Battle of Aleppo (2024)

HTS-led military operation of the Syrian civil war

For other battles in Aleppo, see Battle of Aleppo.

Battle of Aleppo (2024)

Part of the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives during the Syrian civil war

Syrian opposition fighters toppling a statue of Bassel al-Assad in New Aleppo
| Date| 29 November – 2 December 2024[4]
(3 days)

|

Location|

Aleppo Governorate, Syria

Result|

* Syrian opposition victory[5][6]

* Syrian government forces retreat from the city[7][8]
* SDF enclave within the city besieged by rebels[9]

Territorial
changes|

* Syrian opposition forces capture most of the city[10]
* SDF retain control of Sheikh Maqsood and move into adjacent districts[3][11]

Belligerents
Syrian Salvation Government
Syrian Interim Government
|  Ba'athist Syria
Russia[1][2]
Iran

* * *

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria[3][a]
Units involved

Military Operations Command

* Tahrir al-Sham
* Red Bands[12]
* Thermal Brigades[12]

Syrian National Army

* National Front for Liberation
* Sham Legion[13]
* Northern Storm Brigade[13]
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement[13]

Ajnad al-Kavkaz[14]
Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar[14]
Mujahidin Ghuroba Division[15]
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad[15]|

Syrian Armed Forces

* Syrian Army
* Regiment 46[16]
* 25th Special Mission Forces Division[17]
* Republican Guard[17]

Russian Armed Forces

* Russian Ground Forces
* Russian Aerospace Forces
* Russian Air Force

Iranian Armed Forces

* Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps[18]

Iraqi militias[19]

* * *

Syrian Democratic Forces

* People's Defense Units
* Women's Protection Units[20]
* Sheikh Maqsoud Liberation Forces[20]
* Ashrafieh Liberation Forces[20]

Strength
350 militants[21]|  30,000 troops[22]
Casualties and losses
Dozens of rebels killed[23]|  Dozens of soldiers killed[8]
22 civilians killed[24][25]

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Timeline

* Background and causes
* Casualties
* Cities
* map
* Terrorism
* Massacres

* v
* t
* e

Civil uprising in Syria (March–August 2011)

* Daraa
* Baniyas
* Homs (May–August 2011)
* Talkalakh
* Rastan and Talbiseh
* 1st Jisr ash-Shughur
* 1st Jabal al-Zawiya
* Hama
* Latakia

* v
* t
* e

Start of insurgency (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)

* Homs (2011–14)
* 1st Homs offensive
* 1st Idlib Gov.
* Syrian–Turkish border
* Jabal al-Zawiya
* 1st Idlib City
* Saraqib
* 1st Rastan
* Hama Gov.
* Shayrat & Tiyas ambush
* Daraa Gov.
* 1st Rif Dimashq
* 1st Zabadani
* Douma
* Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)
* Hatla
* Aleppo Gov.
* Azaz
* 2nd Rastan
* 1st al-Qusayr
* 2nd Idlib Gov.
* Taftanaz

* v
* t
* e

UN ceasefire; Rebel advances (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)

* 3rd Rastan
* Houla
* 1st Northern Homs
* Al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir
* Al-Tremseh
* 3rd Idlib Gov.
* 1st Damascus
* Bombing
* 1st Aleppo city
* Anadan
* Menagh Air Base
* Base 46
* Khan al-Assal
* 1st Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Aleppo offensive
* Syrian Kurdistan and Kurdish–Islamist conflict
* Hasaka campaign
* Ras al-Ayn
* al-Yaarubiyah
* Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
* Tell Abyad
* Nubl & Al-Zahraa
* 2nd Rif Dimashq (1st Darayya)
* Abu al-Duhur Airbase
* Quneitra Gov.
* 3rd Rif Dimashq
* 1st Yarmouk camp
* 2nd Darayya
* Darayya & Muadamiyat
* Aqrab
* 1st Hama offensive
* Halfaya
* 1st Safira
* Shadadeh
* 2nd Damascus
* 1st Raqqa campaign (1st Raqqa)
* 1st Daraa offensive
* 4th Rif Dimashq
* Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Tadamon
* Ghouta
* 2nd al-Qusayr
* 3rd al-Qusayr
* Eastern Ghouta
* 2nd Hama offensive
* Bayda and Baniyas
* 1st Latakia offensive
* Ma'loula
* Sadad
* 5th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Qalamoun
* Adra

