Battle of Columbus (1916)

Raid on Columbus, New Mexico, US, by a Mexican revolutionary force

This article is about the raid on Columbus, New Mexico by the forces of Pancho Villa. For the American Civil War battle, see Battle of Columbus (1865).

Battle of Columbus

Columbus, after the battle
| Date| March 9, 1916

|

Location|

Columbus, New Mexico, United States

31°49′51″N 107°38′30″W﻿ / ﻿31.83083°N 107.64167°W﻿ / 31.83083; -107.64167
Result|

American victory

* Columbus heavily damaged
* Villistas retreat with heavy casualties

Belligerents
United States|

Conventionists

* División del Norte

Commanders and leaders
Herbert Slocum
Frank Tompkins|  Pancho Villa
Strength
353[1]|  484[2]
Casualties and losses
8 killed and 15 wounded|  67 killed and many more wounded
7 captured
10 civilians killed

* v
* t
* e

U.S. involvement in the Mexican Revolution

Mexican Revolution

* Tampico Affair
* Ypiranga incident
* Veracruz

Border War

* 1st Agua Prieta
* 1st Ciudad Juarez
* Bandit War
* Norias Ranch
* Ojo de Agua
* 2nd Nogales
* Santa Isabel
* Mexican Expedition
* Columbus
* San Isidro
* Aguacaliente
* Parral
* Puerto de Varas
* Tomóchic
* Glenn Springs
* Carrizal
* Guerrero
* Ojos Azules
* Rubio Ranch
* Castillon
* Las Varas Pass
* San Ygnacio
* Zimmermann Affair
* Brite Ranch
* 1st Pilares
* Neville Ranch
* 2nd Pilares
* Porvenir
* 3rd Nogales
* 3rd Ciudad Juárez
* Candelaria
* Ruby

The Battle of Columbus (Burning of Columbus or the Columbus Raid), March 9, 1916, began as a raid conducted by remnants of Pancho Villa's Division of the North on the small United States border town of Columbus, New Mexico, located 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the border with Mexico. The raid escalated into a full-scale battle between Villistas and the United States Army.

Villa himself led the assault, only to be driven back into Mexico by elements of the 13th Cavalry Regiment stationed at the town. The attack angered Americans, and President Woodrow Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing to lead the Punitive Expedition in which the US Army invaded Mexico but failed to capture Villa.[3]

## Battle[edit]

Herbert Jermain Slocum circa 1915

After the 1915 Battle of Celaya during the Mexican Revolution, where Villa sustained his greatest defeat, the Division of the North was in a disorganised condition, wandering around northern Mexico foraging for supplies. Lacking the military supplies, money, and munitions he needed in order to pursue his war against Mexican President Venustiano Carranza,[4] Villa planned the raid and camped his army of an estimated 1,500 horsemen outside of Palomas on the border three miles south of Columbus, which was populated by about 300 Americans and about as many Mexicans that had fled north from the advancing Villistas.[5] The reasons for the raid have never been established with any certainty. An American kidnap victim travelling with the raiding party, Maud Hawk Wright, said that Villa came with 1,500 men but only attacked with about 600 because there was not enough ammunition for more raiders.[6]

At their camp, Villa sent spies into the town to assess the presence of U.S. military personnel. When the returning spies told him that only about thirty soldiers garrisoned Columbus (a significant error)[citation needed], Villa moved north and crossed the border about midnight. The garrison came from the 13th Cavalry Regiment usually stationed at Cavalry Camp Columbus, which was located immediately south of downtown and consisted of the headquarters troop, machine gun troop, and four of the seven rifle troops deployed to patrol the border, totaling in all 12 officers and 341 men, of which approximately 270 were combat troops. On this night, half were out of camp on patrol or other assignments [1]

Villistas captured after the Columbus raid.

