Dilma Rousseff | Fortaleza [123] | BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[124] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth.[121] | Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan
7th | 8–9 July 2015 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Ufa[125] | Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[121] | Ufa Declaration
8th | 15–16 October 2016 |  India | Narendra Modi | Benaulim, Goa | Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[121] | Goa Declaration
9th | 3–5 September 2017 |  China | Xi Jinping | Xiamen | Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They also covered and debated international and regional issues with one another.[121] | Xiamen Declaration
10th | 25–27 July 2018 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg | The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market.  | Johannesburg Declaration
11th | 13–14 November 2019 |  Brazil | Jair Bolsonaro | Brasília[118] | The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally.  | Brasilía Declaration
12th | 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[126]
17 November 2020 (video conference)[127] |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Saint Petersburg[128] | Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[129] | Moscow Declaration
13th | 9 September 2021 (video conference) |  India | Narendra Modi | New Delhi | Over 150 events and meetings were concluded during the year. These included the Leaders’ Summit, the meeting of the Foreign Ministers, the meeting of the National Security Advisers and a total of close to 20 other Ministerial meetings including Finance, Trade, Industry, Agriculture, Energy.[130][131] | New Delhi Declaration
14th | 23 June 2022 (video conference) |  China | Xi Jinping | Beijing | A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals.  | Beijing Declaration
15th | 22–24 August 2023 |  South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg | Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[75][76] On 29 December 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[79] Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.[132] | Johannesburg II Declaration
16th | 22–24 October 2024 |  Russia | Vladimir Putin | Kazan | [133] Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated.[134] Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General.[135] Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024.[135][136] It was the first summit of the BRICS+ group.[137] | Kazan Declaration
17th | 6–7 July 2025 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Rio de Janeiro | [138][139][140] |
18th | 2026 |  India | Narendra Modi | TBD |  |

## Member states

[edit]

| BRICS Member

|

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Indonesia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates

### List of current member states

[edit]

Note: The countries are listed by their membership dates, not by their alphabetical order.

* Brazil

* Russia

* India

* China

* South Africa

* Egypt

* Ethiopia

* Iran

* United Arab Emirates

* Indonesia

This section is an excerpt from Member states of BRICS § Member states.[edit]

Flag | Country
| Capital
| Area
(km2)
| Population
(2016)
| Density
(/km2)
| GDP per cap.
(PPP)[141] | HDI[142] | Currency
| Official languages | Accession

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Brazil
Federative Republic of Brazil | Brasília | 8,515,767 | 203,062,512 | 25 | 22,123 | 0.786 | Brazilian real (R$)
(BRL) | Portuguese
also see Languages of Brazil | 16 June 2009 (Informally, September 2006)
| Russia
Russian Federation | Moscow | 17,075,400 | 146,519,759 | 8.3 | 47,299 | 0.832 | Russian rouble (₽)
(RUB) | Russian
also see Languages of Russia
| India
Republic of India | New Delhi | 3,287,240 | 1,284,480,000 | 364.4 | 11,112 | 0.685 | Indian rupee (₹)
(INR) | Hindi (Devanagari script)
English
Also see Languages of India
| China
People's Republic of China | Beijing | 9,640,011[a] | 1,374,820,000 | 139.6 | 26,310 | 0.797 | Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥)
(CNY) | Standard Chinese[143]
written in simplified characters[143]
see also languages of China
| South Africa
Republic of South Africa | Pretoria (executive)
Cape Town (legislative)
Bloemfontein (judicial) | 1,221,037 | 58,048,332 | 42.4 | 15,723 | 0.741 | South African rand (R)
(ZAR) | 12 languages | 24 December 2010[144][145][146][147]
| Egypt
Arab Republic of Egypt | Cairo | 1,010,408 | 105,231,000 | 103.56 | 20,799 | 0.754 | Egyptian pound (LE)
(EGP) | Arabic | 1 January 2024
| Ethiopia
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 1,104,300 | 105,163,988 | 92.7 | 4,045 | 0.497 | Ethiopian birr (Br)
(ETB) | Afar
Amharic
Oromo
Somali
Tigrinya
| Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran | Tehran | 1,648,195 | 79,011,700 | 48.0 | 19,607 | 0.799 | Iranian rial (Rl)
(IRR) | Persian
| United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 83,600 | 4,106,427 | 49.1
[Figures
don't
balance] | 77,251 | 0.940 | UAE dirham (Dh)
(AED) | Arabic
| Indonesia
Republic of Indonesia | Jakarta | 1,904,569 | 282,477,584 | 143 | 16,542 | 0.728 | Indonesian rupiah (Rp)
(IDR) | Indonesian | 6 January 2025

#### Overview of BRICS members

[edit]

Overview and membership in other bodies  Country  | Population | GDP (Nom.) | GDP (PPP) | P5 | G20 | SCO | RCEP | APEC | G4 | OPEC | NPC | AU | AL | Economic classification

