Bahrain–Syria relations

Bilateral relations

Bilateral relations

Bahraini–Syrian relations
العلاقات البحرينية–السورية

Bahrain |
Syria
Diplomatic mission
Bahraini Embassy, Damascus| Syrian Embassy, Manama[a]
Envoy
Waheed Mubarak Sayyar| Mohammed Ali Ibrahim

Bahrain–Syria relations were established on 23 January 1975.[2] Bahrain has an embassy in Damascus and Syria has an embassy in Manama. The two Arab nations share historical, cultural, and regional ties rooted in their membership in the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

While Bahrain and Syria have experienced periods of cooperation and shared interests, their relations have also faced challenges, particularly in the context of regional conflicts and political crises.

## History

[edit]

Bahrain and Syria established formal diplomatic relations on 23 January 1975,[2] shortly after Bahrain gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. The two countries initially enjoyed cordial relations, driven by shared goals within Arab regional organizations and a mutual interest in supporting the Palestinian cause and maintaining stability in the Arab world.[3]

### Cooperation and diplomacy (1980–2011)

[edit]

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Bahrain and Syria generally maintained a stable diplomatic relationship, with high-level visits and exchanges of representatives that signaled mutual cooperation. During these decades, both countries advocated for greater Arab unity and were generally supportive of regional initiatives within the Arab League, such as economic cooperation agreements and collective security arrangements.[4]

Bahrain and Syria cooperated on a number of political issues, including their mutual opposition to the 1978 Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel, which they viewed as a potential threat to pan-Arab unity.[5] Their cooperation also extended to support for Lebanon, as both countries participated in diplomatic efforts to resolve the Lebanese Civil War.[6]

### Relations amid the Syrian Civil War (2011–2018)

[edit]

The onset of the Syrian civil war in 2011 marked a major turning point in Bahrain–Syria relations.[7] Bahrain was among the Gulf Cooperation Council countries that initially condemned the Syrian government’s response to the protests and expressed support for the opposition groups challenging President Bashar al-Assad's rule.[8] In 2012, Bahrain closed its embassy in Damascus as part of a broader regional response from the GCC, which sought to isolate the Syrian government diplomatically.[9]

Despite the suspension of direct diplomatic relations, Bahrain maintained a more restrained approach to the Syrian conflict compared to some other GCC countries, such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which were actively involved in supporting anti-Assad forces.[10] Bahrain refrained from substantial involvement in military or financial support for the Syrian opposition, although it remained aligned with GCC positions on the issue.[11]

### Re-establishment of relations (2018–2024)

[edit]

In recent years, Bahrain has moved to re-establish diplomatic ties with Syria as part of a wider trend among Arab nations seeking to reintegrate Syria into regional institutions.[12] In 2018, Bahrain announced the reopening of its embassy in Damascus, becoming one of the first GCC countries to restore its diplomatic mission in Syria. This decision aligned with a broader shift in regional attitudes toward Syria, as several Arab countries expressed a willingness to normalize relations with the Syrian government,[13] viewing it as a potential means to stabilize the region and counterbalance other influences in the Middle East, such as those from Iran and Turkey.[citation needed]

Bahrain’s efforts to normalize relations with Syria also reflected broader strategic interests, particularly its desire to maintain a cohesive stance within the Arab League and to reduce regional tensions. This normalization process has continued gradually, with discussions of trade,[14] security cooperation, and regional stability being central to the renewed diplomatic engagement between the two countries.

On 19 June 2022, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad received the credentials of Ambassador Waheed Mubarak Sayyar in an official ceremony attended by Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad.[15]

In 2024, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad met with Bahrain's Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani in Damascus in the first visit by a Bahraini foreign minister to Syria in 13 years.[16] At the 33rd Arab Summit in May 2024, President al-Assad met with King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa for the first time in 13 years.[17]

### Post-Assad regime relations

[edit]

On 13 December 2024, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa expressed Bahrain's readiness for collaboration and continued consultations with Syria's new administration following the fall of the Assad regime.[18] Later that month, on 28 December, a Bahraini delegation led by Strategic Security Bureau chief, Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Al Khalifa, visited Damascus to meet with Ahmed al-Sharaa, leader of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham, marking Bahrain's intent to reestablish ties and support the Syrian transitional government.[19]

## Economic relations

[edit]

Economic exchanges between Bahrain and Syria have historically been limited due to the size of their respective economies and differing priorities within the Middle East. Before the Syrian civil war, trade between the two countries was modest, and there were few significant investments or economic agreements. However, both nations occasionally engaged in joint economic forums and initiatives under the umbrella of the Arab League to promote inter-Arab trade and investment.