* v
* t
* e

Rise of ISIS in 2014

* Inter-rebel conflict
* Northern Aleppo
* Markada
* 1st Deir ez-Zor offensive
* al-Otaiba ambush
* Maan
* Hosn
* Morek
* 2nd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Latakia offensive
* 4th Idlib Gov.
* Al-Malihah
* 2nd Wadi Deif
* 2nd Qalamoun
* Arsal
* Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)
* 1st Shaer gas field
* 1st Eastern Syria
* Tabqa Airbase
* 3rd Hama offensive
* 6th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Quneitra
* 1st Kobanî

* v
* t
* e

U.S.-led intervention, Rebel and ISIL advances (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)

* U.S.-led intervention
* Homs school bombing
* 3rd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Safira
* 2014 Idlib city raid
* Nusra–FSA conflict
* 2nd Shaer gas field
* 1st Al-Shaykh Maskin
* 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Aleppo offensive
* An-26 crash
* 4th Daraa offensive
* Southern Syria
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Sarrin
* Hama/Homs offensive
* Bosra
* 5th Idlib Gov
* 2nd Idlib city
* Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya
* Nasib
* 2nd Yarmouk camp
* 1st Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Qalamoun
* 1st Palmyra
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Al-Hasakah city
* Tell Abyad
* Daraa/As-Suwayda
* 2nd Quneitra
* 2nd Sarrin
* 5th Daraa
* 2nd Al-Hasakah city
* 2nd Kobanî
* 4th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Zabadani
* 2nd Palmyra
* Al-Ghab
* 1st al-Qaryatayn
* Douma market
* 7th Rif Dimashq
* Kuweires offensive

* v
* t
* e

Russian intervention (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)

* Russian intervention
* 3rd Quneitra
* 2nd Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Latakia offensive
* Su-24 shootdown
* 5th Aleppo offensive
* al-Hawl
* 2nd Homs offensive
* 6th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Hama offensive
* Tell Tamer
* Tishrin Dam
* 2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin
* al-Qamishli bombings
* Orontes River
* 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Sayyidah Zaynab
* 7th Aleppo offensive
* 1st Ithriyah-Raqqa
* Al-Shaddadi
* Homs bombings
* 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab
* Khanasir
* 2nd Tel Abyad
* Al-Tanf
* 2nd Al-Qaryatayn
* 3rd Palmyra
* 2nd Maarat al-Nu'man

* v
* t
* e

Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March 2016 – February 2017)

* 8th Aleppo offensive
* 6th Daraa
* 9th–11th Aleppo offensives
* Al-Dumayr
* 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Qamishli
* Aleppo bombings
* 8th Rif Dimashq
* 3rd Shaer gas field
* Northern Raqqa
* Jableh & Tartus
* Manbij
* Tokhar
* 2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa
* 9th Rif Dimashq
* 12th–14th Aleppo offensives
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 4th Latakia offensive
* 1st Abu Kamal
* 3rd Qamishli
* Atmeh
* al-Rai
* 3rd Al-Hasakah City
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Northern al-Bab
* Dabiq
* al-Bab
* 5th Hama offensive
* 1st Western al-Bab
* 1st Eastern Qalamoun
* September bombings
* 4th Quneitra
* Deir ez-Zor airstrike
* Aleppo aid convoy attack
* 15th Aleppo offensive
* Khan al-Shih
* 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Western al-Bab
* 16th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Raqqa campaign
* 17th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Palmyra
* Wadi Barada
* 1st Syrian Desert
* Azaz bombings
* 5th Palmyra
* 4th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 18th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 7th Daraa
* Qaboun
* 8th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Collapse of the Islamic State in Syria (Feb. – Nov. 2017)

* Eastern Homs offensive
* al-Jina mosque
* 6th Hama offensive
* Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun
* US Shayrat strike
* Aleppo bus bombing
* April 2017 Turkish airstrikes
* 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Syrian Desert
* Maskanah
* East Hama
* 2nd Raqqa
* 9th Daraa
* Southern Raqqa
* Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike
* Ja'din
* Jobar
* 5th Quneitra
* Central Syria
* 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 4th Qalamoun
* Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)
* 2nd Eastern Syria
* Deir ez-Zor city
* Euphrates Crossing
* Mayadin
* 2nd Abu Kamal
* 7th Hama offensive

* v
* t
* e

Rebels in retreat and Operation Olive Branch
(Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)

* 3rd Northwestern Syria
* Eastern Syria insurgency
* Atarib
* Harasta
* Beit Jinn
* 3rd Syrian Desert
* 5th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Southern Damascus
* Olive Branch
* Afrin
* SDF insurgency
* Khasham
* Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* 10th Rif Dimashq (Douma)
* 4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Southern Damascus
* U.S.-led missile strikes
* 2nd Northern Homs
* 2nd Eastern Qalamoun
* 3rd Southern Damascus
* Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes
* House of Cards
* 1st As-Suwayda
* 2nd Southern Syria
* 2nd As-Suwayda
* 3rd As-Suwayda
* 2nd Qamishli

