Bari

City in Apulia, Italy

This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, see Bari (disambiguation).

"Barese" redirects here. For other uses, see Barese (disambiguation).

Comune in Apulia, Italy

Bari

Bare (Neapolitan)

Comune

Comune di Bari

Lungomare di Bari

Teatro Petruzzelli

Palazzo Mincuzzi

Basilica di San Nicola

Teatro Margherita

Flag

Coat of arms

Location of Bari

Bari

Location of Bari in Italy

Show map of Italy

Bari

Bari (Apulia)

Show map of Apulia

Coordinates: 41°07′31″N 16°52′0″E﻿ / ﻿41.12528°N 16.86667°E﻿ / 41.12528; 16.86667
Country| Italy
Region| Apulia
Metropolitan city| Bari (BA)
Government

• Mayor| Vito Leccese (PD)
Area

[1]

• Total

| 117 km2 (45 sq mi)
Elevation

| 5 m (16 ft)
Population

(2025)[2]

• Total

| 315,473
• Density| 2,700/km2 (7,000/sq mi)
Demonym| Barese
Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code|

70121-70132

Dialing code| 080
ISTAT code| 072006
Patron saint| St. Nicholas
Saint day| 8 May
Website| www.comune.bari.it

Bari (/ˈbɑːri/ BAR-ee, Italian: [ˈbaːri] ⓘ; Barese: Bare [ˈbæːrə]; Latin: Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea in southern Italy. It is one of the most important economic centres of mainland southern Italy. It is a port and university city as well as the city of Saint Nicholas. The city itself has a population of 315,473 inhabitants, and an area of over 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), while the urban area has 750,000 inhabitants. Its metropolitan province has 1.2 million inhabitants.[2]

Bari is made up of four different urban sections. To the north is the closely built old town on the peninsula between two modern harbours, with the Basilica of Saint Nicholas, the Cathedral of San Sabino (1035–1171) and the Norman-Swabian Castle, which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat quarter (erected by Joachim Murat), the modern heart of the city, which is laid out on a rectangular grid-plan with a promenade on the sea and the major shopping district (the via Sparano and via Argiro).

Modern residential zones surrounding the centre of Bari were built during the 1960s and 1970s replacing the old suburbs that had developed along roads splaying outwards from gates in the city walls. In addition, the outer suburbs developed rapidly during the 1990s.[3]

## History

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bari.

### Ancient

[edit]

Bari itself known in antiquity as Barium, was a harbour of the Iapygian Peuceti.[4][5] The authors of the Etymologicum Magnum have preserved an etymology by authors of antiquity about Barium, which they explain as the word "house" in Messapic.[6] The city had strong Greek influences before the Roman era.[7] In Ancient Greek, it was known as Βάριον. In the 3rd century BC, it became part of the Roman Republic and was subsequently Romanized. The city developed strategic significance as the point of junction between the coast road and the Via Traiana and as a port for eastward trade; a branch road to Tarentum led from Barium. Its harbour, mentioned as early as 181 BC, was probably the principal one of the districts in ancient times, as it is at present, and was the centre of a fishery.[8] The first historical bishop of Bari was Gervasius who was noted at the Council of Sardica in 347.[9]

### Middle Ages

[edit]

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Bari was invaded by Barbarians and occupied by the Ostrogoths. It was taken from them by the Byzantine Empire during the Gothic wars and disputed for the following two centuries with the Lombards of the Duchy of Benevento, who made it a steward.[10]

Throughout this period, and indeed throughout the Middle Ages, Bari served as one of the major slave depots of the Mediterranean, providing a central location for the trade in Slavic slaves.[11] The slaves were mostly captured by Venice from Dalmatia, by the Holy Roman Empire from what is now Eastern Germany and Poland, and by the Byzantines from elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine Empire and (most frequently) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean: the Abbasid Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Fatimid Caliphate (which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions of Sakalaba Mamluks).[12]