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Brazil  | 7th | 10th | 7th |  |  |  |  |  |  | OPEC+ |  |  |  | Newly industrialized
Russia  | 9th | 11th | 4th |  |  |  |  |  |  | OPEC+ |  |  |  | Emerging
India  | 1st | 5th | 3rd |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Newly industrialized
China  | 2nd | 2nd | 1st |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Newly industrialized
South Africa  | 23rd | 40th | 33rd |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Newly industrialized
Egypt  | 15th | 45th | 17th |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Emerging and Developing
Ethiopia  | 13th | 56th | 55th |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Under developed
Iran  | 17th | 36th | 23rd |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Emerging and Developing
UAE  | 88th | 26th | 38th |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Emerging and Developing
Indonesia  | 4th | 16th | 8th |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Newly industrialized

### Partner states

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Member states of BRICS § Partner states.[edit]

Partner states are a new category for integration of prospective members, introduced in 2024 at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, the Russian Federation. These countries are observer states that are not yet officially part of the BRICS bloc, yet would get support from BRICS members. These observer states prove themselves as partners before further integrating as a member, similar to the accession process of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[148] 13 states were invited to be formal partners; the following 10 states then ensured their partnership status by January 2025, while Indonesia acceded into the core membership.

Flag | Country
| Capital
| Area
(km2)
| Population
(2016)
| Density
(/km2)
| GDP per cap.
(PPP) | HDI | Currency
| Official languages | Leaders | Application
submitted

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Belarus
Republic of Belarus | Minsk | 207,595 | 9,498,700 | 45.8 | 18,246 | 0.824 | Belarusian ruble (BYR) | Belarusian
Russian | Head of State: Alexander Lukashenko
Head of Government: Roman Golovchenko | 2023
| Bolivia
Plurinational State of Bolivia | Sucre | 1,098,581 | 12,186,079 | 10.4 | 9,933 | 0.733 | Boliviano
(BOB) | Spanish
Quechua
Aymara
Guarani
Other Indigenous languages | Head of State and Government: Luis Arce
| Cuba
Republic of Cuba | Havana | 109,884 | 10,985,974 | 101.8 | 22,237 | 0.762 | Cuban peso
(CUP) | Spanish | Supreme Leader and Head of State: Miguel Díaz-Canel
Head of Government: Manuel Marrero Cruz
| Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan | Astana | 2,724,900 | 20,075,271 | 7 | 34,534 | 0.837 | Tenge (KZT) | Kazakh
Russian | Head of State: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Head of Government: Oljas Bektenov | 2024[149]
| Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | 330,803  | 34,564,803  | 101  | 39,030 | 0.819 | Malaysian ringgit (MYR)  | Malay | Head of State: Ibrahim Iskandar
Head of Government: Anwar Ibrahim | 2024
| Nigeria
Federal Republic of Nigeria  | Abuja | 923,769  | 220,159,000  | 237  | 8,005 | 0.560 | Nigerian naira (NGN)  | English | Head of State and Government: Bola Ahmed Tinubu
| Thailand
Kingdom of Thailand  | Bangkok | 513,120  | 65,975,198  | 132.1  | 23,401 | 0.798 | Thai baht (THB)  | Thai | Head of State: Vajiralongkorn
Head of Government: Paetongtarn Shinawatra
| Uganda
Republic of Uganda | Kampala | 241,038 | 49,283,041 | 157.1 | 3,642 | 0.582 | Ugandan shilling

(UGX)

| English and Swahili | Head of State: Yoweri Museveni

Head of government: Robinah Nabbanja

| Uzbekistan
Republic of Uzbekistan | Tashkent | 447,400 | 37,535,605 | 80.2 | 11,596 | 0.740 | Uzbek sum (UZS) | Uzbek | Head of state: Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Head of government: Abdulla Aripov

| Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Vietnam  | Hanoi | 331,344.82  | 100,300,000  | 298  | 15,470  | 0.766  | Vietnamese đồng (VND)  | Vietnamese | Supreme Leader: Tô Lâm
Head of State: Lương Cường
Head of Government: Phạm Minh Chính[b]

Two more countries had been invited to join the BRICS bloc as observer partner states like the ones listed above but have not yet confirmed that status as of mid-January 2025.[148]

Flag | Country
| Capital
| Area
(km2)
| Population
(2016)
| Density
(/km2)
| GDP per cap.
(PPP) | HDI | Currency
| Official languages | Leaders | Application
submitted

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| Algeria
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | Algiers | 2,381,741 | 46,700,000 | 19 | 16,483 | 0.763 | Algerian dinar (DZD) | Arabic | Head of State: Abdelmadjid Tebboune
Head of Government: Nadir Larbaoui |
| Turkey
Republic of Türkiye | Ankara | 783,562 | 85,372,377 | 111 | 40,283 | 0.853 | Turkish lira (TRY) | Turkish | Head of State and Government: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

### Application and expansion process

[edit]

Founding members  | BRICS Plus members  | Partner states  | Applied for membership

|
|
|

Brazil (2009)  |  Egypt (2024)  |  Belarus (2024)  |  Saudi Arabia (2023) (Invited in 2024, decision pending)
Russia (2009)  |  Ethiopia (2024)  |  Bolivia (2024)  |  Malaysia (2024) (Under consideration)
India (2009)  |  Iran (2024)  |  Cuba (2024)  |  Azerbaijan (2024) (Under consideration)
China (2009)  |  United Arab Emirates (2024)  |  Kazakhstan (2024)  |  Turkey (2024) (Under consideration)
South Africa (2010)  |  Indonesia (2025)  |  Malaysia (2024)  |  Pakistan (2024) (Under consideration)
|  Nigeria (2024)  |  Bangladesh (2024) (Under consideration)
Thailand (2024)  |  Sri Lanka (2024) (Under consideration)
Uganda (2024)  |  Myanmar (2024) (Under consideration)
Uzbekistan (2024)  |  Senegal (2024) (Under consideration)
Vietnam (2025)  |  Venezuela (2024) (Under consideration)
|  Argentina (2023) (Invited in 2023, declined invitation)
Algeria (2022) (Application withdrawn)