* v
* t
* e

Idlib demilitarization
(Sep. 2018 – April 2019)

* Idlib demilitarization
* 5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Israeli missile strikes
* 2nd Iranian strike
* Northern border clashes
* Daraa insurgency
* Manbij bombing
* Baghuz Fawqani
* U.S. airstrike

* v
* t
* e

First Idlib offensive, Operation Peace Spring, & Second Idlib offensive (April 2019 – March 2020)

* 4th Northwestern
* Tell Rifaat
* Raqqa & Azaz
* Hass
* 2nd Israeli missile strikes
* Peace Spring (2nd Ras al-Ayn)
* Kayla Mueller
* Northern bombings
* 3rd Israeli missile strikes
* Qah
* 5th Northwestern
* Balyun
* Spring Shield
* 2nd U.S. missile strikes
* 10th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – Nov. 2024)

* 6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Ayn Issa
* Qamishli & Al-Hasakah
* 4th Israeli missile strikes
* 3rd Qamishli
* 11th Daraa
* 7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 3rd Al-Hasakah city
* 1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Jabal al-Bishrī
* 2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Claw-Sword
* Northwestern clashes
* 3rd U.S. missile strikes
* 2nd Northern clashes
* Deir ez-Zor clashes
* 3rd Northern clashes
* Homs drone strike
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (Iranian consulate airstrike)
* February 2024 airstrikes
* Anti-Turkish riots

* v
* t
* e

Opposition offensives and Assad overthrown (Nov. – Dec. 2024)

* Opposition offensives
* 2nd Aleppo city
* Hospital strike
* 8th Hama offensive
* 19th Aleppo offensive
* 6th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Homs offensive
* 6th Palmyra
* 2nd Manbij
* Al-Mustariha strike
* 3rd Southern Syria
* 3rd Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime

* v
* t
* e

Transitional government and SNA–SDF conflict (Dec. 2024 – present)

* Israeli invasion of Syria
* 3rd Kobani
* 20th Aleppo offensive
* Western clashes

* v
* t
* e

Syrian War spillover and international incidents

* Lebanon spillover
* Lebanese–Syrian border
* Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing
* North Lebanon clashes

* * *

* Syrian–Turkish border incidents
* Turkish F4 shootdown
* Reyhanlı bombings
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Kurdish riots

* * *

* Jordanian–Syrian border incidents

* * *

* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 incident

* * *

* Iraqi–Syrian border incidents
* Akashat
* al-Shabah
* Western Nineveh
* Western Iraq

* * *

* Spillover in Iran
* 2017 Tehran attacks
* 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike
* 2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria

* * *

* Spillover in Turkey
* Russian Su-24 shootdown
* Andrei Karlov
* Balyun airstrikes
* Kafr Takharim airstrikes

* * *

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

* * *

* * *

* Spillover in Europe

* v
* t
* e

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic

* Russian involvement
* Iranian intervention
* 2017 missile strike
* 2012 Hezbollah involvement

Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels

* Foreign rebel fighters
* Turkish involvement
* Turkey–Islamic State conflict
* Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation
* Euphrates Shield
* 2017 airstrikes
* Idlib Governorate operation
* Afrin operation
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Israel's role

U.S.-led intervention against ISIL

* US intervention
* Timeline
* List of attacks
* 2014 rescue operation
* May 2015 raid
* 2017 missile strikes
* Qatari involvement
* Jordanian intervention
* Operation Martyr Muath
* Lebanon's role
* Saudi involvement
* April 2018 missile strikes
* Dutch involvement
* German intervention
* French intervention
* Australian intervention
* UK intervention

On 29 November 2024, Syrian opposition group Tahrir al-Sham, along with allied Turkish-backed groups[26][27][28] in the Military Operations Command, entered the Syrian government-held city of Aleppo. The battle began on the third day of a large-scale rebel offensive. It was the first time fighting had broken out in the city since the earlier battle,[29] which began in 2012 and ended in 2016 when the Assad administration pushed rebels out of the city.[30][23][31]

On 30 November 2024, opposition groups captured most of the city amidst the collapse of pro-government forces.[32][33] Coinciding with the lightning-speed takeover of Aleppo, the rebels pushed into the countryside of northern Hama;[34] the whole city of Hama eventually fell to the rebels on December 5.