Villa divided his force into two columns, most of which approached the town on foot, and launched a two-pronged attack on the town in the dark at 4:15 am on March 9. The town's population was asleep, along with most of the garrison, when they entered Columbus from the west and southeast shouting "¡Viva Villa! ¡Viva Mexico!" and other phrases. The townspeople awoke to an army of Villistas burning their settlement and looting their homes. The commander of the 13th Cavalry was Colonel Herbert Jermain Slocum.[7] He had been advised the day before, from three conflicting reports from Mexican sources, that Villa and his soldiers were on the move, possibly against Columbus. One warning was given by Juan Favela, the foreman of a ranch near Palomas (three miles south in Mexico), who had seen them headed north the day before the attack. Amidst many such reports that had proved false, the warning was ignored as unreliable, although the troop at the Border Gate was reinforced and all three troops in the field were ordered to step up patrolling of the 65-mile long border. However, U.S. soldiers were forbidden to reconnoiter inside Mexico and thus unable to check reports of Villa's whereabouts.

Despite being taken by surprise, the Americans quickly recovered. Soon after the attack began, 2nd Lt. John P. Lucas, commanding the 13th Cavalry's machine gun troop, made his way barefooted from his quarters to the camp's barracks. He organized a hasty defense around the camp's guard tent, where his troop's machine guns were kept under lock, with two men and a Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun. He was soon joined by the remainder of his unit and 30 troopers armed with M1903 Springfield rifles led by 2nd Lt. Horace Stringfellow, Jr. The troop's four machine guns fired more than 5,000 rounds apiece during a 90-minute fight, their targets illuminated by fires of burning buildings.[8] In addition, many of the townspeople were armed with rifles and shotguns.

Villa's men looted and burned several houses and commercial buildings, fighting civilians that were defending their homes. It is not known if Villa was with the raiding party at any time. However, it is known that during most of the battle, Villa, his commanders, and about two dozen other men took up position on Cootes Hill overlooking Columbus where they could observe the action and where some of Villa's men acted as sharpshooters to fire upon the town. The Villistas fought the pursuing American troops and civilians until a bugler sounded the order to retreat. Major Frank Tompkins, commanding the regiment's 3rd Squadron and acting as its executive officer, asked and received permission from Slocum to pursue the withdrawing Mexicans. Disregarding the rules of engagement, he led two troops 15 miles into Mexico in pursuit of a force approximately six times the size of his, engaged Villa's rearguard four times, and inflicted some losses on them before withdrawing back across the border after running low on ammunition and water. Tompkins was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal and the Distinguished Service Cross in 1918 for this action.[9] Captain A.W. Brock and his troops from Company 1 of the National Guard arrived as the sun came up. They were alerted by the 20 year old telephone switchboard operator, Susie Parks, who was trapped with her baby in the Courier Newspaper office during the battle.[10][11][12] She was later awarded a tribute for her bravery by Mrs. L.B. Prince of Santa Fe, (wife of former territorial governor of New Mexico), and the Daughters of the American Revolution on August 27, 1916 at the Crystal Theater in Columbus.[13][14]

## Aftermath[edit]

Main article: Pancho Villa Expedition

Wanted poster from the Chief of Police of Columbus, for the capture of the Mexican revolutionary officers that led the Mexican troops in the Battle of Columbus.

On March 9, 1916, after the attack, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Newton Diehl Baker, Jr. to fill the vacant position of United States Secretary of War.

In spite of Villa proclaiming that the raid was a success by evidence of captured arms and equipment from the camp, which included over 300 rifles and shotguns, 80 horses, and 30 mules, the raid was a tactical disaster for him with ill-afforded casualties of 90 to 170 dead[15] from an original force that had numbered 484 men,[2][16] including at least 63 killed in action and at least seven more who later died from wounds during the raid itself.[17] Of those captured during the raid, seven were tried; of those, one sentence was commuted to life in prison; and six were convicted and executed by hanging. Two were hanged on June 9, 1916; four were hanged on June 30, 1916.[18] The sixty-three dead Villa soldiers and all the dead Villa horses that were left behind in Columbus after the raid were dragged south of the stockyards, soaked with kerosene and burned.[citation needed] Various official reports state that the American dead included 8 or 10 or 11 soldiers and 7 or 8 civilians and the names on the lists are not consistent.