Since the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 2018, Bahrain and Syria have expressed interest in strengthening economic ties, although concrete progress has been limited.[14]

## Diplomatic missions

[edit]

* Bahrain currently maintains an embassy in Damascus, which it reopened in December 2018.[20]
* Syria has an embassy in Manama.[21]

## See also

[edit]

* Foreign relations of Bahrain
* Foreign relations of Syria
* Arab League

* Asia portal
* Bahrain portal
* Politics portal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Until 2023, together with the Syrian embassy in Abu Dhabi, the Syrian Embassy in Manama was also responsible for Syrian interests in Saudi Arabia[1]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "الدول التي لا يوجد فيها تمثيل دبلوماسي" [Countries where there is no diplomatic representation]. Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
2. ^ a b "Syria - GCC Relations" (PDF). Gulf Research Center. June 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
3. ^ "Arab League Summit Conferences, 1964-2000". The Washington Institute. 19 October 2000. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
4. ^ "Bahrain - Syrian Arab Republic BIT (2000)". UNCTAD. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
5. ^ "عندما قاطعت دول عربية مصر بسبب اتفاق "كامب ديفيد" مع إسرائيل" [When Arab countries boycotted Egypt because of the "Camp David" agreement with Israel]. Hespress (in Arabic). 5 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
6. ^ "Beirut to Algiers: The Arab League's Role in the Lebanon Crisis". The Washington Institute. 21 March 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
7. ^ "Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia Pull Ambassadors From Syria". The Huffington Post. 8 August 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
8. ^ "Where Do Gulf States Stand on Syria's Decade-Old Conflict?". Politics Today. 31 March 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
9. ^ "Bahrain shuts embassy in Syria, withdraws diplomats". Reuters. 15 March 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
10. ^ "Gulf Calculations in the Syrian Conflict". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 9 June 2014. Archived from the original on 3 November 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
11. ^ "Bahraini killed in Syria fight, government warns citizens". The Daily Star. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
12. ^ "التطبيع العربي مع نظام الأسد.. الدوافع والدلالات والعقبات (مقال تحليلي)" [Arab normalization with the Assad regime: motives, implications, and obstacles (Analytical article)]. Anadolu Agency (in Arabic). 11 October 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
13. ^ "Bahrain to reopen Damascus embassy: Foreign Ministry". Anadolu Agency. 28 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
14. ^ a b "العلاقات التجارية بين سوريا والبحرين تتجاوز 6 ملايين دينار بحريني.. ومساعٍ لتعزيز التعاون الاقتصادي" [Trade relations between Syria and Bahrain exceed 6 million Bahraini dinars, and efforts are underway to strengthen economic cooperation]. Syria-ex (in Arabic). 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
15. ^ "الرئيس السوري يتسلم أوراق اعتماد سفير البحرين الجديد" [The Syrian President receives the credentials of the new Bahraini ambassador]. Sky News Arabia (in Arabic). 20 June 2022. Archived from the original on 29 June 2025. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
16. ^ "وزير خارجية البحرين يلتقي بشار الأسد في أول زيارة لدمشق منذ 2011" [Bahrain's Foreign Minister meets Bashar al-Assad in his first visit to Damascus since]. The New Arab. 28 April 2024. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
17. ^ Beatrice Farhat (16 May 2024). "Assad, Sisi, Gulf leaders in Bahrain for Arab League summit as Gaza war rages". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
18. ^ "جلالة الملك المعظم يبعث رسالة إلى القائد العام لفرقة التنسيق العسكري في الجمهورية العربية السورية" [His Majesty the King sends a message to the Commander-in-Chief of the Military Coordination Division in the Syrian Arab Republic]. Bahrain News Agency (in Arabic). 13 December 2024. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
19. ^ "وفدان عربيان يصلان سوريا للقاء الشرع والحكومة الجديدة" [Two Arab delegations arrive in Syria to meet with al-Sharaa and the new government]. Alhurra (in Arabic). 28 December 2024. Archived from the original on 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
20. ^ "Bahrain to resume work at embassy in Syria after UAE move". TRT World. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
21. ^ "سفارة الجمهورية العربية السورية - المنامة" [Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic - Manama]. Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Bahrain

Americas|

* United States

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

* Germany
* United Kingdom

Multilateral relations|

* European Union
* Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
* Arab League
* Gulf Cooperation Council
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of Bahrain / in Bahrain

* v
* t
* e

Foreign relations of Syria

Africa|

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Libya
* Morocco
* Sahrawi Republic
* Somalia
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Tunisia

Americas|

* Canada
* Chile
* Cuba
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* United States
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Abkhazia
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* South Korea
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

* Austria
* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Belgium
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* Estonia
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Holy See
* Hungary
* Italy
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Disputes|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* Lebanese Civil War
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005)
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria (2016–)
* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* International sanctions against Syria

Diplomatic missions|

* Diplomatic missions of Syria / in Syria

Multilateral|

* European Union

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template