Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)

WWII battle between Japanese and Dutch and British forces

For the campaigns on eastern Borneo, see Battle of Tarakan (1942) and Battle of Balikpapan (1942).

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Battle of Borneo

Part of the Pacific Theatre of World War II

Japanese paratroopers of the 2nd Yokosuka Naval Landing Force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Genzo Watanabe (standing on top in the left) inside a transport ship heading to Borneo prior to their invasion in December 1941.
| Date| 16 December 1941 – March 1942

|

Location|

Borneo Island

Result|  Japanese victory
Territorial
changes|  Japanese occupation of British Borneo and Dutch Borneo
Belligerents
Imperial Japanese Empire|

United Kingdom

* Sarawak
* India
* North Borneo
* Brunei
* Labuan

Netherlands

* Dutch East Indies

Commanders and leaders
Kiyotake Kawaguchi|  Robert Brooke-Popham
C.M. Lane
Dominicus Mars
Strength
4,500 infantry
2 heavy cruisers
1 light cruiser
6 destroyers
1 submarine chaser
1 seaplane tender
1 minesweeper
1 submarine
1 collier
10 transports|  1,000 Sarawak Force
1,000 British Punjab Regiment
1,000 KNIL
650 police
5 fighters
Unknown bomber strength
3 flying boats
2 submarines
Casualties and losses
567+ casualties
2 destroyers sunk
1 minesweeper sunk
1 collier sunk
2 transports sunk
1 transport beached
1 transport damaged|  2,300 casualties
1 flying boat destroyed
1 submarine sunk

* v
* t
* e

Japanese offensives,
1940–1942

1940

* Manchukuo
* Chongqing
* South Guangxi
* West Suiyuan
* Wuyuan
* Zaoyang–Yichang
* French Indochina
* Kaimingjie
* Central Hubei
* North China

1941

* Panjiayu
* South Henan
* Western Hubei
* Shanggao
* South Shanxi
* 2nd Changsha
* Malaya
* Pearl Harbor
* Thailand
* Hong Kong
* Philippines
* Guam
* Wake
* Sand Island
* Niihau
* Gilbert Islands
* Indian Ocean
* Borneo
* Dutch East Indies
* 3rd Changsha

1942

* Timor
* Burma
* New Guinea
* Qantas Short Empire shootdown
* Singapore
* Darwin
* Ellwood
* Broome
* KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown
* Operation K
* Andaman and Nicobar
* Christmas Island
* Ceylon
* Solomons
* Tulagi
* Coral Sea
* Nauru and Ocean Islands
* Zhejiang-Jiangxi
* Madagascar
* Aleutian Islands
* Midway
* Sydney
* Newcastle
* Fort Stevens
* Dureenbee
* Mount Emily

* v
* t
* e

Dutch East Indies campaign

1941

* 1st Borneo

1942

* Tarakan
* Manado
* Balikpapan
* Kendari
* Samarinda
* Banjarmasin
* Ambon
* Makassar Strait
* Sumatra
* Palembang
* Badung Strait
* Timor
* USS Langley
* 1st Java Sea
* Sunda Strait
* Java
* Kalijati
* Leuwiliang
* Tjiater Pass
* 2nd Java Sea

The Battle of Borneo was a successful campaign by Japanese Imperial forces for control of Borneo island and concentrated mainly on the subjugation of the Raj of Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo, and the western part of Kalimantan that was part of the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese main unit for this mission was the 35th Infantry Brigade led by Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi.[1]

The invasion of Borneo was part of a large Japanese invasion in the Pacific, which starting on December 7, 1941 attacked or invaded the United States, Great Britain, and Thailand, including territories in Burma, Malaya, and the Pacific. Previously, they had only been at war with China, even though they had signed the tripartite act with Nazi Germany and Italy.

## Background

[edit]

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In 1941, Borneo was divided between the Dutch East Indies and British protectorates (North Borneo, Sarawak and Brunei) and crown colonies (Labuan).