## Background

[edit]

Main article: 2024 Syrian opposition offensives

After the battle from 2012 to 2016, Syrian government forces did not develop or increase the military defenses of the city even though rebel forces continued to operate to Aleppo's west. Instead, the pro-government groups engaged in corruption, and were thus not well prepared for major insurgent attacks.[17]

On 27 November 2024, Syrian opposition groups led by Tahrir al-Sham launched an offensive against pro-government forces in Northwestern Syria. The offensive, the first of its kind by any side in the conflict since March 2020 Idlib ceasefire, resulted in the rapid capture of dozens of villages by the opposition forces. During the offensive, rebels reportedly seized 70 sites in the provinces of Aleppo and Idlib and about 10,000 civilians fled the fighting to the Idlib countryside, northwestern Syria.[35][36][better source needed]

## Opposing forces

[edit]

The rebel assault on Aleppo city was spearheaded by Tahrir al-Sham (HTS),[11][16] but also included various other rebel factions. Among others, there were Syrian National Army (SNA) units[16] such as the Northern Storm Brigade, Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, and Sham Legion.[13] Various Islamist and jihadist militias also took part in the operation, including Ajnad al-Kavkaz,[14] Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar,[14][15] Mujahidin Ghuroba Division and Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad.[15] The insurgent forces, especially HTS, were well-organized, relatively well-equipped, and highly motivated.[12][19] The rebels had also sent sleeper cells to infliltrate Aleppo city.[16]

In contrast to the rebels, pro-government forces in Aleppo suffered from poor organization, extensive corruption, and poor morale.[12][19] Regular Syrian Army units lacked supplies, were regarded as unreliable, and included many "ghost soldiers" in their ranks. One Syrian Army colonel later argued that the Aleppo-based troops had previously relied on Hezbollah and Iranian officers for operational command, but these had been largely withdrawn from Syria at the time of the opposition offensive. Among the remaining Aleppo-based garrison were Iraqi militias and some Iranian advisers.[19] On 28 November, a meeting of high-ranking officers in Aleppo was successfully attacked by the rebels. Several important commanders, including Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps general Kioumars Pourhashemi,[16][37] were killed in the attack, greatly impacting the local leadership.[16]

## Battle

[edit]

### Fall of Aleppo

[edit]

Syrian opposition tanks in or near Aleppo, 29 November 2024

On 29 November 2024, rebel forces approached the outskirts of Aleppo. They took Khalsa, Al-Rashidin and Khan Tuman, where the army abandoned four T-55 tanks.[38] The Syrian government was overwhelmed by the rebel offensive's speed, and could not organize a coordinated defense of Aleppo.[17] The defending units were not provided with a coherent plan, instead being "told to work it out for themselves".[19] Researchers Hassan Hassan and Michael Weiss argued that the pro-government forces "suffered a complete breakdown in command and control and morale". The main Syrian Army unit on the insurgents' path, Regiment 46, "simply collapsed".[16] Some military formations, including the 25th Special Mission Forces Division and Republican Guard, were hastily sent to reinforce the city, and took up position at several strategic locations such as the Citadel of Aleppo. Other pro-government units withdrew southward, such as Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba.[17] As the insurgents attacked, they initially bypassed heavily fortified strongholds like the Military Academy and Artillery College in favor of a speedy advance deep into Aleppo.[16]

During the afternoon, rebels entered the Hamdaniyah and New Aleppo neighborhoods in the city, after carrying out a double suicide bombing with two car bombs.[30] In the latter half of the day, opposition forces captured five city districts, Al-Hamdaniya, New Aleppo, 3000 Apartments, Al-Jamiliya, and Salah al-Din districts. Clashes were reported elsewhere in the city, including its center.[32] By midnight, opposition forces had captured parts of Al-Sukariyya, Al-Furqan, Al-Adhamiya, and Saif al-Dawla districts, and claimed to have had taken control of the main square of Aleppo.[39][40][41] Around this time, the rebels also approached the Neirab camp where the local loyalist garrison consisting of Liwa al-Quds troops retreated without organizing resistance.[42][43]

Hours after the rebel incursion into the main neighbourhoods, thousands of civilians fled the city through the main Khanasir Athriya intersection with most heading to Latakia and Salamiya.[44]

The rebel forces issued evacuation warnings calling on residents of Aleppo to move eastwards "for your safety".[45] Syrian state media reported that projectiles launched by the rebels hit student housing in the University of Aleppo, killing four people, including two students.[46]