For 20 years, Bari was the centre of the Emirate of Bari; the city was captured by its first emirs Kalfun in 847, who had been part of the mercenary garrison installed there by Radelchis I of Benevento.[13] The city was conquered and the emirate extinguished in 871 following five-year campaign by Frankish Emperor Louis II, assisted by a Byzantine fleet.[14] Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari, "and then only to a Byzantine/Slav naval blockade"; "Louis took the credit" for the success, adding "at least in Frankish eyes", then concludes by noting that by remaining in southern Italy long after this success, he "achieved the near-impossible: an alliance against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans; later sources include Sawadān as well."[13] In 885, Bari became the residence of the local Byzantine catapan, or governor. The failed revolt (1009–1011) of the Lombard nobles Melus of Bari and his brother-in-law Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate, though it was firmly repressed at the Battle of Cannae (1018), offered their Norman adventurer allies a first foothold in the region.[citation needed] In 1025, under the Archbishop Byzantius, Bari became attached to the see of Rome and was granted "provincial" status.[15]

In 1071, Bari was captured by Robert Guiscard, following a three-year siege, ending what remained of the Byzantine power in the region.[16] Following this, Bari's physical and political landscapes were changed: the praetorium which had functioned as a political centre was converted into the Basilica of Saint Nicholas. Relics of Saint Nicholas were brought to Bari in 1087 and installed in the basilica.[17]

In 1095, Peter the Hermit preached the First Crusade there.[8] In October 1098, Urban II, who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened the Council of Bari, one of a series of synods convoked with the intention of reconciling the Eastern and Western Church on the question of the filioque clause in the Creed, which Anselm ably defended, seated at the pope's side.[18]

In 1136 the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair, captured Bari.[19] A Byzantine army took control of Bari from William I of Sicily in 1155. William recaptured the city the following year, and on finding that his house had been destroyed began a campaign of reprisals causing widespread destruction across the city. The city walls were destroyed, an act which archaeologist Giulia Bellato suggests was a symbolic downgrading of Bari's status and that of its inhabitants. The events are chronicled by Hugo Falcandus.[17]

During Joanna I of Naples' conflict with Hungary, Bari was besieged in 1349 and captured by a combined Germany and Hungarian army.[20]

### Early modern period

[edit]

Main article: Duchy of Bari

19th-century image of the port of Bari

A long period of decline characterized the city under the dominations of Aldoino Filangieri di Candida, and those of the Kings of Naples, which held the control of the entire mainland southern Italy from 1282 to 1806. This decline was interrupted, however, by the splendor under the Sforzas, who ruled the city as Dukes of Bari, a title given by the Neapolitan crown, in particular under the rule of the dukes Ludovico and Beatrice d'Este, then of the duchesses Isabella of Aragon and Bona Sforza. Bari also underwent Venetian domination, which led to the expansion of the port and a very prosperous period, also favored by the trade of inland products, which were in great demand on foreign markets.[21][22]

In 1556, Princess Bona Sforza of Aragon, second wife of the King of Poland Sigismund I, left Poland and settled in Bari, whose principality she had inherited from her parents. During her reign, she fortified the city's castle, as evidenced by an inscription in bronze letters on the cornice around the courtyard, as well as building several churches, a monastery, two water cisterns and made many donations to the monks of the Basilica of San Nicola. Bona Sforza died in the city in 1557.[22] Following her death, the city of Bari came under the direct rule of the kings of Naples.[23]

In 1813, Joachim Murat, King of Naples in the Napoleonic era, began a new urbanization, changing the face of the city and setting a new "chessboard" growth model, which continued for many years to come. The village built at the time on the outskirts of the old city still retains its name.[24]

Modern plumbing arrived in the city of Bari on 24 April 1915: it was the first completed leg of the nascent Apulian Aqueduct. During the 1930s, Araldo di Crollalanza, the mayor and minister of Bari, oversaw the development of its modern waterfront.[25]

### World War II

[edit]

On 11 September 1943, in connection with the Armistice of Cassibile, Bari was taken without resistance by the British 1st Airborne Division, [citation needed] then during October and November 1943, New Zealand troops from the 2nd New Zealand Division assembled in Bari.[26]

#### The 1943 chemical warfare disaster

[edit]

See also: Air raid on Bari

The SS John Harvey on fire
on 2 December 1943, at Bari

A fleet of German Luftwaffe bombers attacked Allied forces and shipping in Bari on 2 December 1943. An American ship, the SS John Harvey, carrying a secret cargo of 2,000 mustard gas bombs, was destroyed causing release of the gas into the air and sea, resulting in death, chemical burns, and blindness among sailors and the civilian population of the city.