The so-called "White Rajahs", the Brooke family, had ruled Sarawak, on the northwest of Borneo, for almost a century, first as Rajahs under the Sultanate of Brunei (a by then tiny but once powerful state entirely enclosed within the borders of Sarawak), and from 1888 as a protectorate of the British Empire. The northeast of the island comprised North Borneo, since 1882 another British protectorate under the British North Borneo Company. Offshore lay the small British crown colony of Labuan.

The rest of the island—collectively known as Kalimantan—was under Dutch control. The Netherlands were invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940. However, Free Dutch forces—mainly the Royal Netherlands Navy and the 85,000-strong Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL, including a small air service)—fought on, spread throughout the Dutch East Indies, and by December 1941 under an embryonic and somewhat chaotic joint Allied command which became the short-lived American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM).

The Tripartite Pact—between the three Axis powers of Germany, Japan and Italy—guaranteed mutual support, and this paid off for Japan in July 1941 when French weakness in the wake of the fall of France to Germany allowed Japan to occupy French Indo-China (now modern Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia). This blocked a supply route for the Kuomintang, against whom Japan had been fighting since 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War. It also gave Imperial Japan a seaboard facing Sarawak and North Borneo across the China Sea. In December 1941, Japan attacked US possessions in Hawaii and the Philippines, declaring war on the US and finally precipitating Germany's official declaration of war on America, according to the Pact.

With its rich petroleum exploitation capacity, for instance at Tarakan, Balikpapan and Banjarmasin, Borneo was a prime target for Japan, and a very poorly guarded one. Chronically short of natural resources, Japan needed an assured supply of fuel to achieve its long-term goal of becoming the major power in the Pacific. Borneo also stood on the main sea routes between Java, Sumatra, Malaya and Celebes. Control of these routes were vital to securing the territory.

## Order of Battle

[edit]

### Allied

[edit]

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Map of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) area, with Borneo just left of centre.

#### Defence in Sarawak and North Borneo

[edit]

The main objectives were the oilfields at Miri in Sarawak region and Seria in Brunei. The oil was refined at Lutong near Miri. Despite rich oil supplies, the Sarawak region had no air or sea forces to defend it. Only in late 1940 did Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham order the 2nd Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment, a heavy 152 mm (6 in) gun battery from the Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery, and a detachment of the 35th Fortress Company (Royal Engineers) to be positioned at Kuching. They numbered about 1,050 men. In addition, the Brooke White Rajah government also organised the Sarawak Rangers. This force consisted of 1,515 men who were primarily Iban and Dayak tribesmen. Altogether these forces were commanded by British Lieutenant Colonel C.M. Lane and was known as "SARFOR" (Sarawak Force).

After having heard of the attack on Pearl Harbor, on 8 December 1941, the Brooke government ordered that the oilfields at Miri and Seria and refinery at Lutong be quickly demolished.

#### Defence in Singkawang and Pontianak (Dutch East Indies)

[edit]

The Dutch forces had an important airfield near the border of British Malaysia (Sarawak) called "Singkawang II", which was defended by about 750 Dutch troops. On 25 November, five Brewster 339 Buffalo fighter planes arrived for local defence, followed in the beginning of December by Martin B-10 bombers.

The Dutch Naval Aviation Group GVT-1, with three Dornier Do 24K flying boats, was located in Pontianak along with a KNIL garrison, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Dominicus Mars, numbering approximately 500 men.

