Battle of Attock (1813)

1813 battle during the Afghan-Sikh Wars

Battle of Attock

Part of the Afghan-Sikh Wars
| Date| 13 July 1813

|

Location|

Siege at Attock, Battle at Haidaru on Mansur Plain, northeast of the fort

Result|

Sikh victory

* Capture of Attock[1][2]

Belligerents
Sikh Empire|  Durrani Empire
Commanders and leaders
Dewan Mokham Chand
Hari Singh Nalwa
Sham Singh Attariwala
Sultan Mahmud Khan|  Fateh Khan Barakzai
Dost Mohammad Khan
Strength
10,000[3]|  15,000[4]
Casualties and losses
Unknown|  2,000[5]

* v
* t
* e

Conflicts in Afghanistan (1793–1973)

* 1st Civil War
* 1st Ghilzai
* Chindawol
* 1st Herat
* Shahda
* Nimla
* 3rd Herat
* Attock
* 4th Herat
* Kafir Qal'eh
* Multan
* 2nd Civil War
* 3rd Civil War
* Shopian
* Nowshera
* 5th Herat
* 1st Hazara
* 6th Herat
* 1st Shuja
* Jalalabad
* Peshawar
* Jamrud
* 7th Herat
* 1st Afghan Turkestan
* 1st Britain, 2nd Shuja
* 2nd Hazara
* 1st Kandahar
* Tagab
* 1st Chahar Wilayat
* Balkh
* 2nd Kandahar, 8th Herat
* Aqcha
* 2nd Afghan Turkestan
* 9th Herat
* Sheberghan
* 3rd Kandahar
* 10th Herat
* Maimana (1857)
* 1st Khost
* Kunduz
* 11th Herat
* 2nd Civil War
* 12th Herat
* 13th Herat
* 2nd Chahar Wilayat
* 2nd Britain
* 14th Herat
* 3rd Civil War
* 1st Maimana
* 1st Ghilzai
* 2nd Turkestan
* 3rd Hazara
* 4th Hazara
* Uruzgan
* 2nd Maimana
* 5th Hazara
* Kafiristan
* 2nd Khost
* 1st Urtatagai
* 3rd Britain
* Alizai
* 3rd Khost
* 2nd Urtatagai
* 4th Civil War
* 1st Soviet Union
* Shinwari
* 1st Kuhistan
* 2nd Kuhistan
* 2nd Soviet Union
* 2nd Ghilzai
* Tribal revolts
* 6th Hazara
* 7th Hazara
* Republican coup

* v
* t
* e

Afghan–Sikh Wars

* Kalanaur (1748)
* Manupur (1748)
* Amritsar (1757)
* Mahilpur (1757)
* Jalandhar (1757)
* Sirhind (1758)
* Lahore (1758)
* Peshawar (1758)
* 1st Lahore (1759)
* 2nd Lahore (1759)
* Lahore (1760)
* Sialkot (1761)
* Gujranwala (1761)
* Lahore (1761)
* Jandiala (1762)
* Kup (1762)
* Amritsar (1762)
* Harnaulgarh (1762)
* Pipli Sahib (1762)
* Lakhi Jungle (1762)
* Ravi (1762)
* Sialkot (1763)
* Kasur (1763)
* Urmar Tanda (1763)
* Gujranwala (1763)
* Malerkotla (1763)
* Chamkaur (1764)
* Sirhind (1764)
* Chenab River (1764)
* Rohtas (1764)
* Qarawal (1764)
* Lahore (1764)
* Darbar Sahib (1764)
* Jandiala (1764)
* Batala (1764)
* Adinanagar (1764)
* Jullundur (1765)
* Sutlej Ford (1765)
* Nurmahal (1765)
* Kapurthala (1765)
* Beas Ford (1765)
* Gujrat (1765)
* Fatahbad (1766)
* Jhelum Town (1766)
* Amritsar (1767)
* Meerut (1767)
* Lahore (1767)
* Jullundur (1767)
* Rohtas (1767)
* Kunjpura (1772)
* Multan (1772)
* Rohtas (1779)
* Multan (1780)
* Shujabad (1780)
* Attock (1787)
* Sialkot (1789)
* Rohtas (1795)
* Indus Ford (1795)
* Gujrat (1796)
* Rohtas (1796)
* Attock (1796)
* Lahore (1796)
* Pind Dadan Khan (1796)
* Amritsar (1797)
* Battle near Amritsar (1797)
* Gujrat (1797)
* Sarae Kali (1798)
* Wazirabad (1798)
* Shahdara (1798)
* Near Lahore (1798)
* Amritsar (1798)
* Rogheen (1798)
* Kasur (1798)
* Eminabad (1798)
* Chunian (1798)
* Ravi Ford (1798)
* Battle in centre of Gujrat and Wazirabad (1798)
* Kasur (1807)
* Multan (1810)
* Kashmir (1812-1813)
* Hasan Abdal
* Attock
* Kashmir
* Multan (1818)
* Shopian
* Gandgarh
* Mangal
* Mankera
* Taragarh
* Nowshera
* Akora
* Shaidu
* Haidru
* Balakot
* Bannu
* Peshawar
* Ramkani
* Khyber Pass
* Michni
* Panjtar
* Jamrud