The United States government wasted no time in responding. National Guard units from around the United States were called up and by the end of August 1916 over 100,000 troops were on the border. The Battle of Columbus resulted in the creation of the Punitive Expedition led by General John J. Pershing to track down and capture or kill Villa or disperse the attackers. In the operation, the Army used Curtiss Jenny airplanes for reconnaissance and trucks to carry supplies (both firsts for the Army). They scoured portions of northern Mexico for six months but Villa was not found. In January 1917, with the United States likely to enter World War I soon, and under intense diplomatic pressure from the Mexican government,[19] these troops were withdrawn from Mexico.

In commemoration of Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, the State of New Mexico Parks Commission established Pancho Villa Historical Park and its museum in Columbus, near Cootes Hill across the Palomas road from the site of Camp Furlong.[20]

On 19 March 2024, Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador described the attack on Columbus as "daring" and “a symbol of resistance against imperialism”, adding that “We should thank Villa" for preventing "what he considered acts of treason.”[21]

## See also[edit]

* Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong, a U.S. National Historic Landmark District
* Punitive expedition
* Herbert Jermain Slocum
* Frank Tompkins
* Pancho Villa Expedition
* Susie A. Parks

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Tompkins, Col. Frank (1934, 1996). Chasing Villa: The Last Campaign of the U.S. Cavalry, High-Lonesome Books, Silver City, New Mexico. ISBN 0944383394, p. 44
2. ^ a b Louis Sadler, New Mexico State University, in forward to 1996 reprint of Chasing Villa. Pershing's report gave the figure as 485.
3. ^ "Pursuing Pancho Villa - Presidio of San Francisco (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
4. ^ [http://www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-12.htm Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: "Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico"
5. ^ "Columbus N.M., Scene of Early Morning Attack". Library of Congress. Bisbee Daily Review. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
6. ^ Associated Press (March 11, 1916). "Waiting for baby, woman held by villa says he is expecting Germany and Japan to step it". Harrisburg Telegraph. Harrisburg, Pa. ISSN 2376-3442. OCLC 12396379. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
7. ^ "Slocum Blameless For Columbus Raid. Secretary of War Announces No Stigma Rests on Conduct of Post Commander. Inspector Makes Report. Funston Says Mexican Scout Misled Colonel. Pershing Defends His Subordinate". The New York Times. August 1, 1916. Retrieved December 20, 2013. "Colonel H. J. Slocum of the Thirteenth Cavalry has been exonerated by the Secretary of War of blame in connection with Francisco Villa's raid on Columbus, N.M., last March. Colonel Slocum was in command of the American troops stationed at Columbus, and there has been a great deal of unofficial criticism of the apparent circumstance that his forces were surprised by the Villistas. ..."
8. ^ Tompkins, pp. 50–52.
9. ^ "Valor awards for Frank Tompkins | Military Times Hall of Valor". Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
10. ^ McGaw, William C (1988). Southwest Saga – the Way it Really Was!. Phoenix, Arizona: Golden West Publishers. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0914846353. Archived from the original on July 30, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
11. ^ Smith, Toby (July 28, 1981). "Brave Woman in a Border Town". Albuquerque Journal.
12. ^ Welsome, Eileen (2006). The General & the Jaguar. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0316715997.
13. ^ "Brave Little Woman Who Dodged Villa Bullets to be Honored Sunday". No. Home. El Paso Herald. August 24, 1916. p. 12.
14. ^ Parks, G.E. (September 1, 1916). "Columbus Heroine is Recognized by Presentation". Columbus Courier.
15. ^ Pershing's report on the Punitive Expedition listed 90 killed on March 9. Tompkins reported 67 found dead in the town and from 75 to 100 killed in the pursuit. Other histories place the Villista killed variously in the 70 to 80 range.
16. ^ James W. Hurst: Pancho Villa and Black Jack Pershing. The Punitive Expedition in Mexico. Praeger Publishers, Westport 2008, ISBN 978-0313350047, S. 21–30.
17. ^ Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, "1993: Villa's Raid on Columbus, New Mexico"
18. ^ James W. Hurst, The Villista Prisoners of 1916–17 Yucca Tree Press (Las Cruces, NM 2000)
19. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information. Bureau of Public Affairs (August 20, 2008). "Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
20. ^ Montfort, Bill. "Pancho Villa State RV Park" Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine on the Columbus, New Mexico website
21. ^ "Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916-1917". Associated Press. March 20, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.