Dutch forces in West Borneo consisted of the following units:

* West Borneo KNIL Garrison Battalion
* Stadswacht Infantry Company (about 125 men) in Pontianak
* Anti-Aircraft Battery (two 40 mm (1.57 in) guns) plus some AA machine-guns
* Mobile Auxiliary First Aid Platoon
* Stadswacht Detachment (about 50 men) in Singkawang
* Stadswacht Detachment (unknown strength) in Sintang

### Imperial Japanese

[edit]

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The main Japanese force—led by Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi—consisted of units from Canton, southern China:

* 35th Infantry Brigade Headquarters
* 124th Infantry Regiment from Japanese 18th Division
* 2nd Yokosuka Naval Landing Force
* 4th Naval Construction Unit
* 1 platoon of the 12th Engineer Regiment
* 1 unit from the 18th Division Signal Unit
* 1 unit from the 18th Division Medical Unit
* 4th Field Hospital, 18th Division
* 1 unit from the 11th Water Supply and Purification Unit

## Invasion

[edit]

Additional Japanese troops landing off the west coast of British North Borneo in Labuan, 14 January 1942.

On 13 December 1941, a Japanese invasion convoy left Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina, escorted by the cruiser Yura (Rear-Admiral Shintaro Hashimoto), the destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Division (Murakumo, Shinonome, Shirakumo and Usugumo), the submarine chaser CH-7, and the seaplane tender Kamikawa Maru. Ten transport ships (Imperial Japanese Army transports Katori Maru, Hiyoshi Maru, Myoho Maru, Kenkon Maru, Nichiran Maru; and Imperial Japanese Navy transports Hokkai Maru, Tonan Maru No 3, Unyo Maru No. 2, Kamikawa Maru, Mitakesan Maru) carried the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade HQ under the command of Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi. The Support Force—commanded by Rear Admiral Takeo Kurita—consisted of the cruisers Kumano and Suzuya and the destroyers Fubuki and Sagiri.

Part of the Japanese force was allocated to capture Miri and Seria, while the rest would capture Kuching and nearby airfields. The convoy escaped detection and, at dawn on 16 December 1941, two landing units secured Miri and Seria, encountering very little resistance from British forces. A few hours later, Lutong was captured as well.

Seria & Miri

During World War II, Seria was one of the first places in Borneo invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army.[2] The Japanese Kawaguchi Detachment came ashore on 16 December 1941, nine days after the Attack on Pearl Harbor.[3] Upon the invasion, the oil field was destroyed by the British forces to prevent being captured by the Japanese.[4][5]

Soon after the news of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes were seen making reconnaissance flights over Miri.[6] The Brooke government decided on a complete destruction of oilfields and airfields in Miri. Shell company officials received orders to carry out the Denial Scheme on 8 December 1941. In the evening on the same day, the task was completed.[7] All producing oil wells were sealed up with vital equipment and machinery dismantled and shipped off to Singapore. Skilled workers and important company papers also went along with the equipment and sent to Singapore.[6] The Punjab Regiment and several officials were sent to guard Kuching.[7] On 16 December 1941, 9 days after the Pearl Harbor bombing, Japanese troops consisting of 10,000 men landed on Tanjung Lobang Beach, Miri without much resistance.[7] However, on 17 December 1941, a Dutch flying boat from Tarakan Island attacked the Japanese destroyer Shinonome (under the command of Hiroshi Sasagawa) off Miri. The ship was sunk along with the entire crew of 228.[8] Another flying boat X-33 also damaged a Japanese transport ship.[7]

Dutch air raid and naval actions

Dutch Martin B-10 bombers attacked Japanese shipping from their base, 'Singkawang II' at Miri, on 17 December, but their attempt failed. The three Dornier Do 24Ks followed up with their own attack, but one was shot down, possibly by a floatplane from Kamikawa Maru.[9] The remaining two, benefiting from cloud cover, were never seen by the Japanese. One flying boat scored two 200 kg bomb hits on Shinonome, causing a massive explosion, while a near miss ruptured its hull plating. The destroyer's stern broke off and the ship sank within minutes.[9] The last flying boat dropped its bombs on a freighter, but missed. The B-10 bombers made attacks at Miri 18 and 19 December, but retired to Sumatra on 23 December since Singkawang II airfield was discovered by the Japanese, who began attacking it the same day.