In the early hours of 30 November 2024, rebel forces captured the Citadel of Aleppo and the government headquarters in the city,[39][47] as well as "more than half" of the city.[48] By morning, rebel forces had seized control of most of Aleppo, facing little resistance and forcing pro-government troops to retreat toward as-Safirah.[33] Government forces and Iranian militias remained in control of a few neighborhoods in northeastern Aleppo.[49] Russian forces abandoned at least three military bases around the city.[50]

### Clashes between Syrian rebels and SDF

[edit]

The Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces occupied Aleppo International Airport and the Shaykh Najjar district, following the withdrawal of pro-government forces.[3] Incursion into the Kurdish-held neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsoud was thwarted and 3 rebels were taken prisoners.[51] In the evening, rebels took control of Aleppo airport from the SDF without clashes.[52] An airstrike, reportedly carried out by Russian aircraft, killed 16 civilians and injured 20 others in the city.[25] Two other airstrikes on rebel reinforcements on the outskirts of the city left 20 fighters dead.[53]

That day, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) reportedly facilitated the entry of 2,892 refugees from Aleppo into Northeastern Syria.[54]

On 1 December 2024, HTS captured the thermal power station, Artillery College, and the Military Academy on the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar industrial district. Concurrently, the SDF closed the road linking areas in the northern Aleppo countryside and the city center of Aleppo.[11]

Later that day, in response to the swift rebel gains in Aleppo and Tell Rifaat, the AANES declared a state of general mobilization.[55] The rebels issued a demand for Kurdish forces in Aleppo to leave with their weapons for the northeast.[56]

Also on 1 December, the Russian Air Force conducted an airstrike on the Aleppo University Hospital, killing 12 people, injuring two journalists.[57]

On 2 December 2024, rebels captured the Sheikh Najjar industrial zone from the SDF and pushed further south of Aleppo, capturing Khansir in an attempt to cut off the army's main supply route to Aleppo city.[58]

## Aftermath

[edit]

The Kurdish enclave inside the city, namely the neighbourhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh, were besieged by the rebels, with the approximately 100,000 residents facing "dwindling food supplies and a lack of services". However, no significant mass displacement was reported as of date. The rebels renewed their offer for armed fighters to leave the city and guaranteed their safety, but asked the civilians to stay.[9]

In the days after the battle, while the Syrian Salvation Government was trying to establish itself in the city, Aleppo residents were facing shortages of bread and fuel, and cut telecom services.[59]

## Reactions

[edit]

* Ba'athist Syria: The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) acknowledged the rebel takeover of the city, which forced it to redeploy "aimed at strengthening the defence lines in order to absorb the attack" and "preserve the lives of civilians and soldiers". It was also reportedly preparing to counter-attack, while rebel gatherings within the city were targed by airstrikes.[8]
* Turkey: Foreign minister Hakan Fidan reiterated that Turkey is not involved in the ongoing conflicts in Aleppo. He also stated that his government is taking the "necessary measures" to avoid another migration crisis at its border.[60]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Since 30 November 2024