A member of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower's medical staff, Stewart F. Alexander, was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland,[27][citation needed] and was familiar with some of the effects of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried by the John Harvey, and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement of this from the chain of command, Alexander convinced medical staffs to treat patients for mustard exposure and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, these samples would result in the development of an early form of chemotherapy based on mustard, Mustine.[28]

On the orders of Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Eisenhower, records were destroyed and the whole affair was kept secret for many years after the war. The U.S. records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the episode remained obscure until 1967, when writer Glenn B. Infield exposed the story in his book Disaster at Bari.[28] Additionally, there is considerable dispute as to the exact number of fatalities. In one account: "[S]ixty-nine deaths were attributed in whole or in part to the mustard gas, most of them American merchant seamen."[29] Others put the count as high as "more than one thousand Allied servicemen and more than one thousand Italian civilians".[30]

The affair is the subject of two books: the aforementioned Disaster at Bari, by Glenn B. Infield, and Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup, by Gerald Reminick.

In 1988, through the efforts of Nick T. Spark, U.S. Senators Dennis DeConcini and Bill Bradley, Stewart Alexander received recognition from the Surgeon General of the United States Army for his actions during the Bari disaster.[31]

#### Charles Henderson explosion

[edit]

The port of Bari was again struck by disaster on 9 April 1945 when the Liberty ship Charles Henderson exploded in the harbour while offloading 2,000 tons of aerial bombs (half of that amount had been offloaded when the explosion occurred). Three hundred and sixty people were killed and 1,730 were wounded. The harbour was again rendered non-operational, this time for a month.

* 9 April 1945 – view from the barracks. Photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band.

* 9 April 1945 – photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band

* 9 April 1945 – photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band

## Geography

[edit]

Bari is the largest urban and metro area on the Adriatic. It is located in southern Italy, at a more northerly latitude than Naples, further south than Rome.

### Climate

[edit]

Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa) bordering on a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) due to high evapotranspiration, with mild winters and hot, dry summers.

Climate data for Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1932–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 32.6
(90.7)  | 39.1
(102.4)  | 45.5
(113.9)  | 45.6
(114.1)  | 44.8
(112.6)  | 39.1
(102.4)  | 35.2
(95.4)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 45.6
(114.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 26.2
(79.2)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 21.1
(70.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 10.9
(51.6)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 25.4
(77.7)  | 25.4
(77.7)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 9.6
(49.3)  | 16.3
(61.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 4.1
(39.4)  | 4.2
(39.6)  | 6.0
(42.8)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 5.8
(42.4)  | 11.5
(52.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | −7.6
(18.3)  | −3.0
(26.6)  | −5.4
(22.3)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 3.6
(38.5)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | −3.6
(25.5)  | −7.6
(18.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 50.8
(2.00)  | 37.0
(1.46)  | 41.0
(1.61)  | 42.0
(1.65)  | 30.4
(1.20)  | 29.4
(1.16)  | 17.8
(0.70)  | 13.3
(0.52)  | 41.7
(1.64)  | 53.9
(2.12)  | 62.0
(2.44)  | 47.4
(1.87)  | 466.6
(18.37)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.4  | 5.6  | 6.5  | 6.0  | 4.5  | 3.0  | 1.9  | 2.3  | 4.8  | 5.5  | 7.0  | 7.0  | 61.4
Average relative humidity (%)  | 71.8  | 69.7  | 69.1  | 67.8  | 66.3  | 64.2  | 60.4  | 63.3  | 68.3  | 73.2  | 74.9  | 73.1  | 68.5
Source 1: NOAA[32]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico (extremes)[33]

### Quarters

[edit]

Municipi of Bari

Bari is divided into five municipalities (Municipi), constituted in 2014.[34] The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods (quartieri).[35]

Codice  | Nome  | Area  | Abitanti

|
|
|

1 | Municipio 1  | 24.07 km2 | 113,378
2 | Municipio 2  | 15.44 km2 | 91,303
3 | Municipio 3  | 22.51 km2 | 50,742
4 | Municipio 4  | 33.16 km2 | 38,566
5 | Municipio 5  | 21.56 km2 | 30,209

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1861| 44,572| —
1871| 61,541| +38.1%
1881| 72,624| +18.0%
1901| 94,236| +29.8%
1911| 121,633| +29.1%
1921| 136,247| +12.0%
1931| 172,600| +26.7%
1936| 197,918| +14.7%
1951| 268,183| +35.5%
1961| 312,023| +16.3%
1971| 357,274| +14.5%
1981| 371,022| +3.8%
1991| 342,309| −7.7%
2001| 316,532| −7.5%
2011| 315,933| −0.2%
2021| 315,948| +0.0%
Source: ISTAT[36][37]