On 22 December, a Japanese convoy left Miri for Kuching, but was spotted by the Dutch flying boat X-35, which radioed a warning to the Dutch submarine HNLMS K XIV, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Carel A. J. van Groeneveld. At 20:40 on 23 December, K XIV infiltrated the convoy and began its attack. The army transports Hiyoshi Maru and Katori Maru were sunk with the loss of hundreds of troops. Hokkai Maru was beached to prevent her from sinking, and another transport was less seriously damaged.[9] The rest of the troops were able to land. Although 2nd Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment, resisted the attack, they were soon outnumbered and retreated up the river. By the afternoon, Kuching was in Japanese hands.

On the night of 23–24 December, HNLMS K XVI torpedoed the Japanese destroyer Sagiri 30 miles (48 km) north of Kuching, becoming the first Allied submarine in the Pacific to sink a warship. K XVI was lost with all hands during the day by a torpedo from Japanese submarine I66.[9]

On 24 and 28 December, B-10 bombers from a different unit flew missions against Kuching from Singapore, Sembawang. On 26 December, B-10s operating out of Samarinda sank a Japanese minesweeper and a collier.[9]

Brunei

Meanwhile, on 31 December 1941, the force under Lieutenant Colonel Watanabe moved northward to occupy Brunei, Labuan Island, and Jesselton (now called Kota Kinabalu). On 18 January 1942, using small fishing boats, the Japanese landed at Sandakan, the seat of government of British North Borneo. The North Borneo Armed Constabulary, with only 650 men, hardly provided any resistance to slow down the Japanese invasion. On the morning of 19 January, Governor Charles Robert Smith surrendered British North Borneo and was interned with other staff.[citation needed]

Kuching Airfield and retreat

At about 16:40 on 25 December, Japanese troops successfully captured Kuching airfield. The Punjab regiment retreated through the jungle to the Singkawang area. After Singkawang was secured as well on 29 December, the rest of the British and Dutch troops retreated southward further into the jungle, trying to reach Sampit and Pangkalanbun, where a Dutch airfield at Kotawaringin was located. South and central Kalimantan were taken by the Japanese Navy following attacks from east and west. The town of Pontianak was finally occupied by the Imperial Japanese forces on 29 January 1942. After ten weeks in the jungle-covered mountains, Allied troops surrendered on 1 April 1942.[citation needed]

## References

[edit]

* Runciman, S., The White Rajahs: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946, particularly 252–5. Cambridge University Press, 1960.
* Percival, Arthur Ernest The War in Malaya, (especially Chapter XII: Operations in Borneo.) London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1949.
* L., Klemen, 1999–2000, The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42, "The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942".
* L., Klemen, 1999–2000, The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42, "The Japanese occupation of Sandakan, January 1942".
* Governors of North Borneo, World Statesmen.

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ "Borneo: The End in the Pacific". Australian War Memorial, London. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
2. ^ Reece, R. H. W.; Reece, Bob (1982). The Name of Brooke: The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak. Oxford University Press. p. 97\. ISBN 978-0-19-580474-4.
3. ^ Evans, A. A.; Gibbons, David (15 August 2011). The Illustrated Timeline of World War II. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 87\. ISBN 978-1-4488-4795-2.
4. ^ Thiessen, Tamara (2012). Borneo: Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 134\. ISBN 978-1-84162-390-0.
5. ^ "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". www.britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
6. ^ a b "Decline and War". MiriResortCity.com. 13 January 2006. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
7. ^ a b c d L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The Invasion of British Borneo in 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015.
8. ^ Visser, Jan (1999–2000). "Who sank IJN destroyer Shinonome, December 1941?". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
9. ^ a b c d e Cox, Jeffrey (November 2015). Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472808349.[permanent dead link]

* v
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History of East Malaysia