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Weeks after the Syrian Observatory published the preparations... "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" attacks the Aleppo countryside in the "Response to Aggression" operation" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
2. ^ "Coinciding with the Authority's attack on the regime forces' positions in the Aleppo countryside... a squadron of Russian aircraft flies in the "Putin-Erdogan" airspace" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
3. ^ a b c "بعد انسحاب الميليشيات الإيرانية وقوات النظام.. القوات الكردية تنتشر في مطار حلب الدولي ونبل والزهراء وتسيطر على الحواجز" [After the withdrawal of Iranian militias and regime forces. Kurdish forces deploy in Aleppo International Airport, Nubl and Zahraa and control the checkpoints] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
4. ^ "Syrian opposition forces seized Aleppo City and advanced toward Hama City on November 30". Institute for the Study of War. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
5. ^ Faidhi Dri, Karwan (30 November 2024). "Syrian army admits defeat in parts of Aleppo, plans counterattack". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
6. ^ Bar, Neta (30 November 2024). "These are the rebels fighting the Iranian axis in Syria". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
7. ^ "Syrian army withdraws troops from Aleppo to prepare counteroffensive". Politico. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
8. ^ a b c "Syrian rebels sweep into Aleppo, army says dozens of soldiers killed". Reuters. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
9. ^ a b "Syria: Aleppo's Kurds fear displacement as thousands flee rebels in Tel Rifaat". Middle East Eye. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
10. ^ "Russian strikes hit Aleppo as rebels take control". BBC. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
11. ^ a b c ""Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and "National Army" control the towns of Khanaser and Al-Safira, Kuweires Airport in the Aleppo countryside, and military sites on the outskirts of Aleppo" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
12. ^ a b c d Lister, Charles (30 November 2024). "Syria's conflict is heating up once more". Spectator. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
13. ^ a b c d "In parallel with the continuation of the "Deterrence of Aggression" operation: More than 30 airstrikes and the killing of about 100 members of the regime forces, the Authority and the factions in the Aleppo countryside" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
14. ^ a b c d "TRAC Incident Report: Ajnad Kavkaz and Jaish al-Muhajireen wa al-Ansar/ HTS Claim Responsibility for Attack Near Aleppo, Syria - 28 November 2024". TRAC. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
15. ^ a b c d Bill Roggio (12 December 2024). "Hayat Tahrir al Sham's terror network in Syria". Long War Journal. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
16. ^ a b c d e f g h Hassan Hassan; Michael Weiss (2 December 2024). "The Backstory Behind the Fall of Aleppo". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
17. ^ a b c d e ICG (5 December 2024). "Syria's North-western Front Erupts". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
18. ^ "IRGC commander killed by rebels in Aleppo amid clashes". Rudaw. 28 November 2024. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
19. ^ a b c d e Maya Gebeily; Suleiman Al-Khalidi; Ahmed Rasheed; Timour Azhari (17 December 2024). "How Assad's army collapsed in Syria: demoralised conscripts, absent allies". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
20. ^ a b c "YPJ: We will hold the Turkish state and its mercenaries accountable on the frontlines of resistance". Firat News Agency. 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
21. ^ "Aleppo taken by 350 militants while 30,000 gov't troops retreated without fight — Putin". TASS. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
22. ^ "Aleppo taken by 350 militants while 30,000 gov't troops retreated without fight — Putin". TASS. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
23. ^ a b "Insurgents breach Syria's second-largest city Aleppo, fighters and a war monitor say". AP News. 29 November 2024. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
24. ^ "Dramatic escalation: Six students ki*lled and wounded in rocket fire by rebels on university student dormitory in Aleppo city". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
25. ^ a b "استشهاد 16 شخص.. مجزرة مروعة ترتكبها الطائرات الحربية في مدينة حلب" [16 people killed.. A horrific massacre committed by warplanes in the city of Aleppo] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
26. ^ "Syrian troops withdraw from Aleppo as rebels advance". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024. "The latest offensive has been led by an Islamist militant group known at Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and allied factions backed by Turkey."
27. ^ "Syrian rebels sweep into Aleppo, Russia conducts strikes in support of Assad". Reuters. "With Assad backed by Russia and Iran, and Turkey supporting some of the rebels in the northwest where it maintains troops, the offensive has brought into focus the conflict's knotted geopolitics."
28. ^ "Aleppo: Rebels 'take control' of airport as thousands of fighters seize most of Syria's second-biggest city". Sky. "The insurgents, led by the Islamist militant group Hayat Tahrir al Sham and including Turkey-backed fighters, also claim to be in control of all of Idlib province after launching their offensive on Wednesday."
29. ^ "Setbacks for Russia, Iran and Hezbollah Turn Into a Catastrophe for Syria's Assad". The Wall Street Journal. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
30. ^ a b "بعد تفجير سيارتين مفخختين.. فصائل عملية "ردع العدوان" تدخل أجزاء من أحياء في مدينة حلب" [After detonating two car bombs, the factions of the "Deterrence of Aggression" operation enter parts of neighborhoods in the city of Aleppo] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
31. ^ "Syrian rebels defend gains in Aleppo, push south". The Washington Post. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
32. ^ a b "وسط انهيار قوات النظام.. "الهيئة" والفصائل تسيطران على 5 أحياء في مدينة حلب و20 بلدة وقرية في ريفي حلب وإدلب" [Amidst the collapse of the regime forces.. "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and the factions control 5 neighborhoods in the city of Aleppo and 20 towns and villages in the countryside of Aleppo and Idlib] (in Arabic). 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
33. ^ a b "بعد غياب لنحو 8 سنوات.. الطيران الحربي يستهدف أحياء حلب.. وقوات "ردع العدوان" تتوغل في غالبية أحياء مدينة حلب" [After an absence of about 8 years. Warplanes target Aleppo neighborhoods. and the "Deterrence of Aggression" forces penetrate most of Aleppo city neighborhoods] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
34. ^ Hassan, Hassan; Weiss, Michael (2 December 2024). "The Backstory Behind the Fall of Aleppo". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
35. ^ "Syria insurgents breach second largest city of Aleppo, fighters and war monitor say". Voice of America. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
36. ^ "Armed groups opposed to Assad's regime in Syria enter Aleppo city center". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
37. ^ "Iranian Revolutionary Guards officer killed in Syria, - SNN report". The Jerusalem Post. Reuters. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
38. ^ "Insurgents' attack on Assad-controlled Aleppo revives Syrian war after five-year truce". www.euronews.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
39. ^ a b "After controlling 5 neighborhoods, "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and factions enter the streets of a number of other neighborhoods in Aleppo city" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
40. ^ "الميليشيات تعلن سيطرتها على قلعة حلب" [Militias announce control over Aleppo Citadel]. ElKhabar (in Arabic). 29 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
41. ^ Musa, Shelan Sheikh (29 November 2024). "سيطرة المعارضة السورية على قلعة حلب وأحياء بوسط المدينة" [Syrian opposition takes control of Aleppo Citadel and downtown neighborhoods]. Solution Net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
42. ^ "ليلة انسحاب لواء القدس من مخيم النيرب". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
43. ^ "فرار لواء القدس من مخيم النيرب ودخول المعارضة دون قتال". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
44. ^ "Syrian military confirms rebel forces overran Aleppo as thousands of civilians flee fighting". The National News. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
45. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja (29 November 2024). "Syrian Rebels Reach Outskirts of Major City in Escalating Offensive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
46. ^ El Deeb, Sarah (30 November 2024). "In a shock offensive, insurgents breach Syria's largest city for the first time since 2016". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
47. ^ "Syrian opposition enters Aleppo, takes control of government headquarters and citadel". Al Jazeera. 29 November 2024. p. Arabic. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
48. ^ Abdulrahim, Raja (29 November 2024). "Syrian Rebels Breach City of Aleppo, in Biggest Advance in Years". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
49. ^ Kourdi, Eyad (30 November 2024). "Syrian rebels take control of most of Aleppo city". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
50. ^ "Syrian rebels capture majority of Aleppo as Russia's forces abandon bases". Telegraph. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
51. ^ "HPC arrests mercenaries tried to infiltrate Sheikh Maqsoud". ANHA. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
52. ^ ""الهيئة" تسيطر على مطار حلب الدولي والعديد من المدن والبلدات في ريف حماة الشمالي وسط انهيار كامل لقوات النظام" ["The Authority" controls Aleppo International Airport and many cities and towns in the northern Hama countryside amid a complete collapse of the regime forces] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
53. ^ "Armed rebels occupy centre of Aleppo, Syria's largest city". Euronews. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
54. ^ "AANES facilitates entry of 2,892 returnees from Aleppo into NE Syria". ANHA. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
55. ^ "Democratic Autonomous Administration declares stage of general mobilization". ANHA. 1 December 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
56. ^ "Fighting Rages in Syria as Rebels Advance". The New York Times. 1 December 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
57. ^ Davies, Maia; Cooney, Christy (1 December 2024). "More Russian strikes as Syrian rebels advance after taking Aleppo". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
58. ^ Davies, Maia; Cooney, Christy (2 December 2024). "Russian, Syrian jets intensify bombing of Syria's rebel-held northwest". Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
59. ^ "Syrian rebels capture key city of Hama in fresh blow to Assad". Reuters. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
60. ^ "Syrian rebels enter Aleppo three days into surprise offensive". ARK. Retrieved 30 November 2024.