The Battle of Attock (also known as the Battle of Chuch or the Battle of Haidru) took place on 13 July 1813 between the Sikh Empire and the Durrani Empire.[6] The battle was the first significant Sikh victory over the Durranis.[2]

## Background[edit]

In 1811–12, Ranjit Singh invaded the hill states of Bhimber, Rajauri, and Kullu in preparation for an invasion of Kashmir.[7] In late 1812, Fateh Khan, the Vizier of Kabul, crossed the Indus river under orders from Mahmud Shah Durrani to raid Kashmir and to free Shuja Shah Durrani from its renegade vizier, Atta Muhammad Khan. In an 1812 interview with Ranjit Singh, Fateh Khan agreed to a joint invasion of Kashmir. He could not invade Kashmir if he was opposed by the Sikh Empire,[8] and agreed that a small Sikh force under Dewan Mokham Chand would receive one third of the plunder.

Both invasions began at Jhelum, but once the armies reached the Pir Panjal Range, Fateh Khan used a heavy snowfall to double march his veteran mountain troops through the range.[9] However, Dewan Mokham Chand offered the Rajauri raja a large jagir if he could find a path through the range that would allow the Sikhs to reach the valley of Kashmir at the same time as the Afghan troops and was able to have a small body of troops under Jodh Singh Kalsia and Nihal Singh Attari present at the captures of Hari Parbat and Shergarh. The vizier of Kashmir, Atta Muhammad Khan, had offered no resistance to either army but Fateh Khan refused to share the spoils.[9] Shuja Shah Durrani chose to be escorted by Dewan Mokham Chand to Lahore, the capital of the Sikh Empire, out of fear of becoming a prisoner at Kabul.[8]

Ranjit Singh became annoyed at Fateh Khan's refusal to share plunder and opened negotiations with the renegade governor of Attock, Jahandad Khan, brother to the recently deposed Atta Muhammad Khan of Kashmir,[9] and took control of the fort at Attock.[8] After Jahandad Khan accepted his jagir, Dia Singh, a Sardar with a small contingent of troops in the area, took control of Fort Attock including 3,510 Maunds of grain, 439 rounds of cannon shot, 70 cannon and small mortars, and 255 Maunds of rock salt.[10] Hari Singh Nalwa arrived with Dewan Devi Das and a detachment of cavalry to support the garrison at an unknown date.[11]

## Battle[edit]

Attock Fort, whose capture by the Sikh Empire lead to the Battle of Attock Attock Fort

Fateh Khan set off from Kashmir in April 1813 and invested Attock Fort.[12] At the same time Ranjit Singh rushed Dewan Mokham Chand and Karam Chand Chahal from Burhan with a force of cavalry, artillery, and a battalion of infantry to meet the Afghans.[10]

Dewan Mokham Chand encamped 8 miles (13 km) from the Afghan camp,[13] unwilling to risk a decisive engagement, although both sides engaged in numerous skirmishes and took losses. On 12 July 1812, the Afghans' supplies were exhausted and Dewan Mokham Chand marched 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Attock to Haidaru, on the banks of the Indus River, to offer battle. On 13 July 1812, Dewan Mokham Chand split the cavalry into four divisions, giving command of one division to Hari Singh Nalwa (and to General Sardar Gurmukh Singh Lamba <<see Sir Lepel Griffin book>>) and taking command of one division himself. The lone battalion of infantry formed an infantry square protecting the artillery, with Gouse Khan commanding the artillery.[10] The Afghans took up positions opposite the Sikhs, with a portion of their cavalry under the command of Dost Mohammad Khan.

Fateh Khan opened the battle by sending his Pathans on a cavalry charge which was repulsed by heavy fire from the Sikh artillery.[10] The Afghans rallied under Dost Mohammad Khan, and according to Griffin, led a "brilliant" cavalry charge which threw one wing of the Sikh army into disarray and captured some artillery.[12] When it appeared the Sikhs had lost the battle, Dewan Mokham Chand led a cavalry charge atop a war elephant that repulsed the Afghans "at all points",[13] and routed the remaining Afghan troops.[2] Fateh Khan, fearing his brother, Dost Mohammad Khan, had died, escaped to Kabul and the Sikhs captured the Afghan camp, including the lost artillery pieces.[14]