As of 2015, there are 315,473 people residing in Bari of whom 48.1% were male and 51.9% were female, while 3.8% of the population were foreign residents.[38]

Residents by Region | Residents by Nationality

|

| Central / Eastern Europe | 2,047

|

European Union | 1,983
Western Asia | 1,948
South / Central Asia | 1,732
East Africa | 1,486
East Asia | 1,343
West Africa | 1,000
North Africa | 492
South / Central America | 368
North America | 54
South / Central Africa | 22
| Georgia | 1,664

|

Albania | 1,390
Romania | 1,171
Bangladesh | 828
China | 731
Mauritius | 689
Philippines | 561
Nigeria | 474
Pakistan | 353
India | 300
Somalia | 291

### Migration

[edit]

According to an urban migration study in Bari, return migration gain to urban areas is higher than migration loss from urban areas. People migrating from urban destinations tend to migrate to different places in comparison to people migrating from rural areas. These findings are based on the background and behavior of a sample of 211 return migrants to Bari, Italy. Bari is a port city, making it historically important because of its strong trade links with Greece, North Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. Bari's economic structure is based on industry, commerce, services, and administration. Around two-thirds of the city's employment is in the tertiary sector with its port, commerce, and administrative functions. The highest percentage of Bari's working population is employed in services, with 45.6%. From 1958 to 1982, around 20% of migrants left Bari for other Italian communes, while around 17% or migrants came to Bari from other Italian communes. Under 2% of migrants left Bari to go abroad and came to the city from abroad.[39]

## Culture

[edit]

### Cuisine and gastronomy

[edit]

A dish of orecchiette

Bari's cuisine is based on three typical agricultural products found within the surrounding region of Apulia, namely wheat, olive oil, and wine.[40]

## Sport

[edit]

See also: History of SSC Bari

Stadio San Nicola

Local football club S.S.C. Bari, currently competing in Serie B (as of the 2024–2025 season), plays in the Stadio San Nicola, an architecturally innovative 58,000-seater stadium purpose-built for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The stadium also hosted the 1991 European Cup final.

In 2007, Bari hosted the first and only world games for underwater sports.

## Education

[edit]

* Academy of Fine Arts of Bari
* Conservatory of Bari
* Polytechnic University of Bari
* University of Bari

## Transport

[edit]

Bari Central Station

Bari has its own airport, Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport, which is located 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of the centre of Bari. It is connected to the centre by train services from Bari Aeroporto railway station.

Bari Central Station lies on the Adriatic railway and has connection to cities such as Rome, Milan, Bologna, Turin and Venice. Another mainline is connection southwards by the Bari-Taranto railway. The Bari metropolitan railway service operates local commuter services; while regional services also operate to Foggia, Barletta, Brindisi, Lecce, Taranto and other towns and villages in the Apulia region.

Bari has an old fishery port (Porto Vecchio) and a so-called new port in the north, as well as some marinas. The Port of Bari is an important cargo transport hub to Southeast Europe. Various passenger transport lines include some seasonal ferry lines to Albania, Montenegro or Dubrovnik. Bari – Igoumenitsa is a popular ferry route to Greece. Some cruise ships call at Bari.

## In popular culture

[edit]

The Guido Guerrieri novels by Gianrico Carofiglio are set in Bari, where Guerrieri is a criminal lawyer, and include many descriptions of the town.

Bari is one of the primary settings of the 1954 detective novel The Black Mountain by Rex Stout. It is the characters' point of embarkation to Communist Yugoslavia.

In the 1995 film The Bridges of Madison County, Italian housewife Francesca Johnson (Meryl Streep), is mentioned as being from Bari and growing up in Naples.

The 2020 Edoardo Ponti film La vita davanti a sé, starring Sophia Loren, is set in Bari.