* v
* t
* e

Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham

General topics|

* Insurgency in Idlib
* Syrian Salvation Government
* Syrian transitional government

Factions|

* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Haqq (Idlib)
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
* Al-Nusra Front
* Khorasan Group

Key figures|

* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Mohammed al-Bashir
* Mustafa al-Mousa
* Hassan Abdel Ghani

Military
operations|

| 2017|

* 2017 al-Jinah airstrike
* Beit Jinn offensive
* Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)
* Daraa offensive (June 2017)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)
* Hama offensive (March–April 2017)
* Hama offensive (September 2017)
* Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)
* Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)
* 2017 Jobar offensive
* Qaboun offensive (2017)
* Quneitra offensive (June 2017)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)

|

2018|

* 2018 Southern Syria offensive
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)
* Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)
* Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)
* Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)
* Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)

2019|

* National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020)
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)

2020|

* Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)

2022|

* 2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)

2024|

* 2024 Syrian opposition offensives
* Battle of Aleppo (2024)
* 2024 Hama offensive
* 2024 Homs offensive
* Southern Syria offensive (2024)
* Fall of Damascus (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Overviews

| Main overviews|

* Syria
* Rojava
* Syrian civil war
* Timeline
* Background and causes
* Syrian peace process
* Syrian government reactions
* Belligerents
* Inter-rebel conflict
* Spillover
* Cities and towns
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)

|

Effects and ongoing concerns|

* Casualties of the Syrian civil war
* Refugees of the Syrian civil war
* Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
* Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war