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.[150][151][152]

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.[75][76]

Pakistan applied for membership in November 2023;[153] Russian Deputy Prime Minister supported Pakistan's request,[154] however support for Pakistan among BRICS has not been unanimous.[155][153]

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.[78][156]

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.[9]

Saudi Arabia has not responded to an invitation to join BRICS, and is still considering joining.[157][158][159][3][160]

On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc.[161] At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.[162] Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019.[163] In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.[164] On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they[who?] did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.[165]

Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023,[166] but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.[167]

Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.[168]

Since new members joined the acronym used has informally been BRICS+, that is, BRICS Plus.[9]

Indonesia was originally intended to be an observer partner state but instead opted for full membership, which went into effect in January 2025.[88]

### Countries that have applied for membership

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Member states of BRICS § Countries that have applied for membership.[edit]

While Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates were not admitted as members during the 15th BRICS summit, they were among 22 countries applying for membership. South African Minister of Finance Enoch Godongwana said “There is a second batch of countries that are going to be added [to] BRICS." This means that there are plans for further BRICS expansion and the following countries are possible candidates due to their applications for membership.[169]

## Financial architecture

[edit]

The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai. The New Development Bank (NDB) and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) were signed into treaty at the 2014 BRICS summit in Brazil.

The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total.[12]

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

### New Development Bank

[edit]

Further information: New Development Bank

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[170] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[171][172] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[172] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[173] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[174] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[173][174] As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.[175] By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32 billion for 96 projects.[176]

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[177]

### BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

[edit]

Further information: BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.[171][174][178] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[171][178] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[179] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[171] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey.[180] It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

### BRICS payment system

[edit]

Main article: BRICS PAY

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[181] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[182]

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[183] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]

### Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge

[edit]

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[184][185][186] Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.[187]

BRICS Bridge—a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY—makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of their CBDC exchange rate.[188][189][190][191][192]

One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral.[193] A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.[194][195]

## Important Issues

[edit]

### Peace and Security

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (July 2025)

|

At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan in October 2024, the Kazan Declaration emphasized adherence to the UN Charter and supported diplomatic efforts for a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Ukraine. It expressed deep concern over the humanitarian situation in the Palestinian Territory, particularly the escalation of violence in Gaza and the West Bank, which resulted in significant civilian harm and displacement. The declaration also noted alarm over the situation in Southern Lebanon and called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. Additionally, it highlighted the adverse impact of unilateral sanctions on the global economy and the achievement of sustainable development goals.[196]

At the BRICS session on Peace and Security during the 17th BRICS Summit in Brazil, the leaders echoed and amplified India’s concerns on terrorism while adopting a resolution condemning the 2025 Pahalgam attack. The declaration stated that the BRICS nations "condemned in the strongest terms the terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on April 22, 2025." It called for combating terrorism “in all its forms and manifestations, including the cross-border movement of terrorists, terrorism financing and safe havens.” While Pakistan was not directly named, the reference to cross-border terrorism, according to Indian sources, was widely interpreted as aimed at Islamabad. The leaders further urged a stance of zero tolerance, stating that BRICS "rejected double standards in countering terrorism" and called for the "expeditious finalization and adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the UN framework," as well as “concerted actions against all UN-designated terrorists and terrorist entities.”[197]

## Reception

[edit]

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Reception of BRICS. (Discuss) (October 2024)

|

World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[198][199][200][201] disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,[202] and India and China's disputes[203] over territorial issues.[204] There is scope for multilateralism in space,[205] and collaboration in the space governance sector.[206]

ILO Director-General Guy Ryder has positively received joint declarations and statements of the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS over the years.[207][208][209] These statements cover decent work,[207] social dialogue,[208] green jobs, skills development, and workers' protection.[209]

### Belgium

[edit]

Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1".[210] He notes how China has pushed for enlargement, while India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the group’s exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-western stance.[210] According to Rieck, although BRICS supports multipolarity and non-alignment, it also does not take an explicitly anti-western stance.[210] He also argues that BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged, as that will only be counter-productive, and that Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS.[210]

Alicia García-Herrero, who writes for the think tank Bruegel, argued that the West should note the anti-West sentiment developing amongst BRICS, and that the West needs to offer the Global South better economic deals.[211]

Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute wrote in November of 2024 that the pivot toward BRICS by a number of countries in the Global South, especially visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU.[212] To address this, Brender argued that the EU should think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.[212]

### Brazil

[edit]

In 2014 results of an opinion poll of 1881 respondents resulted in only 4% knowing what BRICS stood for; while in 2019 only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.[213]

The five leaders of BRICS in Brasília, Brazil, in November 2019 Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro welcoming the BRICS leaders

### Canada

[edit]

Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-western is not likely.[214] The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance.[214] Further a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically but political jointness could be negatively affected.[214]