## Notable people

[edit]

* Licia Albanese
* Giovanni Alemanno
* Emanuele Arciuli
* Argyrus (catepan of Italy)
* Francesco Attolico
* Lino Banfi
* Alessio Bax
* Pope Benedict XIII
* Gioia Bruno
* Gianrico Carofiglio
* Antonio Cassano
* Riccardo Cucciolla
* Niccolò dell'Arca
* Chiara Fumai
* Giovanni Pietro Gallo[41]
* Franco Giordano
* Alfredo Giovine
* Ivan Iusco
* Gaetano Latilla
* Guido Marzulli
* Antonio Matarrese
* Ermal Meta
* Marco Misciagna
* Domenico Modugno
* Aldo Moro
* Pomponio Nenna
* Mario Nuzzolese
* Joe Orlando
* Anna Oxa
* Pino Pascali
* Nico Perrone
* Niccolò Piccinni
* Victor Posa
* Lazarus Racanelli
* Francesco Racanelli
* Francesco Riefolo
* Rocco Rodio
* Sergio Rubini
* Gaetano Salvemini
* Bona Sforza
* Cesare Stea
* Catia Summaria
* Gemma Taccogna
* Pope Urban VI
* Nichi Vendola
* Checco Zalone
* Dulcita Lieggi
* Fabio Delvino

## International relations

[edit]

### Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Bari is twinned with:[42]

* Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Batumi, Georgia
* Corfu, Greece
* Durrës, Albania
* Guangzhou, China
* Kostroma, Russia
* Mar del Plata, Argentina
* Monte Sant'Angelo, Italy
* Palma de Mallorca, Spain
* Patras, Greece
* San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
* Słupsk, Poland
* Szczecin, Poland
* Sumgait, Azerbaijan

## See also

[edit]

* Italy portal
* European Union portal
* Cities portal

* Accademia Apulia
* Antivari (means 'opposite Bari')
* Bari Light – the Punta San Cataldo di Bari Lighthouse
* Durrës
* Province of Bari

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
2. ^ a b "Monthly Demographic Balance". ISTAT.
3. ^ "Bari". Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro. Retrieved 2024-03-01.
4. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 224\. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8. OCLC 959667246.
5. ^ Andriani, Luigi (2017). The syntax of the dialect of Bari (PDF) (Thesis). Homerton College - University of Cambridge.
6. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2019). Messapisch. Reichert Verlag. p. 8\. ISBN 9783954907205.
7. ^ "Bari | Italy". 15 October 2023.
8. ^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bari". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 400.
9. ^ "SERDICA - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
10. ^ "Bari tra oriente e occidente, dal medioevo ad oggi". Basilica Pontificia San Nicola (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
11. ^ admin_italiamedievale (2008-02-09). "I secoli degli schiavi slavi". Italia Medievale (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
12. ^ The Cartoon History of the Universe III – From the Rise of Arabia to the Renaissance (Volumes 14–19). Doubleday. 2002. ISBN 0-393-32403-6.
13. ^ a b Chris Wickham (1981). Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000. Totowa: Barnes and Noble. pp. 62, 154. ISBN 978-0-389-20217-2.
14. ^ Krueger, Hilmar C. (1969) [1955]. "The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years (Second ed.). Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 48\. ISBN 0-299-04834-9.
15. ^ "BISANZIO - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
16. ^ "Robèrto I il Guiscardo duca di Puglia, detto l'Astuto - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
17. ^ a b Bellato, Giulia (2024). "Bari and political violence in the twelfth century: a case of medieval urbicide". Journal of Architectural Design and History.
18. ^ "URBANO II, papa - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
19. ^ Barker, John W. (2004). "Bari". Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 95.
20. ^ Barker, John W. (2004). "Bari". Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 96.
21. ^ "Parte 2 -1440/1480". rilievo.stereofot.it. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
22. ^ a b "Isabella d'Aragona e Bona Sforza: donne che hanno rivoluzionato la città di Bari". Puglia Cultura e Territorio (in Italian). 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
23. ^ "BONA Sforza, regina di Polonia - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-03-03.
24. ^ Traversa, Michele (2011-02-23). "Bari, storia di una città. E venne un Re, l'incontro di Gioacchino Murat a Bari". LSD Magazine (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
25. ^ Feudis, Michele De (19 May 2022). "Don Araldo di Crollalanza, il costruttore della Bari moderna". www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
26. ^ "New Zealand soldiers disembark at Taranto". New Zealand History. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
27. ^ "Edgewood Arsenal, MD - Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland Map & Directions - MapQuest".
28. ^ a b Glenn Infield (1976). Disaster at Bari. New English Library. ISBN 978-0-450-02659-1..
29. ^ "US Naval Historical Center report". Archived from the original on January 12, 2008.
30. ^ Amazon book summary of Gerald Reminick (2001). Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup. Glencannon Press. ISBN 978-1-889-90121-3.
31. ^ "Tucson Senior Helps Retired Doctor Receive Military Honor". Mohave Daily Miner. Kingman, Arizona. May 20, 1988. p. B8 - via Google News.
32. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bari". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
33. ^ "Bari Palese". Temperature estreme in Toscana (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2024.
34. ^ "I Municipi di Bari" (in Italian).
35. ^ "Quartieri". Palapa.it. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
36. ^ "Popolazione residente e presente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1971" [Resident and present population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1971] (PDF) (in Italian). ISTAT. 1971-10-24.
37. ^ "Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing". ISTAT.
38. ^ "Cittadini Stranieri - Bari" [Foreigners - Bari]. Comuni-Italiani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2018-03-13.
39. ^ King, Russel; Strachan, Alan; Mortimer, Jill (June 1985). "The Urban Dimension of European Return Migration: The Case of Bari, Southern Italy". Urban Studies. 22 (3): 219–235\. Bibcode:1985UrbSt..22..219K. doi:10.1080/00420988520080361. JSTOR 43192080. S2CID 154608219.
40. ^ "Puglia". Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
41. ^ Iain Fenlon (2001). "Gallo, Giovanni Pietro". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10573.
42. ^ "I sedici gemellaggi di Bari". quotidianodibari.it (in Italian). Quotidiano di Bari. 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2019-12-13.