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## Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Columbus (1916).

* Braddy, Haldeen (1965) Pancho Villa at Columbus Texas Western College Press, El Paso, Texas, OCLC 2235175
* De Quesada, Alejandro (2012) The Hunt For Pancho Villa; The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916-17. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Raid Series #29. ISBN 978-1-84908-568-7
* Finley, James P. (1993) "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus"] Huachuca Illustrated: a magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum Vol. 1, Part 12 online
* Katz, Friedrich. "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico," American Historical Review 83#1 (1978), pp. 101–130 in JSTOR
* Rakocy, Bill (1981) Villa raids Columbus, N.Mex., March 9, 1916 Bravo Press, El Paso, Texas, OCLC 7629090
* White, E. Bruce and Francisco Villa, "The Muddied Waters of Columbus, New Mexico," The Americas 32#1 (July 1975), pp. 72–98 in JSTOR
* List of Americans Killed and Wounded in Raid of Mexican Bandits at Columbus, N.M., [1] The New York Times, March 10, 1916, p. 1.
* Investigation of Mexican Affairs - Hearing Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations - 66th Congress, 1st Session - United States Senate, [2], U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 858 and 860.

* v
* t
* e

Mexican Revolution

Background|

* History of Mexico
* Economic History of Mexico
* Encomiendas
* Haciendas
* Casta social system
* Constitution of 1857
* Reform War
* La Reforma
* French Intervention in Mexico
* Porfiriato
* Científicos

Important people|

* Porfirio Díaz
* Francisco I. Madero
* José María Pino Suárez
* Victoriano Huerta
* Francisco "Pancho" Villa
* Venustiano Carranza
* Emiliano Zapata
* Álvaro Obregón
* Ricardo Flores Magón
* Pascual Orozco
* Carmen Serdán
* Aquiles Serdán
* Plutarco Elías Calles
* Lázaro Cárdenas
* José Yves Limantour
* Ramón Corral
* Francisco León de la Barra
* Félix Díaz Velasco
* Bernardo Reyes
* Eufemio Zapata
* Manuel Palafox
* Genovevo de la O

Plans|

* Plan of San Luis Potosí
* Plan of Ayala
* Plan of Guadalupe
* Plan of Agua Prieta
* Plan of San Diego

Political developments|

* Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
* Decena trágica
* Morelos Commune
* Convention of Aguascalientes
* Querétaro Constitutional Convention
* Pancho Villa Expedition
* Maximato
* United States involvement
* formations

Legacy|

* Emigration from Mexico
* Mexican Constitution of 1917
* Cristero War
* Land Reforms
* Mexican miracle
* 1968 student protests
* Popular culture
* Historical Museum
* Monument to the Revolution
* Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
* Zapatista Army of National Liberation
* Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution

Other|

* Factions
* Liberation Army of the South
* Constitutionalists
* División del Norte
* Federales
* Felicistas
* Magonistas
* Soldaderas
* Sonora in the Mexican Revolution

1. ^ THE COLUMBUS COURIER Telephone Operator Will Be Honored In-text: (The Columbus Courier, 1916) Your Bibliography: The Columbus Courier, 1916. Telephone Operator Will Be Honored. [online] Available at: <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92070539/1916-08-25/ed-1/seq-1/> [Accessed 19 May 2022].

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