Phases and processes|

* Syrian revolution
* Early insurgency phase
* 2012–2013 escalation
* Ceasefires
* Syrian peace process

World reaction|

* International reactions to the Syrian civil war
* Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
* Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime

Specific groups and countries|

* Russian involvement
* Russian intervention
* Turkish involvement
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* US intervention in the Syrian civil war
* 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
* Kurdish Area in Syria
* Syrian Democratic Forces
* Rojava conflict
* U.S. task force

Agreements and dialogues|

* Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
* Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

Transitional phase|

* Syrian transitional government

Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
* 1966 coup
* Corrective Movement
* Islamist uprising
* Latakia protests
* Damascus Spring
* Qamishli riots
* Syrian occupation of Lebanon
* Damascus Declaration
* Human rights in Syria
* 2010s in Syria political history
* Arab Spring

|

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Syrian revolution
* Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
* Siege of Daraa
* Siege of Baniyas
* May Talkalakh siege
* Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
* June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
* Siege of Hama
* Siege of Homs
* Jabal al-Zawiya operation
* Siege of Latakia
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)
* Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
* Battle of Zabadani
* Battle of Douma
* Daraa Governorate clashes
* Battle of Rastan
* Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* January al-Midan bombing
* Battle of Rastan
* First Battle of Idlib
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
* Battle of Taftanaz
* May Battle of Rastan
* Houla massacre
* Battle of al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir massacre
* Battle of Tremseh
* Battle of Damascus
* 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
* Battle of Aleppo
* Battle of Anadan
* Siege of Base 46
* Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
* Darayya massacre
* Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* First siege of Wadi Deif
* Battle of Harem
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)
* Battle of Darayya
* Aqrab massacre
* Hama offensive
* Halfaya massacre
* Battle of Darayya
* Quneitra Governorate clashes
* Talbiseh bakery massacre

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec|

* Battle of Safira
* Battle of Shadadeh
* Damascus offensive
* Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)
* Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
* Daraa offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)
* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Ghouta chemical attack
* Al-Qusayr offensive
* Battle of al-Qusayr
* Bayda and Baniyas massacres
* Hama offensive
* Hatla massacre
* Khan al-Assal chemical attack
* Khan al-Assal massacre
* Adra massacre
* Battle of Ras al-Ayn
* Battle of Tell Abyad
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
* Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* First Inter-rebel conflict
* Battle of Markada
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Morek
* Daraa offensive (Feb–May)
* Maan massacre
* Al-Otaiba ambush
* Idlib offensive
* Battle of Hosn
* Latakia Offensive
* Battle of Al-Malihah
* Kafr Zita chemical attack
* Second siege of Wadi Deif
* Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Eastern Syria offensive
* Battle of Tabqa Airbase
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)
* Hama Offensive
* Quneitra offensive
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)
* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
* Daraa offensive (Oct)
* Al-Safira offensive
* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
* Daraa Offensive (Jan)
* Southern Syria Offensive
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)
* Battle of Bosra
* Idlib Offensive
* Second Battle of Idlib
* Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
* Battle of Yarmouk Camp
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* Palmyra offensive (May)
* Qamishli bombings
* Tell Abyad offensive
* Kobanî massacre
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)
* Al-Hawl offensive
* Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
* February Homs bombings
* February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Khanasir offensive
* Battle of Tel Abyad
* Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)
* Palmyra offensive (Mar)
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)
* Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
* May Jableh & Tartous bombings
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)
* Manbij offensive
* Tokhar massacre
* Southern Aleppo campaign
* Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Aleppo summer campaign
* Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
* 5 September bombings
* September Deir ez-Zor air raid
* September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
* Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani clashes
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Western Syria clashes
* Israeli invasion

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Ba'athist regime|

| Politics of Ba'athist Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Ba'ath Brigades
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party
* Syrian Communist Party (Unified)

|

Military and militias|

* Lions of Hussein
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Arab Nationalist Guard
* Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
* Sootoro
* Ba'ath Brigades
* National Defence Forces
* Popular Committees
* Golan Regiment
* Syrian Armed Forces
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
* Syrian Popular Resistance
* Syrian Resistance
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* PFLP-GC
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Galilee Forces
* Free Palestine Movement
* Palestinian People's Party
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* As-Sa'iqa
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Al-Barakah
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* Jaysh al-Jihad
* Jund al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Mass graves
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

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