### China

[edit]

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[215]

In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order".[115][216]

### France

[edit]

French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023.[217] Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.[218]

### Germany

[edit]

A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.[219]

German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner".[220]

A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined.[221] "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance."[221]

### India

[edit]

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[222]

Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."[223][224]

In 2016 Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures including "institutionalized cooperation".[225] He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".[225]

The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS.[226][227] In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit.[226] During the 2023 BRICS summit China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.[228]

Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get an "distortionary ideological edge".[229]

In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won’t let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers.[230][231] The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.[110][232]

Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western.[233] At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions".[234]

Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."[104]

The central bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, Governor Shaktikanta Das, stated in December 2024 that dedollarization for India was only a part of "derisking" Indian trade and reducing dependence on any one currency since that may become "problematic".[235] While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided.[235] He also compared the Euro, and stated how nations in Euro countries are located in close proximity while that is not the case of BRICS.[235] This was in response to a question about President-elect Trump warning about tariffs.[235]

Former ambassador D. Bala Venkatesh Varma, in an interview with the think tank India Foundation, states that India's stance in BRICS is "pro-India" and "claiming that BRICS is dominated by China is an exaggeration".[236]

At the 17th BRICS Summit held in Rio de Janeiro on July 7, 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that India would give a “new form” to the BRICS grouping during its presidency in 2026. He proposed redefining BRICS as "Building Resilience and Innovation for Cooperation and Sustainability" and emphasized a people-centric approach, drawing parallels with India’s G-20 presidency where the Global South was prioritized. Modi affirmed that India would advance BRICS with a focus on "humanity first," highlighting the need for joint global efforts to address common challenges such as pandemics and climate change.[237] Modi also called for urgent reform of global institutions to reflect the realities of the 21st century, emphasizing greater representation for the Global South and criticizing outdated structures like the UN Security Council and World Trade Organization.[197]

#### Stance on terrorism

[edit]

At the 16th BRICS Summit, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi reiterated India’s firm stance against terrorism, urging unified action and warning against “double standards” in tackling terror and its financing. He called on BRICS nations to work together to prevent youth radicalization and pushed for early adoption of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism at the UN, highlighting India’s call for credible and consistent global counter-terrorism efforts.[238]

At the 17th BRICS Summit, Prime Minister Modi strongly condemned the 2025 Pahalgam Attack, calling it a "direct attack on the soul, identity and dignity of India" and a blow to all of humanity. He urged the international community to reject double standards on terrorism, stating that "condemning terrorism should be our principle, not just a convenience," and emphasized that there should be no hesitation in imposing sanctions against terrorists, regardless of political considerations. Subsequently, the BRICS declaration acknowledged India’s concerns, stating, “We condemn in the strongest terms the terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on April 22, 2025, during which 26 people were killed,” in reference to the Pahalgam attack.[197]

#### Stance on conflicts

[edit]

At the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed India’s commitment to diplomacy and dialogue, stating that "India stands for peace, not war." He reiterated India's position on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, emphasizing the importance of a peaceful resolution through engagement and negotiation. Modi’s remarks underscored India's broader approach to global conflict—favoring multilateralism and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.[238]

### Iran

[edit]

Iran's admission as a member in 2023 has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".[239][240] Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as president stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing".[241] Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.[242]

### Russia

[edit]

In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective.[243] The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world’s financial and trading systems."[243]

In 2024, President Putin speaking at a BRICS forum said "BRICS is one of the key elements of the emerging multipolar world order, which increasingly reflects the interests and aspirations of the states of both the global South and the East ... we are engaged in an active dialogue in the BRICS plus/outreach format, and are working to establish a category of partner states".[244] At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.[194]

In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules".[5] New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority".[245] Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.[245]

President Putin quoted Prime Minister Narendra Modi in saying that BRICS is not anti-western but non-western.[233]

A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1500 respondents had never heard about BRICS.[246] Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.[246]

In 2025, Victoria Panova, Head of the BRICS Expert Council—Russia, has stated that while BRICS aims to make a fairer world order, it "doesn’t have an aim of expansion as an aim in itself." The aim isn't to duplicate the UN's Assembly General.[247]

In March 2025, President Putin has suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process.[248]

According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements.[249] Firstly prior cooperation and current relationship with the West is a major factor in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned.[249] Secondly, the speed of decision making varies with respect to making changes in economic governance, say when it concerns a new currency or settlement mechanism.[249] Third, bilateral relations between countries such as China and India, and Saudi Arabia and Iran, have not always been amicable.[249]

### Ukraine

[edit]

In an October 2024 interview to The Times of India, President Zelensky said that the Kazan summit was a total failure.[250] President Zelensky also criticized the presence of UN secretary general at the summit.[250] The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS' role "in boosting global co-operation".[251]

### United States

[edit]

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[252]

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[253]

According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests.[193] Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.[193]

Michael Kugelman writes in BBC that "Brics projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."[254]

White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival.[255][176] Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation.[176] Following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, the US National Security Advisor stated that it does not possess a "serious challenge".[220]

In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% United States tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar.[256][257] As US president he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term.[258][259] On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS.[260] In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".[261][262] He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat.[263][264]

Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia";[265] the same goes for Iran.[266] Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.[265]

Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".[267]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[21]