## Aftermath[edit]

Amritsar, Lahore, and other large cities across the Sikh Empire were illuminated for two months afterwards in rejoicing over the victory.[15] After his defeat at Attock, Fateh Khan made further multiple attempts to get back Attock, even writing a letter to Dewan Mokham Chand, asking to return Attock which could lead to good relations between two parties, but Mokham Chand refused and warned that the conquer-ship of Kashmir would be next.[16]In 1814, Yar Mohammad Khan, governor of Peshawar, attacked on Attock but was repulsed, following which Fateh Khan again sent a letter in 1815 asking to hand over Attock and restore it under Mahmud Shah's authority in exchange for Multan and paying the tax revenue of Kashmir.[17] During the last five years of his life from 1813 to 1818, Fateh Khan remained distressed over the loss of Attock.[18]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Anil Chandra Banerjee, The Khalsa Raj, (Abhinav Publications, 1985), 78.
2. ^ a b c Jaques 2006, p. 81
3. ^ Gupta 1991, p. 100.
4. ^ Johar, Surinder Singh (1985). The Secular Maharaja: A Biography of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. p. 125.
5. ^ Gupta 1991, p. 101.
6. ^ Cunningham 1918, pp. 152–153
7. ^ Griffin 1892, p. 190
8. ^ a b c Cunningham 1918, p. 152
9. ^ a b c Griffin 1892, p. 191
10. ^ a b c d Prakash 2002, p. 330
11. ^ Prakash 2002, pp. 329–330
12. ^ a b Griffin 1892, p. 192
13. ^ a b M'Gregor 1846, p. 170
14. ^ Prakash 2002, pp. 330–331
15. ^ M'Gregor 1846, p. 171
16. ^ Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). The History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 102\. ISBN 9788121505154.
17. ^ Gupta 1991, p. 103.
18. ^ Gupta 1991, p. 102.

## References[edit]

* Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1918). A history of the Sikhs: from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej. London, New york: Oxford University Press.
* Griffin, Lepel Henry (1892). Ranjit Singh. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* M'Gregor, William Lewis (1846). The history of the Sikhs; containing the lives of the Gooroos; the history of the independent Sirdars, or Missuls, and the life of the great founder of the Sikh monarchy, Maharajah Runjeet Singh. London: J. Madden.
* Jaques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
* Prakash, Om (2002). Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-0938-8.[permanent dead link]

* v
* t
* e

Sikh Empire

Rulers|

* Ranjit Singh
* Kharak Singh
* Nau Nihal Singh
* Chand Kaur
* Sher Singh
* Jind Kaur
* Duleep Singh

Military
conflicts|

| Mughal-Sikh Wars|

* Battle of Bhangani
* Nadaun
* Basoli
* Nirmohgarh
* 1st Anandpur
* 2nd Anandpur
* Chamkaur
* Sarsa
* Muktsar
* Sonepat
* Samana
* Sirhind
* Sadhaura
* Chappar Chiri
* Rahon
* Lohgarh
* Jalalabad
* Jammu
* Gurdas Nangal
* Delhi

|

Afghan–Sikh wars|

* Battle of Lahore
* Battle of Attock
* Battle of Multan
* Battle of Shopian
* Battle of Nowshera
* Battle of Peshawar
* Battle of Jamrud

First Anglo-Sikh War|

* Battle of Mudki
* Battle of Ferozeshah
* Battle of Aliwal
* Battle of Sobraon

Second Anglo-Sikh War|

* Battle of Ramnagar
* Battle of Chillianwala
* Siege of Multan
* Battle of Gujrat

Others|

Nepal–Sikh War, Sino-Sikh war, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, List of battles involving the Sikh Empire

Military forces|

* Sikh Khalsa Army
* Fauj-i-Khas
* Fauj-i-Ain

Adversaries|

* Mughal Empire
* Durrani Empire
* Emirate of Afghanistan
* British East India Company
* Kingdom of Nepal
* Qing Empire
* Hill States Alliance
* Kingdom of Mankera
* Namgyal dynasty
* Barakzai dynasty
* Sudhans of Poonch
* Maqpon Dynasty

Forts|

* Jamrud Fort
* Multan Fort
* Harkishangarh
* Lahore Fort

Officials and warriors|

| Natives|

* Dhian Singh
* Diwan Dina Nath
* Diwan Bhawani Das
* Pratap Singh
* Misr Diwan Chand
* Diwan Mulraj
* Hari Singh Nalwa
* Mahan Singh Mirpuri
* Dewan Mokham Chand
* Khushal Singh Jamadar
* Zorawar Singh
* Tej Singh
* Lal Singh
* Gulab Singh
* Balbhadra Kunwar
* Jawahar Singh
* Mehta Basti Ram
* Sham Singh Attariwalla
* Sher Singh Attariwalla
* Chattar Singh Attariwalla
* Amar Singh Majithia
* Lehna Singh Majithia
* Ranjodh Singh Majithia
* Surat Singh Majithia
* Mangal Singh Ramgarhia
* Akali Phula Singh
* Chandu Lal
* Ajit Singh Sandhawalia
* Kahan Singh Nakai
* Sangat Singh Saini
* Hukma Singh
* Veer Singh
* Jarnail Ghaus Khan
* Ilahi Bakhsh
* Fakir Azizuddin
* Sultan Mahmud Khan
* Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana

|

Foreigners|

* Jean-François Allard
* Jean-Baptiste Ventura
* Claude Auguste Court
* François Henri Mouton
* Alexander Gardner
* Paolo Avitabile
* Josiah Harlan
* Johann Martin Honigberger
* Henry Lawrence

Influential families|

* Sandhawalia family
* Majithia family
* Tiwana family

Treaties|

* Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
* Treaty of Lahore (1846)
* Treaty of Amritsar (1846)

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