## Further reading

[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bari

* Glenn B. Infield. 1973. Disaster at Bari. Ace Books. New York, N.Y.
* Vito Antonio Melchiorre. 2001. Note storiche su Bari.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bari.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bari.

* City of Bari
* Province of Bari Archived 2021-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
* Region of Apulia

* v
* t
* e

Apulia * Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Bari

* Acquaviva delle Fonti
* Adelfia
* Alberobello
* Altamura
* Bari
* Binetto
* Bitetto
* Bitonto
* Bitritto
* Capurso
* Casamassima
* Cassano delle Murge
* Castellana Grotte
* Cellamare
* Conversano
* Corato
* Gioia del Colle
* Giovinazzo
* Gravina in Puglia
* Grumo Appula
* Locorotondo
* Modugno
* Mola di Bari
* Molfetta
* Monopoli
* Noci
* Noicàttaro
* Palo del Colle
* Poggiorsini
* Polignano a Mare
* Putignano
* Rutigliano
* Ruvo di Puglia
* Sammichele di Bari
* Sannicandro di Bari
* Santeramo in Colle
* Terlizzi
* Toritto
* Triggiano
* Turi
* Valenzano

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Italy by population

1,000,000+|

* Rome
* Milan

500,000+|

* Naples
* Turin
* Palermo
* Genoa

200,000+|

* Bari
* Bologna
* Catania
* Florence
* Messina
* Padua
* Trieste
* Venice
* Verona

100,000+|

* Ancona
* Andria
* Arezzo
* Bergamo
* Bolzano
* Brescia
* Cagliari
* Ferrara
* Foggia
* Forlì
* Giugliano
* Latina
* Livorno
* Modena
* Monza
* Novara
* Parma
* Perugia
* Pescara
* Piacenza
* Prato
* Ravenna
* Reggio Calabria
* Reggio Emilia
* Rimini
* Salerno
* Sassari
* Syracuse
* Taranto
* Terni
* Trento
* Udine
* Vicenza

* v
* t
* e

Regional capitals of Italy

|  |

L'Aquila, Abruzzo
Aosta, Aosta Valley
Bari, Apulia
Potenza, Basilicata

Catanzaro, Calabria
Naples, Campania
Bologna, Emilia-Romagna
Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Rome, Lazio
Genoa, Liguria
Milan, Lombardy
Ancona, Marche

Campobasso, Molise
Turin, Piedmont
Cagliari, Sardinia
Palermo, Sicily

Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Florence, Tuscany
Perugia, Umbria
Venice, Veneto

|
|
|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Mediterranean Games

* 1951 Alexandria
* 1955 Barcelona
* 1959 Beirut
* 1963 Naples
* 1967 Tunis
* 1971 İzmir
* 1975 Algiers
* 1979 Split
* 1983 Casablanca
* 1987 Latakia
* 1991 Athens
* 1993 Languedoc-Roussillon
* 1997 Bari
* 2001 Tunis
* 2005 Almería
* 2009 Pescara
* 2013 Mersin
* 2018 Tarragona
* 2022 Oran
* 2026 Taranto
* 2030 Pristina

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* 2
* 3
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Latvia
* Vatican
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area
* Pleiades

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Yale LUX

*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template