In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.[28]

### Global opinion

[edit]

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.[268][269]

## Current leaders

[edit]

Current leading member state representatives:

Member  |  Brazil  |  Russia  |  India  |  China  |  South Africa

|
|
|
|
|

Image  |  |  |  |  |
Name  | Lula da Silva | Vladimir Putin | Narendra Modi | Xi Jinping | Cyril Ramaphosa
Position  | President of Brazil | President of Russia | Prime Minister of India | President of China[c] | President of South Africa
Member  |  Egypt  |  Ethiopia  |  Indonesia  |  Iran  |  United Arab Emirates

|
|
|
|
|

Image  |  |  |  | thumb.jpg |
Name  | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Abiy Ahmed | Prabowo Subianto | Masoud Pezeshkian | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Position  | President of Egypt | Prime Minister of Ethiopia | President of Indonesia | President of Iran[d] | President of the United Arab Emirates

## See also

[edit]

* Belt and Road Initiative – Chinese global infrastructure project
* BRICS Games – Multi-sport event involving athletes from the BRICS+ Nations
* Developing country – Nation with a relatively low living standard
* East–West dichotomy – Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
* Emerging power – Nation or block with steadily rising influence in world affairs
* List of multilateral free-trade agreements – Free trade agreements listPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* MIKTA – Informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia
* G7 – Intergovernmental political and economic forum
* Potential superpowers – Entity speculated to be or become a superpowerPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Eurasian multilateral security organization
* ASEAN – International organization of Southeast Asian countries
* Mercosul – South American economic agreementPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* BRICS PAY
* G20
* Member states of BRICS
* Non-Aligned Movement
* OPEC
* List of BRICS summit attendees
* List of country groupings
* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Universities League

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.[citation needed]
2. ^ The General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam is the supreme leader in a one-party communist state. The general secretary is also the secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam, being the de facto Commander-in-Chief of the People's Army of Vietnam.
3. ^ The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party is the top position in China, which is a one-party communist state.
4. ^ The Supreme Leader is the top position in Iran, which is a theocratic Islamic republic.

## References

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

Secondary sources

* Rewizorski, Marek (2016). "BRICS in the G20? The Involvement of Rising Powers in the Premier Forum of Global Governance" (PDF). Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations. 52 (1): 211–222\. doi:10.7366/020909611201611. ISSN 0209-0961. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2025.
* Gavrilenko, Vladimir; Shenshin, Victor (2024). "BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries". BRICS Law Journal. 11 (3): 9–53\. doi:10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-9-53. Archived from the original on 5 March 2025.
* Alpher, Yossi (September 2014), Israel and the BRICS (PDF), Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center
* Abdenur, Adriana Erthal (September 2016). "Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict". Rising Powers Quarterly. 1 (1): 109–133.
* Chatterjee, Mihika; and Naka, Ikuno (2 January 2022). "Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land". Oxford Development Studies. 50 (1): 2–13\. doi:10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191. ISSN 1360-0818.
* Patrick, Stewart; Hogan, Erica; Stuenkel, Oliver; Gabuev, Alexander; Tellis, Ashley J.; Zhao, Tong; Carvalho, Gustavo de; Gruzd, Steven; Hamzawy, Amr; Kebret, Etsehiwot; Noor, Elina; Sadjadpour, Karim; Al-Ketbi, Ebtesam; Mijares, Victor; Eguegu, Ovigwe (31 March 2025). "BRICS Expansion and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States, Partners, and Aspirants". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
* Banerjee, Stuti (22 August 2017). "BRICS Summits and Outlook on Terrorism". Indian Council of World Affairs.

Primary sources

* BRICS Joint Statistical Publication 2024. Archive
* Towards a long-term strategy for BRICS. A proposal by the BRICS Think Tanks Council. Archive
* BRICS Membership Expansion Guiding Principles, Standards, Criteria and Procedures. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2024. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2023. Archive
* BRICS Economic Bulletin 2021. Archive
* BRICS Cooperation Outcomes 2021. Archive
* BRICS Counter Terrorism Action Plan 2021. Archive

### Declarations

[edit]

* "Kazan Declaration : Strengthening Multilateralism For Just Global Development And Security". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 23 October 2024. Archived from the original on 7 December 2024.
* "15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration" (PDF). 24 August 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2023 – via Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.
* "XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 23 June 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022.
* "XIII BRICS Summit- New Delhi Declaration". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 9 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021.
* "XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration". 17 November 2020 – via Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China.

### BRICS Academic Review

[edit]

* "BRICS 2018. Tapping into Africa's Beating Drum" (PDF). BRICS Academic Review (1). 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2024.
* "BRICS: Economic Recovery, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Multilateralism" (PDF). BRICS Academic Review (6). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2025.
* "BRICS & Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism" (PDF). BRICS Academic Review (8). 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2024.
* "BRICS & Russia: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security" (PDF). BRICS Academic Review (9). 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to BRICS at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to BRICS at Wikiquote
* BRICS information portal a Joint website of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the BRICS member States
* BRICS Joint Statistical Publication
* BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto

### Journals

[edit]

* BRICS Law Journal
* Journal of BRICS Studies
* BRICS Journal of Economics

* v
* t
* e

BRICS

Membership|

* Brazil
* Russia
* India
* China
* South Africa
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Iran
* United Arab Emirates
* Indonesia

