Battle of Falmouth (1703)

Battle

Battle of Falmouth (1703)

Part of Queen Anne's War
| Date| 10–19 August 1703

|

Location|

Falmouth, Maine

Result|  French and Wabanaki Confederacy victory
Belligerents
New England|  French colonists
Abenaki
Commanders and leaders
Cyprian Southack
John March (wounded)
Captain John Larrabee|  Alexandre Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin[1]
Father Sebastian Rale
Moxus
Wanongonet
Escumbuit
Sampson
Strength
|  500 Indians
unknown Frenchmen
Casualties and losses
reports vary; 25 killed; prisoners taken|  unknown

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War of the
Spanish Succession
Queen Anne's War

Quebec and Newfoundland

* Newfoundland
* 1st St. John's
* 2nd St. John's
* Fort Albany
* Quebec

Acadia and New England

* 1st Northeast Coast
* Falmouth
* Deerfield
* Grand Pré
* 1st Port Royal
* Haverhill
* 2nd Port Royal
* Bloody Creek
* 2nd Northeast Coast

Carolina and Florida

* Flint River
* St. Augustine
* Apalachee
* Charles Town
* Pensacola

The Battle of Falmouth was fought at Falmouth, Maine when the Canadiens and Wabanaki Confederacy attacked the English New Casco Fort. The battle was part of the Northeast Coast Campaign (1703) during Queen Anne's War.

## Background

[edit]

Main article: Queen Anne's War

Military history of the
Mi'kmaq

Miꞌkmaw warrior

Events
|  Battle of Port La Tour| 1677

|

Raid on Salmon Falls| 1690
Raid on Chignecto| 1696
Avalon Peninsula Campaign| 1696–97
Northeast Coast Campaign| 1703
Raid on Grand Pré| 1704
Siege of St. John's| 1705
‪Battle of St. John's| 1709
Siege of Port Royal| 1710
Raid on Port Roseway| 1715
Battle of Winnepang| 1722
Blockade of Annapolis Royal| 1722
Raid on Canso| 1744
Siege of Annapolis Royal| 1744
Siege of Port Toulouse| 1745
Siege of Louisbourg| 1745
Naval battle off Tatamagouche| 1745
‪Battle at Port-la-Joye| 1746
Battle of Grand Pré| 1747
Raid on Dartmouth | 1749
Siege of Grand Pre| 1749
‪Battle at St. Croix| 1750
Battle at Chignecto| 1750
Raid on Dartmouth| 1751
Attack at Mocodome| 1753
Battle of Fort Beauséjour| 1755
Battle of Petitcodiac| 1755
Battle of Bloody Creek| 1757
Siege of Louisbourg| 1758
Lunenburg Campaign| 1758
Battle of Restigouche| 1760
Halifax Treaties| 1761
Other

* Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)
* Treaty of 1752
* Treaty of Watertown
* Nova Scotia Captivity Narratives
* Treaty Day (Nova Scotia)
* Military history of the Acadians
* Military history of Nova Scotia

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The border area between Acadia and New England in the early 18th century remained contested after battles between French and English colonists (and their allied Native Americans) during King William's War in the 1690s failed to resolve territorial disputes. New France defined the western border of Acadia as the Kennebec River in what is now southern Maine,[2] while the English Province of Massachusetts Bay formally claimed all of the land between the Piscataqua and St. Croix Rivers (all of present-day Maine). During the 1670s the English had established settlements between the Kennebec River and Penobscot Bay, contesting claims by the French and the local Abenaki people to the area.

The French had established Catholic missions at Norridgewock and Penobscot, and there was a French settlement of long standing in Penobscot Bay near the site of modern Castine, Maine. All of these sites had been used as bases for attacks on English settlers during King William's War.[3] The frontier areas between the Saint Lawrence River and the primarily coastal settlements of Massachusetts and New York were still dominated by natives (primarily Abenaki and Iroquois), and the Hudson River–Lake Champlain corridor had also been used for raiding expeditions in both directions in earlier conflicts. Although the Indian threat had receded somewhat due to reductions in the native population as a result of disease and the last war, they were still seen to pose a potent threat to outlying settlements.[4]

Although war had broken out between France and England in 1702, the frontiers between New France and New England remained quiet until December of that year, when Governor-General Louis-Hector de Callière authorized the Abenaki to resume the border war. In addition to any plunder reaped from expeditions against the English colonies, Callière promised additional gifts. Callière died in May 1703, and was replaced by Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, who vigorously promoted raiding activity as a means to maintain French influence with the Abenaki.[5][6] Vaudreuil gave Alexandre Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin, a military officer whose family's seigneury at Beaubassin had been raided in 1696 by New England forces,[7] command of a small contingent of French forces and instructions to organize raids against English settlements.

