Battle of Ctesiphon (263)

263 battle between the Sassanid and Palmyrene armies

Battle of Ctesiphon (263)

Part of the Roman–Persian Wars
| Date| 263

|

Location|

Ctesiphon, (present day Iraq)

Result|  Sasanian victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
Sasanian Empire|  Palmyrene Kingdom
Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Shapur I|  Odaenathus
Strength
Unknown|  Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown|  Unknown

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Roman–Persian Wars

Roman–Parthian Wars

* Carrhae
* Antioch (51 BC)
* Caesar's planned invasion
* Pompeian–Parthian invasion
* Cilician Gates
* Amanus Pass
* Mt Gindarus
* Mark Antony's campaign
* Armenian War of 58–63
* Trajan's Parthian campaign
* Lucius Verus' campaigns
* Septimus Severus' campaigns
* 2nd Ctesiphon
* Parthian war of Caracalla
* Nisibis

Roman–Sasanian wars

* Mesopotamia
* Campaign of Severus Alexander
* Nisibis (235)
* Hatra
* Resaena
* Misiche
* Nisibis (252)
* Barbalissos
* Antioch (253)
* Dura-Europos
* Edessa
* Antioch (260)
* Caesarea (260)
* Odaenathus' campaigns
* 3rd Ctesiphon
* Carus' campaign
* Galerius' campaigns
* Carrhae (296)
* Satala
* Narasara (336)
* Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
* 1st Singara
* Amida
* 2nd Singara
* 1st Bezabde
* 2nd Bezabde
* Julian's Persian expedition
* Pirisabora
* Maiozamalcha
* Ctesiphon
* Maranga
* Samarra
* Bagrevand

Byzantine–Sasanian Wars

* War of 421–422
* War of 440
* Anastasian War
* Iberian War
* Lazic War
* War of 572–591
* War of 602–628

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Crisis of the Third Century

Reign of Maximinus Thrax (235–238)

* Death of Alexander Severus (235)
* Harzhorn (c. 235)
* Usurpation of Magnus (c. 235)
* Usurpation of Quartinus (235)

Year of the Six Emperors (238)

* Revolt of Gordian I & Gordian II (238)
* Battle of Carthage (238)
* Siege of Aquileia (238)
* Reign of Pupienus & Balbinus (238)
* Invasion of the Carpi (238–239)

Reign of Gordian III (238–244)

* Sabinianus Revolt (240)
* Fall of Hatra (241)
* Resaena (243)
* Misiche (244)

Reign of Philip the Arab (244–249)

* Invasion of the Carpi (245–247)
* Secular Games of 248 (248)
* Usurpation of Sponsianus (240s)
* Usurpation of Pacatianus (248)
* Usurpation of Jotapianus (249)
* Usurpation of Silbannacus (249 or 253)
* Decius' Rebellion (249)

Verona and death of Philip & Philip II (249)

Reign of Decius (249–251)

* Plague of Cyprian (250–270)
* Decian persecution (250–251)
* Gothic invasion of Cniva (250–251)
* Carpi invasion of Dacia (250)
* Nicopolis ad Istrum (250)
* Beroe (250)
* Philippopolis (250)
* Usurpation of Julius Priscus (251)
* Abritus and death of Decius and Etruscus (251)

Reign of Trebonianus Gallus (251–253)

* Death of Hostilian (251)
* Mariades' Revolt (252)
* Nisibis (252)
* Barbalissos (253)
* Interamna Nahars (c 253)

Reign of Aemilianus (253)

* Antioch (253)

Reign of Valerian and Gallienus (253–260)

* Thessalonica (254)
* Thermopylae (254)
* Dura-Europos (256)
* Gothic invasion (256–257)
* Invasion of Shapur (258)
* Invasion of the Alemanni (258–260 approx)
* Mediolanum (259)
* Scythian invasion (259–260)
* Edessa (260)

Reign of Gallienus (260–268)

* Caesarea (260)
* Usurpation of Ingenuus (260)
* Usurpation of Regalianus (260)
* Usurpation of Macrianus Major (c. 259–261)
* Gallic Empire (260–274)
* Death of Saloninus (260)
* Roxolani Invasion of Pannonia (260)
* Campaigns of Odaenathus (260–267)
* Usurpation of Quietus (261)
* Usurpation of Balista (261)
* Usurpation of Valens Thessalonicus (261)
* Usurpation of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (261)
* Usurpation of Macrianus Minor (261)

* Pannonian Rebellion (261)

* Usurpation of Mussius Aemilianus (261–262)
* Postumus' Campaign against the Franks (262)
* Postumus' Campaign against the Alamanni (263)
* Ctesiphon (263)
* Scythian Invasion (265–266)
* Assassination of Odaenathus (267)
* Usurpation of Maeonius (266–267)
* Scythian Invasion (267–269)
* Heruli Raids (267)
* Athens (267)
* Usurpation of Acilius Aureolus (268)

Reign of Claudius Gothicus (268–270)

* Usurpation of Laelianus (269)
* Reign of Marcus Aurelius Marius (269)
* Augustodunum Haeduorum
* Naissus (268/269)
* Lake Benacus (268 or 269)
* Capture of Athens (269)
* Palmyrene Empire (270–273)
* Bostra (270)
* Palmyrene invasion of Egypt (270)
* Vandal Invasion (270)

Reign of Aurelian (270–275)

* Usurpation of Victorinus Junior (271)
* Junthungi Invasion (271)
* Domitian II (271)
* Tetricus I & Tetricus II (271–274)
* Rebellion of Felicissimus (270s)
* Placentia (271)
* Fano (271)
* Pavia (271)
* Tyana (272)
* Immae (272)
* Emesa (272)
* Razing of Palmyra (273)
* Usurpation of Faustinus (c. 273)
* Châlons (274)

Reign of Tacitus (275-276)

* Gothic Invasion (276-277)

Reign of Probus (276-282)

* Vandal Invasion (276-278)
* Sarmatian Invasion (278)
* Usurpation of Bonosus & Proculus (280)
* Usurpation of Julius Saturninus (280)

Reign of Carus (282-283)

* Carus' Sasanian Campaign

Reign of Carinus (283-285)

* Usurpation of Julian of Pannonia (284-285)
* Margum (285)

The Battle of Ctesiphon took place in 263 between the Sassanid Empire and Palmyrene army under the Palmyrene king Odaenathus (Palmyra was then an allied state of Rome and officially part of the latter Empire).[4][5][6] Following the Sasanians' defeat and loss of Syria and Cappadocia to the Roman Empire at the hands of Odaenathus and Balista; The Palmyrene monarch invaded Mesopotamia and stood at the walls of Ctesiphon and devastated the region around it, however he could not conquer it.[1][2][3] The logistical problems of fighting in enemy territory forced the Palmyrenes to leave the siege carrying with them numerous prisoners and booty.[5] The prisoners were sent to Rome, enabling the Roman emperor Gallienus to hold a triumph.[7]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Who's Who in the Roman World by John Hazel
2. ^ a b Babylonia Judaica in the Talmudic Period by A'haron Oppenheimer, Benjamin H. Isaac, Michael Lecker
3. ^ a b The New Encyclopædia Britannica
4. ^ Gary K. Young (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC - AD 305. p. 159\. ISBN 9781134547937.
5. ^ a b Udo Hartmann (2001). Das palmyrenische Teilreich (in German). p. 172\. ISBN 9783515078009.
6. ^ Michael Gagarin (2009). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 7. p. 156\. ISBN 9780195170726.
7. ^ Pat Southern (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen. p. 71\. ISBN 9781847250346.

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