Summits|

1. Yekaterinburg 2009
2. Brasília 2010
3. Sanya 2011
4. New Delhi 2012
5. Durban 2013
6. Fortaleza 2014
7. Ufa 2015
8. Goa 2016
9. Xiamen 2017
10. Johannesburg 2018
11. Brasília 2019
12. Saint Petersburg 2020
13. New Delhi 2021
14. Beijing 2022
15. Johannesburg 2023
16. Kazan 2024
17. Rio de Janeiro 2025
18. TBD 2026

Bilateral relations|

* Brazil–China
* Brazil–India
* Brazil–Russia
* Brazil–South Africa
* China–India
* China–Russia
* China–South Africa
* India–Russia
* India–South Africa
* Russia–South Africa

Leaders|

* Lula
* Putin
* Modi
* Xi
* Ramaphosa
* Sisi
* Ahmed
* Pezeshkian
* Al Nahyan
* Prabowo

Sports|

* BRICS U-17 Football Cup
* 2016 Goa
* 2018 Johannesburg
* BRICS Games
* 2024 Kazan
* Athletics
* Badminton
* Gymnastics

Related|

* BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
* BRICS Cable
* BRICS Universities League
* New Development Bank
* BRICS PAY
* BRIC (economics term)

Articles related to BRICS

* v
* t
* e

Power in international relations

| Types|

* Climate
* Economic
* Energy
* Food
* Hard
* Maritime
* National
* Politics
* Realpolitik
* Sharp
* Smart
* Soft

|

Status|

* Small
* Middle
* Regional
* Emerging
* Great (Least Great)
* Super (Potential)

Geopolitics|

* African
* American (Pax)
* Asian
* Chinese
* Indian
* Pacific

History|

* List of ancient great powers
* List of medieval great powers
* List of modern great powers
* International relations (1814–1919)

Theory|

* American decline
* Balance of power
* European
* Deterrence theory
* Hegemonic stability theory
* Internationalism
* Multilateralism
* Philosophy of power
* Polarity
* Power projection
* Power transition theory
* Second Superpower
* Sphere of influence
* Superpower collapse
* Superpower disengagement

Studies|

* Composite Index of National Capability
* Comprehensive National Power

Organizations and groups by region

| Africa|

* African Union
* Union for the Mediterranean

|

Africa–Asia|

* Arab League
* Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)

Americas|

* Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
* Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
* Central American Integration System (SICA)
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
* Mercosur
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Organization of American States (OAS)
* Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Asia|

* Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
* Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
* Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)

Europe|

* Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
* Council of Europe (CoE)
* European Political Community (EPC)
* European Union (EU)
* Nordic Council
* Visegrád Group (V4)

Eurasia|

* Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
* Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
* Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
* Organization of Turkic States

North America–Europe|

* Arctic Council
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Africa–Asia–Europe|

* Union for the Mediterranean

Africa–South America|

* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone

Oceania–Pacific|

* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
* Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
* Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
* Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
* Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)

Non–regional|

* Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
* Commonwealth of Nations
* Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
* E9
* G4
* G7
* G8
* G8+5
* G20
* G24
* G77
* India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
* Uniting for Consensus

Global|

* United Nations (UN)

* v
* t
* e

International relations

* Glossary

Organizations|

| Present|

* BRICS
* Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
* International Criminal Court (ICC)
* Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
* North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
* United Nations (UN)

|

Past|

* League of Nations
* Warsaw Pact

History|

* 1648–1814
* 1814–1919
* 1919–1939
* Diplomatic history of World War II
* Cold War
* International relations since 1989

Concepts|

* Alliance
* Entente
* Coalition
* Military
* Appeasement
* Co-belligerence
* Collective security
* Colonialism / Colonization
* Crisis
* Deterrence theory
* Expansionism
* Grey-zone
* Hegemony
* Idealism
* Imperialism
* International community
* Internationalism
* Internationality
* Liberal
* Interventionism
* Isolationism
* National interest
* Neutral country
* Non-belligerent
* Non-state actor
* Peace
* Power
* Regionalism
* Right of conquest
* Sovereignty
* Suzerainty
* Treaty
* Bilateral
* Friendship
* Multilateral
* Non-aggression
* Peace
* War
* Whole-of-society

Theory|

* Constructivism
* English school
* Feminism
* Liberalism
* Marxism
* Postcolonialism
* Realism

Related fields and subfields|

* Comparative politics
* Counterproliferation
* Diplomacy
* Foreign policy analysis
* Geopolitics
* International law
* International political economy
* International political sociology
* Peace and conflict studies
* Security studies

* v
* t
* e

South–South cooperation and Third Worldism

Global South|

| Development|

* Landlocked developing countries
* Least developed countries
* Heavily indebted poor countries

|

Markets|

* Emerging markets
* Newly industrialized country
* Transition economy

Worlds theory|

* First World
* Second World
* Third World
* Fourth World

Geopolitics|

* Decolonization
* Cold War
* Neocolonialism
* Multipolarity
* World Conference against Racism
* Durban I
* Durban II
* Durban III
* Globalization

Finance|

* Debt
* Asian Clearing Union
* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* Asian Development Bank
* Arab Monetary Fund
* BancoSur
* BRIC (economics term)
* Caribbean Development Bank
* Common Fund for Commodities
* New Development Bank
* OPEC Fund for International Development