Common
history1|

* Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)
* Japanese occupation
* Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)
* Borneo campaign
* British Military Administration
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Malaysia Agreement
* Proclamation of Malaysia
* 2019 federal constitution amendment (on hold) ★ first tabling
* 2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic
* 2021 federal constitution amendment (passed) ★ second tabling

History of
Sabah|

* Brunei Civil War
* Sultanate of Sulu
* Sabah conflict (1771)
* Austrian colony
* North Borneo Chartered Company
* North Borneo
* Antanum
* Mat Salleh
* Madrid Protocol
* Jesselton revolt
* Sandakan camp
* Sandakan Death Marches
* Battle of North Borneo
* Crown Colony of North Borneo
* Self-government of North Borneo
* Cobbold Commission
* 20-point agreement
* Keningau Oath Stone
* Double Six Crash
* Cross border attacks from the Philippines
* 1985 Lahad Datu ambush
* 2000 Sipadan kidnappings
* 2013 Lahad Datu standoff
* 1986 Sabah riots
* 1991 Sabah political arrests
* Project IC
* Sabah State Water Department corruption probe
* 2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic

History of
Sarawak|

* Sultanate of Sarawak
* Raj of Sarawak
* Rentap
* Liu Shan Bang
* Syarif Masahor
* Crown Colony of Sarawak
* Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Self-government of Sarawak
* Cobbold Commission
* 18-point agreement
* 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis
* 1987 Ming Court Affair
* 1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak
* Sarawak rabies outbreak (2017–present)
* 2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic

History of
Labuan|

* Crown Colony of Labuan
* North Borneo Chartered Company
* North Borneo (1890–1904)
* Straits Settlements (1907–46)
* Battle of North Borneo
* Battle of Labuan
* Colony of Singapore (1946)
* Crown Colony of North Borneo (1946–63)
* Cobbold Commission
* 20-point agreement
* Sabah (1963–84)
* Federal territory (1984–)

1 Covers the three territories

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Timeline|

| Prelude|

* Africa
* Second Italo-Ethiopian War
* Asia
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Battles of Khalkhin Gol
* Europe
* Anschluss
* Munich Agreement
* Occupation of Czechoslovakia
* Operation Himmler
* Italian invasion of Albania

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1939|

* Invasion of Poland
* Battle of the Atlantic
* Phoney War
* First Battle of Changsha
* Battle of South Guangxi
* Winter War
* 1939–1940 Winter Offensive

1940|

* Norwegian campaign
* German invasion of Denmark
* Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
* German invasion of Luxembourg
* German invasion of the Netherlands
* German invasion of Belgium
* Battle of France
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* Compass

1941|

* Battle of South Henan
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* Invasion of Yugoslavia
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* Battle of South Shanxi
* Syria–Lebanon campaign
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* Fall of Hong Kong
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* Japanese invasion of Burma
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1942|

* Fall of Singapore
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1943|

* Black May
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1945|

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Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941

Topics|

* Attack on Pearl Harbor
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* First Bombardment of Midway
* Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra
* Invasion of Gilbert Islands
* Bombing of Rangoon (Burma)
* Japanese invasion of Thailand (Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan)
* Invasion of Borneo

Philippines|

* Attack on Clark and Iba Fields
* Japanese invasion of Aparri
* Japanese invasion of Batan Island
* Japanese invasion of Davao
* Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay
* Japanese invasion of Legazpi
* Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf
* Japanese invasion of Vigan

Malaya|

* Battle of Gurun
* Battle of Jitra
* Battle of Kampar
* Battle of Kota Bharu
* Battle of Kuala Lumpur
* Bombing of Singapore (1941)
* Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse

Related|

* Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire
* Day of Infamy speech
* Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
* Malayan campaign
* Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)
* Dutch East Indies campaign
* List of shipwrecks in December 1941
* USS Wake capture
* HMS Peterel sunk
* Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement

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