Massachusetts Bay Governor Joseph Dudley did not believe that the Abenaki would go to war. In June 1703 Boston newspapers reported that the Abenaki were two thirds "for peace and one Third for warr", and Dudley had been unable to convince them to join the conflict on the English side.[8] The Abenaki chief Moxus attempted to warn Dudley of Vaudreuil's aggressive posture, but Dudley brushed off these reports.[9]

## Battle

[edit]

The Wabanaki did the most damage to Spurwink and Purpooduck (Cape Elizabeth). In Spurwink, principally inhabited by the Messrs. Jordans and their families, the Wabanaki killed or captured 22.[10] At Purpooduck, where there were nine families settled at Spring Point, they killed 25 and carried away eight prisoners.[10]

The garrison of 36 men at Casco (Falmouth) was commanded by Major John March.[10] The fort was the "most considerable" fort on the eastern coast. On August 10, 1703, under the leadership of Moxus, Wanongonet and Escumbuit, the Wabanaki appeared unarmed and sent him a message under a flag of truce; pretending they had some important matter to communicate. Apprehending no immediate danger, he proceeded with a guard of only two or three men. The Wabanaki ambushed March and shot one of his attendants. A garrison of 10 men under Sargeant Hook rescued March and the others. The Wabanaki killed two of March's companions, Phippenny and Kent, in the altercation.

The Wabanaki withdrew and skulked around the peninsula for a week, setting fire to the houses. The rest of the Wabanaki battalions, arrived at Casco in 200 canoes to continue the destruction of the village. They first took a sloop, two shallops and considerable plunder ; and encouraged by success, they attempted for two days and nights, to undermine the fort from the water side, as was done during King William's War. On 19 August Captain Cyprian Southack arrived on the Province Galley and relieved the siege.[11] The natives continued to stroll around Casco, they boarded a store ship and killed the captain and three others, while wounding two others.[12]

On 26 September, Governor Dudley ordered 360 men to march toward Pigwacket, one of the main native villages, located at present-day Fryeburg, Maine. Leading 300 New Englanders, Major March chased the Wabanaki back to Pigwacket. March killed 6 and captured 6. These were the first New England reprisals of the war.[11]

## Aftermath

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In the spring of 1704, after the Raid on Deerfield in February, the Wabanaki again attacked Wells, and York.[12] (In 1712, the Wabanaki conducted another campaign against these villages and towns. They killed or captured twenty-four people in three raids on three villages, one of the villages was Wells.)[13]

In response to these events and the Raid on Deerfield, the governors of the northern English colonies called for action against the French colonies. Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley wrote that "the destruction of Quebeck and Port Royal [would] put all the Navall stores into Her Majesty's hands, and forever make an end of an Indian War",[14] the frontier between Deerfield and Wells was fortified by upwards of 2,000 men,[15] and the bounty for Indian scalps was more than doubled, from £40 to £100.[16] Dudley promptly organized a retaliatory raid against Acadia. In the summer of 1704, New Englanders under the leadership of Benjamin Church raided Acadian villages at Pentagouet (present-day Castine, Maine), Passamaquoddy Bay (present-day St. Stephen, New Brunswick), Grand Pré, Pisiquid, and Beaubassin (all in present-day Nova Scotia).[17]

There were also reprisals by the New Englanders against Norridgewock. During the winter of 1705, 275 soldiers under the command of Colonel Winthrop Hilton were sent to Norridgewock to seize Father Rale and sack the village. Father Rale escaped them, but they burned his church.[18]

John March led an expedition against the Acadian capital of Port Royal in 1707.

The French drew off a great number of Indian families from the Penobscot, Norridgewock, Saco, and Pequaket tribes, and settled them at St. Francis, in Canada, as a protection against the Iroquois Confederacy. These were called the St. Francis Indians.[19]

## Notes

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1. ^ Comeau, J.-Roger (1979) [1969]. "Leneuf de La Vallière de Beaubassin, Alexandre". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
2. ^ William Williamson. The history of the state of Maine. Vol. 2. 1832. p. 27; Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.; Campbell, Gary. The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Heritage Military Project. 2005. p. 21.
3. ^ Drake, p. 36
4. ^ Drake, p. 150
5. ^ Zoltvany, Yves F. (1979) [1969]. "Callière, Louis-Hector de". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
6. ^ Zoltvany, Yves F. (1979) [1969]. "Rigaud de Vaudreuil, Philippe de". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
7. ^ Griffiths (2005), pp. 117, 164–165
8. ^ Morrison, p. 157
9. ^ Morrison, p. 158
10. ^ a b c Williamson, p. 23
11. ^ a b Williamson, p. 44
12. ^ a b Williamson, p. 45
13. ^ Williamson, p. 55
14. ^ Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 191
15. ^ Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 190
16. ^ Melvoin, p. 229
17. ^ Clark, p. 220
18. ^ Charland, Thomas (1979) [1969]. "Rale, Sébastien". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
19. ^ Willis, p. 311

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