Trade and
development

* Developmental state
* Flying geese paradigm
* Infrastructure-based development
* Sustainable development
* Global System of Trade Preferences
* Protocol on Trade Negotiations
* New International Economic Order
* New World Information and Communication Order
* United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
* United Nations Development Programme
* United Nations Industrial Development Organization

Public health|

* Generic drugs
* biosimilar
* Pharmaceutical patents
* criticism
* Test data exclusivity
* Doha Declaration
* World Health Organization

Organizations
and groups

* G-5
* G-77
* G-15
* D-8
* G20 developing nations (G-20)
* G-24
* G33 developing countries (G-33)
* G-11
* G-90
* Non-Aligned Movement
* African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
* African Union
* Afro–Asian Conference
* BASIC countries
* BRICS
* Association of Southeast Asian Nations
* Colombo Plan
* Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
* IBSA Dialogue Forum
* International Solar Alliance
* Melanesian Spearhead Group
* North–South Summit
* Polynesian Leaders Group
* South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
* South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
* Small Island Developing States
* South Centre

North–South
divide

* Brandt Report
* Global financial system
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* World Trade Organization
* Fair trade
* Financial regulation
* Global digital divide

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Brazil

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Cape Verde
* DR Congo
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Guinea-Bissau
* Kenya
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* South Africa
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Lithuania
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* United Nations
* G4
* G8+5
* G20
* BRICS
* IBSA
* CPLP
* Mercosur
* Unasul

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of Brazil
* Diplomatic missions in Brazil
* UNSC reform
* Brazilian Antarctica
* Wars involving Brazil
* Treaties of Brazil
* Brazil and weapons of mass destruction
* Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
* Ambassadors of Brazil

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Egypt

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Guatemala
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Armenia
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Syria
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

| EU|

* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Italy
* Poland
* Slovenia
* Spain

|

* Albania
* Kosovo
* Russia
* Serbia
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* African Union
* Arab League (1964, 1964, 1970)
* ASPA
* European Union
* Union for the Mediterranean
* Non-Aligned Movement (2nd Summit)

Disputes

* Arab–Israeli conflict

Related topics

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister
* Diplomatic missions of / in Egypt
* Egyptian diaspora
* Egyptian diplomats
* EAPD
* EFTCA

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Ethiopia

Africa|

* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Kenya
* Nigeria
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan

Americas|

* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Mexico
* United States

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Turkey

Europe|

* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Norway
* Russia
* Poland
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* United Kingdom

Former|

* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* African Union
* European Union

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of / in Ethiopia

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of India

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Republic of the Congo
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* Tibet
* East Timor
* Georgia
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Holy See
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Cayman Islands

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Former|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue
* ASEAN
* Africa (Summit)
* BASIC
* BIMSTEC
* BBIN
* BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit)
* Central Asia
* Commonwealth of Nations
* East Asia Summit
* European Union
* G4
* G20
* G77
* I2U2 Group
* IBSA
* Indian Ocean Naval Symposium
* Indian Ocean Rim Association
* Pacific Islands
* Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation
* Latin America
* International Solar Alliance
* Mekong–Ganga Cooperation
* Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit)
* Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
* Sanctions
* SAARC
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* United Nations

Diplomacy

* History
* Ministry of External Affairs
* Minister
* Foreign Secretary
* Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai)
* Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India
* Foreign aid by India / to India
* Indian diaspora
* Overseas citizens
* Foreign policy
* ITEC programme
* Look East policy
* Pan-African e-Network project
* Indira Gandhi government
* Narendra Modi government
* Asian
* Middle Eastern
* Act East)
* Kashmir conflict
* Siachen conflict
* Conflicts with Pakistan
* Disputes with China
* Disputes with Nepal
* State visits to India
* State visits by prime ministers of India
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Indira Gandhi
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Manmohan Singh
* Narendra Modi
* Visits by external affairs ministers of India
* Salman Khurshid
* S. Jaishankar

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Indonesia

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Mexico
* Panama
* Peru
* Suriname
* United States
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China (Hong Kong)
* Georgia
* India
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Former|

* Yugoslavia
* Soviet Union

Multilateral relations

* APEC
* ASEAN
* BRICS
* CTBTO
* D-8
* European Union
* FATF
* G20
* NAM
* OIC
* United Nations
* WTO

Diplomacy

| Treaties|

* The Hague
* Manila Accord
* Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia

|

Disputes|

* Ambalat dispute
* Ligitan and Sipadan dispute

Missions|

* Diplomatic missions of / in Indonesia
* List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta

Related topics|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Indonesian diaspora
* Indonesian diplomats

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Iran

Africa|

* Algeria
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Egypt
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Libya
* Morocco
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Mexico
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* Georgia
* History
* India
* Indonesia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Belarus
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Former|

* Czechoslovakia
* Rome
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations|

* Arab League
* European Union
* NATO

Disputes|

* Nuclear program
* Views
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Sanctions
* U.S. sanctions

Related|

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Diplomatic missions of / in Iran
* Trade Promotion Organization of Iran
* Foreign direct investment in Iran
* Propaganda in Iran
* Iranian diaspora
* Ambassadors from Iran
* Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Russia

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Ecuador
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Russian Empire
* Soviet Union
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Hamas
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Transnistria
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* Donetsk PR
* Luhansk PR
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

Multilateral relations

* BRICS
* European Union
* NATO
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of Russia
* Russia and the Antarctic
* Near Abroad

Diplomacy

* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of Russia / in Russia
* European energy sector
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Eurasian Economic Union
* Military Cooperation
* Treaties
* Military doctrine
* Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of South Africa

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Republic of the Congo
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mauritius
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Sahrawi Republic
* Tanzania
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Peru
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay

Asia|

* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* South Korea
* Syria
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Europe|

* Bulgaria
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Ireland
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Multilateral relations

* European Union
* Commonwealth of Nations
* BRICS
* G8+5
* G20
* IBSA
* SACU
* Africa–India Forum Summit
* African Union

Diplomacy

* Diplomatic missions of South Africa
* Diplomatic missions in South Africa
* Department of International Relations and Cooperation
* UNSC reform
* South African National Antarctic Programme

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of China

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Congo, Democratic Republic of the
* Congo, Republic of the
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

|

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* history
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* History
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* History
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Northern Domination
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* Cook Islands
* Fiji
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Micronesia
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Niue
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu

Former states|

* Soviet Union
* Yugoslavia

Multilateral relations

* BCIM Economic Corridor
* BIMSTEC
* Africa
* Arab League
* BRICS
* Caribbean
* China–Japan–South Korea
* European Union
* Latin America
* Oceania
* Third World
* United Nations
* Arctic policy of China
* China and the Antarctic

Diplomacy

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission (General Secretary)
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Foreign Minister)
* Diplomatic missions of China / in China
* Belt and Road Initiative
* China's core interests
* China's peaceful rise
* Chinese Century
* Chinese sanctions
* Confucius Institute
* Dates of diplomatic recognition
* Foreign policy of China
* Foreign Relations Law
* Foreign relations of Hong Kong
* Nine-dash line
* Panda diplomacy
* Political status of Taiwan
* Chinese unification
* One China principle
* Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
* Stadium diplomacy
* String of Pearls
* Major historical splits
* Soviet
* Albania
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* Treaties
* Theater diplomacy
* Wolf warrior diplomacy
* Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy

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* e

Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates

Bilateral relations

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Kenya
* Libya
* Somalia (Somaliland)
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tanzania

|

Americas|

* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Mexico
* Peru
* United States

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Cyprus
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Poland
* Portugal
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates / in the United Arab Emirates

Multilateral relations

* United Nations (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO)
* Arab League (ALECSO, CAEU, AMF)
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* OPEC
* BRICS
* Non-Aligned Movement
* World Trade Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* International Monetary Fund
* World Bank
* International Monetary Fund
* International Maritime Security Construct
* Indo-Abrahamic Alliance

* v
* t
* e

China–India relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, New Delhi
* Ambassadors of China to India
* Embassy of India, Beijing
* Ambassadors of India to China

Diplomacy|

* Greater East Asia Conference
* 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement
* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* 2007 Delhi security summit

Conflicts|

* Sino-Indian War
* Origins of the Sino-Indian War
* 1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
* Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
* Forward policy
* Internment of Chinese Indians
* Nathu La and Cho La clashes
* 1987 skirmish
* 2013 Depsang standoff
* 2017 border standoff
* 2020–2021 skirmishes
* Timeline
* Chinese order of battle
* Indian order of battle

Sino-Indian border dispute|

* Aksai Chin
* Dakpa Sheri
* Dehra Compass
* Depsang Bulge
* Doklam
* Sirijap
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Sino-Pakistan Agreement
* Line of Actual Control
* Differing perceptions of the LAC
* Infrastructure
* Roads
* Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
* Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
* Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
* Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
* India–China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
* Special Representative mechanism on the India–China boundary question
* Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
* Border Personnel Meeting Point

Economic relations|

* BRICS
* BASIC
* BCIM Economic Corridor
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Related|

* Hong Kong–India relations
* India–Taiwan relations
* India–Tibet relations
* Five Fingers of Tibet
* Chindia
* Chinas
* Cheena Bhavana
* China–India railway
* China Study Group
* Tan Yun-Shan
* Zhengyou
* Chola–Chinese relations
* Tamil–Chinese relations

Category:China–India relations

* v
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* e

China–Russia relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of China, Moscow
* Ambassadors of Russia to China
* Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai

Diplomacy|

* 1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
* 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
* Altai gas pipeline
* 2007 Delhi security summit
* Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
* Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
* BRICS
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
* State visits by Xi Jinping to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa and Congo
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2024 visit by Vladimir Putin to China
* 2025 state visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Cooperation & Incidents|

* China-Russia Friendship Association
* China-Russia Expo
* New Star incident

Military relations|

* Vostok 2018
* Chinese missile warning system
* Marine Security Belt

Related|

* History of Sino-Russian relations
* Sino-Soviet relations
* China–Russia border
* Trans-Zeya villages
* Outer Manchuria
* China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Russo-Chinese Bank Building
* Shenzhen MSU-BIT University
* Chinese Eastern Railway
* Chinese Orthodox Church
* Second Cold War
* Cyrillization of Chinese
* Li Yueran
* China and Russia
* Axis of Upheaval

Category:China–Russia relations

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

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